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MELINDUNGI MASA INSTRUKSIONAL (PROTECTING INSTRUCTIONAL TIME)
DI SEKOLAH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEBERHASILAN PEMBELAJARAN
MURID
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Masa instruksional didefinisikan sebagai masa yang sebenarnya digunakan untuk aktiviti pembelajaran tanpa gangguan.
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Melindungi masa instruksional merupakan salah satu komponen fungsi pemimpin instruksional dalam menjayakan pembelajaran secara berkesan di sekolah.
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Melindungi masa instruksional perlu diberi perhatian dalam memastikan
peningkatan keberhasilan pembelajaran murid ke arah
membangunkan modal insan yang kritis, kreatif dan inovatif.
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Sekolah merangka masa instruksional yang idealSekolah merangka masa instruksional yang ideal
Adakah senario ini berlaku?Adakah senario ini berlaku?
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MELINDUNGI MASA INSTRUKSIONAL (PROTECTING INSTRUCTIONAL TIME)
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Melindungi masa instruksional bermaksud
1. Untuk mengurangkan gangguan
2. PdP berjalan berlansung seperti yang dirancang
3. Pembelajaran bermakna/berkesan
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Kepentingan melindungi masa instruksional melalui kepimpinan instruksional yang bermatlamat mengurangkan gangguan masa instruksional bagi memastikan
pembelajaran berlaku secara bermakna atau berkesan dalam kalangan murid.
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• ”Protecting instuctional time: Policies and enforcement practices that reduce tardiness, absenteeism, and truancy to increase learning time for students. Principal can also
increase student opportunities to learn by protecting classroom instructional time from interruptions due to
public address annoucements, by working with teachers to develop more effective classroom management and
instructional practices, and by reducing the number of non-instructional school activities that enroach on classroom
time.”
• (Hallinger & Murphy, 1985)
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Amalan• mengurangkan kelewatan, ketidakhadiran• meningkat waktu pembelajaran murid• meningkat peluang untuk belajar• melindungi waktu instruksional dari gangguan
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Faktor Pengurusan Sekolah
Faktor Instruksional Guru
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AMALAN MASA INSTRUKSIONAL DI SEKOLAH
AMALAN MASA INSTRUKSIONAL DI SEKOLAH
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Waktu bekerja guru tidak dinyatakan secara bertulis dalam mana-mana peraturan Kerajaan.
Tugas mengajar guru akademik dalam skim perkhidmatan pendidikan menyatakan bahawa seseorang guru mengajar antara 28 hingga 36 waktu seminggu bagi sekolah rendah dan 26 hingga 36 waktu seminggu bagi sekolah menengah.
Kajian Tugas dan Tanggungjawab Guru 2006
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Sumber: Bahagian Pendidikan Guru, 2011
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GANGGUAN MASA INSTRUKSIONAL DI SEKOLAH
GANGGUAN MASA INSTRUKSIONAL DI SEKOLAH
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Tempoh masa instruksional yang dikhususkan untuk pembelajaran berkesan secara realiti tidak dapat dicapai sepenuhnya kerana berlaku pelbagai gangguan instruksional.
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Seseorang guru telah ditetapkan menjalankan tugas utama mereka iaitu mengajar atau menjalankan instruksi untuk tempoh tertentu.
Guru tidak dapat melaksanakan tugas mereka sepenuhnya disebabkan oleh gangguan yang berlaku.
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Faktor Pengurusan Sekolah
Faktor Instruksional Guru
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Faktor Pengurusan Sekolah
Guru TiaGuru
Tiadada
Guru Tiada
Guru tiada di sekolah, guru ada di sekolah tetapi tidak berada di dalam kelas, tidak cukup guru, guru hadir kursus atau
tugas luar, guru menduduki peperiksaan, aktiviti kokurikulum/sukantara
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Faktor Pengurusan Sekolah
Gangguan Fizikal
Pengumuman dari pembesar suara, susun atur kelas atau sekolah, prasarana sekolah, persekitaran,
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Faktor Pengurusan Sekolah
Gangguan Luar
Jangka
Guru cuti sakit, cuti kecemasan, hal-hal peribadi, kesediaan murid belajar, kesediaan guru mengajar, melaksana tugas
sampingan
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Faktor Pengurusan Sekolah
Gangguan Ad hoc
Menghadiri mesyuarat, dipanggil ke pejabat, menghadiri kursus, taklimat peperiksaan, menjalankan tugas jurulatih
utama, sambutan lawatan pelawat
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Faktor Instruksional Guru
KualitiPengajaran
Guru
Kualiti guru, proses PDP, sikap guru, guru bukan opsyen, kompetensi guru, kesediaan guru mengajar
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Faktor Instruksional Guru
Kualiti Pembelajaran
Murid
Kesediaan murid belajar, displin, motivasi, sikap
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JENIS GANGGUAN MASA JENIS GANGGUAN MASA INSTRUKSIONAL MURIDINSTRUKSIONAL MURID
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Gangguan yang berlaku di sekolah menjadikan masa pembelajaran akademik amat terhad dan tidak sepatutnya berlaku kepada semua murid.
Masa pembelajaran berkesan murid amat sedikit dan ditentukan oleh dua faktor gangguan utama iaitu faktor pengurusan sekolah dan faktor instruksional guru.
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Keberhasilan Pembelajaran
Murid
FAKTOR GANGGUAN
SASARAN STRATEGI MATLAMAT
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Bil. ModulMasa Dalam Seminggu (Minit)
SK SJKC SJKT
MODUL TERAS ASAS
1. Bahasa Malaysia 360 300 300
2. Bahasa Inggeris 300 150 150
3. Bahasa Cina - 360 -
Bahasa Tamil - - 360
4. Pendidikan Islam 180 120 120
Pendidikan Moral 180 120 120
5. Pendidikan Jasmani 60 60 60
6. Pendidikan Kesihatan 30 30 30
7. Matematik 180 180 180
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Bil. ModulMasa Dalam Seminggu (Minit)
SK SJKC SJKT
MODUL TERAS TEMA
8. Dunia Seni Visual 60 60 60
Dunia Muzik 30 30 30
Dunia Sains dan Teknologi 60 60 60
MODUL ELEKTIF
9. Bahasa Arab / Bahasa Cina SK / Bahasa Tamil SK / Bahasa Iban / Bahaa Kadazan Dusun
90 - -
Perhimpunan 30 30 30
JUMLAH 1380 1380 1380
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Sekolah RendahSekolah Rendah
Sekolah MenengahSekolah Menengah
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Kawalan•Pemimpin Sekolah
•Guru
Masa Pengajaran•Terlindung•Optimum
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“Students with a weak teacher may master 50 percent or less of the curriculum for that grade over a single school year, and students with a good teacher can get an average gain of one year, and students with a great teachers may advance 1.5 grade levels or more”
Hanushek and Rivkin 2010; Farr 2010
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“A study of teacher absenteeism across six different developing countries in 2004 found that, on average, 20 percent of the teaching force was absent on any given day, suggesting low accountability for attendance and performance”
Chaudhury and others 2005
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“Classroom observations in representative samples of schools in Latin America in 2009 found more than 30 percent of instructional time lost because teachers arrived late, left early, or otherwise failed to engage in teaching”
Bruns, Evans, and Luque 2010
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Pastikan kecemerlangan setiap sekolah kita dalam peperiksaan awam dan dalam pebagai aspek pendidikan yang lain ditingkatkan dan diteruskan sehingga mencapai lonjakan saujana.
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Melindungi masa instruksional amat kritikal perlu dirancang bagi memastikan pembelajaran
berlangsung di sekolah dan akhirnya
murid belajar secara berkesan.
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Usaha melindungi masa instruksional perlu dirancang dengan menggunakan agen pendidikan di sekolah iaitu pemimpin sekolah dan guru yang merancang, mengurus dan melaksana pengajaran di sekolah.
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Matlamat melindungi masa instruksional lebih kritikal untuk memastikan murid disediakan dengan peluang pembelajaran yang sewajarnya dan belajar secara berkesan.
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