smart dust
TRANSCRIPT
SYBIL C ANIYANROLL NO:56
MCA B5
Overview
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What is Smart Dust?HistorySmart Dust ComponentsSmart Dust NetworkingApplicationsAttributesLimitationsDelivery and InterrogationConclusion
What is Smart Dust? “SMART DUST” is an autonomous sensing, computing,
communication and power source in a cubic millimeter Small devices that can collect information from on-board
sensors and transmit it over a wireless network that automatically sets itself up
Also called “Motes” Possible sensors include temperature, relative humidity,
illumination, acceleration, magnetic field, pressure, chemical vapors, camera, microphone, …
These “motes” have memories, microprocessor,
radio receiver and transmitter3
History
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Conceived by Dr. Kris Pister of UC Berkeley
Funded by DARPA (Dept. of Defense) Kris Pister
Clever Dust
Golem Dust with Deputy Dust
Golem Dust
Daft Dust
Flashy Dust
The Generations of Smart Dust Motes
Smart Dust Components
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Contd…
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Thick film battery: 1mm^3, 1 J storagePower capacitor: 0.25mm^3, 1uJ storageSolar cell: 1x1x0.1mm^3, 0.1mW generationCMOS controller: 1x1x0.1mm^3Sensor: 0.5x0.5x0.1mm^3Passive CCR comm: 0.5x0.5x0.1mm^3, 10kbps, 1uW, 1kmActive laser comm: 1x0.5x0.1mm^3, 1Mbps, 10mW, 10kmTotal volume: < 1.5 mm^3Total mass: < 5 mgm
Smart Dust Networking
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A collection of motes is dispersed in an environment
Motes use wireless communications to relay information to a base station (gateway) over distances of 15-50 m.
How the communication occurs?
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The smart dust mote is run by a microcontroller that not only determines the task performed by the mote, but consists of the power to the various components of the system to conserve energy. Periodically the micro controller gets a reading from one of the sensors, which measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli and store it in memory. It also turns on optical receiver to see if anyone is trying to communicate with it. This communication may include new programs or messages from other motes. In response to a message or upon its own initiative, the microcontroller will use the corner cube retro reflector(CCR) or laser to transmit sensor data or a message to a base station or another mote.
Contd…
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The primary constraint in the design of the Smart Dust motes is volume, which in turn puts a severe constraint on energy since we do not have much room for batteries or large solar cells. Thus, the motes must operate efficiently and conserve energy whenever possible. Most of the time, the majority of the mote is powered off with only a clock and a few timers running. When a timer expires, it powers up a part of the mote to carry out a job, then powers off. A few of the timers control the sensors that measure one of a number of physical or chemical stimuli such as temperature, ambient light, vibration, acceleration, or air pressure.
Contd…
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When one of these timers expires, it powers up the corresponding sensor, takes a sample, and converts it to a digital word. If the data is interesting, it may either be stored directly in the SRAM or the microcontroller is powered up to perform more complex operations with it. When this task is complete, everything is again powered down and the timer begins counting again.
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It can be in 3 ways
Radio-Frequency Communications
Optical Communication: passive dust mode transmitters
Optical Communication: active dust mode transmitters
Radio-Frequency Communications
Radio frequency communication is one of the well-developed communication systems.
It is based on the generation, propagation and detection of electromagnetic waves with a frequency range from tens of kHz to hundreds of GHz.
It could be used to function as both the uplink and the downlink.
Radio-Frequency Communications Pros
Long rangeLine-of-sight path not requiredNot severely affected by rain, fog or atmospheric
turbulence Cons
Antenna may be too large for dust motesRequires modulator, demodulator, filtering (power
consumption)Requires complex multiplexing scheme (TDMA,
FDMA, CDMA)
Optical Communication (Passive Dust Mote Transmitters)
DownlinkLaser
U plink
CCD Corner-Cube
Upl ink
Data In
Data
Im ageSensor
Retroreflector
D ata In
Photo-
DownlinkData Out
detector
B ase-S tation Transceiver
Dust M ote
S ignal Selectionand P rocessing
UplinkData . . .
OutNOut1
Array
Unm odulated Interrogation
M odulated Reflected
Lens
Lens
M odulated Downlink Data or
B eam for Uplink
B eam for Uplink
Attractive communication option for uplink and downlink
Corner Cube Reflector (CCR)Top View of the Interrogator
CCD Camera Lens
Frequency-Doubled Beam45o mirror
Polarizing Beamsplitter
Quarter-wavePlateFilter
0.25% reflectance on each surface
YAG Green Laser Expander
Contd...
Requires each dust mote to have a line-of-sight path to the base station.
Uplink transmissions are multiplexed using space-division multiplexing.
Transmitter Radiant Intensity
Receiver Light Collection Area
Base
TransceiverStation
DustMote
DustMote
Contd… Pros
Dust motes need not radiate power, nor steer beamExploits asymmetry: powerful base station, low-power dust
motesUtilizes space-division multiplexingOnly baseband electronics are required
ConsRequires line-of-sight path to base stationShort range (up to about 1 km)Bit rate limited to about 10 kbpsAffected by rain, fog, atmospheric turbulence
(Active Dust Mote Transmitter)
LaserCollimating
Beam
Mirror(s)
Lens
Steering
Diode
Two-axis beam steering assembly
Active dust mote transmitter
It uses an active steered onboard laser diode based transmitter to send a collimated laser beam to a station
Contd…
It consist of a laser diode, collimating mirror and beam steering mirrors for the communication.
It is suitable for peer to peer communication.
Transmitter Radiant IntensityReceiver Light Collection Area
Base
TransceiverStation
DustMote
DustMote
DustMote
Contd… Pros
Longer range than passive links (up to about 10 km)Higher bit rates than passive links (up to about 1 Mbps)With multi-hop, avoids need for every dust mote to have
line-of-sight path to base stationUtilizes space-division multiplexingOnly baseband electronics are required
ConsRequires protocol to steer directional transmittersRequires higher power than passive transmitterAffected by rain, fog, atmospheric turbulence
Applications
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Out of range vibrations in industrial equipment to catch manufacturing defects
Hospital monitoring of patient movements / monitoring the elderly while allowing freedom of movement
Environmental monitoring
Traffic sensors in urban areas
Monitor power consumption of household appliances
Cosmetics company monitoring warehouse humidity
Measuring structural integrity of a building
Some field Applications
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Micro-radio 50 times smaller than a cell phone 1,000 times less power consumption same frequency in conventional radios, transmitting half a watt can
consume three watts goal: transmit a few hundred microwatts with just a
milliwatt
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Monitoring Onboard Machinery
Purpose:• Predict machinery failure
Implementation:• 160 motes near ship’s
pumps, compressors, and engines
• Motes look for unusual vibration or motion
Challenge:• Harsh marine environment
Image Sources: www.aurora-environmental.com, www.bp.com
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Grocery Store – Energy Mgmt.
Dan Bertocchini - Energy Manager
Image Sources: www.gettyimages.com, www.supervalu.com
• Determine energy use of equipment
• Pinpoint machines which need repair
• Saves $ - Firm moves one set of smart dust between many stores
Some future applications
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Forest Fire Detection
Implementation• Drop smart dust from an
airplane• Motes self-organize into a
networkUsage• A mote that detects a fire
notifies central monitoring station
• The mote’s location is the approximate location of the fire.
Image Sources: http://science.nasa.gov,USDA Forest Service - www.fs.fed.us
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Spotting Pipe Corrosion
Benefits
• Inspect pipes without crawling in tight spaces
• No need to remove insulation to inspect pipe
• Up to date status
Image Source: gettyimages.com
Attributes
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Physical attributes
o Small and lightweight
o Low power consumption
Ad-hoc networking capabilities
o Networking functions are seamless and automatic
o Multiple networks can be in use simultaneously
Cont………
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Data transmission capabilities
o On-board data acquisition supports many missions
o Software support for many sensor configurations
o Data can be carried through network to command centres
Ubiquity and redundancy in use
o Multiple motes can be available on every device/person
o Motes can be strewn in large numbers
Limitations
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Line of sightoDirect optical communication to BTS idealoMultihop possible, but limitedoIncreases bandwidth densities, but decreases connectivity
Link DirectionalityoCan focus interrogation subset of “viewable” sensorsoLimits mote visibility and connectivity to a hemisphereoInteresting connectivity, routing, and interlaced network challenges
Contd…
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Low Throughput ( < 10 Kbps )
o Suited for data monitoring, not real-time audio
Power Source
o RF communications circuits drain a lot of power
o Need advancement in battery technology
Size
o Many RF communications components -> difficult to reduce size
Contd…
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Cost
o Current motes cost between $50 - $100 each
Intrusive probes
o A number of political, environmental, health and privacy related questions
Delivery and Interrogation
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Delivery SystemsoManualoMicro air vehicleoProjectileoWind-borne (“maple seeds”)
InterrogationoHand-held “binoculars”oMicro air vehicle
Manual
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Micro Air Vehicle
Air delivery
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Battle Field
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Smart Dust Today
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$40 to $150 each (depends on purchase volume)
CPU: Atmel :4 kb SRAMRadio: ChipconExternal Flash: 512kbPowered by 2AA batteries
MICA2
Smart Dust Today
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$40 to $150 each (depends on purchase volume)
CPU: Atmel :4 kb SRAMRadio: ChipconExternal Flash: 512kbPowered by 3V lithium coin cell
MICA2DOT
Smart Dust Tomorrow
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Motes will betinyInexpensivelong lasting
CONCLUSION
Smart dust motes incorporate sensing, computation, communications and power in a mm3 volume.
Free-space optical communication offers advantages in terms of size, power and network throughput.
On the technology
• Software and hardware are open-source
• Many potential civilian and military applications
• Promising technology if cost goes down
On regulatory aspects
• Investigate their impact on existing services
• Low power device