Situating Peace Psychology Situating Peace Psychology in the Academyin the Academy

Post-Cold War Peace PsychologyPost-Cold War Peace Psychology

1.1. More global in scopeMore global in scope

2.2. Nuanced by Nuanced by geohistorical contextsgeohistorical contexts

3.3. More differentiated: More differentiated: Distinguishes episodes Distinguishes episodes of violence & structural of violence & structural violenceviolence

4.4. More systemic organizedMore systemic organized

(Christie, JSI, 2006)

Peace Psychology: Global Scope

•Australia•Germany•Ireland•Italy•Japan•Malaysia•Philippines•South Africa•Sweden•Venezuela•UK•USA

Example of Geohistorical Context: Malaysia

Differentiated & Systemically Differentiated & Systemically OrganizedOrganized

EpisodicEpisodic Structural Structural

Violence

Peacebuilding

Episodic Violence

Structural Violence

Episodic Peace-building

Structural Peace-building

SystemicPeacebuilding

SystemicViolence

(Christie, JSI, 2006)

Post-cold War Peace Psychology: Post-cold War Peace Psychology: More Differentiated, Contextualized, & SystemicMore Differentiated, Contextualized, & Systemic

TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSVolume 62 Issue 1 , Pages 1 - 208 (March 2006)Volume 62 Issue 1 , Pages 1 - 208 (March 2006)

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEWINTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

What is Peace Psychology the Psychology of? (p 1-17)What is Peace Psychology the Psychology of? (p 1-17)Daniel J. ChristieDaniel J. Christie

SYSTEMIC VIOLENCESYSTEMIC VIOLENCE

The Psycho-Ecology of Armed Conflict (p 19-40)The Psycho-Ecology of Armed Conflict (p 19-40)Deborah Du Nann Winter, Mario M. CavaDeborah Du Nann Winter, Mario M. Cava

Toward a Psychosocial Theory of Military and Economic Violence in the Era Toward a Psychosocial Theory of Military and Economic Violence in the Era of Globalization (p 41-62)of Globalization (p 41-62)Marc Pilisuk, Joanne ZazziMarc Pilisuk, Joanne Zazzi

Bullying in Schools: A Plea for Measure of Human Rights (p 63-79)Bullying in Schools: A Plea for Measure of Human Rights (p 63-79)Michael B. GreeneMichael B. Greene

Reconciliation between Aboriginal and Other Australians: The "Stolen Reconciliation between Aboriginal and Other Australians: The "Stolen Generations" (p 81-98)Generations" (p 81-98)Di Bretherton, David MellorDi Bretherton, David Mellor

Post-cold War Peace Psychology: Post-cold War Peace Psychology: More Differentiated, Contextualized, & SystemicMore Differentiated, Contextualized, & Systemic

SYSTEMIC PEACEBUILDINGSYSTEMIC PEACEBUILDING

Intergroup Contact, Forgiveness, and Experience of Intergroup Contact, Forgiveness, and Experience of "The Troubles" in Northern Ireland (p 99-120)"The Troubles" in Northern Ireland (p 99-120)

Miles Hewstone, Ed Cairns, Alberto Voci, Miles Hewstone, Ed Cairns, Alberto Voci, Juergen Hamberger, Ulrike NiensJuergen Hamberger, Ulrike Niens

Psychosocial Assistance for Youth: Toward Psychosocial Assistance for Youth: Toward Reconstruction for Peace in Angola (p 121-139)Reconstruction for Peace in Angola (p 121-139)

Michael Wessells, Carlinda MonteiroMichael Wessells, Carlinda Monteiro

Peacebuilding as a Gendered Process (p 141-153)Peacebuilding as a Gendered Process (p 141-153)Cheryl de la Rey, Susan McKayCheryl de la Rey, Susan McKay

Terrorism: A Peace Psychological Analysis (p 155-171)Terrorism: A Peace Psychological Analysis (p 155-171)Richard V. WagnerRichard V. Wagner

Political Psychology of Nonviolent Democratic Transitions in Southeast Political Psychology of Nonviolent Democratic Transitions in Southeast Asia (p 173-190)Asia (p 173-190)Cristina Jayme MontielCristina Jayme Montiel

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

Realistic Empathy and Active Nonviolence Confront Political Reality (p 191-Realistic Empathy and Active Nonviolence Confront Political Reality (p 191-208)208)Milton SchwebelMilton Schwebel

Social Psychological Peace Social Psychological Peace Research (SPPR)Research (SPPR)

(Vollhardt & Bilali, (Vollhardt & Bilali, SPSP, 2008), 2008)

SPPR refers to the overlapping SPPR refers to the overlapping conceptual domains of peace and conceptual domains of peace and social psychologysocial psychology

Peace Psychology Social Psychology

Social Psychological Peace Social Psychological Peace Research (SPPR)Research (SPPR)

Study 1: Conceptual, using indexes Study 1: Conceptual, using indexes of social and peace psychology of social and peace psychology handbooks.handbooks.

Study 2: Quantitative: based on Study 2: Quantitative: based on content analysis of journals in social content analysis of journals in social and peace psychologyand peace psychology

(Vollhardt & Bilali, SP, 2008)

Study 1: Conceptual Relations Between Study 1: Conceptual Relations Between Social Psychology and Peace PsychologySocial Psychology and Peace Psychology

Based on indexes in three handbooks:Based on indexes in three handbooks:

1. Handbook of Social Psychology1. Handbook of Social Psychology (Gilbert et al., 1998) (Gilbert et al., 1998)

2. Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 2. Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 2121stst Century Century (Christie, Wagner, & Winter, 2001) (Christie, Wagner, & Winter, 2001)

3. War and Peace: Handbook of Conflict and Peace 3. War and Peace: Handbook of Conflict and Peace Psychology Psychology (Sommer & Fuchs, 2004)(Sommer & Fuchs, 2004)

(Vollhardt & Bilali, SP, 2008)

Conceptual Domain of Conceptual Domain of Peace PsychologyPeace Psychology

Deals with “the preventionof structural violence and Deals with “the preventionof structural violence and intergroup conflict as well as the promotion of intergroup conflict as well as the promotion of positive intergroup relations (p. 15 & 16).“positive intergroup relations (p. 15 & 16).“

In addition, prototypical peace psychology research In addition, prototypical peace psychology research meets the following criteria:meets the following criteria:

1.1. Normative (vs. value-neutral) researchNormative (vs. value-neutral) research2.2. Contextualized (vs. context-free) researchContextualized (vs. context-free) research3.3. Multiple levels of analysis (vs. methodological individualism Multiple levels of analysis (vs. methodological individualism

or holism)or holism)4.4. Practical (vs. epistemic) research orientationPractical (vs. epistemic) research orientation

(Vollhardt & Bilali, SP, 2008)

Note. Area A includes social psychological concepts that are at the core of SPPR. Area B those that are directly relevant, and Area C concepts indirectly relevant to SPPR. (Vollhardt & Bilali, SP,

2008)

Figure 1. Conceptual relations between social psychology and the (social) psychological study of peace.

Social Psychological Peace Social Psychological Peace Research:Research:

Core ConceptsCore Concepts Authoritarian Authoritarian

personalitypersonality Conflict resolutionConflict resolution Contact hypothesisContact hypothesis DehumanizationDehumanization DiscriminationDiscrimination Escalation dynamicsEscalation dynamics EthnocentrismEthnocentrism Graduated and Graduated and

Reciprocated Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Initiatives in Tension ReductionReduction

Intergroup relationsIntergroup relations MulticulturalismMulticulturalism

RacismRacism Realistic group Realistic group

conflict theoryconflict theory Relative deprivationRelative deprivation Right-wing Right-wing

authoritarianismauthoritarianism Social dominance Social dominance

orientationorientation Social equalitySocial equality Social changeSocial change Social justiceSocial justice ToleranceTolerance

(Vollhardt & Bilali, SP, 2008)

Social Psychology with Social Psychology with DirectDirect Relevance to Peace Psychology Relevance to Peace Psychology

ResearchResearch AggressionAggression Altruistic behaviorAltruistic behavior Belief in a just worldBelief in a just world Bystander interventionBystander intervention ConflictConflict Conflict escalationConflict escalation CooperationCooperation Cross-categorizationCross-categorization DeindividuationDeindividuation EmpathyEmpathy Frustration-aggression hypothesisFrustration-aggression hypothesis Gender stereotypesGender stereotypes Group polarizationGroup polarization Group thinkGroup think IdeologyIdeology Ingroup biasIngroup bias

Intergroup contactIntergroup contact Justice motiveJustice motive Moral outrageMoral outrage MoralityMorality NegotiationNegotiation ObedienceObedience PowerPower PrejudicePrejudice Prosocial behaviorProsocial behavior Self-categorization theorySelf-categorization theory Social categorizationSocial categorization Social identity (theory)Social identity (theory) Social movementsSocial movements SolidaritySolidarity StereotypingStereotyping ViolenceViolence

(Vollhardt & Bilali, SP, 2008)

Social Psychology with Social Psychology with IndirectIndirect Relevance to Peace Psychology Relevance to Peace Psychology

ResearchResearch AttitudesAttitudes AttributionAttribution Cognitive biasCognitive bias Cognitive dissonanceCognitive dissonance Expectancy value modelsExpectancy value models Fundmantal attribution errorFundmantal attribution error Group dynamicsGroup dynamics Group pressureGroup pressure Learning theoriesLearning theories IdentityIdentity Integrative complexityIntegrative complexity MachiavellianismMachiavellianism Majority/minority influenceMajority/minority influence Moral dilemmaMoral dilemma Naïve realismNaïve realism NeedsNeeds Perceptual/observer biasPerceptual/observer bias Perspective takingPerspective taking Political participationPolitical participation Rational choice theoriesRational choice theories Self-conceptSelf-concept

Self-determinationSelf-determination Self-efficacySelf-efficacy Self-esteemSelf-esteem Self-fulfillinng prophecySelf-fulfillinng prophecy Self-perceptionSelf-perception Self-presentationSelf-presentation Self-regulationSelf-regulation Social categoriesSocial categories Social cognitionSocial cognition Social comparison theorySocial comparison theory Social dilemmasSocial dilemmas Social influenceSocial influence Social motivesSocial motives Social perceptionSocial perception Social supportSocial support Social value orientationSocial value orientation Theory o f planned behaviorTheory o f planned behavior Trust Trust Value orientation /systemsValue orientation /systems

(Vollhardt & Bilali, SP, 2008)

Study 2 Content Analysis:Study 2 Content Analysis:SPPR (Core Concepts) Represented in High Impact SPPR (Core Concepts) Represented in High Impact

JournalsJournals

SPPR Criteria:

• Relevant: addresses the prevention of structural violence or intergroup conflict or the promotion of positive intergroup relations;

• At least three of four criteria were met (normative, contextualized, multilevel, and practical);

• Used social psychological constructs or theories.

(Vollhardt & Bilali, SP, 2008)

Social Psychological Peace Research Social Psychological Peace Research in Leading Journals (2001-2005)in Leading Journals (2001-2005)

(Vollhardt & Bilali, SP, 2008)

(Vollhardt & Bilali, SP, 2008)

Social Psychological Peace Research Social Psychological Peace Research in Leading Journals (2001-2005)in Leading Journals (2001-2005)

(Vollhardt & Bilali, SP, 2008)

Social Psychological Peace Research Social Psychological Peace Research in Leading Journals (2001-2005)in Leading Journals (2001-2005)

Peace PsychologyPeace Psychology& Academic Fields& Academic Fields

International Relations

Peace & Conflict Studies

Conflict Resolution

Discipline Social Sciences

Transdisciplinary Multidisciplinary

Unit of Analysis

State and Interstate

Multiple Multiple

Time Frame

1648 to date Large: Past & Future

Present Oriented

Values Epistemic & Neutral

Normative & Value Explicit

Normative & Value Explicit

Goals Descriptive & Explanatory

Policy Oriented Resolving Conflicts

Subject Negative Peace

Negative & Positive Peace

Negative Peace

Differentiated & Systemically Differentiated & Systemically OrganizedOrganized

EpisodicEpisodic Structural Structural

Violence

Peacebuilding

Episodic Violence

Structural Violence

Episodic Peace-building

Structural Peace-building

SystemicPeacebuilding

SystemicViolence

(Christie, JSI, 2006)