small airways disease: asthma copd · small airways disease: asthma & copd big sky pulmonary...

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3/21/2012 1 SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA & COPD Big Sky Pulmonary Conference March 2224, 2012 Richard W. Weber, M.D. National Jewish Health Denver, Colorado Richard W. Weber, M.D. Disclosures Employment National Jewish Health Financial Interests Nothing to Disclose Speakers Bureau Genentech AstraZeneca Organizational Interests AAAAI ACAAI WAO Gifts Nothing to Disclose Research Interests Merck Pfizer Novartis Genentech SMALL AIRWAYS INFLAMMATION IN ASTHMA & COPD In healthy lungs, small airway resistance accounts for ~10% of the total resistance In asthma & COPD small airway resistance accounts for ~50% of total resistance

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Page 1: SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA COPD · SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA & COPD Big Sky Pulmonary Conference ... parts of the bronchial tree, including small and large airways. Asthma

3/21/2012

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SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA & COPD

Big Sky Pulmonary ConferenceMarch 22‐24, 2012

Richard W. Weber, M.D.National Jewish Health

Denver, Colorado

Richard W. Weber, M.D.  Disclosures

Employment– National Jewish Health

Financial Interests– Nothing to Disclose

Speakers Bureau– Genentech– AstraZeneca

Organizational Interests– AAAAI– ACAAI– WAO

Gifts– Nothing to Disclose

Research Interests– Merck– Pfizer– Novartis– Genentech

SMALL AIRWAYS INFLAMMATION IN ASTHMA & COPD 

• In healthy lungs, small airway resistance accounts for ~10% of the total resistance

• In asthma & COPD small airway resistance accounts for ~50% of total resistance

Page 2: SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA COPD · SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA & COPD Big Sky Pulmonary Conference ... parts of the bronchial tree, including small and large airways. Asthma

3/21/2012

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The disease process in asthma is located in all

parts of the bronchial tree, including small and large

airways.

Asthma Disease Site

Vanden Burgt JA, et al J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(6):1209-1226.

van den Berge M et al. Chest 2011;139:412-423

Normal small airway Abnormal small airway in COPD

Chronic Severe

Small airway walls thickened in severe asthma

Acute Fatal

Normal

Courtesy Sally Wenzel

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3/21/2012

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Pattern of inflammatory cells also differs by lung region 

Cel

l %

Balzar, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Mar 1;171(5):431‐9 

PeripheralAlveolar Tissue

Inner wallLarge Airway

Inner wallSmall Airway

Outer wall Small Airway

AttachedAlveolar Tissue

0

100

40

60

80

20

Macroø

PMNs

Eos

Mast Cells

Lymphs

Different distribution of inflammatory cells: Mast cells 

Courtesy Sally Wenzel

Page 4: SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA COPD · SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA & COPD Big Sky Pulmonary Conference ... parts of the bronchial tree, including small and large airways. Asthma

3/21/2012

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ASSESSMENT OF SMALL AIRWAYS• Forced spirometry

– FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC (FEV1%)– FEF50, FEF25‐75

• Forced oscillation technique– Resistance– Reactance 

• Nitrogen washout – Single‐breath (closing volume)– Multiple‐breath (Scond & Sacin)

• Imaging– HRCT– Micro‐CT

• Exhaled nitric oxide (FENO)

Page 5: SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA COPD · SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA & COPD Big Sky Pulmonary Conference ... parts of the bronchial tree, including small and large airways. Asthma

3/21/2012

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Pulmonary Function Tests

• PEFR (effort dependent, not for diagnosis, PFM dependent)

• FEV1 (usual measure of lung function)

• FEV1/FVC (reflects obstruction)

• TLC (essential for Dx of hyperinflation or restriction)

• DLCO (for emphysema, interstitial lung diseases)

• FEF25‐75 (over‐sensitive measure of obstruction) 

Page 6: SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA COPD · SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA & COPD Big Sky Pulmonary Conference ... parts of the bronchial tree, including small and large airways. Asthma

3/21/2012

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ASSESSMENT OF SMALL AIRWAYS

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3/21/2012

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FENO identifies persistent eosinophilia in severe asthma

SAEOS+

SAEOS-

Mod.asthma

Mildasthma

Normalsubjects

Silkoff, Lent,  Katial, et al, JACI 2006.

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3/21/2012

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TREATMENT DIRECTED TO THE SMALL AIRWAYS

• Oral Therapy– Oral corticosteroids– Theophylline– Oral beta adrenergic agonists– Leukotriene modifiers

• Inhaled corticosteroids– MDI versus DPI– Ultrafine particle MDI 

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3/21/2012

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INHALED CORTICOSTEROID PARTICLE SIZE

• Beclomethasone‐HFA• Beclomethasone‐HFA/Formoterol• Ciclesonide‐HFA• Flunisolide‐HFA

• Fluticasone‐HFA 2.4 μm

• Mometasone‐HFA 3.7 μm

1.1 μm

Leach CL, et al. Chest. 2002;122:510‐516. Leach CL, et al. J Aerosol Med. 2006;19:117‐126. Leach CL. J Aerosol Med. 2005;18:379‐385. Martin RJ. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:S447‐S460. Warren S, et al. J Aerosol Med. 2002;15:15‐25. Leach CL. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:S88‐93. Cripps A, et al. Respir Med. 2000;94(suppl B):S3‐S9. Data on file, Teva Respiratory, LLC; 2010. 

Lung Deposition0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

58%

113%

27%

52%

15%

Flovent HFA: unknown

The relationship of particle size (MMAD) and better lung deposition to clinical efficacy is unknown

Asmanex: unknown

Particle Size and Lung Deposition of Various ICSs

4 µm  

3 µm 

2 µm

1 µm

Mass M

edian Ae

rodyna

mic Diameter (M

MAD

)

5 µm

4%Vanceril® /Beclovent® 3.5 μm

Flovent HFA 2.4–2.6 μm     

Beclomethasone CFC  

Flovent® DPI ~4.0 μm

Asmanex® DPI 2.6–3.3 μmFlovent CFC   

Pulmicort® 4.0 μm

Alvesco® 1.0 μm

2.6 μm

The particle size of Asmanex DPI is unpublishedThe particle sizes of Flovent HFA and Flovent CFC are similar

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Smaller particles are more likely to reach both the large and small airways1

Drawn to scale

*Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)

Particle Size* 1.1 µm ∼2.6 µm

QVAR2 Advair  HFA3

1. Martin RJ. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:S447‐S460. 2. Leach C, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(6)(suppl):S88‐S93. 3. Data on file, Teva Respiratory, LLC; 2011. 4. Data on file, Merck; 2011. 

Particle Size of QVAR (beclomethasone dipropionate HFA) Inhalation Aerosol vs ICS/LABA Combination Products

2.6  to 3.0 µm

Dulera4

The relationship of better lung deposition and particle size (MMAD) to clinical efficacy is unknown

23

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3/21/2012

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QVARAdvair

Throat/Gut deposition

Lung deposition

Lung Deposition of QVAR (beclomethasone dipropionate HFA) Inhalation Aerosol vs Advair

16%

77%

58%

35%

Data on file, Teva Respiratory, LLC; 2011. 

Results based on an open‐label, nonrandomized study of  7 male patients; the images shown are from 1 patient

The clinical efficacy of better lung deposition is unknown

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A, γ-scintigraphic lung image produced after inhalation of chlorofluorocarbon-beclomethasonemetered-dose inhaler (MDI).

van den Berge M et al. Chest 2011;139:412-423

B, γ-scintigraphic lung image produced after inhalation of hydrofluoroalkane-beclomethasonemetered-dose inhaler (MDI).

Oropharyngeal & Lung Deposition 

Response to small‐particle ICS