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    Robtica

    Cinemtica Directa

    +Cinemtica Inversa

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    Definitions Kinematics

    the science of motion which treatmotions without regard to the forcesthat cause them

    It is restricted to a pure geometricaldescription of motion by means of

    position, orientation, velocity, andacceleration.

    Forces and torques causing themotion are not considered.

    The most important application oftechnical kinematics is in roboticsand gearing design.

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    Problema

    From the geometrical caractheristics of the

    robot the position and orientation of thegripper are obtained

    Coordinate system or Frames are attachedto the manipulator and objects in the

    environment following the Denenvit -Hartenberg notation.

    Robotic Kinematics The study of the motion of robots Robot kinematics deals with aspects of

    Redundancy Collision avoidance Singularity avoidance

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    Cinemtica

    Representation schemes Coordenadas juntas (joint space)

    Coordenadas mundo (world space) Forward kinematics

    Inverse kinematics Homogeneous transformation

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    Coordenadas Junta e Mundo

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    Cinemtica Directa

    Qual o problema? Sabe-se que o brao iniciou-se

    alinhado com o eixo x Se o eixo 1 rodar1 e o 2 2,

    qual a posio da ponta do braoem relao ao referencial base?

    2 solues Geomtrica

    Fcil no caso da figura mas podeser bastante mais complexa sehouver mais eixos

    Algbrica Involve transformaes de

    coordenadas

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    Links

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    Cinemtica Directa

    x, y, z represents the position ofthe TCP related to the base frame

    , , represents the orientation ofthe TCP related to the base frame

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    Cinemtica Directa

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    Transformadas Homogneas A serial link manipulator is a series of links that

    connect the hand to the base, with each linkconnected to the next by an actuated joint.

    If a coordinate frame is attached to each link, therelationship between two links can be describedwith a homogeneous transformation matrix T.

    The first T matrix relates the first link to the baseframe, and the last T matrix relates the hand frameto the last link.

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    Transformadas Homogneas The general homogeneous transformation is used to

    describe mathematically the position and orientation (pose)of a frame in space relative to another frame.

    It is represented by a 4x4 matrix with a 3x3 orientationsubmatrix and a positional vector.

    The first three columns represent the direction cosines ofthe secondary frame relative to the base frame. The lastvector locates the secondary origin.

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    X2X3Y2

    Y3

    1

    2

    3

    1

    2 3

    Suponha o seguinte brao com 3 links que comea alinhado com o eixo x. Cada link

    tem comprimento l1, l2, l3, respectivamente. Supondo que o primeiro link roda 1 , , osegundo 2 e o terceiro 3, calcule a matriz transformada que permite calcular o pontoamarelo em relao ao referencial X0Y0.

    H = Rz(1 ) * Tx1(l1) *Rz(2 ) * Tx2(l2) *Rz(3 )Rodando o referencial X0Y0 de 1, obtm-se o referencialX1Y1.

    Translada-se ao longo de X1porl1.Roda-se 2 e obtm-se o referencial X2Y2.Repete-se o procedimento at chegar a X3Y3.

    A posio do ponto amarelo em relao ao referencial X3Y3 (l1, 0). Se se mulltiplicar H por esse vector obtm-se ascoordenadas do ponto amarelo em relao ao referencial X0Y0.

    X1

    Y1

    X0

    Y0

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    Neste caso o ponto amarelo passa a ser a origem de um novo referencialX4Y4 frame

    X2X

    3

    Y2

    Y3

    1

    2

    3

    1

    2 3

    X1

    Y1

    X0

    Y0

    X4

    Y4

    H = Rz(1 ) * Tx1(l1) *Rz(2 ) * Tx2(l2) *Rz(3 ) * Tx3(l3)

    This takes you from the X0Y0 frame to the X4Y4 frame.

    The position of the yellow dot relative to the X4Y4 frame

    is (0,0).

    =

    10

    0

    0

    H

    1Z

    Y

    X

    Notice that multiplying by the (0,0,0,1) vector will

    equal the last column of the H matrix.

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    Referenciais Segundo Denavit-Hartenberg

    Z(i - 1)

    X(i -1)

    Y(i -1)

    ( i - 1)

    a(i - 1 )

    Z iY i

    X i a id i

    i

    A cada junta atribuda um referencial. Atravs da notao de Denavit-Hartenberg notation, necessita-se apenas de 4 variveis para descrevercomo que um referencial (i) se relaciona com o referencial ( i -1 ).

    As variveis: , a , d,

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    Referenciais D-H

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    D-H

    S se considerarem os

    pressupostos referidos na figura que se pode dizer que amatriz transformada aindicada

    DH 1 x1 perpendicular a z0

    DH2 x1 intersecta z0

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    Variveis i - rotao do link. ngulo

    entre zi-1 e zi em torno de xi

    aitamanho do link. Distncia

    entre zi-1 e zi ao longo de xi

    dioffset do link. Distnciaentre a origem i-1 e ainterseco de xi com zi-1,medida ao longo de z

    i-1 i ngulo da junta. ngulo

    entre xi-1 e xi medido em torno

    de zi-1

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    Atribuio dos referenciais O zi est sempre colocado ao longo da junta rotao ou

    translaco

    A escolha do sentido de zi arbitrria

    Zi corresponde sempre junta i+1. Ento z0 est associado junta 1

    O frame 0 pode ser arbitrrio com excepo de Z que deve

    estar na junta Colocar a origem Oi onde a normal comm entre zi e zi1

    intersecta zi. Se zi intersecta zi1 colocar Oi nesta interseco.

    Se zi e zi1 so paralelos, colocar Oi em qualquer posioconveniente ao longo de zi Colocar agora xi ao longo da normal comm entre zi1 e zi

    atravs de Oi, ou na direco normal ao plano zi1 zi se zi1 e

    zi se intersectam Atribuio da coordenada do end-effector (ver slide seguinte)

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    End-effector

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    A Matriz de Denavit-Hartenberg

    An = Rot(z,).Transl(0,0,d).Transl(a,0,0).Rot(x,)

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    Rob e Eixos

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    PUMA

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    PUMA

    1= 90 +

    1

    d1

    = 0

    a1

    = 0

    1 = -90

    2

    = 2

    d2

    = d2

    a2 = a2

    2= 0

    1

    3 = 90 + 3 d

    3= 0

    a3

    = a3

    3

    = 90

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    PUMA

    5

    = 5

    d5

    = 0

    a5= 0

    5= 90

    6= 6 d

    6= d6

    a6

    = 0

    6

    = 0

    4

    = 4

    d4

    = d4

    a4

    = 0

    4 = -90

    A

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    PUMA

    PUMA

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    PUMA

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    R b3

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    Rob3

    275x

    z

    R b3

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    Rob3

    001305

    Link 5

    90004

    Link 4

    013003

    Link 3

    020002

    Link 2

    9002751

    Link 1

    ii

    dii

    001305

    Link 5

    90004

    Link 4

    013003

    Link 3

    020002

    Link 2

    9002751

    Link 1

    ii

    dii

    275

    Z0

    Y0

    X0

    Z1

    X1

    Y1

    Z2

    X2

    Y2

    200

    Z3

    X3X

    4

    Y3

    130

    Z4

    Z5

    X5

    130

    Z0

    Y0

    X0

    Z1

    X1

    Y1

    Z2

    X2

    Y2

    200

    Z3

    X3X

    4

    Y3

    130

    Z4

    Z5

    X5

    130

    R b 3

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    Rob 3

    +++

    ++++++

    =

    1000

    275200130130

    200130130200130130

    22323423452345234

    21231234123415152341512341

    21212341234151523415152341

    05

    ssccsscs

    cscsssssccscssccsccccscsccssccssccc

    T

    21212341 200130130 ccccscxP ++=

    212312341 200130130 cscsssPy ++=

    Pitch = = 2+3+4

    Orientao = 5275200130130 223234 +++= sscPz

    SCARA

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    SCARA

    3 Eixos de Revoluo Z3

    Y3

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    i (i-1) a(i-1) di i

    1 0 a0 0 1

    2 -90 a1 0 2

    3 0 0 d3 0

    Z0

    X0

    Y0

    Z1

    X3

    Y1

    Z3

    X1

    3

    d3

    a0 a1

    Tabela de Parmetros

    An =Rot(z,q).Transl(0,0,d).Transl(a,0,0).Rot(x,a)

    Y2

    X2

    Z2

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    Exemplo

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    Cinemtica Inversa

    Picture from Jehee Lee Seoul National University

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    Cinemtica Inversa Dadas as coordenadas mundo pretende-se obter coordenadas junta

    No so necessrias quando os robs so programados atravs do teach pendant. O Problema principal :

    A existncia de solues mltiplas

    A possvel no existncia de soluo

    Singularidades

    As solues so equaes no lineares e no existe um mtodo genrico de asresolver: Closed form solutions Alguns robs no tm este tipo de solues

    Algbricas

    Geometricas

    Numerical methods, iterative procedures Demora tempo

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    Cinemtica Inversa

    Ci i I

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    Cinemtica Inversa

    Ci ti I

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    Cinemtica Inversa

    R b3 I

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    Rob3 - Inversa

    x

    P = (px,py)y

    1

    =x

    y

    p

    p2atan1

    R b3 I

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    Rob3 - Inversa

    ( )sin3 = lPQ zz

    432 ++=( )

    3

    sin

    l

    QP zz =

    2

    3

    4

    X0

    Z0

    P = Px, Py, Pz

    Q = Qx, Qy, Qz

    l1 = 200

    l2 = 130

    l3 = 130

    Qz

    Pz

    Qx and Qy depends not only on but also on 1

    PxQx

    ( )

    3

    cosl

    QP xx =

    l3*cos()

    R b3 I

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    432 ++=

    1 X0

    P = Px, Py, Pz

    Q = Qx, Qy, Qzl2 * cos(2 + 3)

    l3 * cos()

    Qy

    Py

    PxQx

    Y0

    Rob3 - Inversa

    )cos(*)cos(* 13 lPQ xx =

    ( )( )

    cos*

    cos3

    1l

    QP xx =

    ( )( )

    cos*

    sin3

    1l

    QP yy =

    l1 * cos(2)

    1

    )sin(*)cos(* 13 lPQ yy =

    R b3 I

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    Rob3 - Inversa

    2

    3

    X0

    Z0

    Q = Qx, Qy, Qz

    l1 = 200l2 = 130

    Qz

    Qx

    Qx = l1cos(2)+l2cos(2+3)

    Qz = l1sin(2)+l2sin(2+3)

    180+3

    3

    Qx2+ Qz

    2= l12+l2

    2 2l1l2cos(180+3)

    Qx2

    + Qz2

    = l12

    +l22

    + 2l1l2cos(3)

    21

    22

    21

    22

    3 **2)cos(

    llllQQ zx +=

    180+3

    R b3 I

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    1 X0

    Q = Qx, Qy, Qzl2 * cos(2 + 3)

    Qy

    PxQx

    Y0

    Rob3 - Inversa

    )cos(*)2cos(*)cos(*)2cos(* 13211 ++= llQx

    l1 * cos(2)

    )sin(*)cos(*)sin(*)cos(* 1322121 ++= llQy

    R b 3 I

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    Rob 3 - Inversa

    )2sin(*)2sin(* 321 ++= llQz

    2

    3

    2= se 2 > 0

    2= + se 2 < 0

    Qz

    r

    r2 = Qx2+Qy2+Qz2

    Qx2+Qy2+Qz2 = l12+l22+2l1l2cos(3)

    Q = Qx2+Qy2+Qz2

    21

    2

    2

    2

    13 **2)cos( ll llQ =

    Rob3 Inversa

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    Rob3 - Inversa

    2)cos(1

    2cos +=

    )cos(1

    )cos(1

    22

    +

    =

    tg

    2

    )cos(1

    2

    sin

    =

    ( )( )221

    221

    3 *2llQ

    Qllarctg

    +=

    2

    3

    2= se 3 > 0

    2= + se 3 < 0

    r

    rl )sin(*)sin( 32 =

    r

    ll )cos(*)cos( 321

    +=

    )cos(*)sin(*)(

    321

    32

    llltg+=

    +=

    )cos(*

    )sin(*

    tan 321

    321

    ll

    l

    ++

    +

    = )cos(*

    )sin(*tantan321

    321

    22

    12

    ll

    l

    QQ

    Q

    yx

    z

    +

    = 22

    1tanyx

    z

    QQ

    Q

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    Rob3 - Inversa=2+3+4

    4=-2-3

    5=Orientao