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SEMINAR REPORT

On

SMART DUST

Under the able Guidance of

Ms. Srabani SwagatikaAsst. Professor

Dept. Of CSE

Submitted By

Rakesh Sahoo

0811012217

7th Semester

CSE


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INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

AND RESEARCH

(Faculty of Engineering)

SIKSHA o ANUSANSHAN UNIVERSITY

(Declared u/s 3 of the UGC Act 1956)

Jagmohan Nagar, Jagamara, Bhubaneswar- 751030

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar entitled SMART DUST being

submitted by RAKESH SAHOO bearing Regd. No. 0811012217 is a

bonafide work carried out at the Institute of Technical Education and

Research under my supervision.

Sign. of Guide :

Srabani Swagatika Place :Asst. Professor,Dept. of CSE Date :

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AND RESEARCH





ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe satisfaction of successful completion of any task would be

incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible

and whose constant guidance and encouragement crowns all efforts

with success.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to Ms. Srabani Swagatika ,

Asst Professor , Department Of CSE, for her constant inspiration and

guidance. I would also like to thank all the lecturers for their

cooperation and valuable suggestions during the preparation of the

seminar report.

RAKESH SAHOO Place:

0811012217 Date:

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7th Sem CSE-D

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AND RESEARCH





DECLARATION

I, hereby declare that the matter embodied in this seminar is original

and has not been submitted for the award of any degree.

RAKESH SAHOO Place:

0811012217 Date:

7th Sem CSE-D

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAG

Abstract 6

Introduction 7

History 8

How It Works 9

Major Components And Requirements 10

Brief Description Of The Operation Of The Mote

11

Operation Of The Mote 12

Detailed Study Of Working

13

uture Goals 14

A Typical Mote 15

Applications 17

Environmental Impact 18

Typical Applications

Ad Hoc Networks 20

The Future

References 24

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ABSTRACT

With improvements in integration, packaging, circuit

design, and process technology, autonomous sensor nodes like

these will continue to shrink in size and power consumption

while growing in capability to incorporate the requisite sensing,

communication, and computing hardware, along with a power

supply, in a volume no more than a cubic millimeter, while still

achieving impressive performance in terms of sensor

functionality and communications capability. These millimeter-scale nodes are called Smart Dust. Although mimicking the

mobility of dust is not a primary goal. Smart dust is a tiny dust

size device with extra-ordinary capabilities. It combines sensing,

computing, wireless communication capabilities and

autonomous power supply within a volume of only few

millimeters and that too at a low cost.

The smart dust (mote) can be partitioned into four

subsystems: sensors and analog signal conditioning, power

system, transceiver front end, and the core. The core is

essentially all the digital circuits in the system, including the

receiver back end, sensor processing circuits, computation

circuits, and memory. One requirement of the core is that it has

a degree of on-the-fly reconfigurability determined by the

changing needs of the mission. In this paper we define ultra-low

energy architecture for the mote core that will meet the needs

of the military base monitoring scenario, looking at the general

architecture concerns to provide guidance in mapping other

applications into mote architecture, and perform a brief

theoretical comparison of three of the possible mote

transmission techniques.

Sign. of Guide :

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Srabani Swagatika Place :

Asst. Professor,Dept. of CSE Date :

INTRODUCTION

The current ultra modern technologies are focusing onautomation and miniaturization. The decreasing computing

device size, increased connectivity and enhanced interaction

with the physical world have characterized computing history.

Recently, the popularity of small computing devices, such as

hand held computers and cell phones; rapidly flourishing

internet group and the diminishing size and cost of sensors and

especially transistors have accelerated these strengths. The

emergence of small computing elements, with sporadicconnectivity and increased interaction with the environment,

provides enriched opportunities to reshape interactions between

people and computers and spur ubiquitous computing

researches.

Smart dust is a tiny electronic device designed to capture

mountains of information about their surroundings while literally

floating on air. Nowadays, sensors, computers and

communicators are shrinking down to ridiculously small sizes. If

all of these are packed into a single tiny device, it can open up

new dimensions in the field of communications.

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The MICA2 Mote uses 2 AA batteries to provide power to the CPU/radio for up to ayear.

The idea behind 'smart dust' is to pack sophisticated sensors,

tiny computers and wireless communicators in to a cubic-

millimeter mote to form the basis of integrated, massively

distributed sensor networks. They will be light enough to remain

suspended in air for hours. As the motes drift on wind, they can

monitor the environment for light, sound, temperature,

chemical composition and a wide range of other information,and beam that data back to the base station, miles away.

These Smart Dust elements are also known as motes. This

concept is also called wireless sensing networks. At one

point, just about every issue of Popular Science, Discover and

Wiredtoday contains a blurb about some new application of the

mote idea. For example, the military plans to use them to

gather information on battlefields, and engineers plan to mix

them into concrete and use them to internally monitor the

health of buildings and bridges.

There are thousands of different ways that motes might be

used, and as people get familiar with the concept they come up

with even more. It is a completely new paradigm for distributed

sensing and it is opening up a fascinating new way to look at

computers.

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HISTORY

Smart dust was conceived in 1998 by Dr. Kris Pister of the UC

Berkeley. He set out to build a device with a sensor,communication device and small computer integrated into a

single package. The defense Advanced Research Projects

Agency (DARPA) funded the project, setting as a goal the

demonstration that a complete sensor system can be

integrated into a cubic millimeter package.

In the early stages of the project the team gained

experienced by building relatively large motes usingcomponents available off the shelf. One such mote is named

RF mote has sensors for temperature, humidity, light intensity,

barometric pressure, tilt and vibration, and magnetic field, and

was capable of communicating distances of about 60 feet using

radio frequency communication.

HOW IT WORKS

The Basic Idea :

The "mote" concept creates a new way of thinking about

computers, but the basic idea is pretty simple:

The core of a mote is a small, low-cost, low-powercomputer.

The computer monitors one or more sensors. It is easy toimagine all sorts of sensors, including sensors fortemperature, light, sound, position, acceleration, vibration,stress, weight, pressure, humidity, etc. Not all moteapplications require sensors, but sensing applications arevery common.

The computer connects to the outside world with a radiolink. The most common radio links allow a mote totransmit at a distance of something like 10 to 200 feet (3

to 61 meters). Power consumption, size and cost are thebarriers to longer distances. Since a fundamental concept

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with motes is tiny size (and associated tiny cost), small andlow-power radios are normal

Motes can either run off of batteries, or they can tap into the

power grid in certain applications. As motes shrink in size andpower consumption, it is possible to imagine solar power or

even something exotic like vibration power to keep them

running.

All of these parts are packaged together in the smallestcontainer possible. In the future, people imagine shrinkingmotes to fit into something just a few millimeters on a side. It ismore common for motes today, including batteries and antenna,

to be the size of a stack of five or six quarters, or the size of apack of cigarettes. The battery is usually the biggest part of thepackage right now. Current motes, in bulk, might costsomething on the order of $25, but prices are falling.

It is hard to imagine something as small and innocuous as amote sparking a revolution, but that's exactly what they havedone.

MAJOR COMPONENTS AND REQUIREMENTS

Smart Dust requires both evolutionary and revolutionaryadvances in miniaturization, integration, and energymanagement. Designers can use micro-electro-mechanicalsystems to build small sensors, optical communicationcomponents, and power supplies, whereas microelectronicsprovides increasing functionality in smaller areas, with lowerenergy consumption. The power system consists of a thick-filmbattery, a solar cell with a charge-integrating capacitor forperiods of darkness, or both. Depending on its objective, thedesign integrates various sensors, including light, temperature,vibration, magnetic field, acoustic, and wind shear, onto themote. An integrated circuit provides sensor-signal processing,

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communication, control, data storage, and energy management.A photodiode allows optical data reception. There are presentlytwo transmission schemes: passive transmission using a corner-cube retro reflector and active transmission using a laser diode

and steer able mirrors.The mote's minuscule size makes energy management a keycomponent. The integrated circuit will contain sensor signalconditioning circuits, a temperature sensor, and A/D converter,microprocessor, SRAM, communications circuits, and powercontrol circuits. The IC, together with the sensors, will operatefrom a power source integrated with the platform. The MEMSindustry has major markets in automotive pressure sensors andaccelerometers, medical sensors, and process control sensors.

Recent advances in technology have put many of these sensorprocesses on exponentially decreasing size, power, and costcurves. In addition, variations of MEMS sensor technology areused to build micro motors.

The MICA2DOT mote, typically powered by a circular button battery, is notmuch bigger than a

quarter.

WORKING OF SMART DUST

The smart dust mote is run by a microcontroller thatnot only determines the task performed by the mote, butconsists of the power to the various components of the systemto conserve energy. Periodically the micro controller gets areading from one of the sensors, which measure one of a

number of physical or chemical stimuli such as temperature,ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure, processthe data, and store it in memory. It also turns on optical receiver

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to see if anyone is trying to communicate with it. Thiscommunication may include new programs or messages fromother motes. In response to a message or upon its owninitiative, the microcontroller will use the corner cube retro

reflector or laser to transmit sensor data or a message to a basestation or another mote.

The primary constraint in the design of the Smart Dustmotes is volume, which in turn puts a severe constraint onenergy since we do not have much room for batteries or largesolar cells. Thus, the motes must operate efficiently andconserve energy whenever possible. Most of the time, themajority of the mote is powered off with only a clock and a few

timers running. When a timer expires, it powers up a part of themote to carry out a job, then powers off. A few of the timerscontrol the sensors that measure one of a number of physical orchemical stimuli such as temperature, ambient light, vibration,acceleration, or air pressure. When one of these timers expires,it powers up the corresponding sensor, takes a sample, andconverts it to a digital word. If the data is interesting, it mayeither be stored directly in the SRAM or the microcontroller ispowered up to perform more complex operations with it. Whenthis task is complete, everything is again powered down and thetimer begins counting again.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATION OF THE MOTE:

The Smart Dust mote is run by a microcontroller that not onlydetermines the tasks performed by the mote, but controls power tothe various components of the system to conserve energy.Periodically the microcontroller gets a reading from one of thesensors, which measure one of a number of physical or chemical

stimuli such as temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, orair pressure, processes the data, and stores it in memory. It alsooccasionally turns on the optical receiver to see if anyone is trying tocommunicate with it. This communication may include new programsor messages from other motes. In response to a message or upon itsown initiative the microcontroller will use the corner cuberetroreflector or laser to transmit sensor data or a message to a basestation or another mote.

OPERATION OF THE MOTE :

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The primary constraint in the design of the Smart Dust motes isvolume, which in turn puts a severe constraint on energy sincewe do not have much room for batteries or large solar cells.

Thus, the motes must operate efficiently and conserve energy

whenever possible. Most of the time, the majority of the mote ispowered off with only a clock and a few timers running. When atimer expires, it powers up a part of the mote to carry out a job,then powers off. A few of the timers control the sensors thatmeasure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli suchas temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or airpressure. When one of these timers expires, it powers up thecorresponding sensor, takes a sample, and converts it to adigital word. If the data is interesting, it may either be stored

directly in the SRAM or the microcontroller is powered up toperform more complex operations with it. When this task iscomplete, everything is again powered down and the timerbegins counting again.

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Another timer controls the receiver. When that timer expires,

the receiver powers up and looks for an incoming packet. If it

doesn't see one after a certain length of time, it is powered

down again. The mote can receive several types of packets,

including ones that are new program code that is stored in the

program memory. This allows the user to change the behavior

of the mote remotely. Packets may also include messages from

the base station or other motes. When one of these is received,

the microcontroller is powered up and used to interpret the

contents of the message. The message may tell the mote to do

something in particular, or it may be a message that is just

being passed from one mote to another on its way to a

particular destination. In response to a message or to another

timer expiring, the microcontroller will assemble a packet

containing sensor data or a message and transmit it using either

the corner cube retroreflector or the laser diode, depending on

which it has. The corner cube retroreflector transmits

information just by moving a mirror and thus changing the

reflection of a laser beam from the base station. This technique

is substantially more energy efficient than actually generating

some radiation. With the laser diode and a set of beam scanning

mirrors, we can transmit data in any direction desired, allowing

the mote to communicate with other Smart Dust motes.

HOW IT WORKS :

Each tiny device will feature power, communications, sensingand computer systems feeding into a secure, self-configuring

network that can pass information locally using low-poweredradios. For longer-distance transmissions to command centers,satellite communications may be used.

The system is run by a microcontroller that dictates the tasksperformed and controls power to the various components of thesystem to conserve energy a primary concern because thesystem can house only a very small battery...From time to time, the microcontroller will receive a readingfrom one of the sensors, process the data and store it in its

memory. It also will occasionally turn on its communicationsdevice to transmit data to a base station or another sensor

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system, or to see if the system has received messages fromother sensors in the network...Because of the sensors size and low cost, the military could usethem in a wide variety of missions, including the surveillance of

borders, underground facilities, oil pipelines or other importantresources... They also could be dropped behind enemy lines tomonitor adversaries and equipment. For instance, the sensorscan log and report the speed and direction of vehicles, revealingenemy troop movements to U.S. troops miles away.

The sensor systems were tested by the military during an earlyoperational test at Twentynine Palms Marine Corps base, Calif.,in March 2001. During the test, several sensors weresuccessfully dropped from an unmanned aerial vehicle flying 30

miles per hour at an altitude of 150 feet.Once on the ground, the systems became synchronized andwere able to detect the speed and direction of several passingvehicles, light armored vehicles and trucks.

GOAL

The goal of the Smart Dust project is to build a self-contained,millimeter-scale sensing and communication platform for a

massively distributed sensor network. This device will bearound the size of a grain of sand and will contain sensors,computational ability, bi-directional wireless communications,and a power supply, while being inexpensive enough to deployby the hundreds. The science and engineering goal of theproject is to build a complete, complex system in a tiny volumeusing state-of-the art technologies (as opposed to futuristictechnologies), which will require evolutionary and revolutionaryadvances in integration, miniaturization, and energymanagement. We foresee many applications for this technology:

Weather/seismological monitoring on Mars

Internal spacecraft monitoring

Land/space comm. Networks

Chemical/biological sensors

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Defense-related sensor networks

Inventory Control

Product quality monitoring

Smart office spaces

A TYPICAL MOTE

MICA mote is a commercially available product that has been used

widely by researchers and developers. It has all of the typical

features of a mote and therefore can help you understand what this

technology makes possible today. MICA motes are available to the

general public through a company called Crossbow. These motes

come in two form factors:

Rectangular, measuring 2.25 x 1.25 by 0.25 inches (5.7 x 3.18

x.64 centimeters), it is sized to fit on top of two AA batteriesthat provide it with power. Circular, measuring 1.0 by 0.25 inches (2.5 x .64 centimeters),

it is sized to fit on top of a 3 volt button cell battery.

The MICA mote uses an Atmel ATega 128L processor running at 4

megahertz. The 128L is an 8-bit microcontroller that has 128

kilobytes of onboard flash memory to store the mote's program. This

CPU is about as powerful as the 8088 CPU found in the original IBM

PC (circa 1982). The big difference is that the ATmega consumes

only 8 milliamps when it is running, and only 15 microamps in sleep

mode.

This low power consumption allows a MICA mote to run for more

than a year with two AA batteries. A typical AA battery can produce

about 1,000 milliamp-hours. At 8 milliamps, the ATmega would

operate for about 120 hours if it operated constantly. However, the

programmer will typically write his/her code so that the CPU is asleep

much of the time, allowing it to extend battery life considerably. For

example, the mote might sleep for 10 seconds, wake up and check

status for a few microseconds, and then go back to sleep.

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MICA motes come with 512 kilobytes of flash memory to hold

data. They also have a 10-bit A/D converter so that sensor data can

be digitized. Separate sensors on a daughter card can connect to the

mote. Sensors available include temperature, acceleration, light,

sound and magnetic. Advanced sensors for things like GPS signalsare under development.

The final component of a MICA mote is the radio. It has a range of

several hundred feet and can transmit approximately 40,000 bits per

second. When it is off, the radio consumes less than one microamp.

When receiving data, it consumes 10 milliamps. When transmitting,

it consumes 25 milliamps. Conserving radio power is key to long

battery life.

"Spec" sitting on top of the previous generation of UC Berkeley Motes,the Mica node. The size

reduction is amazing.

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Broad view of "Spec" sitting on top of the previous generation of UCBerkeley Motes, the Mica

node. "Spec" is the tiny little square on top of the raised bit inthe middle.

All of these hardware components together create a MICAmote. A programmer writes software to control the mote andmake it perform a certain way. Software on MICA motes is builton an operating system called TinyOS. TinyOS is helpfulbecause it deals with the radio and power management systemsfor you and makes it much easier to write software for the mote.

APPLICATIONS :

The science/engineering goal of the Smart Dust project is to

demonstrate that a complete sensor/communication system can

be integrated into a cubic millimeter package. This involves both

evolutionary and revolutionary advances in miniaturization,

integration, and energy management. We aren't targeting any

particular sensor, in fact there is no direct funding for sensor

research in the project (but we've got quite a few to choose from

based on a decade or two of outstanding MEMS work at Berkeley

and elsewhere).

We're funded by DARPA, so we will demonstrate Smart Dust with

one or more applications of military relevance. Some of them areas follows :-

Defense-related sensor networks

o battlefield surveillance, treaty monitoring,transportation monitoring, scud hunting .

Virtual keyboardo Glue a dust mote on each of your fingernails.

Accelerometers will sense the orientation and motion ofeach of your fingertips, and talk to the computer in yourwatch. QWERTY is the first step to proving the concept,but you can imagine much more useful and creative ways

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to interface to your computer if it knows where yourfingers are: sculpt 3D shapes in virtual clay, play thepiano, gesture in sign language and have to computertranslate, ...

o Combined with a MEMS augmented-reality heads-updisplay, your entire computer I/O would be invisible to thepeople around you. Couple that with wireless access andyou need never be bored in a meeting again! Surf theweb while the boss rambles on and on.

Inventory Controlo The carton talks to the box, the box talks to the palette,

the palette talks to the truck, and the truck talks to thewarehouse, and the truck and the warehouse talk to theinternet. Know where your products are and what shape

they're in any time, anywhere. Sort of like FedEx trackingon steroids for all products in your production stream fromraw materials to delivered goods.

Product quality monitoringo temperature, humidity monitoring of meat, produce, dairy

products Mom, don't buy those Frosted Sugar Bombs, they sat

in 80% humidity for two days, they won't becrunchy!

o impact, vibration, temp monitoring of consumer

electronics failure analysis and diagnostic information, e.g.

monitoring vibration of bearings for frequencysignatures indicating imminent failure (back up thathard drive now!)

Smart office spaceso The Center for the Built Environment has fabulous plans

for the office of the future in which environmentalconditions are tailored to the desires of every individual.Maybe soon we'll all be wearing temperature, humidity,

and environmental comfort sensors sewn into our clothes,continuously talking to our workspaces which will deliverconditions tailored to our needs. No more fighting withyour office mates over the thermostat.

Interfaces for the Disabledo Put motes on a quadriplegic are face, to monitor blinking

& facial twitches and send them as commands to awheelchair, computer or other device. This could begeneralized to a whole family of interfaces for thedisabled.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT :

A lot of people seem to be worried about environmental

impact. Not to worry! Even in my wildest imagination I don't

think that we'll ever produce enough Smart Dust to bother

anyone. If Intel stopped producing Pentium and produced only

Smart Dust, and you spread them evenly around the country,

you'd get around one grain-of-sand sized mote per acre per

year. If by ill chance you did inhale one, it would be just like

inhaling a gnat. You'd cough it up post-haste. Unpleasant, but

not very likely.

Consider the scale - if I make a million dust motes, theyhave a total volume of one liter. Throwing a liter worth of

batteries into the environment is certainly not going to help it,

but in the big picture it probably doesn't make it very high on

the list of bad things to do to the planet.

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS :

If you survey the literature for different ways that people have

thought of to use motes, you find a huge assortment of ideas. Here's

a collection culled from the links at the end of the article.

It is possible to think of motes as lone sensors. For example:

You could embed motes in bridges when you pour the concrete.The mote could have a sensor on it that can detect the saltconcentration within the concrete. Then once a month you

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could drive a truck over the bridge that sends a powerfulmagnetic field into the bridge. The magnetic field would allowthe motes, which are buried within the concrete of the bridge,to power on and transmit the salt concentration. Salt (perhapsfrom deicing or ocean spray) weakens concrete and corrodesthe steel rebar that strengthens the concrete. Salt sensorswould let bridge maintenance personnel gauge how muchdamage salt is doing. Other possible sensors embedded intothe concrete of a bridge might detect vibration, stress,temperature swings, cracking, etc., all of which would helpmaintenance personnel spot problems long before they becomecritical.

You could connect sensors to a mote that can monitor thecondition of machinery -- temperature, number of revolutions,

oil level, etc. and log it in the mote's memory. Then, when atruck driven by, the mote could transmit all the logged data.This would allow detailed maintenance records to be kept onmachinery (for example, in an oil field), without maintenancepersonnel having to go measure all of those parametersthemselves.

You could attach motes to the water meters or power meters ina neighborhood. The motes would log power and waterconsumption for a customer. When a truck driven by, the motesget a signal from the truck and they send their data. This would

allow a person to read all the meters in a neighborhood veryeasily, simply by driving down the street.

All of these ideas are good; some allow sensors to move into places

where they have not been before (such as embedded in concrete)

and others reduce the time needed to read sensors individually.

However, much of the greatest excitement about motes comes fromthe idea of using large numbers of motes that communicate witheach other and form ad hoc networks.

AD HOC NETWORKS:

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was

among the original patrons of the mote idea. One of the initial mote

ideas implemented for DARPA allows motes to sense battlefield

conditions.

For example, imagine that a commander wants to be able to detect

truck movement in a remote area. An airplane flies over the area and

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scatters thousands of motes, each one equipped with a

magnetometer, a vibration sensor and a GPS receiver. The battery-

operated motes are dropped at a density of one every 100 feet (30

meters) or so. Each mote wakes up, senses its position and then

sends out a radio signal to find its neighbors.

All of the motes in the area create a giant, amorphous network that

can collect data. Data funnels through the network and arrives at a

collection node, which has a powerful radio able to transmit a signal

many miles. When an enemy truck drives through the area, the

motes that detect it transmit their location and their sensor readings.

Neighboring motes pick up the transmissions and forward them to

their neighbors and so on, until the signals arrive at the collection

node and are transmitted to the commander. The commander cannow display the data on a screen and see, in real time, the path that

the truck is following through the field of motes. Then a remotely-

piloted vehicle can fly over the truck, make sure it belongs to the

enemy and drop a bomb to destroy it.

This might seem like an awful lot of trouble to go to, until you realize

the system that these motes replace. In the past, the tool a

commander used to prevent truck or troop movement through a

remote area has been land mines. Soldiers would lace the area withthousands of anti-truck or anti-personnel mines. Anyone moving

through the area -- friend or foe -- is blown up. Another problem, of

course, is that long after the conflict is over the mines are still active

and deadly -- laying in wait to claim the limbs and even lives of any

passerby. According to this UNICEF report, over the last 30 years,

landmines have killed or maimed more than 1 million people -- many

of whom are children. With motes, what is left behind after a war are

tiny, completely harmless sensors. Since motes consume so littlepower, the batteries would last a year or two. Then, the motes would

simply go silent presenting no physical threat to civilians nearby.

This concept of ad hoc networks -- formed by hundreds or thousands

of motes that communicate with each other and pass data along

from one to another -- is extremely powerful. Here are several

examples of the concept at work:

Imagine a suburban neighborhood or an apartment

complex with motes that monitor the water and power

meters (as described in the previous section). Since all of

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the meters (and motes) in a typical neighborhood are

within 100 feet (30 meters) of each other, the attached

motes could form an ad hoc network amongst themselves.

At one end of the neighborhood is a super-mote with a

network connection or a cell-phone link. In this imagined

neighborhood, someone doesn't have to drive a truck

through the neighborhood each month to read the

individual water or power meters -- the motes pass the

data along from one to another, and the super-mote

transmits it. Measurement can occur hourly or daily if

desired.

A farmer, vineyard owner, or ecologist could equip motes withsensors that detect temperature, humidity, etc., making each

mote a mini weather station. Scattered throughout a field,

vineyard or forest, these motes would allow the tracking of

micro-climates.

A building manager could attach motes to every electrical wire

throughout an office building. These motes would have

induction sensors to detect power consumption on that

individual wire and let the building manager see powerconsumption down to the individual outlet. If power

consumption in the building seems high, the building manager

can track it to an individual tenant. Although this would be

possible to do with wires, with motes it would be far less

expensive.

A biologist could equip an endangered animal with a collar

containing a mote that senses position, temperature, etc. As

the animal moves around, the mote collects and stores datafrom the sensors. In the animal's environment, the biologists

could place zones or strips with data collection motes. When

the animal wanders into one of these zones, the mote in the

collar would dump its data to the ad hoc network in the zone,

which would then transmit it to the biologist.

Motes placed every 100 feet on a highway and equipped with

sensors to detect traffic flow could help police recognize where

an accident has stopped traffic. Because no wires are needed,

the cost of installation would be relatively low.

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"Spec," a single-chip mote (hiding under the white wax square),measures approximately

2mm x 2.5mm, has an AVR-like RISC core, 3K of memory, an 8-bit,on-chip ADC, an FSK radio

transmitter, a Paged memory system, communication protocolaccelerators, register windows.

It is able to scatter hundreds of tiny sensors around a

building to monitor temperature or humidity. Or deploying, like

pixie dust, a network of minuscule, remote sensor chips to track

enemy movements in a military operation.

"Smart dust" devices are tiny wireless micro-electromechanical

sensors (MEMS) that can detect everything from light to

vibrations. Thanks to recent breakthroughs in silicon andfabrication techniques, these "motes" could eventually be the

size of a grain of sand, though each would contain sensors,

computing circuits, bidirectional wireless communications

technology and a power supply. Motes would gather scads of

data, run computations and communicate that information

using two-way band radio between motes at distances

approaching 1,000 feet.

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Potential commercial applications are varied, ranging from

catching manufacturing defects by sensing out-of-range

vibrations in industrial equipment to tracking patient

movements in a hospital room.

THE FUTURE :

In March, 2003, researchers managed to cram all of the parts

needed for a mote onto a single chip less than 3 millimeters on

each side. The total size is about 5 square millimeters, meaning

that you could fit more than a dozen of these chips onto a

penny.

The chip contains all of the components found in a mote: a CPU,

memory, an A/D converter for reading sensor data and a radio

transmitter. To complete the package you attach the sensor(s),

a battery and an antenna. The cost of the chip will be less than

a dollar when it is mass produced.

"Spec" pictured beside the tip of a ballpoint pen.

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REFERENCES

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartdust

2. http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/

3. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/79572/Sm

art_Dust

4. http://www.bauer.uh.edu/uhisrc/FTB/Smart

%20Dust/Smart%20Dust.pdf

5. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/smart_dust.htm

l

6. http://www.nanotech-now.com/smartdust.htm

7. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-05-

03/tech/smart.dust.sensors_1_smart-dust-sensors-

kris-pister?_s=PM:TECH

8. http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-smart-dust-full-report

27
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartdusthttp://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/79572/Smart_Dusthttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/79572/Smart_Dusthttp://www.bauer.uh.edu/uhisrc/FTB/Smart%20Dust/Smart%20Dust.pdfhttp://www.bauer.uh.edu/uhisrc/FTB/Smart%20Dust/Smart%20Dust.pdfhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/smart_dust.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/smart_dust.htmlhttp://www.nanotech-now.com/smartdust.htmhttp://articles.cnn.com/2010-05-03/tech/smart.dust.sensors_1_smart-dust-sensors-kris-pister?_s=PM:TECHhttp://articles.cnn.com/2010-05-03/tech/smart.dust.sensors_1_smart-dust-sensors-kris-pister?_s=PM:TECHhttp://articles.cnn.com/2010-05-03/tech/smart.dust.sensors_1_smart-dust-sensors-kris-pister?_s=PM:TECHhttp://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-smart-dust-full-reporthttp://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-smart-dust-full-reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartdusthttp://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/79572/Smart_Dusthttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/79572/Smart_Dusthttp://www.bauer.uh.edu/uhisrc/FTB/Smart%20Dust/Smart%20Dust.pdfhttp://www.bauer.uh.edu/uhisrc/FTB/Smart%20Dust/Smart%20Dust.pdfhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/smart_dust.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/smart_dust.htmlhttp://www.nanotech-now.com/smartdust.htmhttp://articles.cnn.com/2010-05-03/tech/smart.dust.sensors_1_smart-dust-sensors-kris-pister?_s=PM:TECHhttp://articles.cnn.com/2010-05-03/tech/smart.dust.sensors_1_smart-dust-sensors-kris-pister?_s=PM:TECHhttp://articles.cnn.com/2010-05-03/tech/smart.dust.sensors_1_smart-dust-sensors-kris-pister?_s=PM:TECHhttp://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-smart-dust-full-reporthttp://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-smart-dust-full-report


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