skeletal system lecture part 2

7/27/2019 SKELETAL SYSTEM LECTURE PART 2

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Chapter 7Anatomy of Bones

and Joints

Bone Trabeculae



Fig 7.26



Appendicular Skeleton

• Upper Limb – Eight carpal, or wrist, bones are arranged in

two rows

–The hand consists of five metacarpal bones

– The phalanges are digital bones. Each finger

has three phalanges, and the thumb has two

phalanges



Fig 7.27




• Pelvic Girdle – The lower limb is attached solidly to the coxal bone and

functions in support and movement

– Consists of •

Sacrum• Right and left coxal bones formed from the fusion of

» ilium

» ischium

» pubis

– The coxal bones articulate with each other (symphysis pubis) andwith the sacrum (sacroiliac joint) and the femur (acetabulum)

– Muscles attach to the anterior iliac spines and the ischialtuberosities; ligaments attach to the posterior iliac spines, ischialspines, and ischial tuberosities

– The female pelvis has a larger pelvic inlet and outlet than themale pelvis



Fig 7.28



Fig 7.29



Fig 7.30



Fig 7.31



Page

172



Fig 7.32



Tab. 7.6




• Lower Limb – The thighbone is the femur

• The femur articulates with the coxal bone (head), the tibia

(medial and lateral condyles), and the patella (patellar

groove)• Sites of muscle attachment are the greater and lesser

trochanters, as well as the adductor tubercle

• Sites of ligament attachment are the lateral and medial

epicondyles

– The leg consists of the tibia and the fibula• The tibia articulates with the femur, the fibula, and the talus

• The fibula articulates with the tibia and the talus

• Tendons from the thigh muscles attach to the tibial tuberosity



Fig 7.33



Fig 7.34



Fig 7.35



Fig 7.36



Page

175




• Lower Limb – Seven tarsal bones form the proximal portion

of the foot and five metatarsal bones form the

distal portion – The toes have three phalanges each, except

for the big toe, which has two

– The bony arches transfer weight from the

heels to the toes and allow the foot to conformto many different positions



Fig 7.37



Articulations

• An articulation, or joint, is a place wheretwo bones come together

• Joints have varying degrees of movement

• Joints are named according to the bonesor parts of bones involved



Classes of Joints

• Joints are classified according to – Function

– Type of connective tissue that binds bonestogether

– Presence or absence of fluid between thebones

• Types

– Fibrous joints – Cartilaginous joints

– Synovial joints



Classes of Joints

• Fibrous Joints – Fibrous joints are those in which bones are

connected by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity(capable of little or no movement)• Sutures involve interdigitating bones held together by

dense fibrous connective tissue (occur between mostskull bones)

• Syndesmoses are joints with fibrous ligaments

•

Gomphoses are joints in which pegs fit into socketsand are held in place by periodontal ligaments (teeth inthe jaws)

• Synostoses possible ossification of some sutures andother joints



Fig 7.38



Fig 7.39



Fig 7.40



Classes of Joints

• Cartilaginous Joints – Synchondroses are joints in which bones are

joined by hyaline cartilage

•

Ex. Epiphyseal plates – Symphyses are slightly movable joints made

of fibrocartilage



Tab. 7.7



Classes of Joints

• Synovial Joints – Are capable of considerable movement

– They consist of the following

•

Articular cartilage on the ends of bones – Provides a smooth surface for articulation

– Articular disks and menisci can provide additional

support

• A joint cavity is surrounded by a joint capsule of

fibrous connective tissue, which holds the bones

together while permitting flexibility

• A synovial membrane produces synovial fluid that

lubricates the joint



Fig 7.41



Classes of Joints

• Synovial Joints – Bursae are extensions of synovial joints that protect

skin, tendons, or bone from structures that could rub

against them

– Synovial joints are classified according to the shapeof the adjoining articular surfaces

• Plane: two flat surfaces

• Pivot: cylindrical projection inside a ring

•

Hinge: concave and convex surfaces• Ball-and-socket: rounded surface into a socket

• Ellipsoid: ellipsoid concave and convex surfaces

• Saddle: two saddle-shaped surfaces



Tab. 7.8



Types of Movement

•

Gliding Movements – Occur when two flat surfaces glide over one another

• Angular Movement – Flexion and extension, plantar flexion and

dorsiflexion, and abduction and adduction

• Circular Movements – Rotation, pronation and supination, and circumduction

• Special Movements – Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction,

excursion, opposition, reposition, inversion andeversion

• Combination Movements – Two or more other movements



Fig 7.42



Fig 7.43



Fig 7.44



Fig 7.45



Fig 7.46



Fig 7.47



Temporomandibular Joint

•

Complex gliding and hinge joint between thetemporal and mandibular bones

• Capable of elevation, depression, protraction,retraction, and lateral and medial excursion

movements

Fig 7.48



Shoulder Joint

• Ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerusand the glenoid cavity of the scapula – Strengthened by ligaments and the muscles of the rotator cuff

– Tendon of the biceps brachii passes through the joint capsule

• Capable of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,

rotation, and circumduction

Fig 7.48



Elbow Joint

–Compound hinge joint between the humerus,ulna, and radius

– Movement at this joint is limited to flexion and

extension

Fig 7.48



Knee Joint

•Complex ellipsoid

joint between the

femur and the

tibia that is

supported bymany ligaments

• Allows flexion,

extension, andslight rotation of

the leg

Fig 7.49



Page

187



Ankle Joint and Arches of the Foot

•

The ankle joint is a special hinge joint of thetibia, fibula, and talus that allows dorsiflexion,plantar flexion, inversion and eversion of the foot

• Ligaments of the foot arches hold the bones inan arch and transfer weight in the foot

Fig 7.50



Page

189



Effects of Aging on the Joints

• Connective tissue of the joints becomesless flexible and less elastic

– Results in joint rigidity

–

Increases the rate of wear on the articulatingsurfaces

– Reduces the range of motion

skeletal system lecture part 2

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