Creating a British Empire Creating a British Empire in America 1720-1765in America 1720-1765

APUSH – Mr. ButtellAPUSH – Mr. Buttell

Ch. 3Ch. 3

Ch. 4 (partial)Ch. 4 (partial)

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

TRIANGULAR TRADE AND THE “MIDDLE PASSAGE”

The The ““Middle PassageMiddle Passage””The The ““Middle PassageMiddle Passage””

As the number of slaves As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial to put down perceived racial threat.threat.

Slavery transformed from Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial economic to economic and racial institution.institution.

Early 1600s Early 1600s differences between differences between slave and servant were unclear.slave and servant were unclear.

By the mid-1680s, black slaves By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured outnumbered white indentured servants.servants.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

Beginning in 1662 Beginning in 1662 ““Slave CodesSlave Codes”” Made blacks [and their children] Made blacks [and their children]

property, or property, or chattelchattel for life of white for life of white masters.masters.

In some colonies, it was a crime to In some colonies, it was a crime to teach teach a slave to read or write.a slave to read or write.

Conversion to Conversion to Christianity did Christianity did not qualify the not qualify the slave for slave for freedom.freedom.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

THE “BUSINESS” OF SLAVERY

Conquest by the Conquest by the cradlecradle

• In 1700 the colonies had 20 In 1700 the colonies had 20 English to 1 American.English to 1 American.

• By 1775 this had shrunk to By 1775 this had shrunk to 3 to 13 to 1

• Average age in 1775 was 16Average age in 1775 was 16• 90% of people lived in rural 90% of people lived in rural

areas, and 4 major urban areas, and 4 major urban areas were Philadelphia, areas were Philadelphia, NYC, Boston, and CharlestonNYC, Boston, and Charleston

Why does a population boom Why does a population boom have political implications?have political implications?

Beginnings of a Beginnings of a Melting potMelting pot

• Germans fleeing religious Germans fleeing religious persecution, economic persecution, economic oppression head to PAoppression head to PA

• The Scot-Irish people also The Scot-Irish people also settled in PA, make up 7% of settled in PA, make up 7% of pop. Great frontiersmen who pop. Great frontiersmen who brought distillery skills with brought distillery skills with them.them.

• Neither group is loyal to the Neither group is loyal to the British crown, by mid 18British crown, by mid 18thth century, the Scot-Irish are century, the Scot-Irish are scattered along the scattered along the ““great great wagon roadwagon road””

““The Melting PotThe Melting Pot””

• The 13 Colonies The 13 Colonies represented the biggest represented the biggest diversity in the world.diversity in the world.

• The largest non-English The largest non-English group was Africansgroup was Africans

• Middle Colonies held the Middle Colonies held the most diversity, especially most diversity, especially PA, NE colonies the leastPA, NE colonies the least

• 18 of the 56 signers of 18 of the 56 signers of the DOI were non-English, the DOI were non-English, 8 not born in the colonies8 not born in the colonies

Colonial SocietyColonial SocietyWhy does the Why does the EuropeanizatioEuropeanization of society n of society worry people?worry people?

• Merchant princes Merchant princes started to show up from started to show up from riches earned of riches earned of military supplies in military supplies in conflicts. (Profiteers or conflicts. (Profiteers or savvy businessmen?)savvy businessmen?)

• Mid-Century, richest Mid-Century, richest 10% of Boston and 10% of Boston and Philly owned 2/3 of Philly owned 2/3 of taxable wealth in their taxable wealth in their cities.cities.

Who are the Who are the poor?poor?

• Farms shrank as land Farms shrank as land became more scarce.became more scarce.

• 1750 Boston had a large 1750 Boston had a large portion of homeless portion of homeless poorpoor

• Indentured servants free Indentured servants free of contract added to this of contract added to this pop.pop.

• 50,000 jailbirds from 50,000 jailbirds from England are dumped in England are dumped in the coloniesthe colonies

• Almshouses created in Almshouses created in the 1730s, still number the 1730s, still number of poor is small relative of poor is small relative to Englandto England

The The ProfessionalsProfessionals

• Clergy, though less Clergy, though less influential, still considered influential, still considered the most prestigious titlethe most prestigious title

• Physicians were poorly Physicians were poorly trained, smallpox hit 1 of 5 trained, smallpox hit 1 of 5 peoplepeople

• 1765, first medical school 1765, first medical school (Univ. of Penn) (Univ. of Penn) established, yet disease established, yet disease still persistedstill persisted

• Lawyers are deemed Lawyers are deemed unnecessary at first, yet unnecessary at first, yet eventually find a place eventually find a place with a booming populationwith a booming population

Workday AmericaWorkday America• Farming wheat becomes Farming wheat becomes

hot new crophot new crop• Middle Colonies are the Middle Colonies are the

bread basketbread basket• Cod becomes main export Cod becomes main export

to Catholic Europeto Catholic Europe• Triangular Trade, Triangular Trade,

particularly with Middle and particularly with Middle and NE Colonies, provides NE Colonies, provides wealth and slaveswealth and slaves

• Manufacturing still second Manufacturing still second behind farmingbehind farming

• 1770, 1/3 of British 1770, 1/3 of British merchant marine was merchant marine was American builtAmerican built

The Molasses Act, The Molasses Act, 17331733

• Colonists need more outletsColonists need more outlets• Trade continues, but only through England first (Navigation Trade continues, but only through England first (Navigation

Acts)Acts)• Import tax on molasses from non-English colonies. (9 pence Import tax on molasses from non-English colonies. (9 pence

per gallon)per gallon)• Colonists ignore the act and smuggle and bribeColonists ignore the act and smuggle and bribe

Salutary Neglect????Salutary Neglect????

TransportationTransportationHorse powerHorse power

• Scarce money and Scarce money and resources = terrible resources = terrible road systemroad system

• Roads do not Roads do not connect major cities connect major cities until the 1700suntil the 1700s

• Traveling the short Traveling the short distance from distance from Boston to Philly Boston to Philly could take a weekcould take a week

Sail powerSail power

• Populations clustered Populations clustered along riversalong rivers

• Taverns also arose Taverns also arose along rivers and in along rivers and in cities. Play a vital role cities. Play a vital role in social life.in social life.

• Sam Adams used his Sam Adams used his breweries for political breweries for political appeal and early ways appeal and early ways of passing on of passing on information information

Dominant DenominationsDominant Denominations

• Anglicans and Congregationalists = only Anglicans and Congregationalists = only tax supported churches in 1775tax supported churches in 1775

• Anglicans made up most of GA, NC, SC, Anglicans made up most of GA, NC, SC, VA, MD and a part of NYVA, MD and a part of NY

• Anglican clergy reputation was so poor Anglican clergy reputation was so poor that William and Mary College was that William and Mary College was foundedfounded

• How will religion play a role in the How will religion play a role in the upcoming rebellion?upcoming rebellion?

• Sedition flowed from the pulpit early on. Sedition flowed from the pulpit early on. Neo-Trinity = Presbyterianism, Neo-Trinity = Presbyterianism, Congregationalism and rebellionCongregationalism and rebellion

Great Great AwakeningAwakening

• Started in the 1730-40s Started in the 1730-40s over the coloniesover the colonies

• J. Edwards J. Edwards ““Sinners in Sinners in the Hands of an Angry the Hands of an Angry GodGod””

• ““Salvation only through Salvation only through dependence on Goddependence on God’’s s grace.grace.””

• G. Whitefield brings G. Whitefield brings evangelicalism by evangelicalism by touring the country with touring the country with emotional sermonsemotional sermons

Great AwakeningGreat Awakening

““Old LightsOld Lights””• Orthodox clergy Orthodox clergy • Deeply skeptical of Deeply skeptical of

the revivaliststhe revivalists• Divided the Divided the

Congregationalists Congregationalists from the from the PresbyteriansPresbyterians

• Tended to be more Tended to be more of the merchant and of the merchant and middle classmiddle class

““New LightsNew Lights””• Baptists and Baptists and

Presbyterians make Presbyterians make room for this room for this approach to preachingapproach to preaching

• Defend the role of Defend the role of revitalizing religion in revitalizing religion in the coloniesthe colonies

• Establish new places Establish new places of higher learning to of higher learning to train = Princeton, train = Princeton, Rutgers, Brown, and Rutgers, Brown, and DartmouthDartmouth

Lasting Effects of Lasting Effects of the Awakeningthe Awakening

• Greatly increased the Greatly increased the number and number and competitiveness of competitiveness of churcheschurches

• 11stst spontaneous mass spontaneous mass movement of the movement of the American peopleAmerican people

• Broke down sectional Broke down sectional boundaries as well as boundaries as well as denominational lines denominational lines

Schools & collegesSchools & colleges

• Farm labor drained Farm labor drained much of a youthmuch of a youth’’s time s time and energyand energy

• NE education flourished, NE education flourished, middle and southern middle and southern colonies beginning to colonies beginning to see schools.see schools.

• Emphasis placed on Emphasis placed on religion and classical religion and classical languageslanguages

• College education most College education most highly regarded. B. highly regarded. B. Franklin helps found U Franklin helps found U Penn, 1Penn, 1stst non-religious non-religious school.school.

Pioneer PressesPioneer Presses• Ben Franklin establishes the Ben Franklin establishes the

first privately funded library first privately funded library in Phillyin Philly

• By 1776, 50 public librariesBy 1776, 50 public libraries• 40 colonial newspapers = 40 colonial newspapers =

airing problems with the airing problems with the crown and opposition to crown and opposition to British controlBritish control

• John Zenger assailed the John Zenger assailed the corrupt royal Gov. of NY, corrupt royal Gov. of NY, charged with libel, found charged with libel, found not guilty since statements not guilty since statements were truewere true

• This case serves as turning This case serves as turning point to eventual Freedom point to eventual Freedom of Pressof Press

Game of politicsGame of politics• 1775, 8 colonies Royal, 3 1775, 8 colonies Royal, 3

Proprietors (MD, DE, PA) Proprietors (MD, DE, PA) and 2 charter (self-and 2 charter (self-governing, RI and CT)governing, RI and CT)

• Most states have 2 Most states have 2 chamber legislaturechamber legislature

• Self-taxation through Self-taxation through representation was representation was American privilege that American privilege that was cherishedwas cherished

• Colonial assemblies paid Colonial assemblies paid for governors salaries for governors salaries which led to tensions which led to tensions (power of the purse)(power of the purse)

• 1775, not yet a true 1775, not yet a true democracy but far more democracy but far more advanced compared to advanced compared to England and Europe in England and Europe in press, assembly, speech press, assembly, speech and rep govt.and rep govt.