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Functional Group of Organic Chemistry
Niamat ullahStudent of Post Rn BSN
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Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry: The chemistry of carbon
and carbon-based compounds
Organic Chemistry in everyday life:Smells & tastes: fruits, chocolate, fish, mintMedications: Aspirin, Tylenol, Decongestants, SedativesAddictive substances: Caffeine, Nicotine, Alcohol, NarcoticsHormones/Neurotransmitters: Adrenaline, EpinephrineFood/Nutrients: Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Vitamins
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Functional GroupA part of a large molecule; composed of an
atom or group of atom that has characteristics chemical behavior
Family Name Alkane AlkeneAromaticAlcoholEther
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Functional groupFunctional groups are attached to the
carbon backbone of organic molecules. They determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of molecules. Functional groups are far less stable than the carbon backbone and are likely to participate in chemical reactions. Six common biological functional groups are
hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, phosphate, and methyl
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Hydrocarbon Functional Groups
❍ Hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon❍ The hydrocarbon functional groups include
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Aromatics
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CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS
HYDROCARBONS contain only C and H atoms
ALIPHATIC hydrocarbons
SATURATED hydrocarbons
contain C–C and C–H single bonds only
(ALKANES)
UNSATURATED hydrocarbons
contain at least 1 C–C multiple bond
ALKENE contains the
C=C functional
group
ALKYNE contains the
C≡C functional
group
AROMATIC Hydrocarbons must contain a
BENZENE ring
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Remember!GROUP
14 Carbon needs FOUR bonds
15 Nitrogen needs THREE bonds
16 Oxygen needs TWO bonds
17 Fluorine needs ONE bond
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Alkanes
❍ Alkanes are the simplest functional group❍ An older name for alkanes is paraffin's❍ The functional group is the C-C single bond
❍ Example
CH4 (methane) Simplest Alkane
each Carbon (ethane) has TETRAHEDRAL
geometry
CH3—CH3
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Normal (Straight Chain) Alkanesmethane
ethane
propane
butane
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3 -CH2 -CH3
pentane CH3 -CH2-CH2-CH2 -CH3
CH3 -CH2-CH2 -CH3 or CH3
-(CH2)2-CH3
hexane CH3 -CH2-CH2- CH2 -CH2 -CH3
bond-line structures (molecular graphs)
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Alkyl Groups (“stick-on” groups)
❍ If a hydrogen is removed from an alkane, it leaves an “alkyl group”
❍ Alkyl groups are “stick-on” groups that can be attached to larger molecules
❍ Alkyl groups are named by replacing “-ane” on thealkane name with “-yl”
CH3 CH3CH2
CH3CH2CH2 R
ethyl
n-propyl generic carbon group
methyl
n-propyl isopropyl cyclopropyl
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Examples
ethanean alkane
ethyl chloridean ethyl groupan alkyl group
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Alkenes ❍ Functional Group C=C double bond
❍ Generic Formula
❍ Example
C
R1
R2
CR2
R4
CH2=CH2
ethene
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Alkynes❍ Functional Group C C triple bond
❍ Generic Formula R—C R’
R’ means that it can be a different alkyl group than R
❍ Example H —C C—Hethyne
acetylene
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Aromatics (aka Arenes)
C
CC
C
CC
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3
❍ Functional Group
benzene ring (C6H6)
❍ Example
toluene (methylbenzene)
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Alkyl Halides (or Haloalkanes)
❍ Functional Group a halogen (Cl, Br, I)generically, a halogen is “X”
❍ Generic Formula R-X
❍ Example CH3-I methyl iodide
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Alcohols
❍ Functional Group OH (hydroxyl group)
❍ Generic Formula R-OH
❍ Example CH3CH2-OH
ethanol
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Amines ❍ Functional Group
N
N R3
R1
R2
❍ Generic Formula
❍Example CH3NH2
methylamine
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Carbonyl Functional Groups❍ A carbon doubly bonded to an oxygen is a carbonyl group
❍ The carbonyl functional groups includeAldehydesKetones
Carboxylic AcidsEstersAmides
C
O
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Ketones❍ Functional Group
carbonyl
❍ Generic Formula
❍ Example
propanone acetone
C CH3CH3
O
C R'R
O
C
O
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AldehydesC H
O
C HR
O
CH3 C H
O
❍ Functional Group
terminal carbonyl
❍ Generic Formula
❍ Example ethanal acetaldehyde
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Carboxylic Acids❍ Functional Group
carboxyl carbonyl + hydroxyl
C O H
O
C O HR
O
C O HC H3
O
❍ Generic Formula
❍ Example ethanoic acid acetic acid
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Ethers
❍ Functional Group oxygen bridge
❍ Generic Formula R-O-R′
❍ Example CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3
diethyl ether
“ether”
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AmidesC NR
1R
2
R3
H2
N C H2
C
O
N C H2
C
O
O H
H
❍ Generic Formula
❍ Example a small protein
O
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Referenceswww.wikipedia.com Organic chemistry and Experimental
Organic Chemistry lab , FreemanOwn teaching experience
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