small airways disease: asthma copd · small airways disease: asthma & copd big sky pulmonary...
TRANSCRIPT
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SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE: ASTHMA & COPD
Big Sky Pulmonary ConferenceMarch 22‐24, 2012
Richard W. Weber, M.D.National Jewish Health
Denver, Colorado
Richard W. Weber, M.D. Disclosures
Employment– National Jewish Health
Financial Interests– Nothing to Disclose
Speakers Bureau– Genentech– AstraZeneca
Organizational Interests– AAAAI– ACAAI– WAO
Gifts– Nothing to Disclose
Research Interests– Merck– Pfizer– Novartis– Genentech
SMALL AIRWAYS INFLAMMATION IN ASTHMA & COPD
• In healthy lungs, small airway resistance accounts for ~10% of the total resistance
• In asthma & COPD small airway resistance accounts for ~50% of total resistance
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The disease process in asthma is located in all
parts of the bronchial tree, including small and large
airways.
Asthma Disease Site
Vanden Burgt JA, et al J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(6):1209-1226.
van den Berge M et al. Chest 2011;139:412-423
Normal small airway Abnormal small airway in COPD
Chronic Severe
Small airway walls thickened in severe asthma
Acute Fatal
Normal
Courtesy Sally Wenzel
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Pattern of inflammatory cells also differs by lung region
Cel
l %
Balzar, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Mar 1;171(5):431‐9
PeripheralAlveolar Tissue
Inner wallLarge Airway
Inner wallSmall Airway
Outer wall Small Airway
AttachedAlveolar Tissue
0
100
40
60
80
20
Macroø
PMNs
Eos
Mast Cells
Lymphs
Different distribution of inflammatory cells: Mast cells
Courtesy Sally Wenzel
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ASSESSMENT OF SMALL AIRWAYS• Forced spirometry
– FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC (FEV1%)– FEF50, FEF25‐75
• Forced oscillation technique– Resistance– Reactance
• Nitrogen washout – Single‐breath (closing volume)– Multiple‐breath (Scond & Sacin)
• Imaging– HRCT– Micro‐CT
• Exhaled nitric oxide (FENO)
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Pulmonary Function Tests
• PEFR (effort dependent, not for diagnosis, PFM dependent)
• FEV1 (usual measure of lung function)
• FEV1/FVC (reflects obstruction)
• TLC (essential for Dx of hyperinflation or restriction)
• DLCO (for emphysema, interstitial lung diseases)
• FEF25‐75 (over‐sensitive measure of obstruction)
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ASSESSMENT OF SMALL AIRWAYS
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FENO identifies persistent eosinophilia in severe asthma
SAEOS+
SAEOS-
Mod.asthma
Mildasthma
Normalsubjects
Silkoff, Lent, Katial, et al, JACI 2006.
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TREATMENT DIRECTED TO THE SMALL AIRWAYS
• Oral Therapy– Oral corticosteroids– Theophylline– Oral beta adrenergic agonists– Leukotriene modifiers
• Inhaled corticosteroids– MDI versus DPI– Ultrafine particle MDI
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INHALED CORTICOSTEROID PARTICLE SIZE
• Beclomethasone‐HFA• Beclomethasone‐HFA/Formoterol• Ciclesonide‐HFA• Flunisolide‐HFA
• Fluticasone‐HFA 2.4 μm
• Mometasone‐HFA 3.7 μm
1.1 μm
Leach CL, et al. Chest. 2002;122:510‐516. Leach CL, et al. J Aerosol Med. 2006;19:117‐126. Leach CL. J Aerosol Med. 2005;18:379‐385. Martin RJ. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:S447‐S460. Warren S, et al. J Aerosol Med. 2002;15:15‐25. Leach CL. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:S88‐93. Cripps A, et al. Respir Med. 2000;94(suppl B):S3‐S9. Data on file, Teva Respiratory, LLC; 2010.
Lung Deposition0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
58%
113%
27%
52%
15%
Flovent HFA: unknown
The relationship of particle size (MMAD) and better lung deposition to clinical efficacy is unknown
Asmanex: unknown
Particle Size and Lung Deposition of Various ICSs
4 µm
3 µm
2 µm
1 µm
Mass M
edian Ae
rodyna
mic Diameter (M
MAD
)
5 µm
4%Vanceril® /Beclovent® 3.5 μm
Flovent HFA 2.4–2.6 μm
Beclomethasone CFC
Flovent® DPI ~4.0 μm
Asmanex® DPI 2.6–3.3 μmFlovent CFC
Pulmicort® 4.0 μm
Alvesco® 1.0 μm
2.6 μm
The particle size of Asmanex DPI is unpublishedThe particle sizes of Flovent HFA and Flovent CFC are similar
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Smaller particles are more likely to reach both the large and small airways1
Drawn to scale
*Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)
Particle Size* 1.1 µm ∼2.6 µm
QVAR2 Advair HFA3
1. Martin RJ. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:S447‐S460. 2. Leach C, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(6)(suppl):S88‐S93. 3. Data on file, Teva Respiratory, LLC; 2011. 4. Data on file, Merck; 2011.
Particle Size of QVAR (beclomethasone dipropionate HFA) Inhalation Aerosol vs ICS/LABA Combination Products
2.6 to 3.0 µm
Dulera4
The relationship of better lung deposition and particle size (MMAD) to clinical efficacy is unknown
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QVARAdvair
Throat/Gut deposition
Lung deposition
Lung Deposition of QVAR (beclomethasone dipropionate HFA) Inhalation Aerosol vs Advair
16%
77%
58%
35%
Data on file, Teva Respiratory, LLC; 2011.
Results based on an open‐label, nonrandomized study of 7 male patients; the images shown are from 1 patient
The clinical efficacy of better lung deposition is unknown
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A, γ-scintigraphic lung image produced after inhalation of chlorofluorocarbon-beclomethasonemetered-dose inhaler (MDI).
van den Berge M et al. Chest 2011;139:412-423
B, γ-scintigraphic lung image produced after inhalation of hydrofluoroalkane-beclomethasonemetered-dose inhaler (MDI).
Oropharyngeal & Lung Deposition
Response to small‐particle ICS