. ( ) 1 . ( ) , , , : 31/05/2010 , ... . , . ... . , . ... . , ... .,.. . , . ... . , ... . ( ) 2 . ( ) 3 . ... ( ) (. 5343/1932, 202, . 2) . ( ) 4 7 : 1:

1.1... 11 1.2. ..14 1.3. . ... 15 1.4. ... 17 1.5. . 21

1.6. 1.6.1.. 27 1.6.2. 281.6.3. .. 31 . ( ) 5 : 2: . 2.1....36 2.2. . 38 2.3. .45 2.3.1. (Ostrea edulis) 45 2.3.2. (Mytilus galloprovincialis).... 482.3.3. (Modiolus barbatus).50 2.3.4. (Isochrysis galbana & Tetraselmis suecica) 50 3: 3.1.52 3.2. 1 ....54 3.3. 2 . 59 3.4. .68 4:

4.1.70 4.2. 1 ... 70 4.3. 2 ... 79 4.4..89 . ( ) 6 . 92 . 110 -.115 ..119 SUMMARY..121 . 123 .. 143 . ( ) 7 , . .1950, 1.000.000/.2006, 57.000.000, 7%. , ., . ,. ., , , . , ( ) . , ., . . . ( ) 8 . , . , ,, . , . , ., . ,, ., ., , ,. , (), , , . , , . , , Bonamiasis Marteilisis. ... : , . ( ) 9 . , .....,, ... ... .,, . . .... . . ,,, ... , . . ( ) 10 . ( ) 11 1 1.1. 75%, (FAO,2008). , (91.994.321 2006) ,.0,7Kg/1970, 7,8Kg 2006, 6,9%(FAO,2008). (Costa-Pierce, 2002), (BrugereRidler,2004;Muir,2005)., , , , 50%2030(TidwellAllen,2001). , , 2050 80.000.000(FAO,2008). ,, , (FAO, 2004). , (FAO, 2000). .200326% 18% (Lovatelli,2006;Subasinghe,2006). 2006, 12.690.490, . ( ) 12 () 51.653.329 (FAO,2008)., (Poniset al., 2003) ,. . , ,,, (Piedrahita,2003;Sugiuraetal.,2006). , (Thompsonetal.,2002).,, BonamiasisMarteilisis, . , ., ,, . , , . , , . 20% ( ., . .). , , . . . (), . ( ) 13 . (Utting Millican, 1998) (LangdonWaldock,1981;Whyteetal.,1990; Delaunayetal.,1993).o . ,15-85%(UrbanLangdon,1984; Benemann,1992; Coutteau Sorgeloos, 1992; Borowitzka, 1999). , (), . . , . Ostrea edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis Modiolus barbatus. .(), ,., , . (),, . , . . , . . . ( ) 14 ,(), . 1.2. , . (Cambrian) 620 (Dame,1996). , .(Paleozoic)(620230), ,(Brachiopods). , . , (Mesozoic) ,(Yonge,1960)., . (Dame,1996). , . ,, (Gosling,2003).-, , . , , . , . ( ) 15 (Gosling, 2003). , , , (Dame,1996). ,, ,,.., (reefs), , ,(Stenzel, 1971). . , , Crassostrea gryphoides, C. gigantissima. ,60cm,15cm4,5Kg, (Stenzel, 1971). , ,Crassostrea Mytilus,, (Hughes, 1991).

1.3. -. ,().,, . . , UnionidaeCorbiculidae,, .. , , . , . . ( ) 16 ,, . CaCO3 ,(Conchiolin).CaCO3 . , . , . , (, , , ,),(,), , , , (), (Gosling, 2003). , (mantle). CaCO3, . , , (siphons). , ,,, (Gosling, 2003). : (Mollusca) : (Bivalvia) : (Lamelibranchia) . ( ) 17 1.4. ,, , (. 1.1 1.2) (.. McKindsey et al., 2006; Dumbauldetal.,2009),,, ,, (Walne, 1974; Quayle et al., 1989; Newkirk, 1990; Angelidis Fotis,1997;Jonesetal.,1998;Ponisetal.,2003). , (Mann Ryther, 1977) (BodoyMercer,1989), , . , . . , , , , (Materassi et al., 1983;Pedronietal.,2004),(.. Chaetoceros). , , ( ), (Materassi et al., 1983; Wen Chen, 2003). . ( ) 18 . 1.1. & 1.2. (: fao.org//fishery/culturesspecies/ostreaedulis/en) 42, ., (FAO, 2006a). Crassostrea gigas (>96%FAO,2006a,b,c), (.. ) (Kaiseretal.,1998;Dumbauldetal.,2009).,C.gigas ,, .20064.592.784, ,Ruditapesphilippinarum Patinopectenyessoensis,3.095.9711.361.629,(FAO, 2008). ,, , , ,(FAO, 2006a). . ,, (0,3-1m), , long-lines(Leguerrieretal.,2004;McKindseyetal.,2006;Forrest Creese, 2006; Dubois et al., 2007). , . ( ) 19 (McKindsey et al., 2006; Dumbauld et al., 2009). , , (FAO, 2008). ,( 90%) HexaplextrunculusModiolusbarbatus,Mytilus galloprovincialis,Arcanoae,Cerastodermaglaucum,Donaxtrunculus,Chlamys glabra, Ostrea edulis, Callista chione, Ruditapes decussatus Venus verrucosa (Chintiroglouetal.,2005). , (Mytilusgalloprovincialis,Batziosetal.,2004) .,- , (Koutsoubas et al., 2007). 1.1. 5 . Crassostrea gigas Ruditapes philippinarum Patinopecten yessoensis Mytilus edulis Anadara granosa (: FAO, 2002) . ( ) 20 . 1.3. (: fao.org//fishery/culturesspecies/ostreaedulis/en) . 1.4. (: fao.org//fishery/culturesspecies/ostreaedulis/en). . 1.5. . 1.6. . .(: fao.org//fishery/culturesspecies/mytilusgalloprovincialis/en) . ( ) 21 1.5.. , , . 2006, 11.000.0002.000.000,, 151.000 108.000 (FAO, 2008). ,, , . , (Cognieetal.,2006). ., (Crassostrea gigas), 1970, (Crassostreaangulata),1960(Grizel,1996). , Ostreaedulis ,.O.edulis , , ,(CullotyMulcahy,1996). 1970, Marteiliarefrigens Bonamia ostreae (Pichot et al., 1980; Van Banning, 1983; Bodoy Mercer, 1989; Howard,1994;Ccares-Martinezetal.,1995;CullotyMulcahy,1996). Bonamiasis, (Grizel,1983;VanBanning,1983;LeBecetal., 1991), O. edulis, Ostrea angasi Tiostrea lutaria (Grizel, 1983; Bucke et al., 1984; Bougrier et al., 1986), (Culloty et al., 2004).. ( ) 22 (FAO, 2002). Bonamia ostreae O.edulis(...)(FAO, 2002)..Ostrea lurida, O.edulis, ... . , O.edulis,, Marteiliamaurini( Marteiliarefrigens) (FAO, 2002). , , ., (FAO, 2008a). ,(..non-Typhi SalmonellaeCampylobacter,Escherichiacoli).Vibriovulnificus, Gram, (Caigraletal.,2009),, (JonesOliver, 2009).V.vulnificus, (Hijarrubbia et al., 1996; Harwood et al., 2004; Parvathi et al., 2004; Randa et al., 2004; Mahmud et al., 2008). ... , (Brossetal.,2007). (Lewis et al., 2005; Lin et al., 2006; Frank et al., 2006). , . ( ) 23 (. 1.7). , , . , (DSP), (PSP), (NSP) (ASP), (FAO, 2008a). , , , , , (HABs)(FAO,2000). , .Shetland, ,1996 SP.1999, HABs. ASP. , Dinophysis(DSP)., 26 2002 , Pseudonitzscha.212001, , Alexandrium. , ,Alexandriummonilatum, (Crassostreavirginica,Mercenariamercenaria, Pernaviridis)().A. monilatum , (Mayetal.,2009).Kareniabrevis(Dinoflagellate) M.mercenariaP.viridis (Leveroneetal.,2007).K.brevis -Florida(...)(Steidingeretal.,1995). . ( ) 24 (NSP) (Baden,1988;Steidingeretal.,1998). K.brevis (Leverone et al., 2007). .1.7. . 48 (UV).(:FAO, 2008a) , , , , , (Cognieetal.,2006).,o Crassostreagigas,Crassostrea, 18 C(Mann,1979)., 22 C(Senoetal.,1926;Arakawa, 1990;Shatkinetal.,1997). (LeBorgneetal.,1973), (Cognie . ( ) 25 et al., 2006). To . ,(HaywardRyland,1995) (KluijverandLeewis,1994;Reise,1998)., ,, (Cognie et al., 2006). , (Hoagland et al., 2003),, (Defur Rader, 1995; Simenstad Fresh, 1995; Kaiser et al., 1998; Read Fernandes, 2003). , (DahlbckGunnarsson,1981;MattssonLinden,1983;FolkeKautsky, 1992)., , (Grant et al., 1995; HertseinRowden,2004). ,, (Spenceretal.,1997;DeGraveetal.,1998;Kaiseretal.,1998;Forrest Creese,2006;Duboisetal.,2007;BouchetSauriau,2008). (Newell,2004)., ., , , ( ) (ICES 2005a;McKindsey et al., 2006).. ( ) 26 . . ., (FAO,2004a)., (Allen et al., 1989; Guo et al., 1996), , , . . (Nellet al.,1996a,b;Langdonetal.,2003), , . , (FAO,2004a). . (Haskins Ford, 1988). , ,(FAO,2004a).,( ), , ., , ,,, . , . . ( ) 27 1.6. 1.6.1. , , (..80% (Donaldson,1987),10-20%(RobertGrard, 1999). , , (Coutteau Sorgeloos, 1992; Ponis et al., 2003). , (RiquelmeAvendao-Herrera,2003). (Enrightetal.,1986a;Brownetal.,1997).Chaetocerossp.,Isochrysissp., Skeletonema sp. Tetraselmis sp. (Campa-Crdova etal.,2006).T . (Delaunay et al., 1993; Utting Millican, 1997; Brown et al., 1998;LeonardosLucas,2000). - , , (Webb Chu; 1983; Utting, 1986; Whyte, 1987; Doroudi et al., 2003; artinez-Fernandez et al., 2004). (artinez-Fernandez et al., 2006), (Owen, 1974; Ewart Epifanio, 1981; Albentosa et al., 1993). ,, . ( ) 28 (Rodhouseetal.,1983;Tayloretal.,1997). (HUFA) (Albentosaetal.,1996).HUFA (Eicosapentaenoic,EPA,20:5n-3) (Docosahexaenoic,DHA,22:6n-3) , (Knauer Southgate, 1999; Volkman Brown, 2005). 1.6.2. T90% (DePauw Persoone,1988;Coutteau,1992). , IsochrysisgalbanaTetraselmissuecica(LaingMillican, 1986). :),) ,) , ) ( ) , , ) ,,,, ., : 1. (batch cultures) 2.- (semicontinuous) 3. (continuous) 1.(Laing,1979) . . . . ( ) 29 2.-(Walne,1966;HelmLaing,1981) , (5-30%). ,, , . , . 3. (Laing Jones, 1983) , () , . , ., -. . .:) , ) ) (Apt Behrens, 1999). , . , , . ,- (Wen Chen, 2003). , (Molina Grima et al., 2003). , , (Boussiba et al., 1988;Chaumont,1993;Huetal.,1996;Borowitzka,1996;Kittoetal.,1999) (Tredici, . ( ) 30 1999;MolinaGrimaetal.,1999). ,, . , (Tredici,2004). , Tetraselmisspp(Tredicietal.,1996;Borowitzka,1997;Pedroniet al.,2004).,, , (Chini Zittelli et al.,2006)., , (Wen Chen, 2003). , ,, (WenChen, 2003)., , (Tredici, 1999; Acin Fernndezet al., 2001). , (Wen Chen, 2003). , , (Chen Johns, 1995). (Brown et al., 1996). , . . 15L., . ( ) 31 . 3mm ( ), 1400 L (Helm, 1990, . . Coutteau 1992, . 343). , ., , 20-40% ,, ,50% (Holliday, 1986). 1.6.3. . , (Valenzuela-Espinoza et al., 1999). .GuillardRyther (1962), Mathiessen Toner (1966), Walne (1970), Provasoli (1971) Guillard (1975). . , (Valenzuela-Espinozaetal.,1999). , (Granados-MachucaBckle-Ramirez, 1984),(PaniaguaBckle-Ramirez,1985)(Gonzlez-RondriguezMaestrini, 1984; Fabregas et al., 1987; Herrero et al., 1991; Lpez-Elias Voltolina, 1993). (Valenzuela-Espinozaetal.,1999). . ( ) 32 . , , , (Valenzuela-Espinoza et al., 1999). , , (onsite). ,,( )(Laingetal.,1990;Langdonnal,1999; BrownMcCausland,2000),(Jonesetal., 1984),(Coutteauetal.,1996),(yeasts, Deberomyceshansenii,Saccharomycescereviciae, Methylophilusmethylotrophus,Dipodascussp.,..,Brownetal.,1996) (Nelletal.,1996)(Douillet, 1993)., , ,Chaetocerosspp., Isochrysissp.(T.ISO),Pavlovalutheri., , (RobertTrintignac, 1997; Lewis et al., 1998; Langdon nal, 1999). , . 2-4 C, (NellandOConnor,1991;McCauslandetal., 1999;Heasmanetal.,2000). . , Chaetoceroscalcitrans,Skeletonema costatumTetraselmisspp.(Montainietal.,1995;McCauslandetal.,1999; . ( ) 33 Heasmanetal.,2000),PavlovalutheriIsochrysissp. (T.ISO) (Nell OConnor, 1991; Tredici et al., 1996; McCausland et al., 1999; Heasman et al., 2000)., ,, (Lavoie and de-la-Noe, 1983; Sukenik et al., 1988; Knuckey, 1998). , .,, (Wen Chen, 2003). (Chen,1996), , , . (Chen, 1996) (Gladue, 1998), . ,Chaetoceros,Isochrysis,Skeletonema, ThalassiosiraPavlova,(Gladue1991). , . Tetraselmis suecica, (PohlZurheide1979), (n-3)HUFA, (Laingetal.,1990). ., VazhappillyChen(1998,a,b), .,, , , , . . ( ) 34 1.2. ( 2009) 10L 50L 100L Isochrysis 4,6 x 109 ./ ml 50.00/L 410.001875.00 3400.00 9%

Pavlova9,2 x 109 ./ ml 50.00/L 410.001875.00 3400.00 9% Tetraselmis() 8.5/L (: Varicon Aqua Solutions, G.B.)

. ( ) 35 . ( ) 36 2 .

2.1. , , ,, . 7.400.000 1997, ( ) 35.000.000 (FAO, 2000). 2006, 12.690.490, 51.653.329 (FAO, 2008). , . ,, , . , , .,, (Neori et al., 2004). , ,, ,... , Haliotis (Li et al., 2001; Kang et al., 2003), (Ahlgren, 1998), . ( ) 37 (Mou et al., 2000; Pitt et al., 2004), (Zhou et al., 2006). (Stichopus japonicus,Parastichopuscalifornious,Holothuriascabra), (Zhou et al., 2006). , . , ., , . , , . , , . , ,,., ., (Brownetal.,1996). , , .,( ) , , , ( ). . ( ) 38 2.2. , , ,, . , .,, ,, , , . (RAS,RecirculatingAquaculture Systems) ,(Sammouthetal.,2009), (Pfeiffer Rusch, 2002; Jones et al., 2005; Xiao et al., 2008; Merino et al., 2009) (Yuan,2001;Jakob,2001). , , ,, . , . , ( ) ; , . , , (Brownetal.,1996). . ( ) 39 , (Helm, 1990, . . Coutteau, 1992). , , . , :1),2),3) ,4) 5) . , , . (),( ) ( , ). . , ,, .. . , ., ,, ., . ( ) 40 ,, , , (Doering, 1989; Sornin et al., 1990; Asmus et al., 1991, 1993;Dameetal.,1993) (De Vries et al., 1984; Small et al., 1993; Prins et al., 1994). ... , , , . , , ( ). , (), (Turker et al., 2003). , . , , (Hussenotetal.,1998;Hussenot,2003;Lefebvreetal., 2004; Metaxa et al., 2006; Hargreaves, 2006), (Jones et al.,2002;Neorietal.,2004). , ,,Artemia (Wang, 2003). , (penaeids), (Chaetocerossp.)(Crassostreavirginica), ... (Yuan, 2001; Jakob, 2001). (), . ( ) 41 , (Couderc,1985) (WangJakob,1991) ., ( , ), (Shen etal.,2004)., (Libey Timmons, 1996), .. (UV). , , , . . , (), . , . ,, . , , . , , . ( ) 42 , , .,1822 oC, ,, , Ostreaedulis. , , ., . , , , . , ., ,, . , (), . Isochrysis galbana I.galbana, . . ., , . ( ) 43 , , ., Ostrea edulis . , I. galbana O.edulis ., ,O.edulis, MytilusgalloprovincialisModiolusbarbatus . : , Isochrysis galbana, O. edulis, . , Isochrysis galbana O.edulis50% () . , ., ( 100% )., I. galbana ,50% , ., O.edulis, I. galbana . ( ) 44 50% ., Ostreaedulis ., ,,I.galbana 50% , (I. galbana T. suecica) ., Mytilus galloprovincialis I.galbana 50% ., Modiolus barbatus I.galbana 50% . . ., (90%I. galbana 10% Tetraselmis suecica), O. edulis (Walne, 1974). . ( ) 45 2.3. Ostreaedulis,MytilusgalloprovincialisModiolusbarbatus, Isochrysis galbana Tetraselmis suecica., , . 2.3.1. :Ostreidae : Ostrea : Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus, 1758). O. edulis , ,. . , .. , .. ,Maine Rhode, , 40 50 (Koutsoubas et al., 2007). To ,, .1819, , , , ., , ., , ., , .1865,( ) (FAO, 2004). . ( ) 46 2.1, , ,,.. ,, 1990. 2.1. Ostrea edulis ( ).1 199020002004199020002004 4.7645.9215.0274.9967292.789 .3410844000 000018 (: FAO Fishery Statistics) , ,,1990, . 1100,(/). , 1990, Marteilia sp. (Virvilis Angelidis,2006)(Galinou-Mitsoudi Sinis, 2000; Chintiroglou et al., 2005). 120062007O.edulis 6.000 (: FAO, fao.org//fishery/culturesspecies/ostreaedulis/en). . ( ) 47 2.2. . .2(Kg) 01/11/1986-31/3/1987779.727 01/11/1987-31/3/1988864.090 01/11/1988-31/3/19891.117.716 01/11/1989-31/3/19901.029.867 01/11/1990-31/3/19911.114.194 01/11/1991-31/3/1992928.315 01/11/1992-31/3/1993510.100 01/11/1993-31/3/1994 161.429 01/11/1994-31/3/1995150.000 01/11/1995-31/3/1996319.215 01/11/1996-31/3/1997225.791 (: ) EUROSTAT 1990-98, , .1992,( 2.3 2.4) 1.365 (3.162.000 ECU). 1998 140 (258.000 ECU), . , - 9.918 ,26.217.000ECU( ). 21997, , .2008, 20 (FAO, fao.org//fishery/culturesspecies/ostreaedulis/en), . ( ) 48 2.3. , (ECU). 1992199319941995199619971998 0022247400 0000010 826641931.051148229229 2.336501264265132929 0000000 0030000 (: ) 2.4. , (). 1992199319941995199619971998 001071900 0000000 356301032.54290165127 1.009271151802125713 0000000 0010000 (: ) 2.3.2. : Mytilidae : Mytilus: Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamark 1819) , M.edulis, ,, (Gosling,2003). 17(Ardizzoneetal.,1996). . ( ) 49 , , .M.galloprovincialis ,, (Skibinski et al. 1983). , 5 - 8cm. . . .galloprovincialis,. , , , 6C (Gosling, 1992). (Hickman, 1992). M. galloprovincialis , . , ,100.000, ., 300.000,45.000. ,M.galloprovincialis , . ,, (Chintirogluetal.2001; Arsenoudietal.2003)., 70% (, 1999). ,.galloprovincialis, ,( )..galloprovincialis (Whitfield,2001), (Arsenoudietal,.2003).,.galloprovincialis . ( ) 50 (bioindicator), (Viarengo, 1997). 2.3.3. : Mytilidae : Modiolus: Modiolus barbatus(Linnaeus, 1758) Modiolusbarbatus , 110m, (Tebble,1976;JasimBrand,1989;Koutsoubasetal.,2007). , , (Tebble, 1976; Koutsoubas et al., 2007). . (Alpbaz,1993).MytilusgalloprovincialisMytilusedulis,Modiolus mytilidae . 6cm, . . , 200(Galinou-MitsoudiPetridis,2000). 2002 , () (Koutsoubas et al., 2007). 2.3.4. (Isochrysis galbana Tetraselmis suecica) Isochrysissp.(Prymnesiophyceae)Tetraselmis(Prasinophyceae) (SukenikWahnon,1991).,Isochrysis (PUFAs), (EPA, 20:53) (Grima et al., 1994; Otero et al.,1997;Fidalgoetal.,1998), . ( ) 51 (Sanchez et al., 2000). ( ), , (,,,,, )(Fabregas&Herrero,1990;DeRoeckHoltzhaueret al., 1993; Brown et al., 1997; Brwn et al., 1999). M , , (Coutinho et al., 2006). (Kaplanetal.,1986). (3-5m), ,(DePauwPruder, 1981; Wikfors Patterson, 1994; Godinez et al., 2005). Tetraselmis (Prasinophyceae) , (Muller-Feuga et al., 2003). Ostreaedulis (Walne,1974)Isochrysisgalbana Chaetoceroscalcitrans. ., , , (Walne, 1974). , , . (AustinDay,1990;Austinetal.,1992)(probiotics)(IriantoAustin, 2002).,Tetraselmis (Carballo-Crdenas et al., 2003). . ( ) 52 3 3.1. . Isochrysisgalbana. I. galbana ., .

Isochrysisgalbana . : Isochrysisgalbana . Isochrysisgalbana . Isochrysisgalbana , . . ( ) 53 Isochrysisgalbana . : Ostreaedulis Isochrysisgalbana . Ostrea edulis .

Isochrysisgalbana . Isochrysisgalbana . . ( ) 54 3.2. 1 , : Isochrysisgalbana . 90l,(Ostreaedulis) ().25,343,51g 55,235,18mm(). (55m)(UV) ,. , Isochrysisaff.galbana(cloneT-Iso)IFREMERArgenton(Brittany,)., 2l ,(0,45m)(UV). ,2l, . I. galbana Erlenmeyer 1l. 500.000 /ml. , ( 36 Watt, 20cm, )(0,22m) .,(201 oC) (6.30.4mg/l)(Oxi320,WTW,Germany),pH (8.40.5) (32-37psu) . . I.galbana, Neubauer(ImprovedHaemocytometerFEIN-OPTIK,Germany),. . ( ) 55 ,10ml , Pasteur, . ,, . , . () (/ml) . I.galbana(= /) : = (lnN2 - lnN1)(t2-t1)-1(Guillard, 1973) :2mlt2 , 1 ml t1. Isochrysisgalbana . 2l 2l . (O.edulis) ( Isochrysis galbana ). (0,45m)(UV). , , Walne(1974, . ( ) 56 )., Walne. NaNO3 ( ) 50%. ,,, I. galbana (109 ), 500.000/ml. ,( 36 Watt, 20cm, ) ., (19.51oC),pH(8.20.6), (6.40.4 mg/l) (31-38psu) . ( ), NH4-N,NO3-N,NO2-NPO4-P SpectroquantRNova60,(MERCK,Germany),( APHA,AWWA,WEF,2005). . I. galbana (/ml) . . ( /), Guillard (1973), : = (lnN2 - lnN1)(t2-t1)-1

:2mlt2 , 1 ml t1. . ( ) 57 Isochrysisgalbana , . :. , , Isochrysis galbana.. (I. galbana), ,, , ,, . . . (Ostreaedulis)2.651.22g 29.104.99mm(), 10l(55m)(UV) . , (air lift) 15mm. air lift,200 ml/min.,201 oC, pH 8.10.4, 6.10.3 mg/l 31-34 psu. , . I. galbana. ,6x107 I.galbana. Erlenmeyer5001000ml, .(Walne,1974) , . ( ), (/) 10%,., . ( ) 58 , . I. galbana. . . I.galbana2l. I. galbana . :0,9 x 106 - 1,0 x 106 -1,1 x 106-1,2 x 106-1,3 x 106-1,4 x 106- 1,45 x 106 - 1,5 x 106 - 1,6 x 106 - 1,7 x 106- 1,7 x 106 5- 1,8 x 106 1,9 x 106 /ml. , I. galbana , 2l . Walne ( 50% NaNO3). Walne (1974). (), (0.22m)(UV). (), Erlenmeyer 500 1000ml. . I. galbana ,NH4-N,NO3-NNO2-N . . ,pH(8.20.7), (7.00.2mg/l),(31-38psu) (20.80.5 oC) . ,0.22m.20cm . ( ) 59 , 36Watt , 24 . I. galbana (,/ml) ,Neubauer, . I.galbana(=/), : = (lnN2 - lnN1)(t2-t1)-1 (Guillard, 1973) :2mlt2 , 1 ml t1. 3.3. 2 , : Ostreaedulis Isochrysisgalbana . (O. edulis), 0.790.32g19.00.22mm,(), ( /)., ., , , 58.8x106 / . galbana 2l ., . ( ) 60 Walne (1974), NaNO3 50%., 71.8x106 ., ., , . galbana, . , 58.8x106 / , 71.8x106 /. .galbana, 2l, Walne100% NaNO3 .

( ) (0,45m) (UV). 1.4x106 /ml I. galbana Erlenmeyer 1l. , ( 36 Watt ) (0,22m) , 20.8-21.8 oC, pH 7.5-8.9,6.1-8.2mg/l31-38psu. , . , Neubauer, , . , ., 4l(55m). , , ,(airlift)15mm. . ( ) 61 (200 ml/min) ,,Walne(1974),O. edulis ., 20.0-21.4 Co, pH 7.8-8.4, 5.2-6.1 mg/l 31-33psu. , . , ,500ml, 6l, ()., . (specificgrowthrate,SGR,% /) (Laing Millican, 1992): SGR = (ln - ln )/ ( ) x 100 Ostreaedulis . . O.edulis, 0,490,18g 15,71,9mm ( ). (). , 25l, (/,/). , , (.3.1). 4l(55m) : . ( ) 62 15mm (airlift,200ml/min,.3.2). ,,, 20l., . , , , . ., . 200C 30-32psu., .. , ( I. galbana ) . , . I.galbana ,545().6x107 I.galbana/ 1,5 x 106 /, 1,8 x 108 /.I.galbana 2l., 1,5x106/ml.o Walne(1974).I.galbana, ( 36Watt ) (20oC). I. galbana,545 ().6x107I. galbana/ 1,5 . ( ) 63 x106/,1,8x108 /. I. galbana 2l. , 1,5 x 106 /ml. o ( 3 50%)Walne.I. galbana , ( 36Watt ) (20oC). . T I. galbanaTetraselmissuecica,90%10%,, .T.suecica IFREMER Argenton (Brittany, ). I.galbana, ,, 3Walne 50%.HT.suecica, ,Erlenmeyer1l 3Walne. T. suecica -( ). Neubauer, . , 545 ( ). 6x107/ 1,5x106/, 1,8 x 108 /. ( ), (), (30x25x3cm) (6x3x3cm) ()., . 5m . ( ) 64 .5m. ,, , ,. , , .

. 3.1. . . 3.2. . ( , air lift). . ( ) 65 . 3.3. ....

(specificgrowthrate,SGR,% /) (Laing Millican, 1992): SGR = (ln -ln )/x 100 Isochrysis galbana . . ,0,0950,053g 9,41,2mm ( ) ( ). , 2l . . , 1l(0,45m) (UV),. . , , . I. galbana Erlenmeyer 1l . ( ) 66 ( Walne). . ,, 100/., I.galbana Walne, NaNO3 50% . I.galbana2l,, ,: I. galbana Erlenmeyer 1l,20% .-(1.6.2.,.29), 80% . ( 2008), I. galbana/6x107 /.I. galbana .,,. pH (7,6-8,8), (6,80.6 mg/l), (31-42 psu) (19.80.4 oC) . ,( 5mm,) 5m., .,, , . (specificgrowthrate,SGR;%) (Chatterji et al., 1984): SGR = [(lnL2 - lnL1)/(T2 - T1)] x 100 . ( ) 67 L1L212T1T2 1 2 . Isochrysisgalbana . , 2,050,486g18,21,35mm( ). ( ). 2l ( ). 1l (0,45m) (UV) , . , I.galbana Erlenmeyer 1l ( Walne). . , I. galbana Walne(1974)50% NaNO3. I. galbana 2l , 20% , . I.galbana/8x107 /. I.galbana ., , . pH(7,7-8,6),(6,30.4mg/l), (31-40) (21,00.5 oC) . . 20l . ( ) 68 ., PVC 5mm x 25cm x 25cm. PVC, 5m . (2007). . , . , : SGR = [(lnL2 lnL1)/(T2 T1)] x 100 [Chatterji et al., 1984] L1L212T1T2 1 2 . 3.4. , . , (/ml) Isochrysis galbana ,( )t-(t-test). Isochrysisgalbana Walne(1974)100% NaNO3 50% NaNO3 18,.t- (t-test),, (0.91.9x106 /ml). . ( ) 69 , Mann-Whitney. , , /(I.galbanaI.galbanaT.suecica ,4)(1,6,12,15,16,17 18), , (One-way Anova). 10, , - (1, 2 3 ). Shapiro-WilkLilliefors., Levene. , (LnSQRT), (olman,1993). , Duncan, . , Kruskal-Wallis Mann-Whitney. 5% (0,05), . SPSS 16.0. . ( ) 70 4 4.1. . , . 1 (O.edulis)(I. galbana). 2 I.galbana, , O. edulis, M. galloprovincialis M. barbatus. 4.2. 1 Isochrysisgalbana . 4.1(/ml)I. galbana ,. , 0,99x106/ml., 0,06x106 .nI.galbana, 3,28x106ml.,, 0,17x106 /ml . , (P0,05). . ( ) 71 4.1. I. galbana ( ). : 0,5 x106 /ml. (x 106) (/ml) Isochrysis galbana 10,780.065 a 20,990,110 a 30,530,058 a 40,280,036 a 50,140,026 a 60,060,014 a Isochrysis galbana 11,150,130 b 22,190,160 b 33,280,280 b 42,620,360 b 50,800,180 b 60,170,048 b : a, b: (P0,05). , I.galbana, 0,34(/). 0,74. , 0,02 0,63, . . ( ) 72 05000001000000150000020000002500000300000035000001 2 3 4 5 6HMEE/ml 4.1.I.galbana Isochrysisgalbana . 4.2 ( Walne). 1,164mg/l,0,395mg/l. 0,0170,05). . ( ) 75 0100000020000003000000400000050000006000000700000080000009000000100000001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8/ml 4.2.I.galbana ,100% 50% NaNO3, . , I. galbana , , (.4.1,4.2&4.3)., . /mlI.galbana ,I.galbana0,668( /). (0,671).

. ( ) 76 . 4.1. & 4.2. I.galbana. I.galbana, .

.4.3.()I.galbana (). ., I. galbana . Isochrysisgalbana , . 4.4 (/ml) I. galbana, , 50% 100%, , 3 Walne (1974). 50% NaNO3, I. galbana 5.04 - 6.59 x 106 /ml , 0 0.9 x 106 1.9 x106/ml. . ( ) 77 . , , ,I.galbana 50% Walne3. ,I.galbana (0,9-1,9x106 /ml), (P>0,05). 0123456781 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4.3.I.galbana3 13 50%100% NaNO3, , . . ( ) 78 4.4. I. galbana . / (x106 /ml) ( x106/ ml) 50% NaNO3 ( -1) 100% NaNO3 ( -1) 10.905.04 0.24 a0,5745.02 0.24 a0,573 21.00 5.28 0.30 a0,5555.38 0.40 a0,560 31.105.74 0.26 a0,5515.87 0.24 b0,558 41.205.84 0.25 a0,5275.85 0.21 a0,528 51.305.83 0.22 a0,505.97 0.18 b0,508 61.406.10 0.21 a0,4916.15 0.23 a0,493 71.456.23 0.23 a0,4866.26 0.18 a0,499 81.506.23 0.22 a0,4756.26 0.22 a0,476 91.606.34 0.24 a0,4596.32 0.22 a0,458 101.706.42 0.21 a0,4436.45 0.18 a0,445 111.756.49 0.18 a0,4376.57 0.21 a0,441 121.806.64 0.23 a0,4356.73 0.27 a0,440 131.906.59 0.17 a0,4156.68 0.20 a0,419 : a, b: , , (P>0,05). 4.5, . I. galbana . 1, 2 3 . . ( ) 79 , , . 0,9-1,65 mg/l. 50% Walne NaNO3 (8,23mg/l), 9,13-9,88mg/l., y Walne NaNO3, 16,85 mg/l (16,46 +0,39 mg/l). 4.5. (mg/l, ..) . NH4-N NO3-N NO2-N min 0,103 0,760 0,038 0,901 max 0,433 1,150 0,064 1,647

4.3. 2 Ostreaedulis Isochrysisgalbana . 4.6 , ( ) I.galbana :1) 50%Walne(1974)3 2) 100% 3 . ( ) 80 .(70), (P>0.05). (SGR)1,20,251,00,11(% /,) . , . 4.6.(O.edulis)I.galbana 50%100%3 . () 01428425670 I. galbana 50% 3 (mm) 19.020.27A 20.040.29 A 21.500.32 A 22.560.32 A 23.340.34 A 24.450.41A (g) 0.750.03 A 0.900.03 A 1.110.04 A 1.290.05 A 1.420.05 A 1.570.06 A I. galbana 100% 3 (mm) 19.050.35 A 20.320.33 A 21.800.32 A 22.740.33 A 23.560.34 A 24.45 0.35 A (g) 0.840.04 A 0.950.04 A 1.150.04 A 1.320.05 A 1.420.05 A 1.58 0.06 A :A,B:,, (P>0.05) Ostreaedulis . , (4,45%), . ( ) 81 ., (34,16%). 4.44.5, , (118). , I. galbana Walne. 3,50%. (), ,453,9g, , (90%I.galban&10%T.suecica),474,3g/. 22,7 Kg/m3 23,7 Kg/m3, , .

4.7 , , ., (P>0,05) ( ) ., I.galbana 6 ( ) o 100% NaNO3Walne3 ()50%NaNO3 ., (P0,05). , : ) I.galbana, 50% NaNO3 ) T. suecica, 100% NaNO3 . . ( ) 82 4.7. ( ). ( ) ( mm) ( g) 1 6 Isochrysis galbana 100% NaNO3 ( ) 118,892,23b 0,810,29 b 629,612,80 b4,090,83 b 1239,033,11 b8,781,37 b 1544,323,11 b11,751,82 b 1645,923,05 b12,861,99 b 1747,832,86 b14,002,11 b 1849,302,94 b15,072,21 b 2

3 Isochrysis galbana 50% NaNO3 1 19,432,64c 0,850,30 b 630,322,21b4,210,77 b 1239,582,58 b9,051,38 b 1544,272,66 b12,051,85 b 1645,922,69 b13,061,20 b 1747,692,59 b14,062,13 b 1849,402,93 b15,132,26 b 3

+ 3 I.galbana 50% NaNO3 6 T. suecica ( ) 1 19,612,23b,c 0,89030b 629,872,47b 4,470,79 c 1240,173,36b9,731,66 c 1545,583,32c12,832,18 c 1647,303,60 c13,822,26 c 1749,233,73 c14,832,36 c 1851,063,62 c15,812,46 c 4

121,392,67a 1,120,34a 636,473,90 a7,231,43a 1247,553,90 a16,972,65 a 1552,053,68 a22,113,15 a 1653,753,48 a23,973,39 a 1755,753,38 a26,083,59 a 1857,353,05 a28,453,75 a a, b, c.: , , (P>0,05). . ( ) 83 0204060801 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 mm 4.4. 18 1,2 , 3 4 0510152025301 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 g 4.5. 18 1,2 , 3 4 : 1 : I. galbana6 100% NaNO3 . 2 : I. galbana 3 50% NaNO3 . 3: 2 , I. galbana (3 50% NaNO3) T. suecica (6 100%NaNO3 ). 4 : . . ( ) 84 051015202530 oC 4.6. ( , 2006- 2008). . 4.4. & 4.5. () 18 ()(I.galbana) 50% NaNO3 Walne. Isochrysisgalbana . 4.8 1,2,3,1,23 . (P>0,05) ,, I. galbana . ( ) 85 100%NaNO3, 50%NaNO3, . , (P0,05) . 4.8. . &

(mm) (g) SGR (% .. -1) Isochrysis galbana 100% NaNO3 6 114,61,57 a 0,14700,025 a1,47 217,81,88 a0,25230,046 a1,06 319,21,88 a0,36230,056 a0,79 Isochrysis galbana 50% NaNO3 3 114,71,39 a0,15170,02 a1,49 217,61,63 a0,26230,042 a1,05 319,12,02 a0,35130,058 a0,79 117,82,01b 0,27430,067 b2,13 219,972,01 b0,37770,053 b1,26 321,232,50 b0,4760,057 b0,91 :a,b:,, (P>0.05). . ( ) 86 05101520251 2 3 mm 4.7. 3 1,23 . 00,050,10,150,20,250,30,350,40,450,51 2 3 g 4.8. 3 1, 2 3.

: 1 : I. galbana 6 100% NaNO3 . 2 : I. galbana3 50% NaNO3 . 3 : . . ( ) 87 Isochrysis galbana . 4.9 1, 2, 3, 1, 2 3 , . 4.9. . & (mm) (g) SGR (% .. -1) Isochrysis galbana 100% NaNO3 6 121,531,70 a 2,3140,243 a0,56 224,131,76 a2,5430,279 a0,47 326,301,91 a2,7300,323 a0,41 Isochrysis galbana 50% NaNO3 3 121,62,04 a2,350,301 a0,57 223,971,75 a2,5430,352 a0,46 326,11,75 a2,730,355 a0,4 123,052,14 b2,830,369 b0,79 225,142,08 b3,030,543 b0,54 327,042,053 b3,160,82 b 0,44 :a, b: , , (P>0.05). . ( ) 88 (P>0,05) ,I.galbana 100%NaNO3 () 50%NaNO3 ()., (P0,05) . 0510152025301 2 3MHNE mm 4.9. (..) 3 1,23 . : 1 : I. galbana6 100% NaNO3 . 2 : I. galbana3 50% NaNO3 .

3: . . ( ) 89 00,511,522,533,51 2 3 g 4.10. (..) 3 1 , 2 3 4.4. : I.galbana , , . ,,(P0,05). 50% NaNO3 , .,I. galbana (P>0,05) I. galbana , 100% NaNO3 . ,I.galbana (P0,05)., ( , 50% 100%NaNO3 ,),I. galbana , . I.galbana0.9x1061.9x106/ml, . ( ) 90 (P>0,05)., 50%NaNO3 ,, 100%NaNO3 , , . ( I. galbana , 50% 100% NaNO3 ,),I.galbana, , . , (P>0,05). 1,5 x 106 /ml, I. galbana 50% NaNO3 . , (P>0,05) I. galbana, 100%NaNO3 ()., ,I.galbanaT.suecica, (P0,05). , , . , ,(P>0,05) I.galbana 100% NaNO3 ( ), , 50%NaNO3 ,. , . . ( ) 91 . ( ) 92 1 Isochrysis galbana , I. galbana , , , , (P0,05) ( ). , , , . , , , . (Rheil et al., 1986; Cleveland Perry,1987),, , . , , . I.galbana, . I.galbana, . I. galbana , ., I.galbana (3,2840,280 0,990,110x106/ml . ( ) 93 , ). I.galbana , . Doering(1989),Sorninetal.(1990);Asmusetal.(1991,1993)Dameetal. (1993),, ,,) ) (De Vries et al., 1984; Small et al., 1993; Prins et al., 1994). , I.galbana. I. galbana , , I. galbana , (Walne,1974). .Walne(1974) GuillardsF/2(GuillardRyther,1962), .(.143), Walne(1974) (Aquacop, 1983). 3 (100g/l), Walne(1974), . I.galbana, 50%3 (50g/l) . ( ) 94 Walne(1974).I.galbana 50% 100%3, . 1., , 50% Walne.2. . Isochrysisgalbana , . ml (>0,05). 100% Walne(1974)NaNO3, 3,74+0,214x106 /ml, 50%NaNO3, 3,71+0,226x106 /ml()., , 100% NaNO3 () /ml , NaNO3 50%,/ml. , ,9,230,361x1060,0080,015x106( ), . , . 3,740,214x106/ml 50%NaNO3, 9,230,361x106 /ml . ( ) 95 100%NaNO3, . (1,1640,395mg/l), . 100% NaNO3 (100g/l, 16,46 mg/l ) Walne, 16,855mg/l(16,46+0,395mg/l)., 50%3, 9,394 mg/l (8,23+1,164 mg/l). NaNO3 Walne I. galbana .4,56,I.galbana 3,630,472, 2,740,237 0,940,424 x 106 /ml, ,4,880,217,5,920,2376,970,236x106/ml ( ) 100%NaNO3 . , Tetraselmissuecica.Qinetal.(1999),T. suecica100%NO3-N F2(GuillardRyther,1962)10% NO3-N T. suecica, (/ml). ,10%NO3-N . , ,(, ).100% Walne ,, . ( ) 96 . (Molinaetal.,1992;WenChen,2001) , (Pernet et al., 2003). ,I. galbana. . , . , I.galbana . NaNO3 50%, I.galbana, (3,71+0,226x106 /ml, ) (>0,05)(/ml), . I.galbana, ( 1.6. ). , (3-5,BrownRobert,2002), . , : 1)I.galbana , .2) , I.galbana . ( ) 97 50% Walne (1974) 3. Isochrysisgalbana ,, (P>0.05) I. galbana. ,1.1x1061.3x106 /ml,(P0.05), . ( ) .I.galbana : 50%NaNO3 Walne, , 100% NaNO3 , . . . , I. galbana . , , . , . (Brownetal.,1989;Snchezetal.,2000). ,, (Pernetet al.,2003), (ShifrinChisholm,1981;Sukenik Wahnon, 1991; Sanchez Saavedra Voltolina, 1994), (James et al., 1989; Thompson et al., 1992 a,b; Renaud et al., 2002), (ShifrinChisholm,1981;Piorrecketal.,1984;Taguchietal.,1987; LombardiWangersky,1991;SukenikWahnon,1991) . ( ) 100(PiorreckPohl,1984;Taguchietal.,1987). , I. galbana . .100%3 Walne(1974), 50%3. (Levasseuretal.1993;Fidalgoetal.1995;Suetal.,2007). , . . 8,5mg/l ,, (Isochrysis, Tetraselmis Chaetoceros) (Utting,1985), . 50%NaNO3 Walne(1974)8,59,4mg/l, . ,Utting (1985),, ( ) (I. galbana) . , ,( ) , , (Molina Grima et al., 1995). , (16,46 . ( ) 101mg/l100%NaNO3). , . (P>0.05) . , - ( ). .I.galbana O.edulis. , :) I. galbana 100%NaNO3(). , ( ) I. galbana , , . ) . Ostrea edulis ,(P>0,05) I.galbana, ., ,I.galbana (90%) T. suecica (10%), (P0,05) ,I. galbana. ., . ( ) 102(I.galbana50% NaNO3), ( ), I.galbana(). , I. galbana (1 , . 4.7) 100% NaNO3Walne(1974)., I.galbana (Utting, 1985; Brown Robert, 2002). ., . ,, , (Utting, 1985; Fidalgo et al., 1998). , .,Crassostrea gigas (Powelletal.,2002,2004;Hofmannetal.,2004). , (Powelletal.,2004). . (P>0,05) I.galbana, I. galbana . I. galbana ,, , . 50%3 , , . ( ) 103 () 100% 3 . Utting(1985),- 138 mg/l, I. galbana I. galbana .8.5mg/l, , , , .Fabregasetal. (1989), o , Dunaliellatertiolecta,, , (Wikfors,1986). , 50%NaNO3 10mg/l.I. galbana , .. F2, 12,353 mg/l N (Wayne, 1979), Ukeles 28,0 mg/l N (Fbregas Herrero,1985),S-8813,848mg/lN(Droop,1968)., , 50% NaNO3, ,(0,901-1,647 mg/l, 4.5). ,(I. galbana T. suecica), (P0,05). , , , T. suecica. . ,/ . ( ) 104 ,Tetraselmis Isochrysis(). Laing Millican (1986), 20g/106 I. galbana 200g/106 T. suecica. , , T. suecica I. galbana.1,90% 60x106 /, I. galbana 1080 g 180x106 / 18 , 3240 g. , 10% T. suecica 1200 3600 g, 1 18 . .T.suecica.edulis(Walne, 1974; Laing Millican, 1986), ,,I.galbana (Walne,1974;Helm,1977; Laing Millican, 1986; Utting Spencer, 1991). , () () , (P0,05). , . . , ,., , (), . , , ., (), . . ( ) 105 , (), . ,, , (Walne,1974)., . .pifanioEwart (1977), 10 g/ml, . , I. galbana ( Laing Millican, 1986), 10 5 g/ml .,, ,, , (Defossez Hawkins,1997). , . , , (Qin et al., 1999). ., . , , .. ( ) 106 ., .MannRyther(1977) (O.edulis, C. gigas T.japonica). , , . .E (SGR) 0,590,06, 0,580,07 0,600,05 % /,( ), 0,670,08. , (4,45 34,16%, ), , .O.edulis Walne (1974), , (26,5 28,45g, ). ., ,.edulis,, (Bonamiaostrea,Howard,1994;Ccares-Martinezetal.,1995;CullotyandMulcahy,1996,Marteiliarefringens(Angediset al.,2001), (Vibrio vulnificus, Harwood et al., 2004), .... , , Marteilia refringens. 1.200 ., . ( ) 107 , , . , . , , . , ,, . () . O.edulis . 50%NaNO3 I. galbana. T. suecica , I. galbana . . , 10l I. galbana 66,5x106 /ml. , ., , . ..., ,3500lI.galbanaT.suecica. 2l (250x40cm), . ( ) 108(&.3.3). () , .,, . Isochrysisgalbana , (P>0,05) ,, I. galbana 100% NaNO3 50% NaNO3, . , (P0,05) ,,, . I.galbana .,I. galbana ( ).,I.galbana , ., . , ()., , . , I.galbana , . ( ) 109 , . 1 2 3, (P0,05). ., , . I.galbana , . , . Isochrysisgalbana , (P>0,05) ,, I.galbana -() 50%NaNO3, ., (P0,05),, , . , I. galbana . . ( ) 110 (), ., , Ostreaedulis, . , .(I.galbana) 2l, , ., I.galbana 3500l, (250 x 40cm), . () ., . : 1.(Ostreaedulis) Isochrysisgalbana. 2. 50% Walne(1974),I. . ( ) 111galbana . 3.I.galbana, ,. I.galbana, Ostrea edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis Modiolus barbatus. 4.O.edulis,M.galloprovincialisM. barbatus, . 5.O.edulis,M.galloprovincialis M. barbatus, I. galbana 50% Walne(1974), . 6.I.galbanaT.suecica, O.edulis, I.galbana ., (90%I. galban&10%T.suecica)23,7Kg/m3, I.galbana 22,7 Kg/m3. 7.(O.edulis) ,, (4,45%, 34,16%). . ( ) 112 8., ( ),, 18-22C. ., . , , ., , ,,. , . O.edulis, , . , . ,,, , ., , ,(Rotifers)Artemia, . . ( ) 113 , , . . , , , . , . , ., ( ). , ( ) , . ., , . , , , ., ., Tetraselmissuecica, Isochrysisgalbana, , . ( ) 114I.galbana. , . , , I.galbana (,,), . , , , ( ). . ( ) 115 -(..), . , , , , , ., , . , , , . . (.. , ), . , (, , ), . , ,. ,., ,, 25 90 C. , . , , .. , . ( ) 116 . , , . , (..). , penaeids (P. monodon, P. japonicus P. kerathurus), (6-8 ) . , I.galbana. , .I.galbana,, O.edulisWalne(1974). ,2l 1.3-1.5x106/ml, 12x109 I. galbana. 1.4005mm 200 , 15mm (Walne, 1974). I. galbanaO.edulis , . . , I. galbana , . , Crassostreagigas, (Powelletal.,2002, . ( ) 1172004;Hofmannetal., 2004). (Powelletal.,2004). .,I.galbana (Walne,1974) ( ) . ,I.galbana, . , ., . , , ( ) . , , , , . , , . ,. , Crassostreagigas, ., , , . ( ) 118 I. galbana , . , . , , 3,83mg/l(NH4-N0,130,018 mg/l(),NO3-N>3,00mg/l,NO2-N>0,70mg/l). ,, . , . . , , . , . . ( ) 119A , , ( ) , . . ,. , . , , , ,, . . , . Isochrysis galbana I. galbana , . . ( ) 120 . , , , , ., Ostreaedulis ., I.galbana O.edulis. , ,O.edulis,Mytilusgalloprovincialis Modiolusbarbatus . (O.edulis), I.galbana.,I.galbana 50% NaNO3, , I. galbana . , , ., . . ( ) 121ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION, ICHTHYOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT LABORATORY OF ICHTHYOLOGY Investigation of methods for intensive cultivation of Lamelibranchia (Bivalve molluscs) PhD Thesis by Christos Symeonidis SUMMARY Aquacultureappearstobeanalternativeandaprospectiveactivitytofulfillthe future needs for seafood. Molluscs and specifically bivalves represent an important portionoftheaquacultureproducts.Traditionally,thecultivationofbivalvesis takingplaceinthenatureandishighlydependentonspatcollectedfromtheir surroundingenvironmentandthenarrangedmainlyalongthecoastline.Onthe otherhand,hatcheriesofmanycommercialbivalvespeciesprovideconsiderable numbersofspatandplayanenhancedroleinagrowingindustry.Thebivalve cultures running into the sea confront a number of risks, tasks and problems which haveanimpacttothequalityandproductionsoftheseanimals.Also,the cultivationmethodsandclaimingareasfortheiruse,causeconflictsdueto environmental and social matters which quite often arise. Since bivalves continue tobeproducedintothesea,theywillbeexposedtodiseasesandagentswhich can affect their productions and value. ThisPhDthesishasbeenplanedandrealizedinasensethatmonitoringthe cultureconditionsisanimportantsteptocontrolqualityandquantityofsea products, meeting future demands and standards. The aim of this research was to develop a method of producing microalgae in the effluent water of bivalve cultures andtoprovidetheresultedbiomassofmicroalgaeasfoodforbivalves.Seven experimentsintotalhavebeenconducted.Inprior,theoysterOstreaedulishas been selected to provide the medium to cultivate microalgae (Isochrysis galbana). . ( ) 122Then,I.galbanawasgiventobivalvesasanexclusivefoodorinacombination withanothermicroalga,Tetraselmissuecica.Thebivalvespeciesselectedwere theEuropeanflatoysterOstreaedulis,theMediterraneanmusselMytilus galloprovincialis and the beard mussel Modiolus barbatus. Resultsindicatedthatoysters(O.edulis)effluentwatercanbereusedforthe productionofI.galbana.Inthreedaystime,celldensitiesofI.galbanagrownin theoysterseffluentwaterwithhalfofthenitrogenoussaltsneededinthe enrichmentmedium(Walne),wereashighascelldensitiesobservedin conventionalcultures.Furthermore,whenI.galbanaproducedwiththosetwo methodswasfedtooysters,musselsandbeardmussels,therewereno differences on species growth (shell height or length and weight). In the sense of reusing aquaculture waters in order to reduce their impact to the environmentandenergydemandsaswell,productionofI.galbanainoysters effluentscouldbeusedefficientlytogrowbivalvesindoors,undercontrolled conditions.Inaddition,thisresearchhaspointedoutthereisnoneedtousethe sophisticated and expensive recirculation systems to grow bivalves. . 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