small ruminant developmental programmes- an overview
TRANSCRIPT
Presented by
Dr. Pranav KumarAssistant Professor
Division of Veterinary & A.H. Extension EducationF.V.Sc & A.H, R S Pura
SKUAST-Jammu
Small Ruminant Developmental Programmes :
An overview
Intro………… Throughout the developing countries, small ruminants
make a very valuable contribution, especially to the poor in
the rural areas.
These contributions range from precious animal proteins
(meat & milk) to fibre and skins, draught power in the
highlands, food security and stable households.
They are closely linked with the poorest people in pastoral
systems and complex crop livestock systems, and convert
low-quality resources to high quality protein.
Relatively low level of Research and development
investments to improve the SR production which do not
match their potential importance, the contribution to
nutritional insecurity and livelihoods of the poor in rural
areas.
Historical background…..
Sheep development activity was undertaken as earlyas the early 19th century by the East IndiaCompany, which imported exotic breeds for cross-breeding with the indigenous breeds.
Subsequently, with the establishment of the Imperial(now Indian) Council of Agricultural Research,research and development programmes were takenup on a regional basis; they included selectivebreeding within the indigenous breeds and cross-breeding them with exotic fine-wool breeds, andcovered almost all the important sheep-rearing States.
Major emphasis was however placed on sheepdevelopment after the country attained independenceand initiated its Five-Year Development Plans.
Five-Year Plans & Sheep development……..
During the Third Plan, a large number of sheep and woolextension centres were established, and a wool grading andmarketing programme was initiated in Rajasthan.
In 1962, realising the importance of sheep in the agrarianeconomy, the central government established CSWRI and itsregional stations, under an UNDP/GOI project, to undertakefundamental and applied research in sheep production andwool utilization and to provide post-graduate training in sheepand wool sciences.
During the Fourth Plan, a large sheep-breeding farm wasestablished in collaboration with the Australian Government, atHissar, for pure-breeding Corriedale sheep.
Corriedale stud rams are being distributed from this farm to anumber of States for cross-breeding to improve wool and muttonproduction.
Seven more such farms have been established in Jammu &Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradeshand Karnataka, to produce exotic pure-bred or cross-bred rams.
Five-Year Plans & Sheep development……..
During the Fifth Plan, a large number of breedingfarms were planned to be established in the centraland state sectors to produce genetically superiorbreeding stocks.
It was also planned to reorganize and strengthenthe existing sheep-breeding farms in the States aswell as to expand and reorganize sheep and woolextension centres, and to set up scientific sheepshearing and wool-grading programmes.
A number of sheep development programmes wereundertaken under specialized programmes, such asDPAP, small-farmer (SF), marginal-farmer (MF) andagricultural labourer schemes.
Setting up of wool boards in important woolproducing States was also foreseen.
Breeding strategy………….The breeding strategy is different for different regions of the
country.
In the north temperate regions, it involves breeding forapparel wool through cross-breeding indigenous breedswith exotic fine-wool breeds.
For the northwestern and central peninsular regionsand Bihar, selection among better carpet-wool breedsand crossing extremely coarse and hairy indigenousbreeds with exotic fine-wool and dual-purpose breeds toimprove carpet-wool and quality mutton production hasbeen recommended.
For improving mutton production in the southernpeninsular region, the strategy contemplates selectionwithin better indigenous breeds such as Nellore andMandya, and upgrading of inferior breeds with these twobreeds.
.. …….. very little systematic emphasis on
goat development
The Sixth Plan envisages the establishment of large
goat-breeding farms for the production of studs of
important breeds as well as breeding bucks of exotic
dairy breeds to be used for cross-breeding for
improving milk production.
There is some emphasis on improving pashmina
production in the Ladakh area of Jammu & Kashmir,.
“bank on hooves”……… An estimated 440 million livestock distributed over a 100
million households across 0.6 million villages form animportant livelihood activity supporting agriculture in theform of critical inputs like draught power and manure,contributing to food security of the household,supplementing incomes, offering employmentopportunities, and finally a dependable “bank onhooves” during adverse situations.
The sheep population is 71.56 million (5 per cent ofworld’s population) and the goat population is 140.54million (20 percent of the global population) as per 2007census.
The aggregate economic value, employment, decentralizedproduction pattern conclusively proves in-built socio-economic character of small ruminants in India.
However, the system still suffers from number ofbottlenecks which discounts the optimum utilization ofresources.
Present status and trends……..
India ranks 3rd in sheep population, next to China and Australia and is
placed at the 7th position among the top 10 countries of the world in
terms of mutton and wool production.
Development of sheep has been at crossroads. The population of sheep
has stagnated except a marginal increase between 2003 and 2007.
Present status and trends
The wool production has declined to around 40 million kg, of which fine wool is only 10%.
The trade policy of permitting import of wool under OGL has affected domestic traditional market.
A clear cut policy direction is needed on priority as to whetherthe focus should continue to raise sheep for wool production orthe focus should shift towards mutton production.
Importance of Small Ruminant…… Special advantages of small ruminants over large
ruminants include higher production efficiency, easiermarketability and lower risks, broader adaptability todifferent environments, and smaller absolute feedrequirements per animal.
Small ruminants have not benefited from aid programsand development services and have not influencedpolicy and decision making.
Government policies are mainly geared to crop andcattle production.
Often it is claimed that the potential of small ruminants toreduce poverty is enormous. Goat as poor man’s cow
They act as live savings in case farmers have urgentcash requirements, have socio-economic relevance andsocio-cultural roles
Livestock in general and small ruminant inparticular are the best insurance against thevagaries of nature like drought, famine andother natural calamities
In 2010-11 livestock generated outputs worthRs 2075 billion (at 2004-05 prices) whichcomprised 4% of the total GDP and 26% ofthe agricultural GDP.
Share of livestock and agriculture in India’s GDP
Though the share of agriculture in total GDP decreased gradually(from 35 % to 15.2 %), the share of the livestock sector in total GDPremained close to 5 percent as well as livestock contribution toagricultural GDP increased gradually from 14.8 % to 26.5 % overthe same period (1980-81 to 2009-10), underlining the increasingrelative importance of the sector in generating economic growth.
The overall growth rate in livestock sector is steady and is around 5-6% and this has been achieved despite the fact that investment in this sector was not substantial.
But in terms of productivity, India’s huge livestock resources are one of thepoorest in the world ……. the milk productivity per lactation is only 987 kgin India as against world average of 2,038 kg and even productivity of smallruminant viz wool, meat & milk are far below compared to the worldaverage production.
The reason behind the low production of our livestock is that the sector didnot receive the proper policy and financial attention as it deserved.
The sector received only about 12% of the total public expenditure onagriculture and allied sectors, which is disproportionately lesser than itscontribution to agricultural GDP.
Paradoxically small ruminant sector receives only a paltry 2.5% of thepublic spending on livestock sector.
Allocation of funds to DAHDF as a proportion of the overall allocation toagricultural sector has been meager over the last several plan periods in spiteof rising contributions of the livestock sector
Present scenario…………
How important is SRD……….
(Small Ruminant Development) ? Small ruminants make an important contribution to the sustenance of
small, marginal and landless rural populace of India.
They also make substantial contribution around Rs.24, 000 millionsevery year to the rural economy.
At the national level, small ruminants account for 14% meat output,4% of the milk output and 15% of skins and hide production incountry and contribute 10% of total value of livestock sector.
Paradoxically it receives only a paltry 2.5% of the public spendingon livestock sector.
Small ruminants are considered to be efficient and uncomplicatedlivestock in terms of their economics and management in the rurallivelihood systems.
A number of micro studies concluded that the small ruminants havegreat social and economic relevance in poverty reduction and socialequity. …….. Considerable bias exists against small ruminants, theyare perceived as inimical to the ecosystem
Potential of Small Ruminant………Demand for Mutton / Chevon
Small ruminants represent a great opportunity to generate income andincrease the availability of animal based products to improve nutrition.
Rising income levels, population growth and urbanization are driving ashift in dietary patterns in India away from carbohydrate rich cerealsto diets richer in proteins and micronutrients (e.g.fruits, vegetables, meat, eggs, milk and fish).
Growth in meat demand is highly responsive to incomes changes
As per NSSO (2009-10),
Per capita consumption of chicken was 0.96 kg (rural) and 1.2 kg(urban) which is about 300 % increase from 1993- 94
where as, per capita consumption of mutton/chevon was 0.36 kg from0.72 kg, a decline of about 50% over 1993-94
(driven by low growth rate of supply and high population growth rate)
With rising incomes, population growth rate and income responsiveness, the projected demand for mutton/chevon is 7.9%increase per annum (Gandhi and Zhou, 2010)
Meat situation in the countryOf the total meat available in the country, 45% is chicken, about 24%
each is goat and buffalo meat, while the remaining about 8% is pork.
(BAHS, 2013)
Per capita availability of about 4.4 Kg per annum is far below the
requirement of about 13 Kg as recommended by ICMR
Relative price of various meats in major cities :
Beef – Rs.150/ Kg., Broiler Chicken – Rs.160-200/ Kg,
Chevon/mutton – Rs.350-400/ Kg, which increases to Rs. 420-450/kg
during winters and festivals
Supply of Mutton/Chevon
While, poultry industry has grown at about 8-10% per
annum, where as supply of chevon /mutton has grown at
about @ 3% per annum
Demand-Supply Gap
Production of Chevon in 2011-12 (‘000 MT) was 905 Thousand MT
In general, demand growth rate is >8%, whereas the supply isgrowing at just @ 3%
As per FAO estimates, goat meat production will increase to 2050 thousand MTin 2030 (~growth rate 4.5%), However, based on past trends, we estimateproduction growth will be slower and will reach only 1586 thousand MT by2030 (assuming the current growth rate of ~ 3%) metric tons. Either way, therewill be a significant supply/demand gap.
The gap in demand and supply will lead to higher prices, limiting consumption by the low income groups with implications for nutrition perspective.
Need of the hour……
Supply of meat (chevon/mutton) is a function of growth rate
of small ruminant population, mortality rate and slaughter rate.
Support to small ruminant sector can focus on encouraging
larger herd size per HH (holding capacity of the area) and
reducing high mortality rates through veterinary services.
Market linkages should be an important part of the support
system to enable farmers to link farmers to traders / potential
markets
Export markets and retail chains also present very significant
untapped markets
Implications for Livelihoods
Almost 89 percent of the goat population in India isowned by about 50 million small holders rearing 2-3goats, serving as a moving bank to be used attimes of emergency.
Goats are largely reared on extensive systemusing common resources, forest land and cropresidues; investments from public or privatesector have been very minimal.
Small holders are willing to invest to grow their herd size
Issues & Interventions related to SR
development
Issues & Interventions related to SR
development
Issues & Interventions related to SR
development
Analysis of existing policies and schemes for
development of Small Ruminants
There were many government initiatives fordevelopment of small ruminants.
Several cross breeding trials were attempted insheep to evolve new breeds for wool quality,particularly apparel variety using exotic breeds forwool quality.
In goats cross breeding to improve milk yield or toimprove Mohair too, have not yet provided anyconclusive results.
Attempts at crossbreeding of Indian breeds ofsheep and goats with exotic breeds have notserved the Indian livestock Industry, in any mannerand were mostly of academic interest.
Five Year Plans and sheep development
During the second five-year plan period breeding policy for sheep wasevolved which included.
◦ Selective breeding.
◦ Upgrading of non-descriptive breeds with superior breeds.
◦ Cross breeding with foreign breeds in selected hilly areas.
In the third plan period, new sheep breeding farms were established.Old farms expanded and quality rams were supplied to the farmers.
Further during the fourth plan period, sheep and wool extensioncentres and wool grading-cum marketing centres were established.
In the Fifth plan period, cross breeding with wooly type sheep wasencouraged.
Various programmes were launched during the other plan period also.
During the ninth plan period, the production of wool was increased from43.3 million kg in 1996-97 to 49 million kg in 2001-02. The fine woolproduction in the country is around 4 million kg.
The programme of providing exotic males forimprovement of sheep in the northern temperate regioncontinued in the Tenth Plan.
A new Centrally Sponsored Scheme "Conservation ofthreatened livestock breeds of small ruminants, packanimals and equine" to conserve and protect threatenedbreeds of livestock, has been initiated during 10th Plan.
Under the scheme, assistance is provided to the States forthe conservation of sheep, goat, pigs, camels, yak, horse,donkey and ponies.
The grant is given through the State Governments to theState Government farms / State Government Undertakings/Boards / Federations / Government Institutes like ICAR,etc. / NGOs / Self-Help Groups / farmers / breeders /professional scientists of repute involved in conservationwork.
Five Year Plans and goat development Despite various adverse comments about the impact of goat
rearing on the flora, the number of goats in fact has gone up inrecent years.
Considerable size of rural community, especially womenfarmers and landless labourers are rearing one or two goats.This traditional mini husbandry practices still has its rootsthroughout rural India because the goats are the poor man’scows.
They give milk and also meet the farmer’s timely needsthrough selling of kids.
They are a sort of money-spinners to the poor people.
Insurance cover and fodder development are provided topromote goat rearing under various rural developmentprogrammes like IRDP, SGSY, NWDPRA, Ambedkar ViseshRojgar Yojna and DANIDA project.
During the ninth plan period, instead of increasing the goatpopulation, emphasis was made on productivity per animal,organized marketing and prevention of emerging new diseases .
Central Sector Scheme
“Integrated Development of Small Ruminants
and Rabbits”
The scheme has been approved during XIth
Plan period with allocation of Rs 134.825
crore and outlay of Rs 42.00 crore for
financial year 2010-11.
The IDSRR Scheme Context
The Small Ruminant Sector contributes Rs 2400 cr
annually which is 10 % of the total value of the
livestock products.
No other scheme aimed at the SR sector at the
national level.
Very little scientific breeding to improve
performance
An all encompassing Scheme, having scope for
all required / potential interventions has
therefore been devised.
Objectives of the IDSRR Scheme
Encouraging sheep/goat/rabbit rearing
farmers to go for Commercial Rearing
Production performance of the native
breeds to be improved by regular
selection and culling based on measurable
indicators.
Major components of the IDSRR scheme are
Creation of small ruminant development fund to fosterarea/cluster-based integrated development as viablecommercial activity;
Strengthening of infrastructure, human resources,institutions and rearers’ organizations for rapidimprovement of small ruminants and rabbits;
Developing skill-pool of NGOs for taking up developmentprojects on PPP mode;
Resource mapping in 126 nos. identified districts forsheep, goat and rabbits rearing and in terms of rawmaterial sources as well as meat consumption patternand development of 108 clusters for intensivedevelopment of sheep, goat and rabbit during XIth Plan.
Implementation Arrangement:The scheme is being implemented in a bimodal approach comprising of a Small
Ruminant Development Fund operated by NABARD and a State ImplementingAgency (SIA) designated by the State Government undertaking the activitiesrelating to State Government institutions.
There will be a State Level Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee (SLMC)constituted by NABARD in each State covered under the scheme, which will bechaired by Principal Secretary / Secretary of the Department of Animal Husbandryin the State.
The SLMC will have as its Member a representative each from:
(i) Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture,Government of India.
(ii) Lead Bank in the State.
iii) State Animal Husbandry Department.
(iv) An NGO actively operating in the State.
(v) NABARD
(vi) NCDC
The Committee will liaise with the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying andFisheries (GOI), State Government Departments, prominent NGOs andNABARD’s Head Office. State Office of NABARD will be the Secretariat for SLMC.
At the National Level, a Central Monitoring Committee (CMC) will be constitutedto approve innovative projects to be sanctioned directly by the Department andto formulate operational plan and policy with respect to the scheme
State Implementing Agency (SIA)
The States participating in the project will identify asuitable Semi-Government Agency and designatethe same as the State Implementing Agency (SIA) forimplementation of the project.
The primary responsibility of the SIA will be tospearhead Institutional Restructuring as it relates tosheep, goat and rabbit development.
The SIA will also be charged with responsibility ofdeveloping synergy among prominent stakeholdersconcerned with development of these species in theState as well as up-gradation of institutionalinfrastructure.
Beneficiaries……….
For commercial rearing units, the intended
beneficiaries are landless and marginal
farmers. Preference would be given to women.
For breeding Farms and Open Nucleus
Flocks, the beneficiaries will be traditional
breeders as well as entrepreneurs / NGOs
/Companies etc.
Entrepreneurs will be primary beneficiary of
the interventions relating to market linkages.
Channels / linkages
Two channels – one for credit linkage ofcommercial units & private breeding farmsand another to support State Govts forreviving breeding Farms.
Assistance to States will be for revivingbreeding farms, human resourcedevelopment, supporting research and fororganizing livestock shows etc.
NABARD will be administering the CapitalSubsidy for only the first channel i.e.credit linkage of commercial units andprivate breeding farms.
Components for Credit Linkage
(Rs Lakh )
SN Component TFO Pattern of Assistance
1 Sheep and Goat
rearing (40+2)
1.00 25% of TFO as Capital
Subsidy subject to max of
Rs 0.25 lakh
2 Sheep and Goat
breeding units
(500+25)
25.00 25% of TFO as CS
subject to a maximum of
Rs 6.25 lakh
3 Rabbit Rearing
(10+2)
2.25 25% of TFO as CS
subject to a maximum of
Rs 0.56 lakh
Funding Pattern
(Rs Lakh )
Enrepreneur
Margin
10 % of TFO in case of rearing
units
25% of TFO in case of breeding
units
Capital Subsidy 25 % of TFO subject to ceilings
(33.33% for SC/ST, Hilly and NE
States including Sikkim)
Bank loan Balance amount –Not less than
50% incl. subsidy. For SC/ST,
Hilly and NE States including
Sikkim Min. 58.33%
Monitoring Arrangement:
At the State level, the scheme will be monitored every quarter bythe State Level Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee (SLMC).
NABARD Head Office will also monitor physical and financialimplementation of the project and submit reports to theDepartment of Animal Husbandry Dairying & Fisheries,Government of India.
The SIA will report progress of their activities to theDepartment of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries,Government of India.
A mechanism for monitoring performance of the StateLivestock Breeding Farms and other infrastructure is to beevolved by concerned Department of State Government and theSIA.
The CMC will meet at least twice in a year to review progress ofimplementation of the scheme.
Activities proposed to be taken up
I. Launch & Promotion of the Scheme:
Since participation of beneficiaries is a key to success of thescheme,
NABARD as the principal implementing agency will initiate actionto identify prominent NGOs who are already active in the field andhave experience of dealing with livestock owners so that they canbe supported for organizing farmers / rearers. Best of suchNGOs will also be charged with responsibility of forming localNGOs to act as guardian for the new growers/rearers.
II. Intensive Cluster Development and Small RuminantDevelopment Fund:
There will be 48 intensive clusters for sheep and 60 for goats.
In each cluster, 100 commercial units of sheep and/or goat willbe set up, each unit will comprise of 40 female and 2male animals.
Breeding farms for sheep and goat breeds in private sector withminimum flock size of 500 female and 25 males will also besupported.
Activities proposed to be taken up contd….
III. Institutional restructuring and grants-in-aid to State Implementing Agencies:
The State Implementing Agency (SIA) will orchestrate all activities and coordinate with
partners.
The SIA will be eligible for managerial grant to the tune of 2% of the turnover in
scheme-related activities subject to a maximum of Rs 30.00 lakh per year.
The Government institutions charged with responsibility of sheep, goat and rabbit
development may be restructured to conform to the SIA concept which is already popular
since launch of the National Project of Cattle and Buffalo Breeding.
IV. Improvement of high fecundity breeds and exploitation of fecundity gene
to improve productivity in indigenous breeds:
Garole breed of sheep is known to have Fec. B gene which leads to twining. Twining is
also common in some other sheep breeds as also in Black Bengal Goats.
Development programmes in breeding tracts of these breeds to improve body
weight and establishment of bio-technology centers to exploit genes responsible for
high fecundity will be taken up on a regional basis.
Under the bio-technology centers, programmes will be undertaken to attain flock
strength of 500 animals which are homozygous for the high fecundity genes.
In the breeding tracts, programmes will be taken up towards improvement in body
weight in these breeds through appropriate nutritional, genetic and other interventions.
Activities proposed to be taken up contd….
V. Strengthening and revival of potential sheep/goat breeding farms andtheir corporatization:
There are about 60 sheep breeding farms and over 50 goat breeding farms under StateGovernments. Grants to the tune of Rs 50.00 lakh will be made available to selectgovernment farms having potential of revival / corporatization.
Such farms should attain minimum flock strength of 1000 females and 50 males.
Assistance under the project will also be available so as to enable the State authoritiesengage an appropriate consultant for chalking out a revival plan for the farm(s). Thisactivity will be implemented by the designated State Implementing Agency.
VI. Creation of open nucleus breeding flocks in collaboration withfarmers
These flocks will have strength of 500 females and 25 males of one breed, and willbe required to follow pure breeding and maintain production, growth and reproductionrecords to enable implementation of a scientific selection and breeding programme for theflock.
Ten such flocks will be established for each indigenous breeds and 20 breeds are proposedto be covered during the 11th Plan. Funds required for setting up the units will be providedby providing credit support with subsidy from banks who will select the collaboratingfarmers, guide them into the programme and supervise progress.
The SIA will undertake to provide technical support and inputs to such activity in thevicinity of the revived breeding farms so as to augment supply of breeding material andimprovement in indigenous breeds.
Guidelines for Implementation of Goat
Scheme under the National Mission for
Protein Supplements (NMPS) in States
The two major sets of activities proposed
(a) Intensive goat production system; and
(b) To support conventional goat production with capacity building in the community.
(a) Promoting intensive goat productioni. Farmers already having at least ten or more goats for a year or more will be
eligible for assistance
ii. Unit size up to 95 females plus 5 male goats will be supported.
iii. Beneficiaries with poorer resources will be provided half the admissible unit
size.
iv. Units will be supported with provision of metal feeders, silage pit, health cover
packages, vitamin/ mineral supplementation, etc.
v. Indicative cost of a goat unit (95 females and 5 male animals) is given
below :
v. Under the scheme, 100% subsidy is provided, amount of subsidy for
one unit of 100 animals will be about Rs.2.36 lakh. With an investment of
Rs 39.00 crore it will be possible to establish total 1654 units of 100
animals each in 21 states
(b) Improving productivity of goats under
conventional small holder / pastoral system Clusters having flock of 2,000 goats will be identified in a radius of 10 KM areas.
Rural unemployed youth will be trained and enrolled by state Animal Husbandry
Department as Goat Scouts on contract basis. He will be responsible for
identification of goat clusters
Provision of mass deworming, vaccination and area specific mineral mixture.
Fattening with concentrate feed @ 250 gram par day for 60 days pre/ slaughter.
100% subsidy towards the cost of supporting the clusters
Cost of supporting a cluster
Implementation …….
Majority of Indian States (21) accounts for more than 95% ofthe goat population in the country This is indicative ofpopularity of goats in these states and possibility of betterresults with appropriate breeding management and healthstrategies.
Beneficiaries will be selected from SC / ST communities andBPL families in the rural areas.
The NMPS will be implemented as a sub-scheme ofRashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY).
The programme will be operationalised through a three-tierplanning-implementation-reviewing structure.
The planning process will follow a decentralized approach.PRIs or similar Local Govt. Institutions/line departments willselect the beneficiaries and identify appropriate interventionsin the villages/clusters in consultation with SAU’s, ATMA,
WatershedCommittee (WC) and other similar agencies.
Implementation ……. The Department of Animal Husbandry / Veterinary of the
respective States will be the nodal agency forimplementation.
State Govt. is also advised to build up synergy throughpartnership with research institutions as well as existingdevelopmental schemes.
All components under Scheme will be providedassistance in form of subsidy for identified activities to thebeneficiary and funds will be channelised to these entitiesthrough State Government.
Subsidy on the approved items will be provided throughout lays earmarked under the scheme, balance amounttowards costs of projects for these ltems may be obtainedas loans made available to beneficiary through othersources.
National Livestock Mission (NLM) formulated by subsuming and modifying 7 Centrally Sponsored and 7 Central
Sector Schemes of Government of India
List of XI Plan Schemes included under the National Livestock Mission
Sub-Mission on Livestock Development
The sub-mission on Livestock Development includes activities to
address the concerns for overall development of livestock
species including poultry, other than cattle and buffalo, with a
holistic approach.
Risk Management component of the sub-mission will, however,
also cover cattle and buffalo along with other major and minor
livestock.
Role of sheep and goat rearing in the
Jammu division
The livestock industry plays vital role in the state economy.
This has been major factor for sheep and goat rearing as
prime occupation by communities like Gaddies, Bakerwals
and Chopans and in the recent times by the rural masses of
plain belt of Jammu division.
The sheep and goat sector fulfills a pioneering function in
sustainable economic development and food security.
Tribal and rural population of the division is directly or
indirectly engaged with rearing.
Role of sheep and goat rearing in the Jammu division….
Pre-Independence Period
This animal has sustained the life of Nomads for centuries with noalternative for economic sustenance.
The state rulers in 1920 sought technical know how from BritishGovernment to effect improvement in local sheep.
Professor Alfred Barker of Leeds University arrived in state in year1928 and after surveying submitted his report in early thirties titled“Prospective Development of Kashmir as Sheep Breeding and WoolGrowing Country”
In pursuance to the recommendations, Sheep Breeding Company named“Kashmir Sheep Farm Pvt. Ltd.” came into existence at Banihal. inearly 1937
with establishment of Sheep Breeding and Research Farm Reasi/Banihal and a scientific breeding plan was implemented.
Mr.R.C.Haksar was made officer In charge of the farm who was latermade Managing Director of “Kashmir Sheep Farm LTD”
Role of sheep and goat rearing in the Jammu
division….
Post Independence period The process of winding up of Kashmir Sheep Farm
Pvt.Ltd. had already been initiated prior to 1947 andits liquidation took place finally in 1949.
Sheep Development witnessed a revision ofbreeding plan.
Importation of new exotic fine wool breedsmaterialized in 1951 and onwards and fresh ICARscheme of improvement of Sheep and wool onregional basis got initiated from 1952.
With the exit of Mr. Haksar the onus of running theSheep breeding was shouldered by Dr. D.N.Koul andDr. G.A.Bandey.
Development in Sheep Husbandry sector in J & K
On the recommendation of ICAR, it was decided to switchover to breeding of Rambouillet breed of sheep on purelines with sole objective of producing rams of highergenetic potential for further propagation of indigenoussheep in private sector.
The sheep breeding activity got a boost in 1968 when aseparate department of Sheep Husbandry was createdin the state and further expansion took place in earlyseventies with creation of Divisional level MigratoryProject, Disease Investigation Laboratory andestablishment of different farms in the state.
In 1982 the department was re-organized with creation ofposts of Directors at Provincial level and District Officersat District level, Sheep & Wool Dev.Officers at Tehsil leveland Veterinary Assistant Surgeons at block level.
Breeding Policy……..
Fine wool production The Sheep Breeding policy adopted in Jammu and Kashmir
is one recommended by the ICAR and further laid downby the National Commission on Agriculture for Northerntemperate regions.
As envisaged therein, the cross breeding of local sheep with fine wool breeds like Merino in Kashmir and Rambouillet in Jammu Division is being continued.
The major chunk of Sheep population of Jammu divisionbeing migratory in nature, this policy is being continued tilldate in these migratory, semi-migratory and stationaryflocks of colder regions of the state.
Due to introduction of superior fine wool Germplasm inthese areas about 65% sheep population has attaineddesired type of crossbred wool with subsequent increase inbody weight.
Breeding Policy contd ……..Mutton Development Programme
To improve the stationery sheep of plain belt and Shivalikhills area of Jammu Division (Jammu, Samba, Kathua andRajouri districts) with infusion of Germplasm of Nali andSonadi X Rambouillet crosses for production of medium type ofwool with higher carcass yield.
To give further boost to mutton production, recently Dorperbreed of sheep has been introduced in the state.
Since, the importation of live Germplasm due to strict IndianHealth Protocol conditions could not be made after 1995-96, theDepartment has introduced Innovative Pilot Study Project onEmbryo Transfer Technology at Sheep Breeding FarmPanthal so as to give boost to overall productivity of sheep sectorin the state.
Frozen Embryos of Dorper & Rambouillet sheep wereimplanted in surrogate ewes and various traits of progeny bornare being studied. It is envisaged to introduce the crosses ofDorper breed in plain border belts of Kathua, Rajouri andJammu and Samba districts of the division.
Goat Development….
Development of goat sector, which remained neglected due tomore stress being laid on sheep development, has now beentaken up so as to narrow down the gap between demand andsupply of meat.
The Department has accordingly introduced programmes fordevelopment of goat sector.
Introduction of Beetal breed:
Under the programme beetal bucks are being purchased fromprogressive breeders of Kathua district and Gurdaspur district ofPunjab and from Central Sheep Breeding Farm Hisar (Haryana)and distributed among the breeders of Jammu, Samba,Kathua and Rajouri belt for improvement of their local goatsso as to increase the milk production.
Dairy Goat Farm, Rajbagh is being maintained on pure beetalgoats breeding.
Conservation of Kagani goats:
Under the programme best Kagani bucks are being purchasedfrom progressive goat breeders of Rajouri, Udhampur, Reasi,Jammu and Samba districts and provided to the breedershaving Kagani goats so as to conserve the breed on pure linesand to check the inbreeding.
SCHEMES UNDER OPERATION FOR SMALL
RUMINANT DEVELOPMENT in J & K
Centrally Sponsored Schemes under Operation:
Assistance to States for Control of Animal Diseases
(ASCAD)
Rashtrya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY)
Integrated Sample Survey (ISS)
Integrated Development of Small Ruminants and
Rabbits (IDSRR)
Rural Infrastructure Development Fund.
Establishment and Strengthening of Veterinary
Hospitals and Dispensaries (ESVHD) under Livestock
Health and Disease Control Programme (LH&DC)
Assistance to States for Control of Animal Diseases
(ASCAD)
The scheme is funded by Department of AnimalHusbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Governmentof India on 75:25 basis (75% Central Share and25% State Share).
Following Components are taken up under the Scheme:
Vaccination against Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), PesteDes Petits ruminants (PPR), Sheep Pox (SP) and Clostridialinfestations.
Strengthening of Disease Diagnostic Laboratories.
Training Programme for Veterinarians and Para Vets.
Organization of District/ Block level Awareness Camps forbreeders.
Monitoring and Surveillance.
Rashtrya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY)
The scheme is funded by Ministry of Agriculture &Cooperation, Department of Animal Husbandry,Dairying & Fisheries, Government of India
(100% Centrally Sponsored)
Salient features of the Scheme are:Genetic Up-gradation of sheep and goats by providing
quality Germplasm to the breeders.
Employment Generation through Organized Sheep andGoat Farming on participatory mode and Machine Shearingcum Training Programme.
Strengthening/ Creation of Infrastructure includingestablishment of Polyclinics, purchase of camp equipments,solar lanterns, tractors for farms, etc.
New Initiatives for Skill Development by organizing Studytours of Farmers.
Increased Fodder production by providing Fodder SeedMini-Kits.
Integrated Sample Survey (ISS)
The scheme is funded by Department of Animal
Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Government of
India on 50:50 basis
This Scheme has been taken up by Sheep
Husbandry Department, Jammu in Poonch,
Rajouri and Kathua districts of Jammu Division.
Under the scheme, estimation of livestock and
livestock products on yearly basis is being
conducted by staff of the Department.
Integrated Development of Small Ruminants
and Rabbits (IDSRR)
The scheme is funded by Ministry of Agriculture &Cooperation, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying& Fisheries, Government of India (100% CentrallySponsored).
The scheme is being implemented in State w.e.f. 2010-11onwards.
The salient features of the Scheme are:Creation of Venture Capital Fund to foster area/ cluster based
integrated Development as a viable commercial activity.
Strengthening of infrastructure, human resource, institutions andrearers’ organizations for rapid improvement of these species.
Developing a skill pool of NGOs for taking up development projectson PPP mode.
Resource mapping in identified districts for sheep, goat & rabbit interms of raw material source as well as consumption pattern andpotential.
Schemes Undertaken under IDSRR
Revival of Potential Farms-
◦ Strengthening of Sheep Breeding Farm- Proposal for strengthening of SBF Reasi
Innovative Projects:
◦ Project Proposals for Embryo Transfer Technology to be implemented jointly by Sheep Husbandry Department & SKUAST-J.
Organized Sheep and Goat Farming (Credit linked, funding through NABARD):
Scheme to be implemented during remaining period of 12 th FYP in alldistricts of State.
Beneficiaries shall be SHGs, individuals, unemployed youth, preference towomen, SCs and STs.
NGOs selected by NABARD shall identify beneficiaries; act as facilitators fortraining of beneficiaries and sponsorship of cases to banks.
Provision of Sheep/ Goat rearing units of 25 ewes/ does + 1 ram/ buck atestimated cost of Rs. 1.00 lacs where backend subsidy of 33.33% shall beprovided & margin money 10% (Rs. 0.10 lac) shall be arranged by beneficiary& Rs. 0.90 lac shall be Bank Loan.
Provision of Sheep/ Goat breeding farms of 500 ewes/ does + 25 rams /bucks at estimated cost of Rs. 25.00 lacs where backend subsidy of 33.33%shall be provided & margin money 25% (Rs. 6.25 lac) shall be arranged bybeneficiary & Rs. 18.75 lac shall be Bank Loan.
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION SCHEMES
SHEEP HUSBANDRY SECTOR
A. State Sector Mini Sheep Farm Scheme
(50 Ewes+ 2 Rams)
B. Establishment of 25 ewes/does units on
participatory mode – Centrally Sponsored – RKVY
C. Establishment of Sheep/Goat units of 25
ewes/does + 1ram/buck rearing units & 500 ewes/
does + 25 Rams/ Bucks breeding units under
Centrally Sponsored – Integrated Development of
Small Ruminants and Rabbits (IDSRR)
A. State Sector Mini Sheep Farm Scheme (50 Ewes + 2 Rams)
B. Establishment of 25 ewes/does units on
participatory mode -Centrally Sponsored –
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY)
C. Establishment of Sheep/Goat units of 25 ewes/does + 1ram/buck
rearing units & 500 ewes/ does + 25 Rams/ Bucks breeding units
under Centrally Sponsored – Integrated Development of Small
Ruminants and Rabbits (IDSRR)
Using the FAMACHA© system to control
internal parasites in small ruminants
Gastro-intestinal
parasites (worms)
pose the single
greatest threat to
the health and
productivity of
sheep and goats.
The barber pole
worm (Haemonchuscontortus) is the worm species of primary concern in warm, moist climates.
It is a blood-sucking parasitethat causes anemia and edema, production loss and sometimes death.
Conventional methods of control of
parasites
Conventionally , parasite control programs relied heavily upon the prophylactic use of anthelmintics.
This approach is no longer sustainable due to the widespread emergence of drug-resistant worms.
FAMACHA© and selective deworming
The FAMACHA©
system is a novel system for assessing barber pole worm infection in small ruminants and determining the need for deworming.
Selective dewormingincreases worm refugia which slows the rate by which worms develop resistance to anthelmintics
The FAMACHA© system proved to be an effective tool for monitoring and controlling internal parasitism in growing lambs and goats.
It reduced the number of anthelmintictreatments.
It increased refugia.
It identified susceptible and resistant animals
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