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Johnson,Vietnam andJohnson,Vietnam andCivil RightsCivil Rights

Mr. Buttell APUSHMr. Buttell APUSHWBHS KC 8.2 II-III & 8.1 IIIWBHS KC 8.2 II-III & 8.1 III

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The TexanThe Texan’’s Familys Family

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LBJLBJ’’s Resumes Resume

Congressional Congressional StafferStaffer

Member of the Member of the House of House of RepresentativesRepresentatives

U.S. SenatorU.S. Senator– Majority LeaderMajority Leader

Vice-PresidentVice-President

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““The Johnson The Johnson TreatmentTreatment””

Reputation of being Reputation of being ““overpowering and overpowering and intimidatingintimidating””

Invaded personal Invaded personal space: nose to nosespace: nose to nose

““persuasive and persuasive and personable rather than personable rather than elegant and charmingelegant and charming””

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The TexanThe Texan’’s Styles Style

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War on PovertyWar on Poverty

““There are tens of millions of There are tens of millions of Americans who are beyond the Americans who are beyond the welfare state.welfare state.

Taken as a whole there is a Taken as a whole there is a culture of poverty…bad health, culture of poverty…bad health, poor housing, low levels of poor housing, low levels of aspiration, and high levels of aspiration, and high levels of mental distress. Twenty percent mental distress. Twenty percent of a nation, some 32,000,000.of a nation, some 32,000,000.””

Michael Harrington, author Michael Harrington, author of the of the Culture of PovertyCulture of Poverty 1962 1962

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A War On PovertyA War On Poverty

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War on PovertyWar on Poverty

““The Great Society rests on The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice.and racial injustice.”” LBJ LBJ 19641964

•Medicare and Medicaid•Head Start•HUD•Job Corps•Water Quality and Clean Air Acts•Highway Safety Act•Fair Packaging and Labeling Act

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The 1964 Election The 1964 Election

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““The Daisy AdThe Daisy Ad””

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Johnson/HumphreyJohnson/Humphrey

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The ResultsThe Results

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AMERICAN ESCALATION AND MILITARY INVOLVEMENTAMERICAN ESCALATION AND MILITARY INVOLVEMENT

Phase originated with Phase originated with ““IkeIke”” and JFK but was and JFK but was intensified under Lyndonintensified under LyndonBaines Johnson (LBJ)Baines Johnson (LBJ)

The U.S. never formally The U.S. never formally issued a declaration of warissued a declaration of war

After the After the Gulf of Tonkin IncidentGulf of Tonkin Incident, , where 2 Americanwhere 2 Americandestroyers were apparently destroyers were apparently fired upon by the North fired upon by the North Vietnamese, Congress Vietnamese, Congress passed the passed the Gulf of Tonkin Gulf of Tonkin Resolutions (August 1964)Resolutions (August 1964)- - Congress gave LBJ Congress gave LBJ their support in sending their support in sending American personnel and materielAmerican personnel and materiel

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In spite of ongoing escalation In spite of ongoing escalation throughout the 1960s, the USthroughout the 1960s, the USexperienced a lack of successexperienced a lack of successagainst the Vietnamese against the Vietnamese guerrilla forces in S.guerrilla forces in S.Vietnam (the Vietnam (the VietcongVietcong) as the) as theUS Army was unprepared forUS Army was unprepared for

their tactics and mentality their tactics and mentality

The US was also never entirely The US was also never entirely successful in shuttingsuccessful in shutting

down the down the Ho Chi Minh TrailHo Chi Minh Trail, a, a supply line that ran betweensupply line that ran between North and South Vietnam viaNorth and South Vietnam via difficult jungle terrain, difficult jungle terrain,

often underground and often underground and through neighboring nationsthrough neighboring nations

like Cambodialike Cambodia

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War turned against the War turned against the US in 1968, when the US in 1968, when the NVANVA’’s General Giap s General Giap began the began the Tet Tet OffensiveOffensive, a surprise , a surprise offensive on a major offensive on a major Vietnamese holiday that Vietnamese holiday that saw attacks all over the saw attacks all over the country, including in country, including in Saigon itselfSaigon itself

Ongoing US casualties Ongoing US casualties and losses saw an and losses saw an increase in antiwar increase in antiwar sentiment on the sentiment on the American Home Front,American Home Front,

Vietnam was the first Vietnam was the first televised war, where televised war, where Americans saw the Americans saw the atrocities of waratrocities of war

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American atrocities at American atrocities at My LaiMy Lai (Lieutenant (Lieutenant Calley)Calley)

they also witnessed they also witnessed the usage of weapons the usage of weapons like like napalmnapalm and and Agent OrangeAgent Orange, which , which devastated the devastated the environmentenvironment

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Youth began protests Youth began protests around country and a around country and a counterculture movement counterculture movement was formed.was formed.

UC Berkeley – Free Speech UC Berkeley – Free Speech Movement led by Mario Movement led by Mario Savio urged followers to Savio urged followers to “put your bodies upon the “put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels. gears and upon the wheels. You’ve got to make it You’ve got to make it stop.”stop.”

Some turned to violence, Some turned to violence, Students for a Democratic Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) spawned an Society (SDS) spawned an underground terrorist underground terrorist group called the group called the Weathermen.Weathermen.

This was intensified after This was intensified after the the Kent State Massacre in Kent State Massacre in 19701970

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Black NationalismBlack Nationalism

Nation of Islam Nation of Islam promoted strong promoted strong philosophy of self-philosophy of self-improvement (Black improvement (Black Muslims)Muslims)

10,000 members 10,000 members mostly northernmostly northern

““Farce on Washington”Farce on Washington” Feb. 1965, X is Feb. 1965, X is

assassinated by 3 black assassinated by 3 black Muslims in HarlemMuslims in Harlem

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Malcolm Little, Malcolm X ,Malcolm Little, Malcolm X ,Malik El ShabazzMalik El Shabazz

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M&MM&M

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Freedom Summer 1964Freedom Summer 1964

SNCC, CORE, NAACP SNCC, CORE, NAACP & SCLC worked thru & SCLC worked thru MS to register black MS to register black votersvoters

37 black churches 37 black churches bombed/burned, 4 bombed/burned, 4 activists murderedactivists murdered

Fannie Lou Hamer Fannie Lou Hamer leads MS Freedom leads MS Freedom Democratic Party Democratic Party (MFDP) for 64 (MFDP) for 64 Democratic ConventionDemocratic Convention

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March on SelmaMarch on Selma

March 1965, SCLC March 1965, SCLC calls for march from calls for march from Selma, AL to Selma, AL to MontgomeryMontgomery

600 walkers attacked 600 walkers attacked by AL state troopers by AL state troopers with tear gas and clubswith tear gas and clubs

““Bloody Sunday”Bloody Sunday”

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Voting Rights Act, 1965Voting Rights Act, 1965

Outlawed literacy tests Outlawed literacy tests for votingfor voting

Atty. Gen. sends Atty. Gen. sends federal employees to federal employees to register voters in southregister voters in south

2424thth amendment amendment outlaws Poll Taxoutlaws Poll Tax

1960 = 20% black 1960 = 20% black voters registeredvoters registered

1971 = 62% registered1971 = 62% registered

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New Democratic PartyNew Democratic Party

Liberal wing of Dems Liberal wing of Dems had prevailed over had prevailed over segregationist Demssegregationist Dems

Southern whites and Southern whites and Conservative Conservative Northerners join Northerners join Repub. PartyRepub. Party

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Black PowerBlack Power

Led by Stokely CarmichaelLed by Stokely Carmichael Build economic and Build economic and

political power in own political power in own communitycommunity

Emphasized black pride Emphasized black pride and self-determination. – and self-determination. – clothing, hairstyles, art, and clothing, hairstyles, art, and literatureliterature

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MLKMLK’’s Assassinations AssassinationApril 4, 1968April 4, 1968

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RFKRFK

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RFKRFK’’s Assassinations AssassinationJune 5, 1968June 5, 1968

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““I will neither seek I will neither seek nor accept the nor accept the nomination…nomination…””

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Black Panther PartyBlack Panther Party Oakland, CA 1966 led by Oakland, CA 1966 led by

Huey NewtonHuey Newton Opposed Vietnam WarOpposed Vietnam War Sought to protect blacks from Sought to protect blacks from

police violence on streetspolice violence on streets Introduced free breakfast Introduced free breakfast

program for children and program for children and testing for sickle cell anemiatesting for sickle cell anemia

Radicalism and self-defense Radicalism and self-defense led to clashes with policeled to clashes with police

FBI starts breaking them up, FBI starts breaking them up, Newton accused of Newton accused of murdering copmurdering cop

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Chicano MovementChicano Movement

Cesar Chavez and Dolores Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta start United Farm Huerta start United Farm Workers (UFW)Workers (UFW)

1965 grape boycott and 1965 grape boycott and 1968 hunger strike leads to 1968 hunger strike leads to recognition of UFWrecognition of UFW

Militant “Brown Berets” take Militant “Brown Berets” take on name of on name of Chicano/Chicana to replace Chicano/Chicana to replace Mex. AmericanMex. American