small sensors at low temperature revealing cryogenic turbulence university of florida physics gary...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Small Sensors at Low TemperatureRevealing Cryogenic Turbulence
University of Florida PhysicsGary Ihas-
Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen LiuIsaac LuriaMario Padron
Miramare June 10, 2005
Andrew RinzlerJennifer Sippel-Oakley
Mark Sheplak-University of Florida EngineeringT. ChenVadim Mitin-V. Lashkarev Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NASU, Kiev, Ukraine Funding: Research Corporation
![Page 2: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Thank you Mr. Organizer
In his lab circa 2004 (with research trainee)
![Page 3: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Thank you Mr. Director
In his lab circa 2005
![Page 4: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Thank you Mr. Helium Vorticity
50th Anniversary of First Direct Detection of Quantized Vorticity
![Page 5: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Outline Low Temperature Motivation-Small apparatus
size & Quantum turbulence decay studies Measurement Techniques
Thermal-Electrical Resistance Semiconductor technology Results
Mechanical Piezo-resistive Piezo-electric Capacitive Optical Results
Nanotube films Thermal Mechanical Results
![Page 6: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Characteristics of turbulent flow
[H. Tennekes, 1983]
1. Irregularity — randomness
2. Diffusivity — rapid mixing and increased rates of momentum, heat and mass transfer
3. Large Reynolds numbers
4. Three-dimensional vorticity fluctuations
5. Dissipation — due to viscous loss; decaying rapidly without energy supply
6. Continuum — even smallest scales >>molecular length scale
e forceviscous forceinertial
ULR
![Page 7: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Large Scale Turbulence
JPL
![Page 8: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Intrepid Experimentalist
![Page 9: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A Matter of Scale
Water Facility of Nikuradse
R=107
Oregon Cryogenic Facility
![Page 10: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
[H. Tennekes, 1983]
Grid TurbulenceGrid turbulence in a classical fluid [Frisch, 1995]
Eddy motion Larger length scaleSmaller length scale
(wavenumber, k > inverse of vortex line spacing, )1
(the mesh of grid the size of the channel)
Energy dissipation by viscosity (Re ~ 1)
Energy flow rate
Energy input
Dissipa-tion
1~ k
k
dt
dE
inertial regimeRe >> 1
Kolmogorov Spectrum
3/53/2)( kCkE
![Page 11: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Two Fluid Model– Landau -1941
[J. Wilks, 1987]
Viscosity (P)
4He
(oscillating disc viscometer)
56 %
Fluid density
0 2.0 T
T (K)
n
s
=n +s
0.14g/cm3
Sn=SHe = n nnormal fluid
Ss =0s =0
irrotational
sSuper-fluid
Two fluids
entropyviscositydensityTwo Fluid model
0 s
![Page 12: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Quantization of superfluid circulation:
scmnm
nhds / 1097.9 24
(postulated separately in 1955 by Onsager and Feynman)
The angular velocity is
(a) 0.30 /s, (b) 0.30 /s,
(c) 0.40 /s, (d) 0.37 /s,
(e) 0.45 /s, (f) 0.47 /s,
(g) 0.47 /s, (h) 0.45 /s,
(i) 0.86 /s, (j) 0.55 /s,
(k) 0.58 /s, (l) 0.59 /s.
[Yarmchuk, 1979]
1. Circulation round any circular path of radius r concentric with the axis of rotation=2r2
2. Total circulation=r2n0h/m (n0: # of lines per unit area)
3. n0=2 m/h=2 /
All superfluid vortex lines align along the rotation axis with ordered array of areal density= length of quantized vortex line per unit volume=
2000 lines/cm2
s
2
Quantization of Superfluid Circulation
![Page 13: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cryogenic Towed Grid Apparatus
Dimensions in inches
Superconductingsolenoid
Niobiumcylinder
Grid Liquid Helium
![Page 14: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Drive Simulation
![Page 15: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Techniques To Study Quantum Turbulence
Observation of rise in temperature of helium as turbulence decays
Localized correlated pressure measurements to detect vortex motion and density
Flow
![Page 16: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Requirements for the thermometers
Two excellent candidates1. Neutron transmutation doped Germanium Bolometer-- [N. Wang, 1988]
sensitivity (rms energy fluctuation 6 eV at 25mK); T/T ~ 4.810-6
response time < 20 ms size: 1mm1mm0.25mm
2. Miniature Ge Film Resistance Thermistors-- [V.F. Mitin, et al.]
sensitivity =50/K- 100/K in the temperature range 50mK- 10mK
response time< 0.1s size: 650 m
1. Operating temperature: 10 - 100mK.
2. Sensitivity: T ~ 10-7K, or T/T ~ 10-5.
3. Short response time: t ~ 10-3 s.
4. Small mass & good thermal contact.
![Page 17: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Conduction in a doped semiconductor
1 10 10010
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
Electron Collisions
(R~T-1)
Phonon Collisions
(R~T-1/2}
Variable Range Hopping
(R~exp{T-1/4})
Coulomb Interaction
(R~exp{T-1/2})
Re
sist
an
ce ()
Temperature (K)
![Page 18: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mass Production/Consistency•Each wafer will generate sensors with very similar properties•Resistance measurements made on a single batch over the range 10K – 150K•A single fixed point measurement at 4.2K will approximate the sensors properties if the entire curve for any one sensor from the batch is known
1 10 10010
1
102
103
104
Re
sis
tan
ce,
Oh
ms
Tem p erature, K
Advantages of Thin Film Technology
![Page 19: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Semiconductor Chip Technology
Ge/GaAs thermistors 300 m square by 150 m thick. Mass of the thermistor = 7.2 10-5 gram.
Active layerInsulator
![Page 20: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Thermistor R vs. T Development Work
10 100 10001
10
100
1000
#3
#2
#1
Th
erm
isto
r re
sist
ance
(K
oh
m)
Temperature (mK)
http://microsensor.com.ua/products.html
![Page 21: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Pressure Transducer Requirementssampling on micron scale sensitivity: 0.1 Pascal fast: 1 msecfunction at low temperatures (20 – 100 mK) transduction: as simple as possible
MEMS Technology Pressure Sensors Piezo-resistive Capacitive Optical
![Page 22: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Design Of Piezo-resistive Pressure Sensors Typical design: 4 piezo-resistors in Wheatstone bridge on a diaphragm diaphragm deflects from applied pressure causing the deformation of the piezo-resistors mounted on the surface
Wheatstone bridge
![Page 23: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Piezo-resistive Pressure Sensor SM5108
Manufactured by Silicon Microstructures, Inc.
Semiconductor resistors joined by aluminum conductors in bridge configuration
Resistors placed on diaphragmTwo strained parallel to ITwo strained perpendicular to I
![Page 24: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Piezo-resistive Pressure Sensor SM5108
![Page 25: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Drawbacks of Piezo-resistive Pressure Sensors-Results Relatively low sensitivity Large temperature dependence temperature
compensation necessary
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.40
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55 300 K 91.2 K - 94.6 K 64.4 K - 66.0 K 49.8 K - 51.0 K 40.4 K - 43.5 K 29.9 K - 30.4 K 22.9 K - 26.0 K 26.2 K
Voltage vs Pressure for Piezoresistive Transducer at varying temperatures
Vo
ltag
e (
mV
)
Pressure (Bar)
![Page 26: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Capacitive Pressure Sensors Inherently nonlinear output of the sensor Distributed capacitance of read-out circuit
requires low T amplifierTypical design: parallel-plate capacitor integrated electronics for signal processing reference capacitors for temperature compensation
![Page 27: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Capacitive Pressure Sensors Over Piezo-resistive Sensors Advantages:
Higher sensitivity Long-term stability Smaller temperature dependence
Disadvantages: Non-linear output More complicated manufacturing due to the
integration of the compensation circuit and signal processing electronics to the sensor chip
Relatively high price
![Page 28: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Optical Pressure Sensors
Optical techniques typically employ a microsensor structure that deforms under pressure resulting in change in optical signal.
Diaphragm-based sensors, for example, incorporate optical waveguides on the top surface.
![Page 29: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Example Of An Optical Pressure Sensor
![Page 30: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Simple Interferometer Sensor
Difficulty is readout
Production Process
Attach optical fiber
![Page 31: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Nanotube/Film Technology•Small•Strong•Conducting•But not too conducting•Elastic•Stick to some surfaces
Can be used forThermometersHeatersStrain gaugesCapacitor platesFlow metersTurbulence detectors
![Page 32: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Nanotube film AFM Image
1 micron
![Page 33: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Helium liquid or gas flow
TinnedCopper
G10 (fiberglas)
4-terminal ResistanceMeasurement
Nanotube Film Flow Sensor Test
![Page 34: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Nanotube film “rope” test jig
![Page 35: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Nanotube film “rope” R vs. T
0.01 0.1 1 10 1001000
10000
100000R
(oh
ms)
T(Kelvin)
![Page 36: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Flow past a Nanotube film
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4870
872
874
876
878
880
882
884R
film ()
Flow (cubic feet/hour)V (mm/sec)
![Page 37: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Nanofilm CapacitiveFlow/Pressure Fluctuation Sensor
AFM of Nanofilm
Flow
![Page 38: Small Sensors at Low Temperature Revealing Cryogenic Turbulence University of Florida Physics Gary Ihas- Yihui Zhou Ridvan Adjimambetov Shu-chen](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649e2c5503460f94b1b466/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Group minus Shu-chen Liu
Mario Yihui
GregRidvan