sikßa tmbn ´ga siugaek ñy - center for khmer studies

CONTEMPORARY SOUTHEAST ASIA

Translated from English by MUONG Nareth and PHI Sopheada

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eá¼ Bum< elIk TI 1 K¿.s¿ 2005 enA .shrdæGaemrik eday RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< saklviTüal&yhaév¨ ..>Chapter 1: Industrialization and Its ImplicationsChapter 2: Human Consequences of the Economic “Miracle”Seleted from: The emergence of Modem Southeast Asia, Copyright © 2005 by Singapore University Press. First published in 2005 by University of Hawai‘i Press.

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Copyright © 2007 Center for Khmer Studies for the Khmer translation.

rUb ÔaB Rkb mux eday.� Cover picture

elak Fim vin§&r (rkßa siT§i) K¿s¿ 2007 Copyright © 2007 Tim WINTER.

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The publication of this book was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation (New York).

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PREFACE

In 2004, the Center for Khmer Studies began the Junior Faculty Training Program aimed atexpanding the research and teaching skills of young Cambodian university faculty in thehumanities and social sciences. Supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, the program recruitsparticipants for a six-month semester, in which a distinguished Visiting Professor leads classes andseminars in academic analysis and research focusing on one topic related to modern Cambodia. Eachtopic is defined in collaboration with representatives of Cambodian universities to attractparticipants from different disciplines, and sets forth a comparative perspective, in whichCambodia is studied alongside its regional neighbors, Thailand and Vietnam. Every session includesa combination of lectures and interactive seminars, a study tour to a neighboring country,a supervised individual research project and an international conference on the session’s theme. Atthe end of the program, a selection of the key texts used in each session is chosen by the VisitingProfessor for translation into Khmer by Cambodian participants, with the dual aim of addressingthe lack of academic materials available in the Khmer language at Cambodian universities and totrain the next generation of translators.

This first volume consists of four texts selected by Dr. Duncan McCargo, Professor ofPolitical Science at the University of Leeds, United Kingdom. They address the program’s firstsession topic, “Contemporary Southeast Asia.” Two of the texts, by Neil Jamieson and DuncanMcCargo, introduce readers to the culture and politics of Vietnam and Thailand. The other two textsfocus on current economic development in Southeast Asia and its effect on the region’s populations.Prof. McCargo’s choice of these texts is intended to expand general knowledge of Cambodia’snearest neighbors, while inviting scholars to reflect critically on some of the recent developments inthe region of which Cambodia is a part. In addition to these four texts, all of which have previouslyappeared in international publications or peer-reviewed journals, we have included a paper writtenby one of the Cambodian participants as an example of the research and analysis that has grownfrom this program and its combination of theory and application.

In keeping with the pedagogical objectives of the JFTP, we very much hope that thesetranslated texts will be useful to both professors and students of history, sociology, economics,anthropology, political science, international relations and other fields. We also hope that theywill encourage readers to further exploration and critical analysis, using a comparative andinterdisciplinary approach.

CKS is grateful to Prof. McCargo for his thoughtful choice of texts and to Dr. Chean Men, theProject Coordinator, who was essential to the program’s implementation and success. Special thanksalso to the team of young translators, particularly Chheat Sreang, Phy Sopheada, and Moung Nareth,who, under the careful supervision of CKS Translation Supervisor Tan Sodany, undertook this taskwith energy, excitement and an appetite for challenge. Prof. Khing Hoc Dy generously proofreadsome of the translated manuscripts and gave insight and clarity to our work. CKS is grateful toDr. Michel Rethy Antelme for his meticulous final editing of the manuscript, the time spent infinding Thai and Vietnamese words, names and references throughout this book, and the tremendousamount of time he spent on the layout. Thach Deth gave valuable advice to Chheat Sreang on hisresearch paper. I also wish to acknowledge CKS senior staff members Kheng Pytou Kethya,Communications and Publishing Coordinator, and Deputy Director Lesley Perlman for working onthe editing and publishing of this truly collective undertaking.

Philippe Peycam, Ph.D., DirectorCenter for Khmer Studies.

CMBUkTI.1

c,ab edIm én GtSbT en¼ .. sresr Ca Ôasa Gg eKøs eRîam cMNg eCIg fa.½ .Industrialization and Its Implications

GtSbT en¼ dkRsg ecjBIe soveÔA...½...îarkekIt GasIu GaeKñy_ TMenIb.

rkßa siT§i K¿s¿ 2005 eday RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< saklviTüal&y sigHburI .

eá¼ Bum< elIk TI 1 K¿s¿ 2005 enA .shrdæGaemrik eday RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< saklviTüal&y haév¨ ...>

CHAPTER 1

Industrialization and Its Implications(The emergence of Modem Southeast Asia)

Copyright © 2005 by Singapore University Press.

First published in 2005 by University of Hawai‘i Press.

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xag lic RtÚv án eK Ek lMG[ man lkçN£ RbesIr Cagmun edaycu¼bEnSmnUv l&kçx&N ÏaMácCaeRcInedIm,I[«sßahUbnIykm μ TTYl án eCaK C&y > l&kçx&NTaMg ena¼ man dUcCa..½

- RbB&n§ c,ab´ Edl ÎanaxusRtÚv cMeBa¼siT§iesrIÔaB rbs´ buK:l mñak´@ nig îarBar RTBü sm,tþi ÉkCn

[ án eBj elj...>

- kMeNInplitÔaBksikmμ EdlCa lT§pl én kMEN TRmg rcnasm<&n§ mun sm&y «sßahkm μ nig kñúg

sm&yGaNaniKm...>

- ÔaB sm,Úr Ebb én kmøaMg Blkm μCMnaj...>

-shRKin Edl h‘an RbQm nwg ÔaB Rbfuy Rbfan ehIy man KMnit écñ RbDit fIμ...>

- TunRKbRËan sRmab vinieyaKvis&y«sßahkmμ...>

- TIpßar kñúg RsúkEdl man îar erobcM Rbkb eday RbsiT§ÔaBx<s nigFMTUlay...>

îarRbQmmuxkñúgîarGPivDÆnasm&yeRîays®g:a m

enAeRîA tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ esÞIrEtËμannrNamñakeCO fa tMbnen¼ Gac seRmcán nUv lkçxNxag elI...> rhUtdl ÌñaM 1953 elaksa®sþaÏarü hßúI¿ G&sH¿ bU‘k (J H Boeke) d¾ man }T§iBl mYy rUb Epñk esdæ kic© bUB’a RbeTs

én saklviTüal&y LIdin (Leiden) ánelIkeLIgfa sg :mGasIuGaeKñy_ dUcCa RbeTs }Qens Iu Ca edImman TRmgesdækic© BIr yag Edl min Gac pþac ecj BI Ëña án > TRmgepßg@ én skmμÔaB esdækic© dUc Ca rbb

mUlFnniym rbs bs©im RbeTs CaedIm minGaclubbMáteÏalán TaMgRsúg nUv rebob rbb esdækic© fñak PUmi

rbs m©as Rsúkán eT eday sarva enA mantRmÚvîarmYycMnYntUc > krNI en¼ án bg; îar lMák dl Epnîar

CMBUk TI .1«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl

12 CMBUk TI .1

bdivtþ «sßahkmμ...> GIV Edl ehA fa ÔaB TMenIb rbs tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ Bit Ca án Qb RTwg na eBlBIrTsvtßr_

eRîay BI elak sa®sþaÏarü bU‘k niBn§ esoveÔA rYc...> man îar b¼eár rbs ksikr Ca RTg RTay FM enA Et bnþ kñúg

RbeTs evotNam PUma nig km<úCa...> emdwk naM clna TaMg ena¼án CMTas´ eTA elI témø én îar rs´ enA rbs´

RbCaCn vNÑ£ kBal enA TI Rkúg...> ehIy yag ehac Nas k¾ man îar b¼ eár RbÌaMg pÞú¼ eLIg enA Èam mNleá¼eÌñat EdlánerobcMeLIgenAÈamCnbT dUc kñúg RbeTs }QensIu mun ÌñaM 1965 Ca edIm...>

îar Kit Tuk mun rbs elak sa®sþaÏarü bU‘k enAeBlena¼ manlkçN£sm ehtu pl Edr...> ehIy KMnit

en¼ k¾ dUc eTA nwg KMnit rbs bBa Gñk RáCJ bs©im RbeTs epßg@ eTot dUcCa C&y laPI rgVan NUEbl elak KuNÑarmWrdl (Gunnar Myrdal) Edl án briyay enA kñúg esoveÔA mYy eRîam cMNg eCIg fa •nadkmμ rbs GasuI.½

dMeNIr îar Geg;t BI ÔaB RkIRk rbs RbCaCa† (Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the poverty of Nations) (K¿s¿

1968) Ca edIm...> kñúg GMLúg ém Ö RáM Ìña M eRîay s®g:am elak elIk TI 2 kMeNIn esdækic© BiPB elak án ekIn eLIg

RbmaN Cit 5.% kñúg mYy ÌñaM > kMeNIn en¼ man snÞú¼ elOn Ì¶ayCag sBVdg ehIy elOn Cag 50.% ebI eRbób

eFob eTA nwg kMeNIn na eBl eRîay@ mk eTot...> eTa¼ Ca s®g:am RtCak bg; bBaHa eîþA KKuk enA «bTIVbkUer nig

evotNam ehIyeTa¼ Ca man îarb¼ eáredIm,I ÉkraCü nig mans®g:am sIuvil kñúg RbeTs Edl eTIb TTYl án

ÉkraCü fμI@ k¾ eday k¾ Ëμan Cemøa¼ Na mYy rIk FM rhUt dl´ eFIV [ b¨¼Bal´ dl´ dMeNIr îar BaNiC¢kmμ BiPB elak

ena¼ Edr...> TnwÞmnwgena¼ shrdæGaemrik nig RbeTsmhaGMNac «sßahkmμ epßg@ eTot áneron sURt

BI Cemøa¼ BaNiC¢kmμ Èam ry£bTBiesaFn_ BI mhavibtþi esdækic© (BI ÌñaM 1929 rhUt dl´ s®g:am elak elIk TI

2) eTIb eFIV [ man kic© xit xM Rbwg ERbg Ca sakl mYy edIm,I îat bnSy Bn§ elI TMnij naM ecj naM cUl RKb tMbn Èam

ry£ îar beg;It nUv sSab&n naM muxeK mYy EdleRîay mk án îøay Ca Gg:îar BaNiC¢kmμ BiPB elak...>

RbeTs GasIu GaeKñy_ ÔaKeRcIn Edl eTIb egIb put BI ÔaB exÞcxÞaM eday sar s®g:am án Taj yk pl

cMeNj BI kMeNIn BaNiC¢kmμ elI plitpl sMxan@ mYy cMnYndUc Ca eîAs‘U sMNÂahaMg eRbgÌa nig eRbg îat

Edl plitpl TaMg en¼ man tRmÚv îar nig témø x<s´...> CaBiess RbeTs mäLayä (mäLayU) nig hVúIlIBIn

án Taj yk pl cMeNj CaeRcIn BI îar p:tp:g smÖar£ yuT§sa®sþ nana kñúg s®g:am kUer...> k¾ buEnþ pl cMeNj

Ebb en¼ min man ÔaB yUr GEgVg dUc Edl eK án dwg ÈaMg BI sm&y mun s®g:am mk emø¨¼...> RbeTs kñúg tMbn´ GasIu

GaeKñy_ Edl kMBug BRgwg neyaáy ÉkraCü rbs´ xøÜn hak´ dUc Ca min án erob cM xøÜn [ lð kñúg îar ERb îøay xøÜn

BI RbeTs plit nUv plitpl vtSú Îatu edIm eTA Ca mha GMNac «sßahkmμ ehIyEfmTaMgminánerob cM bþÚr

mux mat rbs xøÜn [ eTA Ca RbeTs enA kñúgcMeNam RbB&n§ mUl Fn niym BiPB elak Edl RtÜtRÈa eday shrdæ

Gaemrik eTotpg...>

sîþanuBl sRmab îarGPivDÆ rbs RbeTsGasIuGaeKñy__ TaMgena¼ k¾ hak dUc Ca raraMg eday sar kMeNIn

RbCaCn yag rh&s rYm TaMg bBHaa GyutþiFm’ nig îarGPivDÆ Ëμan RbsiT§ÔaB enA Èam tMbn CnbT Edl án bnßl

Tuk ÈaMg BI sm&y GaNaniKm...> îarfy cu¼ yäg xøaMg nUv GRÈamrN£ eday sar m Ul ehtu epßg@ (dUcCa

îarkm©at´ stV mUs Edl Ca Ôñakgar cmøg Cm¶W RKúnÏaj eday eRbI fñaM ed ed et CaedIm) án naM [ man kMeNIn RbCaCn

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 13

kRmit x<s Edl min Îøab man BI mun mk...> kMeNIn RbCaCn en¼ man rhUt dl 3/5.% enA bBa RbeTs mYy cMnYndUcCa RbeTséf nig RbeTs hVIúlIBIn...> eyag Èam GRÈa kMeNIn en¼ cMnYn RbCaCn nwg ekIn eLIg eTV dg enA

kñúg ry£eBl Et 20 ÌñaM bueNÑa¼ ehIy nwg RsÚb yk kMeNIn esdækic© esIÞr Et TaMg Gs...>

bBaHa mYy eTot KW RbCaCn ÔaK eRcIn enAEt rs´ enA Èam tMbn´ CnbT ehIy Bwg Epðk eTA elI Et îar eFVI

ERs cm;ar...> îar BRgIk TIRkúg y¨ag Ìab´ rh&s hak´ dUc Ca min sIu sgVak´ CamYy nwg ksikr ÔaK eRcIn Edl

kMBug Et man bBaHa CamYy nwg îar RbmUl pl min eTog Tat bBaHa éføCYl nig Bn§dar x<s´ ehIy nig bBaHa rMelaP

bMBan BI sMNak BYk m©as dI FM@ (BYk kþúm<I) Edl án BRgIk }T§iBl Ïab ÈaMg BI sm&y ÉkraCü mk emø¼...> îar tva

[ man kMEN TRmg´ dI FøI ekIt man enA RKb´ kEnøg TaMgGs´...> îar Tam Tar Ebb en¼ Gacfa Ca skmμÔaB edIm,I

bBa©ú¼ éfø CYl nig raraMg GMNac bMBar bMBan rbs BYk m©as dI ¦ Ca skmμÔaB edIm,I Ïab yk dI mk eFVI Ca kmμsiT§i Rsb

c,ab rbs RbCa ksikr TaMg Gs ena¼...> plit ÔaB ksikmμ k¾ Ca kgVl mYy Edr xN£ eBl Edl RbeTs mYy cMnYn

dUc Ca RbeTs maLaya nig hVIúlIBIn enA EtnaM Gg;r cUl sRmabp:t p:g RbCaBlrdæ rbs xøÜn...> Gñk RáCJ bs©im

RbeTs mYy cMnYn ármÖ yag xøaMg fa BiPB elak TaMg mUl TMng Ca Gac ekIt eRËa¼ TurÖikß Rbsin ebI kMeNIn RbCaCn

min man îar Tb s;at ena¼...>

plitkmμ kñúg GMLúg eBl ena¼ ÔaK eRcIn RtÚv án eK kMNt Et eTA elI «sßahUb nIykmμ CMnYs îarnaM cUl

dUc Edl án ENnaM eday FnaËar BiPBelak nig esdæviTU mYy cMnYn...> eday eK Kit fa ².RbeTsttiyelak.³

min Gac RbkYt RbECg xag «sßahkmμ CamYy bs©im RbeTs (¦ RbeTs Cbun) án eT ena¼ GñkCMnaj eCO Cak

fa plitkmμ yag samBaØ sRmabTI pßar kñúg Rsúk dUcCa cRkyan Bil Es,keCIgeîAs‘U KW Ca plitkmμ Edl

Gac TTYl pl cMeNj Ca Biess Rbsin ebI man îar rwt bnwþg Bn§ naM cUl dUc Edl rdæaPiál ÉkraC na sm&y

ena¼ kMBug Et beg;It RbB&n§ en¼ eLIg...> «sßahUbnIykmμ ².CMnYsîarnaMcUl.³ án TTYl eCaK C&y KYr sm na edIm

sm&y eRîay s®g:am Ca Biess enA kñúg RbeTs hVIúlIBIn...> enA cug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1960 RbeTs hVIúlIBIn KW Ca

RbeTs Edl man «sßahkmμ eRcIn Cag RbeTs sigHburI ehIy man cMNUl Ca mFüm sRmab mnusß mñak.@ x<s

Cag étvan nig kUerxagt,Úg eTA eTot...> buEnþ min yU r bunμan «sßahUbnIykmμ dUc en¼ án CYb RbT¼ nUv bBaHa mYy

cMnYn Edl eCos min rYc Ca Biess KW bBaHa TIpßar cegðót kñúg Rsúk sUm,I Et RbeTs Edl man RbCaCn eRcIn

dUc Ca RbeTscin RbeTs }Na nig RbeTs }QensIu k¾RtÚv CMn¼ nUv bBaHa en¼ kñúgeBl eRîay Edr...> «sßahUb-nIykmμ Ebb en¼ TMng Ca Ëμan RbsiT§ÔaB eRBa¼ Ca «sßahkmμ ekμgx©I k¾ buEnþ }LÚv en¼ va án rIk FM Îat ehIy

bnþ bBa©ú¼bBa©Úl [ man îar Èak Etg c,ab edIm,I dak kMhit îar RbkYt RbECg BI plitpl breTs...>

eK eXIj man TaMg îar lMák nig TaMg pl cMeNj kñúg îar eFVI Ca RbeTs «sßahkmμ fμI.@...> RbeTs Edl

án TTYl eCaK C&y Rtec¼ Rtcg rYcehIykñúg «sßahkmμ KW Ca RbeTs Edl man Twk dI TUlM TUlay ( «TahrN _

shrdæGaemrik nig shÔaBsUevot) ¦k¾ Ca RbeTs Edl Îøab´ án dak´ GaNaniKm elI RbeTs déT eTot

(bBa cRkPB enA GWr¨ ub nig GaNacRkCbu¨n)...> sSanÔaB Ebb en¼ án pþl´ pl RbeyaCn_ dl´ RbeTs«sßahkmμ TaMg ena¼ kñúg îar CYy Gñk eRbI Rás kMu [ xat bg îar cMNay epßg.@ elI plitpl «sßahkmμ dUc


14 CMBUk TI .1

Ca îar eá¼ eÏal nUv îak sMNl´ nig îar eFVI [ át´ bg´ nUv Fn Îan FmμCati CaedIm...> «sßahUbnIykmμ rbs´

tMbn GasIu GaeKñy_ sSit enA eRîam }Ti§Bl d¾ eRcIn rbs lkçN£ PUmisa®sþ nig sg:m sa®sþ ehIy Fn Îan Fmμ-

Cati rbs´ GasIu GaeKñy _ min man RbeyaCn_ dUc Edl va Îøab´ man BI mun mk eT..> Ïab´ BI ÌñaM 1950 mk bdivtþn_

bec©kviTüa nig esdækic© BiPB elak Edl naM mux eday TMnij eGLicRtÚnik masIun Lan d¾ TMenIb n ig CI KIm I ehIy

eRîay mk îar rIk ceRmIn epßg.@ dUcCa eRKÓg dMeNIr îar kMuBüÚT&r kuMBüÚT&r nig Bn§ú visVkmμ (bec©kviTüa keR-

mIk nig pøas´ Bn§ú) án s bBa¢ak´ yäg c,as´ fa viTüasa®sþ ehIy nig bec©kviTüa án îøay Ca kmøaMg d¾ sMxan´

sRmab´ CMruj [ man îar rIk ceRmIn..> Qan cUl dl´ stvtßr_ TI 21 GasIuGaeKñy_ án îab´ éRB eQI RbNIt

edIm,I eFIV îþar bnÞ¼ ehIy eRÏa¼ dI edIm,I yk Er¨...> büEnþ pl kéRm Edl án mk BI «sßahkmμ TaMgen¼ án

cMeNj Et eTA elI Rkúmh‘un Edl Bak´B&n§ (nig m®nþI Buk rlYy büeNÑa¼ ) eBal KW va min CYy dl´ îar pøas´ bþÚr ¦

îar Efr rkßa sSirÔaB esdækic© Cati rbs RbeTs nImYy.@ ena¼ eT...>

bBaHa Gs TaMg en¼ án KMram kMEhg dl bBa em dwk naM RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ cMeBa¼ vismÔaB BiPB elakEdl sUm,I Et elak GUgsan (Aungsan) ¦elak s‘UîarNU (Sukarno) k¾ esÞIr Et min Gac nwk Kit dl bBaHa Gs

TaMg en¼ Edr...> cUlrYm kñúg BiPBelak mYy Edl îar RbmUl nig eRbI Rás B&t’man îarbeg;ItcMeN¼dwg nig îar

Taj RbeyaCn_ BI søak sBaØa man sar£ sMxan edIm,I begI;t[man ÔaB sm,Úr sb,ay nig GMNac ehIyrYm TaMg

îar Ebg Eck Fn Îan ena¼...> cMNuc xøaMg rbs GasIuGaeKñy_enA kñúg ÌñaM 1960 dUc Ca kmøaMg Blkmμ Edl Ëμan CMnaj

nig vtSú Îatu edIm epßg.@ án fy cu¼ KYr [ kt sm:al...> ( enA cug stvtßr_ TI 20 man TMB&r GaMgETrENt RbmaN

Cag 80.% kñúg RbB&n§ GaMgETrENt án sresr eLIg Ca Ôasa GgeKøs ehIy kñúg cMeNam TMB&rGaMgETrENt

Edl sm,ÚrGñk Tsßna eRcIn Cag eK cMnYn 100 man TMB&rGaMgETrENt cMnYn 94 man RbPB mk BI shrdæ

Gaemrik...>) ÔaB Éeîa Epñk esdækic© Edl Ca subin GaRkk´ fμI mYy îan´ Et eFIV [ man GarmμN_P&y xøac kñúg îar

îøay Ca RbeTs Bwg Epðk elI GaNaniKm ekIt man eLIg...>

pÞúyeTAnwgGIVEdlhak bI dUc Ca «bsK: FM.@ bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ ÔaK eRcIn man îar rIkceRmIn Epñk«sßahkmμ KYr [ kt sm:alÏab ÈaMg BI ÌñaM 1965 mk emø¼...> ehIy Tsvtßr_ bnÞab KW Ca RBwtþiîarN_ én îar pøas

bþÚr d¾ sMxan mYy enA kñúg Rbvtþisa®sþ esdækic© kñúg tMbn eTa¼ Ca min Tan man lT§pl mk bBa¢ak enA kñúg dMNak îal

en¼ k¾ eday...> îarGPivDÆ Rsb Tis Ëña Ca eRcIn án beg;It [ man nUv ²TRmg esdækic© GnþrCati fμI.³ mYy Edl

pþl {îas [ RbeTsGasIuGaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn pøas bþÚr nUv tYnaTI rbs xøÜn eLIg vij edIm,I [ Rsb eT AÈam RbB&n§

mUlFn niym BiPB elak...> îar rIk ceRmIn mYy kñúg cMeNam îar rIk ceRmIn TaMg en¼ án ekIt eLIg eday sar îar

Îøak´ cu¼ rbs´ shrdæ Gaemrik BI zan£ Ca Gñk elc eÎøa Epñk esdækic© Ëμan KU RbECg Edl Îøab´ seRmc án Ôøam.@

eRîay s®g:am...> mYy Epñk én îar rIk ceRmIn en¼ KW eday sar Et RbeTs epßg.@ eTot Ca Biess RbeTs Cbun

nig GaløWmg án îøay eTA Ca RbeTs RbkYt RbECg îan Et xøaMg eLIg enA eBl Edl eK án sSabna RbeTs TaMg

en¼ eLIg vij bnÞabB I s®g:am án bBa©b eTA...> mYy Epñk eTot KW mk BI îar cMNay d¾s nw§k sn§ab rbs shrdæ

Gaemrik elI s®g:am evotNam rYm CamYy nwg îar Rbwg ERbg kñúg eBl CamYy Ëña edIm,I k sag [ án nUv ².sg:m mha


Gs©arü.³ mYy Edl Ëμan îar yk Bn§...> mYy Epñk epßg eTot KW bBal mk BI ².vibtþi eRbg }n§n£.³ Edl án ekIteLIg dMbUg bgðs kñúg ÌñaM 1973 enA eBl Edl Gg:îar én bBa RbeTs naM eRbg îat ecj ehA ².GUbiuc (OPEC).³

án beg;In éfø eRbg îat BiPB elak eTV dg eday eCaKC&y...> eday bdiesF eÏal nUv GIV Edl GtSbT rbs´

TsßnavdþI Efm mäh:ahßúIn (Time Magazine) án cu¼ pßay fa Ca ².stvtßr_ rbs´ shrdæ Gaemrik.³ kMBug

cb eTA ena¼ shrdæGaemrik man ÔaB yWt yav kñúg îar l¼ bg eÏal nUv viFIsa®sþ én îar RKb RKg Ëμan RbsiT§ÔaB

nig enA Et eRbI rfynþ sIu saMg eRcIn enA eLIy...> Et s¿r¿Ga¿ án dk xøÜn ecj BI îar ebþCJa citþ cMeBa¼ tMbn GasI u

kñúg xN£ Edl RbeTs en¼ án seRmc cit þdk xøÜn fy BI s®g:am evotNam CaedIm...> îar en¼ án GnuBaØat [

RbeTsCbün Edl eTIb nwg egIb eLIg ena¼ îøay eTA Ca éd KU esdækic© d¾ sMxan´ nig Ca KMrU dl´ RbeTs GasIu

GaeKñy_ TaMgLay...>

kñúg eBl CamYy Ëña Edr îar sikßa Rsav RCav elI vis&y ksikmμ Edl mYy cMnYn án eFVI eLIg ÈaMg BI sm&y

GaNaniKm án Ïab epþIm huc pl...> îar sikßa Rsav RCav en¼ án eFVI [ «sßahkmμ eîAs‘U nig dUg eRbg rbs

RbeTsmäeLsIu Ïab man dMeNIr îar eLIg vij...> lT§pl rbs «sßahkmμ en¼ pþl´ dl tMbn TaMg mUl án

ekIn eLIgîanÉt RbesIr Efm eTot edaysar îarbegI;t eLIg nUv dMNaM RsÚv Edl pþl´ Tinñpl x<s´ enA É

viTüasSanRsav RCav dMNaM RsÚv GnþrCati GIu¿ EG‘r¿ EG‘r¿ GIu¿ (IRRI) Edl siSt enA kñúg tMbn LÚs ájÚs (Los Baños)

Ek,r TIRkúg mänIl...> en¼ KW Ca eCaK C&y FM mYy kñúg cMeNam eCaK C&y én îar GPivDÆ nana Ca eRcIn kñúg ry£ eBl

50 ÌñaM cug eRîay en¼...> eËal bMNg rbs GIu¿ EG‘r¿ EG‘r¿ GIu¿ KWbeg;It FnaËar BUCRsÚv d¾ FM mYy nig eRbI Rás nUv

viTüasa®s þ TMenIb edIm,I beg;In Tinñpl...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1966 GñkviTüasa®sþán bg;at BUC RsÚv etO rbs cin nig

}QensIu edIm,I écñ beg;It Ca RbePT RsÚv GIu¿ EG‘r¿ EG‘r¿ GIu¿-8 Edl man edIm xøI Cag mun ehIy gay RsÜl kñúg îarîarBar va BI îar eTarTn Emk eTA elI dI enA eBl Edl eK eRbIRás CI fμI eFVI [ va man kYr FM Cag mun ena¼...> enA kñúg

ÌñaM 1982 eK k¾ án begI;t RbePT RsÚv GIu¿ EG‘r¿ EG‘r¿ GIu¿-36 Edl bg;at´ ecj mk BI RsÚv 13 RbePT epßg.@

Ëña...> RsÚv RbePT en¼ man ÔaB Fn xøaMg Cag mun kñúg îar îarBar Tb Tl eTA nwg stV lðit céRg epßg.@...> elIs

BI en¼ vdþ én îar rIk lUtlas´ rbs´ RsÚv RbePT en¼ k¾ man ry£ eBl xIø Cag mun KW fy cu¼ BI RbmaN 180 éf¶

mk 110 éf¶ vij...> RËab RsÚv RbePT en¼ Gac TMu án eTa¼ minmanBnWøéf¶RKbRËan kIþ buEnþ ÏaMác RtÚv eRbI Rás

CI bEnSm...> RbePT RsÚv Edl pþl Tinñpl x<s Gac pþl lT§ÔaB dl ksikr én bBa RbeTsGasIu GaeKñy_ TaMgLay beg;In nUv Tinñpl RsÚv rbs BYk eK án eTV dg...> enA kñúg ry£ eBl bunμan ÌñaM fμI.@ en¼ GñkviTüasa®sþ enA

É GIu¿ EG‘r¿ EG‘r¿ GIu¿ án eRbI nUv bec©k eTs bg;at BUC RsÚv eday kñúg ena¼ man ²RsÚv mas³ RbePT fμI mYy man

Ehßn Ek ERb cMnYn 3 RbePT ehIy man sarCati vIÈamIn ebÈa îarUËTn bEnSm Edl Gac CYy îat´ bnSy nUv

Cm¶W Biîar EPñk rbs kumar án...> Rsb eBl CamYy Ëña ena¼ îar sikßa Rsav RCav fμI.@ eFIV eLIg edIm,I eFVI bEnSm

nUv Cati Edk kñúgedIm RsÚv kñúg eËal bMNg RbyuT§ RbÌaMg eTA nwg Cm¶W xV¼ Qam Rkhm Edl RbEhl Ca Cm¶W kgV¼

CIv Cati d¾ sahav bMput enA elI BiPB elak eyIg en¼...>

².bdivtþn_ébtg.³ (bdivtþn_ ksikmμ ) en¼ k¾ CYb RbT¼ nUvbBaHa Edr eday min Gac dMeNIr îar eTA án ebI


16 CMBUk TI .1

Ëμan Tun sRmab cMNay eTA elI CI dUc Ca CI fñaM smøab stV lðit nig RbB&n§ RKbRKg Twk Rbkb eday RbsiT§ÔaB

ena¼...> l&kçx&NTaMgen¼ án eFVI [ man pl Biák dl´ RbCaksikr RkIRk nig RbeTs RkIRk enA kñúg GMLúgTsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970 nig 1980...> bdivtþn_ébtg k¾ dUc Ca bec©kviTüa CMnYy ksikm μ fμI.@ epßg eTot dUc Ca

RÈak´T&r mäsIun bUm Twk nig mäsIun RcÚtîat´ CaedIm îanÉt eFVI [ KmøatRTBüFnrvag RbCaBlrdæ enA Èam

tMbn´ CnbT man s ÔaB xusËñaxøaMg eLIg...> eTa¼bI Ca bdivtþn_ ébtg en¼ min án eda¼Rsay ².bBaHa rbs´

ksikr.³ enA GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMg Rsúg k¾ eday k¾ bdivtþn_ en¼ Bit Ca án CYy Tb s;at eRËa¼ TurÖikß enA kñúg tMbn...>

kñúg eBl ena¼ Edr kMeNIn RbCaCn k¾ ánÏab epþIm fy cu¼ eday sar kmμviFI RKbRKg GRÈa kMeNIt Edl «btSmÖ

eday rdæaPiál (Ca Biess enA RbeTssigHburI nig eRîay mk enA RbeTs éf) ¦ îar rIk ceRmIn RBmËñarvag

TIRkúg nig esdækic©...> eK enA Et eXIj man nUv ÔaB GyutþiFm’ nig îar b¼eár rbs RbCaCn enA Èam Cn bT...> buEnþ

ÔaB P&y xøac GMBIeRËa¼ TurÖikß enA tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ ena¼ Elg maneTot ehIy...>

eTa¼ Ca yäg Na k¾ eday îar GPivDÆ d¾sMxan´én esdækic© GasIuGaeKñy_ ánÏab´ epþImecj BI elT§pl

Rbeyal én neyaáy eday }t eRËag Tuk...> îar pþac ecj rbs RbeTs sigHbur I B I RbeTs maeLsIu enA kñúg ÌñaM

1965 án CMruj [ RbeTs en¼ BiÏarNa eLIg vij yag Ìab rh&s GMBI yuT§sa®sþ «sßahkmμ rbs xøÜn Edl mk

Tl eBl ena¼ «sßahUbnIykmμ ²CMnYsîar naM cUl³ án áj eÌ<a¼ eTA rk Et TI pßar maeLsIu...> na eBl ena¼

TIpßar kñúg Rsúkrbs sigHburI man lkçN£ tUc cegðót eday sar man RbCaCn Et 2 lan nak ...> dUecñ¼ kþI sgÇwm

Et mYy Kt rbssigHburI KW îar seRmc [ án nUv «sßahUbnIykmμ sRmabîar naM ecj CMnYs vij eday îarBüayam

beg ;It nUv «sßahkmμ eRcIn RbePT Edl Gac RbkYt RbECg CamYy RbeTs déT eTot enA elI BiPB elak án TaMg

KuNÔaB nig témø eday min Kit GMBI pl cMeNj én Bn§ elI TMnij naM ecj nig naM cUl eLIy...> yuT§sa®sþen¼

án pþl nUv eCaK C&y yag FMeFg dl RbeTs sigHburI ehIynig hugkug étvan RBmTaMg kUerxagt,Úg EdlCa

².kUnnaK.³ déTeTot pgEdr...> kñúg ry£ eBl mYy Tsvtßr_ en¼ FnaËar BiPBelak nig bBa esdæviTU ÔaK eRcInán snñidæan fa cMeBa¼ yuT§sa®s þ én îar GPivDÆ«sßahUbnIykmμ sRmab´ îar naMecj man }T§iBl xøaMg Cag

«sßahUbnIykmμ CMnYs îar naM cUl...> bu Ënþ Tsßn£ Ebb en¼ min Gac lak´ bMáMg El,g d¾ FM mYy Edl

RbeTssigHburI án elg TaMg Rbfuy Rbfan na Bak kBal Tsvtßr_ Ìña M 1960 eLIy...>dUecñ¼ enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1950 RbeTs sigHburI Edl hak´ dUc Ca RtÚv BYk kumμúy nisþ lak´ xøÜn mYyRkúm

Guk Lúk ral´ eBl ena¼ án eFVI [ bBa esdæviTU Edl Rbîan´ nUv Tsßn£ Ïas´ KMril nig skmμCn siT§i mnusßes¶Ic sresIr yäg xøaMg cMeBa¼ GRÈakMeNIn esdækic© d¾ KYr [ kt´ sm:al´ dl´ kRmitmYy Edl man GRÈa snßM

x<s´ bMput enA elI BiPB elak...> eK án ERb îøay val lic Twk Edl sm,Úr eday edIm eîag îag [ îøay Ca dI

sRmab GPivDÆn_ «sßahkmμ rIÉ dg vifI p;a eksrkUl án îøay Ca vifI lk TMnij d¾ man RbCa RbiyÔaB nig TMenIb

bMput...> mk Tl´ nwg Bak´ kBal Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 RbeTs sigHburI án îøay Ca RbeTs Eck Ïay eRKÓgbec©kviTüa d¾ FM mYy kñúg BiPBelak eday án plit nUv DIs (fas) pÞúkTinñn&y kñúg masIun kMuBüÚT&r RbEhl Cit

Bak´ kBal énplitpl TUTaMg BiPBelak...> mk Tl´ nwg cug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 RbeTs éf án sSit kñúg


cMNat fñak elx 4 enA kñúg TVIb GasIu (bnÞab BI RbeTs Cbun étvan nig kUer xagt,Úg) Ca RbeTs naM ecj nUv

plit pl tm,aj ehIy rk cMNUl án BI îar naM ecj semøókbMBak eRcIn Cag îar naM ecj Gg;r eBl mun.@ eTA

eTot...> RbeTs éf k¾ án ÏabépIþm naM ecj nUv rfynþ Fun tUc mäk mit s‘uy b‘Í sIu Lg´ s‘&r (Mitsubishi Lancer)

Edl temøIg enA kñúg RbeTs pÞal ehIy bþÚr eQμa¼ eTA Ca dUdC_ nig PøIemas xUlf_ (Dodge and Plymouth Colts)

vij (edIm,I eCos vag ráMg Bn§ Ky) eTA îan´ RbeTs îaNada enA Ìña M 1988...> kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970 nig

1980 RbeTs hVIúlIBIn án GPivDÆ nUv esdækic© naM ecj Epðk elI plitpl mYy cMnYn dUc Ca semøókbMBak´

esoKVI eGLicRtÚnic kñúg kMuBüÚT&r nig eRKÓgeGLicRtÚnikepßg.@ eTot...> en¼Caehtu bBal [ îar Îøak cu¼ nUvéfø dMNaM ksikmμ rbs xøÜn mYy cMnYn min Emn Ca eRËa¼ fñak GaRkkdUceBl mun bu¨nμan eLIy...>

enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 RbeTs maeLsIu RbEhl Ca RbeTsEdl man nUv TsßnIyÔaB «sßahkmμ

Ed l Tak´ Taj citþ bMput kñúg cMeNam RbeTs TaMg Gs´ eday man nUv GËar eTIs emXd¾ x<s´ bMput enA elI BiPB

elak...> TsßnIyÔaB sMNg pøÚv shB&n§ BI kMBg Ep kWLag eTA îan TIRkúg kULaLMaBYr sSit enA ÔaK xag lic én

«bTVIb maLayU án eFVI [ m®nþI GaNaniKm GgeKøs cMNas.@ ÔJak epðIl Ca xøaMg enA eBl Edl BYk eK RtLb mk

Tsßna mþg eTot bnÞab BI RbeTs maeLsIu TTYl án ÉkraCü BIr bI Tsvtßr_ knøgeTA...> eragcRk eGLic RtÚluc

édhat´suw nigmÜtUrÜLa (rYm CamYy nwg eragcRk Ekécñ mHÚb Gahar eragcRk eFVI eRsam sMbuRt erag cRk eFVI

rfynþ nig eragcRk eFVI smÖar£ RbB&n§Twk) na eBl bc©úb,nñ en¼ îøay Ca man sar£sMxan Cag vihar G‘isøam nig

cm;ar dUgeRbg mYy cMnYn Edl enA sl´ rbs´ RbeTs mäeLsIu eTA eTot...> mk Tl´ nwg cug stvtßr_ TI 20

RbeTs mäeLsIu án naM ecj eRKÓg GKþisnI nig TMnij eGLicRtÚnik man cMnYn eRcIn Cag Bak´ kBal én TMnijnaM ecj rbs´ xøÜn...> RbeTs mäeLsuI îøay Ca RbeTs naM ecj nUv mäsIun RtCak´ nig mäsIunÏak´ îaEst vIedG U

d¾ FM Cag eK enA elI BiPB elak...>

cMENk É RbeTs PUma evotNam km<úCa nig lav vij án sSit enA BI eRîay én erOg eCaKC&y TaMg Gs

en¼...> kñúg bribT tMbn bdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ epßg.@ rbs bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ án bBal [ man ÔaBxus Ëña yag eRcIn én îar rIk ceRmIn Edl min Îøab man BI mun kñúg cMeNam sg:m GasIuGaeKñy_TaMg Lay...> enA

edIm stvtßr_ TI 21 témø srub én îar naM ecj rbs´ RbeTs sigHburI man eRcIn Cag témø srub én îar naMecj

rbs RbeTs }QensIu cMnYn 2 dg nig esIμ nwg 3 dg ebI eRbóbeFob CamYy RbeTs hIúVlIBIn...> rIÉ témøsrub én îar naM ecj kñúg mYy ÌñaM.@ rbs RbeTs éf eRcIn Cag témø srub én îar naM ecj rbs RbeTsevotNam

esÞIr Et 5 dg...> bEnSm BI elI en¼ GayuCIvit Ca mFüm rbs RbCaCn maeLsIu KW 73 ÌñaM Evg Cag GayuCIvit

Ca mFüm rbs´ RbCaCn én RbeTskm<úCa Edl man Rtwm Et 54 ÌñaM ena¼...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1970 plitÔaB nig

kRmit CIvÔaB rbs bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMg Lay man ÔaB Rsedog Ëña eRcIn...>

KMrU rbs bUB’aRbeTs nig bs©im RbeTs

etI bdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ TaMg Gs en¼ án ekIt eLIg yag dUcemþc..? enA kñúg krNI mYy cMnYn ehtu GVI án Ca bdivtþn_


18 CMBUk TI .1

«sßahkmμ min GacekIt eLIg..? Gs´ ry£ eBl Ca yUr ÔaB GnÞ¼GEnÞg rbs´ bBa }sßr Cn GasIuGaeKñy_Edlcg´ seRmc [ án nUv «sßahkmμ TMenIb d¾ xøaMg mYy minGacTTYllT§pl Cak´ Esþg dUcEdl BYk eKcg´

án...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1957 esdæviTU }QensIu mhamat sadlI (Mohammad Sadli) án Tat eÏal nUv RTwsþI

sg:m Edl man RbB&n§ esdækic© BIr yag Edl min Gac pþac ecj BI Ëña án rbs elak sa®sþaÏarü bU‘k eday

G¼Gag fa RTwsþI ena¼ án bgHaj GMBI nirnþrÔaB GaNaniKmniym rbs´ BYkbs©im RbeTs ehIy fa Ëμan ehtu

pl Na mYy Edl bgHaj fa RbeTs }QensIu min Gac îøay eTA Ca RbeTs «sßahkmμ án ena¼ eT...> enA kñúgÌñaM 1965 mun eBl Edl elak RbÎanaFibtI s‘UîarNU RtÚv eK beBj ecj BI tMENg Ëat´ án bk RsaybEnSm GMBI bBHaaen¼...> Ëat´ án Eføg Ráb´ eTA dl´ RbCaBl rdæ }QensIu fa bBa esoveÔA esdæ kic© rbs´bs©im RbeTs RKb´ RbePT min Emn Ca k,Ün c,ab´ d¾ lð }t ex©a¼ ena¼ eT ehIy cMeBa¼ îar eFVI bdivtþn_ Cati dUc

}QensIu CaedIm min Gac vas´ Evg án Èam sþg´dar esoveÔA Na mYy án eT ².eTa¼ bI Ca esov eÔA ena¼ ánniBn§ eday sa®sþaÏarü k,al TMEBk mk BI saklviTüal&y GkßhV‘d (Oxford University) ¦ sakl viTüal&y

XrEnlø (Cornell University) k¾ eday.³...>

cMeBa¼ bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_TaMg Lay Edl xV¼ îar GtFμt kñúg îarGPivDÆ na Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1950 nig1960 ena¼ esdækic© Ebb Epn îar RbmUlpþMú RTg RTay FM rbs shÔaB sUevot nig RbeTscin kumμúynIsþ hak

dUc Ca CeRmIs fIμ mYy d¾ sm ehtu pl edIm,I CMnYs esdækic© Ebb mUlFn Edl gay Îøak´ cu¼ dun dab rbs´ bBaRbeTs Edl Îøab án dak GaNaniKm mk elI bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMgena¼...> eRîay sm&y GaNaniKmshÔaB sUevot án CMruj bBa RbeTsGasIuGaeKñy_ [ eCO Cak fa shRËas ÉkCn nig TIpßar esrI min CabTak Tg nwg suxumalÔaB Cati eT ehIy CnCati cin nig }Na Edl Ca Gñk îan îab nUv BaNiC¢kmμ ÔaK eRcIn enAkñúg tMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_ ena¼ min KYr rab´rk eT...> cMNg´ cg´ îøay Ca rdæ sg:mniym KMrU man lkçN£ xus Ëña BI

RbeTs mYy eTA RbeTs mYy...> vNÑ£ bBaØvnþ rbs RbeTs }QensIu Edl ekIt eLIg eday sar GaNaniKmhULg´ ena¼ KW kUn rbs´ GPiál ¦ k¾ kUn rbs´ RKÚsasna G‘isøam ehIy BYk eK man Tsßn£ ËaMRT cMeBa¼ îar

RKb´RKg esdækic© nig emIl gay cMeBa¼ rbb mUlFn niym Edl BYk eK Kit fa ².manlkçN£ breTs.³ ¦ Ca

².GMeBIáb.³ ena¼ sSit enA Cab´ CamYy nwg CIvRbvtþi RKÜsar rbs BYk eK Canic©...> CnCati hVIúlIBIn Edl sSit kñúg

vNÑ£ x<s.@ ehIy Edl Rkúm RKÜsar rbs BYk eK man cMNUlcitþ eFIV CMnYj elI vis&yksikmμ ena¼ minman cMNab Gar-

mμN_ cMeBa¼ Tsßn£rdæ sg:mniym eLIy...>

man Et RbeTs evotNam Edl Ca rdækumμúynIsþ mYy Kt enA kñúg tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ án Gnuvtþ Èam TaMg

Rsúg nUv subin esdækic© Ebb sUevot...> edIm,I Gnuvtþ dUc en¼ RbeTsevotNam án eFIV xøÜn [ Xøat Ì¶ay Gs´

ry£ eBl yag yUr BI bdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ d¾ man eCaKC&y rbs RbeTs ÉeTot enA tMbnen¼...> cMeBa¼ emdwk naM

kumμúynIsþ evotNam enA rvag ÌñaM 1954 nig ÌñaM 1986 Bakü fa ².sg:mniym.³ man n&y fa «sßahkmμ

Fun F¶n RTg RTay FM Edl RKb RKg eday rdæ...> TRmgén KeRmag «sßahkmμ Ebb en¼ man dUc Ca sMNg GËar

erag cRk eFVI Edk nig Edk Efb fa y egVón (Thái Nguyên) Edl eK án sag sg´ eLIg enA kñúg ÌñaM 1960 Ca


edIm...> saÎar N Cn evotNam man îar yl dwg tic tYc Nas GMBI KeRmag en¼ buEnþ KeRmag en¼ RtÚv cMNay

edIm Tun esμI eTA nwg Tinñpl RsÚv TaMg Gs kñúg ry£ eBl mYy ÌñaM rbs RbeTs en¼ edIm,I ksag nUv sMNg eragcRk

en¼ eLIg...> Èam Bit KeRmag en¼ hYs BI lT§ÔaB rbs RbeTs evotNam eTA eTot Et án RbeTs rusßIú nig

RbeTs cin CYy pþlCa CMnYy kñúg îar cMNay eTA elI îar sagsg...> eday sar Et îardwk naMxus ÈamTsßn£

².Bwg elI xøÜn Ég.³ rbssþalIn nig edaysarEt îar beg;In îar BwgBak eTA elI CMnYy BI bBa RbeTs kumμúynIsþena¼ Gñk îariyalyaFibetyü Rkúg haNUy án bgHaj cMNab GarmμN_ tictYc elI vis&y BaNiC¢kmμ GnþrCati

nig îar BRgIk nUv îar naM ecj eTa¼bI RbeTs en¼ enA Et RtÚvîar cMNay yageRcIn eTA elI TMnij naM cUl k¾ eday...>

Ca mYy Ëña en¼ Gñk niBn§ Rbelamelak evotNam Ca eRcIn án beRmI [ kþI Ráfña rbs´ shÔaB sUevot eday

án eá¼Bum< nUv Rbelam elak TakTg eTA nwg CIvit vNÑ£ GFn man dUc Ca Rbelamelak kmμkrEr niBn§ eday

evä h‘VI twm (Võ Huy Tâm) ¦ Rbelamelak sIumgt_ niBn§ eday hV‘I epOg (Huy Ph#jng) kñúg eËalbMNg

edIm,I sEmþg esc kþI Gb Gr cMeBa¼ ².RbCaCnfμI.³ Edl evotNam cg án...> en¼ KW Ca îar xitxM Rbwg ERbg mYy

d¾ KYr [ kt sm:al edIm,I CMruj tfÔaB esdækic© GasIuGaeKñy_ [ dUc eTA nwg tfÔaB rbs CIvit kmμkr enA kñúg TVIb

GWrüb xag ekIt...>

eTa¼ Ca yäg Na k¾ eday RbeTs en¼ enA man bBaHa lMák ess sl´ mYy cMnYn...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1980

RbeTs evotNam man Rák´ cMNUl Ca mFüm sRmab mnusß mñak´.@ min eRcIn Cag mYy ÔaK db´ ebI eRbób eFob

eTA nwg Rák cMNUl Ca mFüm sRmab mnusß mñak.@ enA kñúg RbeTs b‘ulîarI nig rUmanI na ÌñaM 1960 pg...> eTa¼

bI Ca bBHaa en¼ bBal mk BI s®g:am d¾ sahav CamYy nwg áraMg nig shrdæGaemrik k¾ eday k¾ menaKmviC¢a rbsrdæ evotNam án eFIV dMeNIr elI pøÚv mYy gak ecj BI Rbvtþisa®sþ rbs xøÜn nig BI bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ déTeTot...> mk Tl´ nwg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 RbeTs evotNamán xit xM lk´ kmøaMg Blkmμ Edl Ëμan îargar eFVI

rab Esn nak rbs xøÜn eTA [ bBa RbeTs nana enA kñúg bøúk sUevot...> Blkr TaMgena¼ RtÚv án bBa¢Ún [ eTAeFVI îar enA kñúg GIg Er na bBa RbeTs GWrub xag ekIt nig eragcRk eFVI rfynþ enA kñúg shÔaB sUevot...> kñúgdMNak´ îal ena¼ em dwk naM evotNam TaMg Lay án Ïab´ epþIm yl´ îan´ Et c,as´ fa RbeTs mha GMNac enA

Cit xag xøÜn Edl ecj dMeNIr mun Ca eRcIn ÌñaM ena¼ man eRbób elI xøÜn rYc eTA ehIy...> kñúg ÌñaM 1957 elak emA

es Tug án dwk naM RbeTs cin eday Gnuvtþ nUv KMrU esdækic© TMenIbkmμ Èam Tsßn£ d¾ Ïas KMril rbs sþalIn ehIy

án ebþCJa fa RbeTs cin nwg yk Qñ¼ elI plitkmμ Edk Efb GgeKøs Et kñúg ry£ eBl 15 ÌñaM eTot bueNÑa¼...>

cMENkÉ RbeTs Cbunvij k¾ án dak eRbI nUv c,ab Biess mYy [ Gnuvtþ Ca bnÞan nUv KeRmag GPivDÆn_ «sßahkmμ

eGLicRtÚnik fñak Cati rbs xøÜn...> ÌñaM 1991 Ca ÌñaM Edl shÔaB sUevot án dYl rlM...> Rkúg haNUy man îar

yWt yäv kñúg îar erob cM xøÜ n edIm,I TTYl yk dMbUnμan rbs´ RbeTs Cbün Edl rYm manKeRmag mits‘uyb‘ÍsIu

sRmabbeg;It nUv «sßahkmμ rfynþ rbs RbeTs evotNam CaedIm...>

eyIg eXIj fa eCaKC&y én îar eFVI bdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ rbs bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ eRîay sm&yGaNaniKm Bit Ca min Gac elc ecj Ca rUbrag án eT Rbsin ebI Ëμan RbeTsCbun ena¼ krNI en¼ elIk Elg


20 CMBUk TI .1

cMeBa¼RbeTs evotNam...> îar eQVg yl rbs bBa RbeTs GasIu GaeKñy_fa }Ti§Bl rbs RbeTs Cbun GacCYy [ BYk eK rwg maM án ena¼ án Ïab epþIm enA cug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1890 KW enA eBl Edl Gñk bdivtþ hVIúlIBInCa eRcIn

rUb án esñI [ CbünCYy eRCam ERCg BYk eK kñúg îar ts‘U RbÌaMg eTA nwg RbeTs eGs,äj nig shrdæ Gaemrik...>

Tsßnvis&y dUc en¼ Ïab rIk say Ôay ÈaMg BI eBl Edl Cbun ykán C&y Cmñ¼ elI RbeTs rusßIú enA kñúg ÌñaM 1905

mk emø¼...> }riyabf Qøan Ban rbs Cbun mk elI TVIb GasIu rvag ÌñaM 1931 nig 1945 án bBal [ man RbtikmμRbÌaMg tbt BI sMNak bBa RbCaBlrdæ GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMg Lay Ca eRcIn Edl P&y xøac...> buEnþ Ïab ÈaMg BI eBlena¼ mk eK enAeXIj man nUvÔaBzitefrrbs RTwsþI esdækic© mYy rbs esdæviTU Gaîamatsuw îaNamui (Akamatsu

Kaname) Edl fa îar TamTar rYm Ëña mYy rbs´ bBa RbeTs GasIu TaMg Lay edIm,I TMenIbkmμ ena¼ KW eRbóbdUc eTA nwg îar eha¼ ehIr rbs stV î¶an 1 hVÚg G‘Icwg...> RbeTs Cbun Edl hak dUc Ca emhVÚg ena¼ án eFIV [

RbeTs rbs xøÜn îøay Ca RbeTs «sßahkmμ mun eK bgðs ehIy Tuk [ bBa RbeTs GasIu epßg.@ eTot eha¼enA BI eRîay xøÜn kñúg TRmg´ Ca rUbÔaB eday pþl´ [ bBa RbeTs GasIu TaMgena¼ nUv bec©kviTüa epßg.@ EdlxøÜn Îøab án TTYl eCaKC&y rYc mk ehI y nig «sßahkmμ hYs sm&y TaMg Lay Na Edl Ëμan lkçN sm,tþi kñúg

îar RbkYt RbECg teTA eTot án...>

enA Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1960 bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_TaMg Lay suT§ Et án yl´ dwg fa }Ti§Bl Tak´Tajrbs´ Cbün án Epðk elI KMnit mYy Edl fa RbeTs en¼ án rk eXIj nUv KMrU mYy én îar GPivDÆ esdækic© edIm,I

yk eRbób elI esdækic© TIpßar esrI Ebb buK:l niym rbs´ shrdæGaemrik nig RbB&n§ RKb´ RKg esdækic© d¾ rwg

tðwg nig Ëμan îar eqøIy tb Èam tRmÚv îar rbs RbCaBl rdæ én shÔaB sUevot...> kñúg n&y neyaáy KMrU én îar

GPivDÆ esdækic© Ebb en¼ man lkçN£ RbCaFibetyü Et rUbrag xag eRîA bueNÑa¼ Et Èam Îatu Bit KMrU en¼ man

lkçN£pþac´îar eTA vij...> kñúg ena¼ eK eXIj man KNbkß neyaáy mYy Et büeNÑa¼ Edl án RKb´RKg

RbeTs Cbun Gs ry£ eBl Ca eRcIn Tsvtßr_ KW Ïab ÈaMg BI ÌñaM 1955 mk...> kñúg n&y esdækic© vij KMrU en¼ án

bgHaj [ eXIj BI îar TTYl yk nig îar Ek lMG bec©kviTüa TMenIb x<s´ rbs´ bBa RbeTs enA TVIb GWrüb nigshrdæGaemrik eTA vij...> eK án beg;It mäsIun kMuBüÚT&r eLIg dMbUg bgðs´ enA É bs©im RbeTs büEnþ va Ca KMnit

rbs´ CnCati Cbu¨n ÉeNa¼ vij eT Edl EsVg rk T I pßar án lð bMput sRmab´mäsIun kMuBüÚT&r TaMgena¼ nig án

beg;It [ man Bakü mYy ehA fa ².sg:m B&t’man.³ eLIg...>

Gs ry£ eBl d¾ yUr bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy__ TaMg Lay min Gac eFIV [ RbB&n§ esdækic© rbs xøÜn [ dUceTA nwg RbB&n§ esdækic© rbs´ RbeTs Cbün ¦ dUc eTA nwg GVI Edl bBa RbeTs Gs´ TaMg ena¼ rMBwg Tuk eLIy...>buEnþ BYk eK enA Et TTYl s:al Cbun fa Ca RbeTs Edl TTYl án eCaKC&y d¾ Gs©arü mYy enA GasIu...> enA kñúg

ÌñaM 1974 Gñk CMnaj xag yuT§sa®sþ edad yUs‘UhV (Daud Jusuf) án esñI [ man îar beg;It nUv ²RbeTs

}QensIu Ebb Rkúm hu‘n.³ eday sgÇwm fa nwg Gac TTYl án nUv eCaKC&y sRmab´ GnaKt én esdækic© rbs´xøÜn enA elI mUldæan én Gg:ÔaB BaNiC¢kmμ Cati RTgRTay FM eRîam kic© shRbtibtþiîar d¾ sðit lμÜt kñúg cMeNam Gñk

neyaáy Gñk îariyalyaFibetyü Gñkbec©îaFibetyü nig shRKin TaMg Lay...> RbeTs Cbün Bit


Ca Gñk ËaMRT KMnit enA BI eRîay sMeNI en¼...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1982 elak nayk rdæm®nþI mäeLsIu mhaeFor

mhamat án beg;ItnUv kmμ viFI ².îar smøwg eÌ<a¼ eTA Tis xag ekIt.³ eLIg Edl eFVI [ eyIg nwk eTA dl ².clna

eTA Tis xag ekIt.³ rbs´Gñk Cati niym evotNam eTA sikßa enA Cbün kñúg ÌñaM 1905...> naykrdæm®nIþ mñak´ en¼

án eFIV îar G¼ Gag fa KuNtémø rbs´ CnCati Cbün man lkçN£ Rsedog eTA nwg Rkm sIlFm’ Edl CnCati

maeLsIu man ¦ ².bRmúg nwg man.³...> enA sm&y eRîay GaNaniKm bBa RbeTs GasIu GaeKñy_ TaMg Lay ányk KMrU Èam rUbÔaBd¾ lð RbéB én témø îargar Ca shKm n_ Ca Biess dUc Ca îar shîar d¾ mut maM kñúg îargar Ca

Rkúm TMnak TMng d¾sðit lμÜt nig ÔaB esμa¼s&μRK cMeBa¼ Rkúm...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1994 KN£kmμîar sRmab TVIb GasIu

fμI mYy Edl man TI Ïat´îar enA RbeTs mäeLsIu án elIk eLIg fa RKÜsar nig bg bðÚn Edl Ca ².TIsñak´

GaRs&y d¾ Bisidæ.³ RtÚv ánbMpøaj eday Tsßn£ buK:l niym rbs bs©im RbeTs...> GK:rdæTUt sigHburI mñak eQμa¼

elak fmμI kUh_ (Tommy Koh) án beBa©j eyabl´ fa eBl en¼ Ca eBlsRmab´ bs©im RbeTs eron sURt BI

bUB’a RbeTs nUv îar eËarB siT§i GMNac nig kic© RBm eRBóg kñúg îar eFVI esckþI seRmc citþ ehIy...>

îar sEmþg eLIg nUvîarpøas bþÚr lT§ÔaB Rbkb eday lkçN£ suTidæiniym cMeBa¼ KuNtémø rbs GasIu án

eFIV eLIg eday Epðk Ca mUldæan elI bT BiesaFn_ Ca Rbvtþisa®sþrbs RbeTs Cbun Edl man dUcCa kMeNIn RbCa

Cn tic raCîar man RbsiT§ÔaB nig sV&yÔaB GRÈa snßM kñúg Rsúkx<s nig îar îarBar rbs shrdæ Gaemrik kñúg

sm&y s®g:a m RtCak...> kÈþa TaMg en¼ CYy RbeTs Cbun [ epþat elI îar GPivDÆ esdækic© Ca Cag îar cMNay eTA

elI vis&y eyaÎa...> eTa¼ mun eBl Edl esdækic © rbs´ RbeTs Cbün án rIk ceRmIn dl´ kRmitkMBUl enA kñúg

Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 k¾ eday RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ xø¼ án dwg yäg c,as´ BI dMeNIr îarrIk ceRmIn en¼...> enA

kñúg ÌñaM 1988 rdæm®nþI RksYg «sßahkmμ }QensIu Ga ¿ EG‘r ¿ sU‘hU‘d (A. R. Soehoed) án tðÚjEtðr fa RbeTs

}QensIu min Gac Èam Tan´ î¶an naM mux Cbün ena¼ án e T ebI }QensIu RËan Et ehIr Èam lMnaM rbs´ Cbün ena¼...>sSanÔaB en¼ min Emn mk BI Rbîar Edl fa RbeTs }QensIu Ëμan nUv buK:lik edIm,I Ïat´ Ecg kic©îar RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ Edl yk lMnaM Èam RbeTs Cbun ena¼ eT buEnþ bBaHa cm,g KW enA Rtg fa Rbvtþisa®sþ TaMg mUl rbs

RbeTs }QensIu Edl Ca RbeTs man Cati sasn_ cRmú¼ RBm TaMg man nUv Edn smuRT Evg ena¼ gay TTYl rgnUv }T§iBl GriyFm’ epßg.@ Edl bg; îar lMák dl RbeTs }QensIu...> sSanÔaB en¼ xus BI RbeTs Cbun Edlgay RKb RKg TMnak TMng rbs xøÜn CamYy nwg bBa RbeTs nana...> rI É Gñk RáCJ hVIúlIBIn Ca eRcIn man îar RBÜyármÖ fa îar eËarB GMNac fñak elI xøaMg eBk Èam rebob Cbun nwg eFVI [ îar RKb RKg Ebb pþacîar d¾ Buk rlYy

rbs´ RbÎanaFibtI ehVrDINg´ mär kUs (Ferdinand Marcos) îøay mk Ca RtwmRtÚv Rsb c,ab´ vij...> enA Bak´

kBal Tsvtßr_TI 1990 Gñk CMnaj evotNam Edlrs enA kñúg RbeTs mYy Edl Rb îan yk nUv lT§i xugCW ÈaMgBI yUr lg Nas mk ehIy ena¼ án sresr GMBI ÔaB rwgbwug rbs CnCati Cbun eday qøú¼bBa©aMgfa lT§i xugCW rbs

Cbun man lkçN£ xus BI eK eday sg;t F¶n elI niym n&y én ÔaB esμa¼ sμ&RK xøaMg Cag RbeTs déT eTot Edl

Gnuvtþ Èam lT§i dUc Ëña en¼...>

kÈþa Edl min Gac eFIV [ RbeTs Cbün pþac´ ecj BI dMeNIr eFVI bdivtþn_«sßahkmμ rbs´ GasIuGaeKñy_ KW

CMnYy GPivDÆn_ nig îar vinieyaK...> eyag eTA elI îar Kn´KUr mYy CMnYy rbs´ RbeTs Cbün man BI 15.% eTA


22 CMBUk TI .1

20.% én îar cMNay fviîa rbs´ RbeTs nImYy.@ esIÞr Et TaMg Gs´ enA kñúg GasIu GaeKñy_ enAcug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM

1980...> enA GMLúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 nig 1990 RbeTs Cbün k¾ Ca RbeTs vini eyaK breTs naMmux eK Edr

enA kñúg tMbn en¼...> îar vinieyaK rbs Cbun man TRmg Ca shRËas sm<&n§ GaCIvkmμ CamYy RbeTs m©as Rsúkkñúg

tMbn´ ehIy éd KU vinieyaK ÔaKeRcIn KWCa smaCik rbs´ Rkúm vrCn esdækic©...> ebI Âän´ RbmaN eTA enA cug

Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970 éd KU vinieyaK CnCatihVIúlIBIn rbs RbeTs Cbun enA kñúg shRËas sm<&n§ GaCIvkmμ Cbun -

hVIúlIBIn cMnYn 77 man 46 ecj mk BI RKÜsar hIúVlIBIn Edl manzan£ x<g x<g...> éd KU vinieyaK kñúg Rsúkrbs

Rkúmh‘unBhuCati Cbun KWGac Ca rdæaPiál rbs bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ pÞal Et mþg...> Rkúmh‘un mits‘uyb‘ÍsIuán p:t´p:g´ nUv eRKÓg rfynþ nig k,Ün rcna mU¨t CaeRcIn dl´ îar plit rfynþ mäk RbÚtun sah:a (Proton Saga)

eRîam îar CYy «btSmÖ plit eday rdæaPiál mäeLsIu...> dUc Edl CnCati Cbün mYy cMnYn án ri¼Kn´ xøÜnÉg

plitkr Cbun án eFVI vinieyaK kñúg tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ eday man bMNg cg beg;It esdækic© tMbnmYy Edl man

îar Ebg Eck vNÑ£ Et büeNÑa¼...> kñúg ena¼ rcnasm<&n§ Rák´ QñÜl eTV ÔaK Ebb RbéBNI Îøab´ án Gnuvtþ kñúg

RbeTs Cbun Edl án kMNt fa kmμkr Na Edl eFVIîar enA kñúg erag cRk «sßahkmμ FM.@ ehIy man îar erob

cM Ïat´ Ecg án lð ena¼ nwg Gac TTYl án Rák´ QñÜl eRcIn ehIy kmμkr Na eFVIîar enA kñúg eragcRk emÄ bnþ

nig Ëμan îar erob cM Ïat Ecg án lð ena¼ nwg TTYl án Rák QñÜl tic ena¼ RtÚv án sayÔay mkTisxagt,Úg

eday kñúg ena¼ tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ man zan£ Ca Gñk emA îar bnþ d¾ efak Tab bMput...> Rbsin ebI bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMg Lay Na eFVI Rtwm Et Ca Gñk emAîar bnþ rbs Cbun ena¼ î¶an TaMgLay Edl ehIr BI eRîay Rákd

Ca RtÚv îar cMNay ry£ eBl yag yUr edIm,I Èam [ Tan emhVÚg rbs va...>

eTa¼ Ca yag Na k¾ eday TMnak TMng Cit sñiT§ rvag tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_eTA nwg RbeTs Cbun enA Et Biák

Bnül´ fa etI ehtu GIV án Ca bnÞab´ BI TTYl án ÉkraCü mk bBa RbeTsGasIu GaeKñy_mYy cMnYn Gac manlT§ÔaB eFVI GVI mYy án Edl bBa RbeTs enA TVIb Ga ®hVúic nig mCÄimbUB’a min Gac eFVI án...> «TahrN_ dUc Caîar eron plitrfynþ nig esoKVI kMuTüÚT&r edIm,I lk ecj eTA îan bs©im RbeTs CaedIm...> GaNaniKm niym bs©im

RbeTs án bnßl Tuk nUv BYk vrCn sMxan.@ mYy cMnYn tUc enA kñúg bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl BYk TaMg ena¼man KMnit écñ RbDit x<s RbesIr Cag ebI eRbób eFob CamYy nwg BYk vr Cn enA Ga®hVúik Gaemrik LaTIn nig mCÄim-

bUB’a...> kÈþa TaMg en¼ kMBug Et RtÚv án eK RsavRCav bnþ eTot...> eRîA BI skmμÔaB RbÌaMg nwg GaNaniKniym vij

bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_TaMgLay k¾ man GarmμN_ fa xøÜn RtÚv án KMram kMEhg eday Rkúm b¼eár kumμúynIsþEdl Ca eRËa¼ fñak mYy yag FM enA kñúg tMbnGasIuGaeKñy_ Cag enA tMbnGa®hViúk ¦enA GaemrikLaTIn eTAeTot...>

BYk eK k¾ man îar ármÖ pg Edr cMeBa¼ îar RbQm mux eTA nwg îar KMram kMEhg rbs Gñk neyaáy én bBa RbeTsGasIuGaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn dUc Ca BYk Exμr Rkhm Edl án bMpøaj eÏal nUv ral sSab&n TMenIb epßg.@ dUc Ca FnaËar

nig rUbiyvtSú CaedIm...> BYk vrCnTaMgena¼ KW Ca Gñk îan´ GMNac edIm,I ksag esdækic© rYm sRmab´ GnaKt...>

BYkeKán Rbfuy Rbfan GnaKt rbs xøÜn eday Gnuvtþ nUv rbb esdækic© Edl rYm man îar beg;In nUv îar naMecj nig

shRËas ÉkCn CaedIm...> mha GMNac shrdæ Gaemrik án rYm cMENk CamYy nwg kgVl´ rbs´ bBa RbeTs


GasIu GaeKñy_ TaMg ena¼ min án eFIV[ b¨¼Bal´ dl´ RbeyaCn_rbs´ BYk eK eLIy eRBa¼ bBa RbeTs TaMg en¼ k¾sV¼EsVg rk mUlFn vinieyaK nig TIpßar sRmab´ naM ecj plitpl Edr...> emdwk naM bBa RbeTs TaMg ena¼ ÔaKeRcIn RtÚv án Gñk makß niym ehA fa ².KhbtIkñúg sm&y GaNaniKm.³...> Gñk TaMg ena¼ án TTYl esrIÔaB nig

GMNac Ôøam.@ eRîay sm&y GaNaniKm ehIy BYk eK Ca tYGg: neyaáy d¾ sMxan.@ rbs RbeTs TaMg ena¼...>

Gñk neyaáy sMxan.@ TaMg ena¼ man ÈaMg BI elak lI îVanyU (Lee Kuan Yew) naykrdæm®nþI RbeTs sigHburI

ÏabBI ÌñaM 1959 dl 1990 nig elak mhaeFor mhamat naykrdæm®nþI RbeTs maeLsIu ÏabBI ÌñaM 1981

dl 2003 rhUt dlbBa esdæviTU }QensIu Edl RtÚv án eK dak rhsßnam kñúg n&y cMGk fa ².smaKmCnGn§Balsm¶at bÅreXøy_ (Berkeley Mafia).³ eday sar Et BYk eK Îøaberon enA É sakl viTüal&y îalI hV‘reno...>

eRîay sm&y GaNaniKm bniþc KW kñúg ÌñaM 1955 man îar CECk EvkEjk d¾ l,I mYy enA É sakl viTüal&y

én RbeTs }QensIu edIm,I beg;It [ man nUv Bakü fa ².ts‘U.³ Ca fμI eLIg...> îar CECk Evk Ejk ena¼ cg sMedAeTA elI RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_BIr yag Edl kMBug Et rk îar kekIt eLIg...> GtIt nayk rdæm®nþI}QensIu elakvILÚbU ¨ (Wilopo) án ef;al eTas Tsßn£ esdækic© esrI niym rbs´ bs©im RbeTs fa va bBal [ man nUv îarekg Rbv&Ba©Rsb c,ab nig man Kmøat xus Ëña yag FM enA kñúg îar Eck rMElk Fn Îan...> Ëat án G¼Gag fa lT§pl

d¾ GaRkk´ én Tsßn£ en¼ án eFVI [ xUc RbeyaCn_ dl´ bBa RbeTs GasIu TaMg Lay Na Edl Îøab´ TTYl rg nUvGaNaniKm eRcIn Cag îar xUc RbeyaCn_ rbs bs©im RbeTs...> elak vId yU¨ yU¨ nIti sa®.sþÚ (Widjojo Nitisastro)

Edl Ca kUn Rbús mYy rUb kñúg RKÜsar rbs RKÚbeRgón CnCati CVa nig Ca nisßit Edl án yk GavuF RbÌaMg BYk GgeKøs

nig hULg mun eBl Edl RbeTs }QensIu TTYl án ÉkraCü ena¼ án benÞas elak vILÚbU fa minán KitKUrBI ÔaB ÏaM ác kñúg îar beg;It nig îar EbgEck FnÎan...> elak vIdyUyU án rMlwk elak vILÚbU¨ fa ².shRËas

esrI.³ KW man rYm TaMg m©as dI Edl Ca ksikr tUcÈac nig Rkúmh‘un eRbgsaMg Esl rUyaldacq_ (Royal Dutch

Shell)...> Ëat elIk eLIg eTotGMBI lT§ÔaB én îar begI;t RbB&n§ esdækic© Edl ².RbÌaMg nwg RbB&n§ esdækic©esrI.³

Edl kñúg ena¼ ynþîar témø Gac eqøIy tb eTA nwg îar RKbRKg rbs rdæ Edl rvl nwg RbCase®g:a¼...>

TRmg´esdækic© esrI niym Edl min yk lMnaM Èam bsi©m RbeTs enA kñúg RbeTs Cb¨un nig kUer¨ xagt,Úg

ehIy nig ÔaB vwkvr nig eRËa¼ TurÖikß Edl án b¼Bal dl RbeTs cin enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1960 edaysar Etrbb

kumμúynIsþ pþacîar rbs elak emA esTug án eFIV [ Tsßn£ rbs elak vIdyUyU¨ sIþ BI GasIuGaeKñy_ án TTYl

îar ËaM RT eRcIn...> sUm,I Et Gñk dak ecj nUv eËal neyaáy én bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_mYy cMnYn dUcCa GñkeRbI GMNac pþacîar Ebb eyaÎa rbs RbeTs éf kñúg GMLúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1960 nig 1970 k¾ án pøas bþÚr nUv eËal

neyaáy rbs rdæaPiál GaNtþi mun.@ ehIy ÏabepþIm TTYl sVaKmn_îar vinieyaK «sßahkmμ BI breTs Edr...>

BYkeK án GnuBaØat [ man nUvkÈþa GaTiÔaB mYy cMnYn dUc Ca siT§i îan îab ÔaKh‘un FM îar min yk Bn§ elI Rák cMeNj

rbs saCIvkmμ TaMgLay Na Edl eTIb ebIk dMeNIrîar dMbUg îar elIkElg Bn§ cMeBa¼ îar naM cUl nUv erag cRk BI

breTs nig îar GnuBaØat [ Gñkbec©keTsbreTs cUl kñúg RbeTs edayesrI kñúg kRmit lμm...>


24 CMBUk TI .1

îar cUlrYmcMENkrbsCnCaticinrsénAtMbnGasIuGaeKñy__

eRîA BI Rkúm Gñk îan´ GMNac Edl man smtSÔaB RKb´RËan´ mYy Rkúm tUc eyIg sm:al´ eXIj fa bBa RbeTsGasIu GaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn Edl án îøay eTA Ca RbeTs «sßahkmμ d¾ man eCaKC&y enA kñ úg sm&y eRîay

GaNaniKm ena¼ man nUv FnÎan mYy epßg eTot...> ena¼ K W Ca Rkúm Cn Cati ÔaK tic Edl man KMnit écñ RbDit Epñk

esdækic©...> Rbvtþi sa®sþ án sbBa¢ak mþg ehIy mþg eTot GMBI sar£ sMxan rbs Rkúm mnusß ÔaK tic eBar eBj

eday KMnit écñ RbDit TaMgena¼...> BYkeK RtÚv án eK raraMg min [ man eRbób elI TegVIepßg.@ rbs´ sg:m Edl

BYk eK rs´ enA...> «TahrN_ d¾ l,I mYy KW hirBaØaFiîarI CnCati CVIhV enA GWrüb na mCÄim sm&y Edl CaFmμÈa

Rbkb mux rbr rk sIu cg îar Rák´ enA kñúg sg:m RKisþ sasna TaMgLay Edl Ïat´ Tuk îar cg îar Rák´ dUc Ca

ábkmμ...> BYk îan sasna RKisþ Etg Et dk hUt CnCati CVIhV ecj BI skmμÔaB neyaáy ¦ skmμÔaB eyaÎa

rbs Rkúm vrCn...> eday ehtu en¼ BYk CIVhV RtÚv Et ÈaMg citþ beg;In nUv TMnakTMng Epðk elI CMenO Tuk citþ Ëña rvag

CnCati CIVhV dUc Ëña edIm,I Ca meFüaáy mYy sRmabeda¼Rsay bBaHa CamYy nwg Cn Cati ÔaK eRcIn Edl Etg Et

eRbIRás nigekg Rbv&Ba© elI BYk eK...> enA kñúg tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ tYnaTI en¼ KW tRmÚv eTA elI CnCatii cin ehIy

kñúg cMeNam BYk en¼ eyIg man nay Tun kñúg Rsúkd¾ l,Il,aj Ca eRcIn Edl án bgHaj xøÜn eLIg enA kñúg sm&y

eRîay GaNaniKm...> TsßnavdþI hVbs_ maîahßúIn (Forbes Magazine) án ÂanRbmaN enA kñúg ÌñaM 1994 fa

mhaesdæI GasIuGaeKñy_Edl man CabÉxß RsLay cin man cMnYn 86.% kñúg cMeNam mhaesdæI GasIu GaeKñy_

TaMgGs...> Èam Bit enA mun ÌñaM 1986 bunμan ÌñaM cug eRîay én rbb sg:m niym Ebb sþalIn niym rvag ÌñaM 1975

nig 1980 mUlehtu mYy ÔaK én eRËa¼ mhnþray esdækic© Edl án ekIt eLIg enA kñúg RbeTs evotNam KW

bBal mk BI îarbeBj Gñk CMnYj Cn Cati cin d¾ eRcIn...> man mUl ehtu Ca eRcIn Edl naM [ Cati sasn_ cin îøay Ca Gñkman tYnaTI sMxan´kñúg îar eFIV [ man bERm

bRmÜl kñúg esdækic© GasIuGaeKñy_...> îar ÈaMg citþ seRmc eËal edA smUhÔaB d¾ rwg maM mYy KW Ca mUlehtu mYy

kñúg cMeNam mUl ehtu Gs TaMg ena¼...> CnGenþaRbevsn_ cin mk BI extþ hukekon nig îVagTug án eFVI dMeNIr

mk EsVg rk CIvÔaB rs´ enA RbesIr Cag mun enA kñúg tMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_na stvtßr_ TI 19 nig edIm stvtßr_ TI

20...> BYk eK ÔaK eRcIn KW Ca ksikr ehIy Gac Ca RbCaBlrdæ RkI Rk buEnþ eday sar BYk eK man citþ ema¼ mut

kñúg îar eFVI GenþaRbevsn_ nig man CMnaj Epñk shRËas pg ena¼ án eFVI [ BYk eK man eRbób elI Gñk Cit xag

rbs´ BYk eK Edl min Ïak ecj BI Rsúk cin...> enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 m©as´ Rkúmh‘un ksiBaNiC¢kmμ FM Cag

eK mYy enA kñúg RbeTs éf elak Fni®nÞ ecorvn®nÞ (Dnindrà ecIyrvnndrà Dhanin Chiaravanont) Canaykén

shRËas ².ceRmIn eÔaK P&N.³ {ecriY oBq B&N#à Charoen Pokphand) man edIm kMeNIt BI ]Buk Edl Ca Cn

GenþaRbevsn_ cin etoCIv Edl Îøab´ Ca m©as´ hag d¾ tUc mYy xag GaCIvkmμ naM cUl nUv RËab´ BUC BI Rsúkcin nig naM

ecj vij nUv s‘ut BI Rsúk éf îal BITsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1920...>

lT§i xugCW Edl Ca RbB&n§ CMenO buraN mYy Ecg BI îar RKb´RKg Èam zananuRkm Rsb Èam pøÚv c,ab´ nig


sg;t´ F¶n´ eTA elI sar£ sMxan´ Epñk sIlFm’ én TMnak´ TMng jati snþan k¾ Ca CMnYy mYy yäg Rbtükß kñúg îar CYy

CMruj [ GaCIvkmμ rbs Cn Cati cin TaMgena¼ TTYl án nUv pl cMeNj d¾ eRcIn pg Edr...> lT§i xug CW en¼ án CYy

sRmÜl dl îar eFIV CMnYj Ca Rkúm man Rák Ex tic nig îar dwknaM Èam Ebb RKÜsar d¾ rwg maM...> ².jati snþan.³ enA

kñúg en¼ sMedA TMnak´ TMng mnusß Edl mk BI extþ dUcËña enA RbeTs cin Ca jati snþan Emn ETn kþI min Emn

ETn kþI...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1982 sigHburI án Gnuvtþ nUv îar pßBVpßay rbs´ rdæaPiál edIm,I elIk tem;Ig CMenO elI

Tsßn£xugCW enA Èam salaeron...> büEnþ yuT§naîar en¼ án TTYl îar ri¼Kn´ yäg xøaMg ehIy k¾ sab rlab

bnþic mþg.@ kñúg GMLúg eBl Et mYy Tsvtßr_ bueNÑa¼...> Rbîar en¼ mk BI mUlehtu fa Cn Cati sigHburI Edl min

Emn Ca kUn eÏA cin án Ïat Tuk yuT§naîar en¼ Ca «áykl mYy bgçM [ BYk eK eCO nig Rbtibtiþ eTA Èam eËalîarN_

nig CMenO rbs CnCati cin...> enA eBl ena¼ CnCati sigHburI edIm kMeNIt cin Edl án TTYl îar GbrM Èam Ebb

GgeKøs k¾ án eÏaTRbîan Tsßn£ xugCW en¼ fa Ëμan lkçN£ RbCaFibetyü nig manlkçN£ biÈaFibetyü

RCúleBk...>

Èam îar viÔaK cug eRîay TaMg Tsßn£ xugCW nigTaMg îar ÈaMg citþ kñúg îar seRmc eCaKC&y rbs´ Cn Cati

cin ÔaK xag t,Úg d¾ eBareBj eTA eday ÔaB cg´ man cg´ án ena¼ hak´ dUc Ca min án Bnül´ [ án c,as´ GMBI

eCaKC&y én GaCIvkmμ rbs´ Cati sasn_ cin rs´ enA kñúg EdndI GasIuGaeKñy_ eT...> Èam Bit kÈþa TaMg BIr xag elI

en¼ man bnþ rhUt mk enA kñúg RbeTs cinGs´ ry£ eBl Ca eRcIn stvtßr_ mk ehIy...> büEnþ RbeTs cin min

Edl begI;t nUv BYk mUlFn l,Il,aj dUc enA bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn na sm&y eRîay GaNaniKmeT...> brisSan Rbvtþi sa®sþ Et mYy Kt´ rbs´ GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl Etg man îar erIs eGIg nig îar RtÜtRÈa elI Cn

Cati cin TaMg ena¼ án tRmÚv [ BYk eK xit xM beBa©j kmøaMg famBl esÞIr Et TaMgGs cMeBa¼ kic©îar BaNiC¢kmμ...>

en¼ Ca krNI mYy Edl CMruj [ BYk eK man îar ÈaMg citþCak lak mYy sRmab xøÜn Ég...>

RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn enA sm&&y mun GaNaniKm nig sm&yGaNaniKm min GnuBaØat [ CnCati

cin eFIV Ca emdwknaM neyaáy ¦ eyaÎa eLIy...> RbeTs TaMg ena¼ án bgðak dl kþI sgÇwmrbsCnCati cin Edl

cg´ pøas´ bþÚr eTA rk zan£ x<s´.@ enA kñúg sg:m...> TegVI erIs eGIg cMeBa¼ Cn Cati cin man sÔaB îan´ Et GaRkk´

eLIg.@ enA kñúg edIm sm&y eRîay GaNaniKm...> enA kñúg RbeTs éf BI ÌñaM 1938 nig 1957 rdæaPiál Edl

dwk naM eday elak Ebøk PibUl s®g:am (eeplk bixUl sgqram Plaek Phibul Songkhram) án ham Xat´ min [

man sala eron Ôasa cin nig bgçM [ CnCati cin TaMg ena¼ yk m®nþI neyaáy ¦ eyaÎaéf Ca Gñk Qr eQμa¼ CYs

BYk eK...> min Rtwm Et bueNaÑ¼ eK min GnuBaØat kUn eÏA cin [ cUl sikßa enA sala eyaÎa éf eT...> enA É RbeTs

hIVúlIBIn na ÌñaM 1957 vij eK án beg;It eLIg nUv c,ab´ sIþ BI îar eFIV CatUbnIykmμ elI GaCIvkmμ lk´ray mYy

kñúg eËal bMNg bBaÄb´ Elg [ man Gñk lk´ ray CnCaticin dUc Edl án eFVI eTA elI Gñk CYj Gg;r BI mun mk

G‘Icwg...> ².eËalneyaáy esdækic© fμI.³ rbs RbeTs maeLsIu na ÌñaM 1970 Edl man eËal bMNg pþlpl

RbeyaCn_ dl Gñk Rsúk edIm (ehA ².PUmibuRt.³) RtÚv eK emIl eXIj fa Ca yuT§naîar RbÌaMg nwg Cn Cati cin...>

cMENk É enA kñúg RbeTs }QensIu kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1950 vij eK min Rtwm Et eXIj nUv îar Gnuvtþ c,ab RbÌaMg


26 CMBUk TI .1

nwg kUn eÏA cin bueNÑa¼ eT eK Efm TaMg eXIj man îar smøabCnCaticin yag rg:al CamYy nwg Gñk Cab sgß&y

fa CaCn kumμúynIsþ enA kñúg rdæ Rbhar ÌñaM 1965...> ehIy mYy CMnan eRîay mk îarvay Rbhar elI xøÜn RáN

nig RTBü sm,tþi rbs´ BYk cin ánekIteLIgmþgeTot (Ebb TRmgRsal) kñúg GMLúgeBlman vibtþ iesdækic ©na

cugTsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990...>

eTa¼ Ca yag Na k¾ eday eK seg ;t eXIj fa TegVI erIs eGIg RKb rUbÔaB án siSt enA CamYy nwg RbéBNI

buraN rbs GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl man ÈaMg BI sm&y mun GaNaniKm mkemø¼...> kñúgena¼ Gñk CMnYj Cn Cati cin án

beRmI esþc TaMg Lay Edl Ca BuT§sasnikCn ¦ Gñk îan sasna G‘isøam enA tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ Èam ry£ Et ÔaB

pþacmux kñúg îar eFVI CMnYj îar CIk ruk rk Er t,Úg fμ epßg.@ ¦k¾ îar RbmUl Bn§ CMnYs fVay esþc TaMg ena¼...> ehIyBYk

eK Ïabman RTBü sm,tþi BI kic©îar TaMg en¼eLIg...> bBa emdwk naM GasIuGaeKñy_ na sm&y eRîay GaNaniKm ánpþl nUv îar GnueRËa¼ Epñk esdækic© Ca Biess (dUc Ca îar naM cUl pþac mux ) eTA[ KU kn Edl Ca Gñ k CMnYjCnCaticin...>

TegIV en¼ KWeFIV [ îan Et TMenIb eLIg nUv TRmg îargar Edl Îøab ánGnuvtþ kñúg RB¼raCvaMg GasIuGaeKñy_BI sm&y mun

dUcCa án eRbI Gñk CMnYj raCvgß cin mk eFIV îar kñúg nam Ca ksikr Edl man siTi§ Biess cMeBa¼ Bn§dar ¦k¾ Ca Gñk CMnYj

eRîA RbeTs...>

nacugTsvtßr_ TI 20 Rkúm GaCIvkm μ KYk (Kuok Group) Edl Ca GaCIvkmμ cRmú¼ Cati sasn_ FM Cag eK bgðs

RKb RKg eday Cn Cati cin enA maeLsIu án bgHaj GMBI viFIsa®sþ kñúg îar Rcác ´ bBa©Úl Ëña rvag TRmg Gnuvtþ rbs

raCvaMg GasIuGaeKñy_ sm&y Ïas nig sm&yfμI edIm,I beg;It án Ca TRmg d¾ man RbsiT§ÔaB Biess mYy...> elak rUbWt

KYk (Robert Kuok) KW Ca kUn Rbús rbs Cn RkIRk mñak Edl án eFVI GenþaRbevsn_ BI extþ hukekon eTA Rsúk maLayU

kñúg cMNu¼ GgeKøs (maLaya Rb‘IÈanik) na cug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1800...> Ëat án sikßa enA viTüal&y GgeKøs enA cUhUr

áru (English College of Johor Baru) ( man kUnsisß enA kñúg viTüal&y en¼ mñak Ca sSabnik én Gg:îar Cati ÉkÔaB

maLyU) ehIynig ánsikßa enA sakl viTüal&y rahVhVls_ (Raffles College) enA sigHburI (elak mhaeFor nig

elak lI îVanyU k¾ án eron sURt enAkñúg saklviTüal&y en¼)...> eday sar Ëat man nUv CMnaj epßg.@ Epñk sg:m

nig man cMNg Tak Tg CamYy Gñk déT ÈaMg BI mun mk elak KYk man lT§ÔaB ERb îøay BaNiC¢kmμ s;r TaMg lkray

nig lk duM Edl Ca mrtk ]Buk Ëat [ eTA Ca BaNiC¢kmμ GnþrCati d¾ FM mYy manTaMg esvakmμ Îana rab rg TI pßar TMenIb

RbB&n§ bBaj TUrTsßn_ nig sm<&n§ GaCIvkmμ sNæaËar saMg®h:I La (Shangri-La)...> Cn Cati maLayU d¾ man }T§iBl

mYy cMnYn rYm bBa©Úl TaMg smaCik rbs raCvgßanuvgß buWrlIs (Perlis) n ig cUhUr (Johore) KW Ca Gñk eRCam ERCg

nig Ca éd KU BaNiC¢kmμ rbs elak KYk ÈaMg BI dMbUg mk emø¼...> îar erob cM eLIg Ebb en¼ RtÚv eK TTYl s:al Ebb

kMEbøgfa Ca RbB&n§ ².GalIáá.³ enA maeLsuI Et eK eXIj man sm&<n§ en¼ enA Èam bBa RbeTs epßg.@ eTotkñúg tMbn GasIu GaeKñy_ eRîam TRmgnig eQμa¼ epßg.@ Ëña k¾ eday...> Ca fñÚr nwg îar GnuBaØat [ BYk ².áá.³ ( Ca Gñk

CMnYj Cati cin) TTYl án nUv GaCJab&NÑrdæaPiál nig CMnYy BI rdæ ena¼ BYk ².GalI.³ ( EdlCa nayk ¦ Gñk cUl

h‘un Cati maLayU) k¾ án TTYl pl cMeNj BI eCaKC&y rbs BYk áá Edr...>

îarpøas´ bþÚr esdækic© Edl án dwk naM eday ².KU knniym.³ rbs´ vrCn TaMg ena¼ min án TTYl nUv îar


eîat sresIr Ca ÉkcänÞ TaMg enA kñúg nig eRîA tMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_ eLIy...> elak yU¨sIuharä KUnIGu (Yoshihara

Kunio) Ca Gñk ri¼Kn´ Cn Cati Cbün d¾ mWug mät´ mYy rUb án brihar Ca saÎarN£ cMeBa¼ îar ekIt eLIg nUv ².rbb

mUlFn niymEkøgîøay.³ enA kñúg tMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_...> cMeBa¼ Tsßn£ rbs´ Ëat´ rbb mUlFn niym enA kñúg

tMbn´ en¼ KW Ca rbb mYy min Bit BIeRBa¼ rbb en¼ enA Et Bwg elI bec©keTs rbs´ éd KU «sßahkmμ breTs mk

BIRbeTs Cbun nig RbeTs epßg.@ eTot ehIy BYk nay Tun cin enA tMbn en¼ suT§ Et Ca Gñk EsVg rk îar CYl eday

rs ánedaysarEtîarEsVg îar «btSmÖ nig GaCJab&NÑ pþac mux BI rdæaPiál...> îar ri¼Kn en¼ man ÔaB yutiþFm’xø¼

Edr eRBa¼ RbB&n§ Gb´rM rbs´ bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ min Gac plit GñkviTüasa®sþ nig Gñk bec©kviTüa Epñk«sßahkmμ enA kñúg Rsúk sRmab eRbI Rás án RKb cMnYn eLIy...> pÞúy mk vij îar ri¼Kn mYyeTot eTA elI nay

Tun bs©im RbeTsnig nayTun Cbün fa Ca KMrU esdækic© BwgelIxøÜnÉgán ehIy nig min ÏaMác´ EsVg rk nUv îar

îarBar BI rdæaPiál edIm,I Tb Tl nwg îar RbkYt RbECg rbs breTs ena¼ eT min sUv Ca sm ehtu pl eLIy...>

BIeRBa¼ îarri¼Knén¼ ánTatéÏal nUv Rbvtþ isa®sþ min ec¼ cb´ rbs´ nayTun naRKb ´ kEnøg Edl Tam Tar [

rdæaPiál CYy p:tp:g Ca fviîa cMeBa¼ shRËas TaMgLay Na Edl TTYl braC&y kñúg GaCIvkmμ rbs xÜøn...>

Èam Bit eTA eK eXIj man nUv rbb mUlFn niym Edl niymbkßBYk Ca eRcIn enA tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_...> Et

min suT§ Et Ca Cn Cati cin eT...> «TahrN_ d¾ elc eÎøa mYy KWCa KeRmag Cati plit rfynþ mYy rbs´ }QensIuEdl man Gayuîal án Et RbEhl CamYy ÌñaM (1996-1997)...> elak RbÎanaFibtI }QensIu án pþl nUvsiT§i plit rfynþ ².fñak´ Cati.³ dMbUg eK bgðs´ [ Rkúmh‘un mYy Edl án sSabna nig RKb´RKg eday kUnRbús

rbs Ëat KW elak h‘utUmU (fmμI) s‘UhartU (Hutomo Suharto)...> eTa¼Ca Ëμan bT BiesaFn_ kñúg îar plit rfynþ

k¾ elak fmμI án TTYl siT§i pþac´mux edIm,Ishîar CamYy Rkúmh‘un plit Lan Ëa mÜtUrs_ (Kia Motors) rbs´

RbeTs kUer¨ xagt,Úg Edl nwg plit Èam KMrU rfynþ dMbUl Cit rbs´ Rkúmh‘un Ëa ehA fa mäk TImrs_ (Timors)

enA shRËas «sßahkmμ fμI mYy Edl sag sg enA Ek,r TIRkúg hßaîarÈa...> Ëat án x©I Rák BI FnaËar rbs

rdæ Èam îar ENnaM BI ]Buk rbs Ëat edIm,I cMNay eTA elI îar sag sg en¼...> bnÞab BI rbb RKb RKg pþac îar

rbs elak s‘UhartU dYl rlM enA kñúg ÌñaM 1998 RbCaBlrdæ }QensIu Edl manrfynþmaken¼ án RbjabRbjal´ eda¼ søak mak en¼ ecj BI rfynþ rbs BYk eK...>

k¾ büEnþ Rbsin ebI emdwk naM én bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl min Emn Ca Cn Cati cin Ca Gñk beg;It[ man nUv l&kçx&Nnana edIm,I [ rbb mUlFn niym cinkekIt nig rIk ceRmIn án ena¼ KW k¾ eday sar Et edIm,IeqøIy tb eTA nwg sSanîarN_ ¦ l&kçx&NGnþrCati Cak´ lak´ Et büeNÑa¼...> Gñk ri¼Kn´ breTs ÔaK eRcIn Etg EtemIl rMlg cMeBa¼ sSanîarN_ en¼...> enA edIm sm&y eRîay GaNaniKm RbePT GaCIvkmμ lkçN£ RKÜsar enA

bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ enA man RTg´ RTay tUc min Gac RbkYt RbECg CamYy nwg Rkúm saCIvkmμ BhuCatiFM.@ Edl kMBug man Rsab´ ena¼ eLIy...> enA ÌñaM 1993 îar eFVI Geg;t mYy án bgHaj fa man Rkúmh‘un

BaNiC¢kmμ FM.@ bMput rbs´ Cbün nigkUer¨ xagt,Úg cMnYn 47 kñúg cMeNam Rkúmh‘un BaNiC¢kmμ FM.@ bMput

TaMgGs´ cMnYn 50...> kñúg ena¼ man Rkúmh‘un RbECg RbÏaM tMbn GasIuGaeKñy__ d¾ FM Cag eK mYy KW Rkúmh‘un eRbg


28 CMBUk TI .1

rbs´ rdæ }QensIu eQμa¼ buWrÈamINa (Pertamina) Edl eK ánÏat´kñúg cMNat´ fñak´ TI 39 buëNÑa¼...>

edIm,I RbLg RbNaMg CamYy nwg rbb mUlFn niym BhuCati Ca dMbUg bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMg LayRtÚv EsVg rk nUv vis&y BaNiC¢kmμ Na Edl man îar Îana c,as´las´ eTa¼ bI Ca BYk eK RtÚv îar BwgEpðk eTA

elI TMnak TMng CamYy breTs TaMg Epñk bec©kviTüa nig TIpßar k¾ eday...> buEnþ eTa¼ Ca yag Na k¾ eday rbb

mUl Fn niym enA GasIu GaeKñy_ min man TRmg´ rYm Et mYy rhUt eLIy...> mk Tl´ nwg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990

Rkúmh‘un BaNiC¢kmμ cin mYy cMnYn án vivDÆ BI Rkúmh‘un Edl man lkçN£ Ca RKÜsar mk Ca saCIvkmμ RTg´

RTay FM Ebb bs©im RbeTs ¦ k¾ Ebb Cbün...> büEnþ BYk eK RtÚv át´ bg´ nUv GtþsBaØaN nig vb,Fm’ rbs´ cin

yäg eRcIn...> Rkúmh‘un TaMg ena¼ án yk lMnaM Edl Îøab´ Gnuvtþ enA kñúg RbeTs hVIúlIBIn na Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1800

KW Ca dMeNIr îar mYy Edl kUn eÏA cin TaMgLay án ERb îøay xøÜn eK [ eTA Ca Rkúm mnusß fñak´ kBal ehIyElg Kit fa BYk eK Elg Ca C nCati cin...>

témøénîareFVIbdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ

Epñk min lð én Rbvtþi Rbkb eday eCaKC&y én esdækic© na sm&y eRîay GaNaniKm rbs GasIuGaeKñy_ min man

Et bkß BYk niym eragcRk Edl Ci¼ Can´ kmμkr nig îar b®g;ab shCIB r ÉkraC buëNÑa¼ eT...> GasIuGaeKñy_

enA eBl ena¼ án Gnuvtþ KMrU GaRkk´.@ CaeRcIn Èam bdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ rbs´ bs©im RbeTs eTa¼ Ca kmμkr

enA GasuI GaeKñy_ Gac man kþI sgÇwm cMeBa¼ GnaKtîal x<s´ Cag kmμkrGgéKøs na stvtßr_ TI 19...> enA kñúg

sunÞrkfa mYy eTA îan nayk FnaËar nana na ÌñaM 1974 elak RbÎana FibtI ehVrDINg markUs án GYtGag

fa témø Blkmμ enA hIVúlIBIn man kRmitTab bMput enA GasIu...> Et eTa¼ Ca yag Na Ëat ebþCJa min beBay [man îar temøIg Rák QñÜl kmμkr xøaMg eBk edIm,I kuM [ raMgsÞ¼dl kmμviFI naMecj rbsËatEdr...> em dwk naM bBaRbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ déT eTot k¾ án Rbîan´ yk nUv îar cg´ án dUc Ëña en¼ Edr eTa¼bI Ca kmμkr xø¼ lT§ÔaB

kñúg îar Tij plitpl epßg.@ edaysar Et Rák kéRm min RKb RËan ehIy eFIV[ TMnij rbs BYkeK Bwg Epðkîan

Et xøaMg eTA elI Gñk Tij breTs k ¾ eday...>

enA kñúg ÌñaM 1944 elak ec¿ eGs¿ hVWrnIv¨lø (J.S. Furnivall) án erob rab´ enA kñúg esov eÔA hULg´

}Na (Netherlands India) fa enA kñúg sm&y GaNaniKm GtulüÔaB d¾ FM mYy rvag mUlFn nig kmøaMg Blkmμ enA

kñúg bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl sSit enA eRîam GaNaniKm bs©im RbeTs maneRcIn Cag enA bBa bs©imRbeTs pÞal´...> bBa RbeTs GaNaniKm TaMg en¼ RtÚv án eK erob cM eLIg eRbób dUc Ca eragcRk sRmab´plitkmμ G‘Icwg KW min dUc Ca rdæ Edl beg;It eLIg edIm,I [ RbCaBlrdæ xøÜn man CIvÔaB RbesIr eLIy...> îar xV¼

nUv ².qnÞ£ rYm mYy.³ kñúg cMeNam RbCaBlrdæ én sg:m cRmú¼ Cati sasn_ Edl Îøab TTYl rg nUv GaNaniKm án

bBal [ rbb mUlFn niym hUr cUl t mk tMbn en¼ eday esrI }t man kMhit...> sRmab´ ehtu pl pÞal´ xøÜn rbs´ BYk eK bBa emdwk naM GasIuGaeKñy_ sm&y eRîay GaNaniKm TaMg ena¼

án xitxM ERb îøay sg:m eK [ dUc Ca eragcRk d¾ TMenIb eday min ÏaM ác Ek TRmg sg:m TaMgena¼ bunμan eLIy...>


eday sar Et îar CMruj [ el,Ón nig cMnYn cracr rUbiyb&NÑ ehIynig FnÎan hirBa ØvtSú BiPBelak ekIneLIg

yag sem,Imena¼ îar GPivDÆ Epñk RbB&n§ TMnak TMng nig RbB&n§kMuBüÚT&r na sm&y eRîay s®g:a m elak elIk TI

2 án beg;In pl cMeNj yag eRcIn dl nieyaCk nig vinieyaKin eTA elI kmμkr enA RKb kEnøg...> TunvinieyaK

man ÔaB cl&t îan Et eRcIn Et kmμkr ÔaKeRcInenAmYykEnøg...> eTa¼bI Ca shCIB kmμkr rbs bs©im RbeTs

pÞal´ k¾ RtÚv át´ bg´ nUv }Ti§Bl kñúg îartéføCamYy GñkÏat´ Ecg vinieyaK Edl Gac edIr rk TI pßar Blkmμ BI

kEnøgmYy eTA kEnøg mYy eTot...> cMeBa¼ GasIuGaeKñy_ vij }Ti§Bl sSanÔaBen¼ man sÔaB îan Et GaRkk dUc

Edl elak hVWnIvlø án eFVI îar Kit Tuk G‘Icwg...> îar Âan RbmaN mYy eFVI eLIg enA ÌñaM 1992 án bgHaj fa Rkúmh‘un

plit Es,k eCIg mak éNXI (Nike) Edl plit Es,k eCIg rbs xøÜn eRcIn Cag eK enA ÉRbeTs}QensIu áncMNay fviîa y¨ag eRcIn [ kILakr d¾ l,I l,aj eQμa¼ ém¨xwl credn (Michael Jordan) edIm,I pßBV pßay

BaNiC¢kmμ rbs xøÜn...> Rák Edl elak credn án TTYl man cMnYn eRcIn Cag éføQñÜl kmμkr erag cRk TaMg

Gs cMnYn 25¿000 nak kñúg ry£ eBl mYy ÌñaM eTA eTot...>

enAtMbnGasIu kñúgGMLúgeBls®g:a m RtCak îar RtÜt RÈa¦ îar b®g;ab eTA elIishCIB kmμkr man sÔaB

xus.@ Ëña BI RbeTs mYy eTA RbeTs mYy eTot...> enA RbeTs éf mun ÌñaM 1972 shCIBkmμkr min RtÚv án TTYl

s:alfa Rsb c,ab eT...> ÏabBI ÌñaM 1972 mk shCIB shRËas rbs rdæ (RbmaN mYy ÔaK bYn én shCIB

TaMg Gs) k¾ enA Et RtÚv án ham Xat min [ eFVI kUdkmμ...> shCIB Na Edl eK GnuBaØat [ eFVI kUdkmμ k¾ RtÚv sSit

enA eRîam kic© GnþraKmn_ rbs kg kmøaMg nKrál éf nig Gg:îar breTs Edl man TMenar RbÌaMg nwg lTi§kumμúynIsþ

man dUc Ca viTüasSan Blkmμ esrI GasI u-Gaemrik Edl man mUldæan enA shrdæGaemrik ¦ sÔaB lkm μ GWrub

(Edl CYy «btSmÖ Ca sm¶at dl shCIB éf nana enA kñúg El,g mYy Edl ehA fa bMEbk bMák edIm,I RKbRKg) Ca

edIm...> cMENk É enA kñúg RbeTs sigHburI vij KNbkß ².skmμÔaB RbCaCn.³ Edl Ca KNbkß îan GMNac

án RKbRKg elI sÔa BaNiC¢kmμ Cati nig xitxM elIktem;Ig nUv Tsßn£ mYy fa nieyaCk nig kmμkr KYr Et shîar

Ëña eTA vij eTA mk edIm,I rkßa nUv siSrÔaB «sßahkmμ ehIy RkúmRbwkßa TTYl bnÞúk Rák Ex Cati k¾ án dak ecj

nUv eËalîarN_ mYy cMnYn edIm,I kMNt Rák QñÜl epßg.@...> enA kñúg RbeTs maeLsIu na Bak kBal Tsvtßr_ÌñaM 1980 RbEhl tic Cag db ÔaK ry én kmμkr TaMgGs án rYbrYm Ëñabeg;It Ca shCIB eLIg...> ehIy kmμkr enA

kñúg tMbn BaNiC¢kmμ esrI TaMg Lay Edl beg;It eLIg Ca Biess edIm,I Tak Taj Tun vinieyaK breTs ena¼ min RtÚv

án eK GnuBaØat [ cUl rYm CamYy nwg shCIB TaMg en¼ eT...> Rsedog Ëña en¼ Edr smaC shCIB Edl «btSmÖ

eday rdæaPiál rbs RbeTs hVIúlIBIn án Gnuvtþ Èam bBa RbeTs Edl án erobrab xag elI eday Rbwg ERbgRtÜt RÈa elI kmμkr...> buEnþ kic© Rbwg ERbg en¼ min sUv man RbsiT§ÔaB eT...> mk Tl nwg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 RbeTs

hVIúlIBIn RtÚv RbQm mux nwg shCIB kmμkr ÉkraC mYy eTot KW clna Edl man eQμa¼ fa ².clna éf¶ mYy «sÔa.³

(KIlusaMg mayUG‘uNU)...>

cMENk É RbeTs }QensIu Edl dwk naM eday elak s‘UhartU vij eK emIl eXIj yag c,as fa RbsinebI man GMeBI Buk rlYy enA kñúg rdæaPiál îan Et xøaMg dUc CatRmÚvîarsUkÂan BI Rkúmh‘un BaNiC¢kmμ nana eTA [


30 CMBUk TI .1

m®nþI rdæîar nig nay Tahan epßg.@ ena¼ Ca fñÚr mk vij Rkúmh‘un BaNiC¢kmμ îan Et [ Rák QñÜl tic dl kmμkr

rbs xøÜn...> cMNuc en¼ án bgHaj [ eXIj fa «sßahkmμ Edl pþl Rák QñÜl tic tYc dl kmμkr nig erag cRk

Edl man l&kç x&NGaRkk cMeBa¼ kmμkr ena¼ KW bBal mk BI kÈþa bkß BYk niym RCúl...> Ëμan kUdkmμ Na mYy GaceFVI eLIg án eday Rsb c,ab eT Rbsin ebI Ëμan îar GnuBaØat BI RksYg îargar ena¼...> Gg:îar Rsb c,ab man Et

Rkúm sURt Fm’ fVay RB¼ kñúg sasna G‘isøam kñúg erag cRk Edl man Et kmμîarinIbueNÑa¼...> buEnþ mk Tl nwg edIm

Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 shCIB ÉkraC mYy cMnYn Edl án cg sm<&n§ CamYy nwg KN£ sasna RbÚetsþgrbs Cati

áÈak d¾ man }T§iBl ena¼ Gac erob cM beg;It Rkúm kmμkr erag cRk îatedr rabBan nak edIm,I eFVI kUdkmμ xus c,ab

epßg.@ enA É TIRkúg emdan (Medan) én eîa¼ sU‘maRÈa...> rUbÔaB c,as nwg EPñk én îar ÏabBRgt rMelaP nig

eFVI Xatkmμ BI sMNak BYk Tahan }QensIu eTA elI rUb nag marsIuN¼ (Marsinah) Ca skmμCn Cati CVa v&y ekμg mYy

rUb eday sar Et nag án Büayam erob cM nUv Rkúm kmμkr Edl eFVI îar CamYy nag enA É eragcRk naLiîa éd mYy enA

ÌñaM 1993 ena¼ án s bBa¢ak [ eXIj BI îar P&y xøac rbs Gñk dwk naM pþac îar...> mti saÎarN£ án bgçM [ rbb

en¼ TTYl s:al nUv mrNÔaB rbs nag fa Ca vIr narI kmμkr...>

îar GPivDÆ Ebb en¼ minEmn Ca îar rMBwg Tuk rbs bBa emdwk naM GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl án RKb RKg RbeTsrbs´ BYk eK Èam Ebb mUlFn niym eday epþat eTA elI îar naM ecj ÈaMg BI dMbUg ena¼eT bnÞab´ BI Ïab´yk nUv

CeRmIs epßg eTot KW esdækic© Ebb îariyalyaFibetyü sg:m niym enA kñúg RbeTs PUma evotNam km<úCa

nig Lav (lav) k¾ Elg man eK Ïab GarmμN_ eTA eTot...> citþ KMnit rbs BYk eK min dUc eTA nwg GVI Edl sa®sþaÏarü

esdækic© esrI bs©im RbeTs án elIk eLIgfa KW Ca îar cg án nUv BaNiC¢kmμ esrI nig kMeNIn esdækic©...> buEnþ

va man lkçN£ neyaáy Edl RbeTs eRîay sm&yGaNaniKm TaMg ena¼ án sþar nUv esckIþ éføfñÚr rbs xøÜn

eLIg vij kñúg nam Ca tY Gg: GnþrCati ÉkraC...> s®g:am RtCak´ án begI;t [ man ÔaB RsBic RsBil BI ÔaB xus

Ebø k Ëña rvag eËalbMNg én îar GPivDÆ TaMgen¼ nig eËalbMNg én îar GPivDÆ rbs´ esdækic© mUlFnniym

Ebb Rkúm hu‘n cRmú¼ Cati sasn_...> sMNYr Edl Etg Et elc eLIg kñúg Rbvtþi sa®sþ GasIuGaeKñy_ na edIm stvtßr_

TI 21 KW fa etI saCIvkmμ BaNiC©kmμ breTs FM.@ Edl CabEgðk én îar rIkceRmIn Epñk esdækic© kñúg tMbn´ ena¼

Bit Ca cg [ rdæ eRîay GaNaniKm TaMgen¼ xøaMg ¦k¾Gt...> RbEhl Ca BYk eK RtÚv îar [ man nUv rdæ exßay Edl

man smtSÔaBGacRtwm Et rkßa nUv kg kmøaMg nKrál nig RbmUl sMram eday min ÏaM ác man GMNac Edl Gac

ra raMg nig kMNt nUv esrIÔaB én dMeNIr îar vinieyaK rbs BYk eK eLIy...>

vibtþiesdækic©ÌñaM 1997 niglT§plrbsvibtþi en¼

vibtþi esdækic© GasIuGaeKñy_ ÌñaM 1997 án bnSy Tsßn£ mYy cMnYn rbs elak Ganvar GIuRáhIum (Anwar Ibrahim)

Edl eRîay mk elak án îøay Ca «bnaykrdæm®nþI én RbeTs maeLsIu Edl án niyay kñúg ÌñaM 1994 fa Ca

².îar ÏabepþIm Ca fIμ rbs GasuI.³ ena¼...> vibtþi en¼ hak dUc Ca RtÚv án bBa¢ak BI îar P&y xøac rbs RbeTs enA kñúg

tMbn fa saCIvkmμ qøg Edn nig Rkúm Gñk ËaMRT saCIvkmμ TaMg Lay en¼ Bit Ca min cg [ rdæ enA tMbn GasuI xøaMgîøa ena¼


eT...> enA Bak kBal ÌñaM 1997 FnaËar kBal rbs RbeTs éf án beBa©j RákáT Ca eRcIn Edl Ca ehtueFVI [ rUbiyvtSú rbs éf Edl Îøab man cMNg Tak Tg CamYy nwgduløar shrdæGaemrik ÈaMg BI ÌñaM 1984 mk ena¼

Îøak cu¼ yag xøaMg...> îarN_ en¼begI;t [ man îar eÏaT sYr mYy fa etI shRËas BaNiC¢kmμ éf nwg RtÚv sg bMNul

d¾ eRcIn rbs BYk eK eTA [ bBa RbeTs nana Edl xøÜn CMBak án yag dUc emþc Rbsin ebI RbeTs éfCYb RbT¼ nUvùnÔaB BaNiC¢kmμ nig sl nUv rUbiyb&NÑ breTs Edl bRmúg Tuk tic tYc bMput ena¼...>

bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ déT.@ eTot k¾ án CYb RbT¼ nUv {nÔaB BaNiC¢kmμ dUc RbeTs éf ehIyán TTYl rg eRËa¼ vibtþi esdækic© d¾ F¶n´ en¼ Edr...> eTa¼ bI Ca man nUv îar CECk Evk Ejk GMBI sar£ sMxan´ én kÈþa

Bak B&n§ mYy cMnYn k¾ eday k¾ bribT TUeTA bgHaj [ eXIj fa {nÔaB GasIuGaeKñy_ rYm man dUc Ca..½

Ÿ îar Îøak´ cu¼ Edl ekIt yäg eTog Tat´ nUv tRmÚv îar BiPBelak cMeBa¼ TMnij eGLicRtÚnik Edl

shRËas plit kñúg RsúkÔaK eRcIn án epþat elI...>

Ÿ îar ekIn eLIg yägÌab´ rh&s nUv îar RbkYt RbECg CamYy nwg îar naMecj rbs´ RbeTs cin eRBa¼

RbeTs cin eRîay sm&y RKb RKg rbs elak emA án pøas bþÚr yag snßwm.@ eTA rk eËalneyaáy

GPivDÆn_ Epðk elI îar naM ecj Ca c m,g...>

Ÿ îar Îøak cu¼ nUv îar vinieyaK rYm TaMg îar bdiesF rbs RbeTs Cbun (Edl Ca RbeTs Gñkman bMput enA

GasIu) kñúg îar TTYl yk nUv îar naMcUl TMnijB IGasIuGaeKñy_bnþeTot...> (eyag eTA elI îar Âan RbmaN mYy

shrdæGaemrik án Tij TMnij plitkmμ naM ecj rbs bBa RbeTs Edl min Emn mk BI RbeTs elak xaglic TaMg Lay cMnYn 70.% na cug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 cMENk É RbeTs Cbun Edl man esdækic© yag ehac

Nas´ esμI nwg 2 ÔaK 3 én esdækic© shrdæGaemrik ena¼ án Tij TMnij naMecj TaMg ena¼ Et 8.%

bueNÑa¼...>)

TakTin eTA nwg îar x©I Rák yag RsBic RsBil nig BukrlYy rbs sSab&n hirBaØ vtúS kMBUl.@ ÔaK eRcIn enA

kñúg tMbn´ pg ena¼ k ¾án eFIV [ eRËa¼GaRkk´ mYy en¼ ekIt man Et mþg...> sSanîarN_ d¾ GaRkk´ bMput k¾ án ekIt

eLIg enA kñúg RbeTs }QensIu Edl rUbiyvtSú rbs´ xøÜn án Îøak´ éfø rhUt dl´ 3 ÔaK 4 enA Bak´ kBal ÌñaM1997...> bBaHa en¼ án bBal [ man îar biT TVar eragcRk nig ÔaB Gt îargar eFVI yag F¶n...> eday sar Etéfø TMnijnaMcUl án ekIn eLIg îan Et x<s eTA.@ cMnYn RbCaCn }QensIu Ca eRcIn nak´ Edl kMBug Et rs´ enAkñúg ÔaB RkIRk án ekIn eLIg yäg xøaMg...> mUlniFi rUbiyvtSú GnþrCati Edl án beg;It eLIg eRîam kic© dwk naM

rbs´ shrdæ Gaemrik enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1940 edIm,I elIk sÞÜy KMnit esrIÔavUbnIy kmμ Epñk esdækic© án

pþl CMnYy dl RbeTs }QensIu enA kñúg ÌñaM 1998 kñúg l&kçx&NbBaÄb Elg [ man îar RKbRKg pþac mux nigîar Tb´ s;at´ îarRbkYt RbECg BIbreTs kñúg vis&y ksikmμ }QensIu...> îar eFVI esrIÔavUbnIykmμ yäg Ìab´rh&s en¼ RËan Et eFVI [ esdækic© dYl rlM Ôøam ena¼ bueNÑa¼...> enA eBl elak RbÎanaFibtI s‘UhartU án cu¼

htSelxa elI kic© RBm eRBóg mYy enA Ex emsa ÌñaM 1998 (bünμan Ex mun eBl CIvit neyaáy rbs´ Ëat´ RtÚv

án bBa©b ) man eK án ft rUb nayk RKbRKg mUl niFi rUbiy vtSú GnþrCati KW elak mIEsl îaMdW su‘ys_ (Michel


32 CMBUk TI .1

Camdessus) kMBug Qr{b éd Ek,r elak s‘UhartU...> Ëat´ emIl eTA dUc Ca Gñk tMNag GPiál GaNaniKm

RKbRKg }QensIu Edl eTIb rs eLIg vij Ca fμI G‘Icwg...>mun nwg eBl Edl vibtþi esdækic© en¼ án ekIt eLIg eK eXIj emdwk naM GasIu GaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn FM enA Et

bnþ îar Taj yk RbeyaCn_ BI kMeNIn esdækic© Edl man...> BYk eK min án Kit eTA dl´ îar Îøak´ cu¼ pÞÜn.@ nig

sÔaB min nwg n Edl Îøab án ekIt eLIg eday sar Et rbb mUlFn niym Edlman ÈaMg BI eRËa¼ mhnþray kñúg

îar vinieyaK p;aTuylIb rbs RbeTs hULg enA Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1600 rhUt dl eTA îar reg:a¼regI: TI pßar ÔaK h‘un

rbs´ shrdæGaemrik enA ÌñaM 1929 CaedIm...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1994 elak naykrdæm®nþI mäeLsIu mhaeFor

mhamat án shîarniBn§ esoveÔA mYyk,al CamYy nwg Gñk Cati niym Cbun Edl man citþ eRkv eRîaF mYy

rUb man cMNg eCIg fa ².GasIu Edl Gac niyay bdiesFcMeBa¼ bs©imRbeTs.³...> kñúg ena¼ Ëat´ án Tsßn_

Tay fa ÔaB f;Múef;Ig rbs´ shrdæ Gaemrik KWCaerOg GtItîal büEnþîarrIkceRmIn rbs´ GasIuGaeKñy_ KW Ca

erOg bc©úb,nñ...> vibtþi esdæ kic© GasIuGaeKñy_ enA ÌñaM 1997 Edl man TMnak TMng nwg vibtþi esdækic© Cbun eFIV[man

îar ÔJak epðIl d¾ FM mYy eday min cMeBa¼ Et bBa Blrdæ GasIu ena¼ eT Efm TaMg bBa Cn breTs Ca eRcIn eTot(rYm TaMg vinieyaKin enA kñúg TVIb GasIu ) pgEdr...> bBaHa bnÞan enA tMbn en¼ KW fa etI RtÚv eFIV yag Na edIm,I ksag

rdæ rbs xøÜn [ án rwg maM man sSab&n hirBaØvtúS Edl dMeNIr îar yag Rtwm RtÚv nig man yutiþFm’ kñúg îar yk Bn§dar

kñúg Rsúk eday min epþat xøaMg eBk eTA elI Et îar bEnSm TunvinieyaK îan Et eRcIn BI sMNak vinieyaKin breTs

Edl cg TTYl án pl cMeNj x<s kñúg ry£ eBl xøI BI CMnYj Tij lk dI FøI Ca Cag BI«sßahkmμ kñúg Rsúk...>

RbvtþiRbkb eday eCaKC&yrbs´Gas‘an

etI bBaRbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl man esdækic© rwg maM TaMg Gs ehIynig TRmg én kic© shRbtibtþiîar Gnþrrdækñúg tMbn´ Edl án ÏabépþIm begI;t enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1960 ena¼ man ÔaB Rsb Ëña eTA nwg Tsßn£ mUlFn-

niym esrI Edl án rIkceRmIn eday Ëμan «bsK: ra raMg enA kñúg BiPB elak sm&y eRîay s®g:a m RtCak ena¼

Edr ¦eT..? enA ÌñaM 1967 man RbeTs 5 enA tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ min Rbîan yk rbb sg:m niym (RbeTs

TaMg ena¼ KW RbeTséf }QensIu hVI úlIBIn sigHburI nig mäeLsIu ) án rYm Ëña beg;It nUv ².smaKmRbCaCati GasIu GaeKñy_.³ eLIg (Edl ehA îat´ Èam Ôasa GgéKøs fa ².Gas‘an.³)...> enA kñúg Tsßn£ rbs´

rdæm®nþI îar breTs }QensIu na eBl ena¼ eK án beg;It Gas‘an Ca sm<&n§ kñúg tMbn mYy Edl Gac Tb Tl nwgBYk cRkBtþiniym KW ².BYk Es,k elOg.³ (Cn Cati cin) nig ².BYkEs,ks.³ (BYkbs©imRbeTs) ehIy nig

raraMg min [ man nUv Tsßn£ Cati niym RbÌaMg nwg Cn Cati sasn_na na enA kñúg tMbn GasIuGaeKñy_ Èam ry£ kic© sh

Rbtibtþiîar GPivDÆn_ esdækic© kñúg tMbn [ án îan Et RbesIr...>

îar begI;t smaKm Gas‘an mansÔaBmineTogTatÈaMgBI dMbUg...> smaKm en¼ án rYm bBa©Úl Ca smaCik

TaMg RbeTs tUc.@ mYy cMnYn Edl man îar rIk ceRmIn eCOn elOn dUcCa RbeTs sigHburI (nigRbeTs Rbú‘yeN

kñúgÌñaM 1984) Edl min sUv man îar RBÜy ármÖ cMeBa¼ BaNiC¢kmμ esrI kñúg tMbn´ rYm nwg RbeTs RkIRk büEnþ


man épÞ dI FM.@ ehIy min man smtSÔaB c,as´las´ kñúg îar bRgÜbbRgÜm Epñk neyaáy nig esdækic© Cati rbs´

xøÜn dUc Ca RbeTs }QensIu CaedIm...> buEnþ eRîay mk Gas‘an án TTYl eCaKC&y d¾ FMeFg Cag bBa RbeTsnana enA eRîA tMbn´ GasIu GaeKñy_ án Kit...> Gas‘an min Rtwm Et án CYy bBa©b´ nUv ².îar RbQm mux dak´ Ëña.³

rvag RbeTs maeLsIu nig }QensIu na Tsvtßr_ÌñaM 1960 (Edl Ca eËal bMNg mYy kñúg cMeNam eËal bMNgedIm dMbUg TaMgLayrbsGas‘an) bueNÑa¼ eT Efm TaMg ánCYy pß¼ pßa KU sRtÚv d¾ yUr lg dUc Ca RbeTs éf nig

evotNam (Edl án cUl Ca smaCikGas‘an enA kñúg ÌñaM 1995) nig CYy îat bnSy nUv sSanîarN_ d¾ twg Etg

rvag RbeTsmaeLsIu }QensIu nig hVIúlIBIn enAelI eîa¼ bUreNGU eTotpg...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 2003 Gas‘ank¾ hak dUc Ca cg CYy eda¼ Rsay bBaHa RbTUsray Epñk siT§i mnusß enA kñúg RbeTs PUma Edl án cUl Ca smaCik

Gas‘an enA kñúg ÌñaM 1997...> mk Tl´ nwg îar RárB§ eLIg nUv BiFIbuNü xYb 30 ÌñaM Gas‘an án îøay Ca Gg:îar

kñúg tMbn mYy Edl án TTYl eCaKC&y yag FMeFg enA RbeTs nanaeRîA bs©im RbeTs...> Gas‘an man RbCaCn

RbEhl 500 lan nak...> Gas‘an KW Ca bøúk BaNiC¢kmμ FM bMput TI 4 elI BiPB elak...> ehIy Gas‘an án rYm

bBa©Úl RbeTs TaMgGs´ enA kñúg tMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_ elIk Elg Et RbeTs km<úCa Edl Ca cug eRîay RbeTs

en¼ án îøay Ca smaCik TI 10 (enA kñúg ÌñaM 1999) eday man nimitþ sBaØa kYr RsÚv cMnYn 10 Ca tMNag rbs xøÜn

mun îar cUl Ca smaCik rbs km<úCa...>

Gas‘an Edl Ca RCúg mYy én BiPBelak min Rtwm Et Rk Cag shÔaB GWrub bueNÑa¼ eT Et Efm TaMg Ca tMbn

mYy Edl xV¼ nUv lkçN£ rYm xag vb,Fm’ sasna nig mrtk c,ab mYy Edl shÔaB GWrubman...> kÈþa TaMg en¼

Ca ehtu Edl Gas‘an min Gac seRmc eCaKC&y án elOn...> bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMgLay min sUv ylBI témø én îar seRmc án nUv eCaKC&y TaMg en¼ eT...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1995 eBl Edl RsI beRmI Èam pÞ¼ Cati hVIúlIBIn

mñak eQμa¼ hVLr kuntimÂøasüún (Flor Contemplacion) RtÚv án eK îat eTas smøab eday BüÜr k BI bT mnusß

Xat enA kñúg RbeTssigHburI man buNü sB d¾ FM mYy sRmab´ nag RárB§ eFIV eLIg kñúg RbeTshIúVlIBIn ehIy

Efm TaMg man îar Ïak´ pßay Èam ry£ bBaj TUrTsßn_Cati eTot pg...> Gñk cUl rYm buNü sB en¼ án bgHaj[ eXIj BI îar GaNit GasUr BI mhaCn d l´ CIvit d¾ lMák rbs´ nag nig kmμkr GenþaRbevsn_ CatihVIúlIBIndéT

eTot...> krNI en¼ Edr eK Gac eRbóbeFob eTA nwg BiFI buNü sB Ca saÎarN£ d¾ KYr [ esak seRgg CUn cMeBa¼

Rkúm kmμkr EdlRtÚváneKsmøab enA kñúg RbeTs GgeKøs na dMNak îal dMbUg én îar eFVIbdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ

eday sarEt BYk eKËμanîargareFIV ehIy b¼eár RbÌaMg eTA nwg bec©kviTüa TMenIb eday bMpøaj eÏal nUv

eRKÓgmasIun epßg.@ enA kñúg eragcRk...>

kñúg cMeNam GñksarB&t’man eqñIm.@ TaMgLay elak m¨ucÈar lUb‘Ís (Mochtar Lubis) Edl Ca Gñk

îaEst man edIm kMeNIt mk BI eîa¼ s‘Um¨aRÈa án sresr esoveÔA mYy k,al Edl lk´ dac´ bMput rbs´ Ëat´

enA ÌñaM 1983 eRîam cMNg eCIg fa ².ÔaB Tal Rck rbs RbeTs }QensIu.³...> Ëat án tðÚj Etðrfa TMenIb-

nIy kmμ KW Ca Gb,iyCMenO fμI mYy rbs´ RbeTs }QensIu eBar eBj eTA eday mnþGaKm nig mnþËafa epßg.@


34 CMBUk TI .1

ehIy man Et mnusß Edl Ca ².Gñk beg;It nUv nimitþ sBaØa man CMnaj c,as´ las´.³ b¨ueNÑa¼ eTIb Gac beg;It va

eLIg án...> buEnþ ÔaB xus Ëña rvag Tsßn£ en¼ ehIy nig Tsßn£ rbs elak sa®sþaÏarü bU‘k Edl fa RbeTs

}QensIu min Gac eFVI TMenIbkmμ án eLIy BIeRBa¼ Et vb,Fm’ min cg´ man ehIy Edl cg´ rs´ enA Èam EbbRbéBNI ena¼ KW Ca rgVas mYy Gac [ eK dwg án BI rebob Edl RbeTs }QensIu nig bBa RbeTs GasIu GaeKñy_Ca eRcIn eTot eFV IdMeNIr án Ì¶ay bu¨NÑa ÏabÈaMg BI TTYl án ÉkraCü mk...^

CMBUkTI 2

}T§iBl én ²GBÖÚtehtu³ esdækic©eTAelImnusß

bkERbeday.½ PI suÔada

c,ab´ edIm én GtSbT en¼ .. sresr Ca Ôasa Gg´ eKøs eRîam cMNg eCIg fa.½ .Human Consequences of the

Economic “Miracle”

GtSbT en¼ dkRsg ecjBIe soveÔA...½...îarkekIt GasIu GaeKñy_ TMenIb.

rkßa siT§i K¿s¿ 2005 eday RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< saklviTüal&y sigHburI .

eá¼ Bum< elIk TI 1 K¿s¿ 2005 enA .shrdæGaemrik eday RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< saklviTüal&y haév¨ ...>

CHAPTER 2Human Consequences of the Economic “Miracle”

(The emergence of Modem Southeast Asia)

Copyright © 2005 by Singapore University Press.

First published in 2005 by University of Hawai‘i Press.

eTa¼ b ICa bdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ enA kñúg tMbn GasIu GaeKñy_ min man lkçN£ rlUn eTA mux k¾ îar eFVI bdivtþ n_ d¾ yWt yav

en¼ eFVI [ cMNUl Ca mFüm man îar ekIn eLIg pg Edr...> mnusß man Gayu Evg nig mankMBs x<s Cag mun...> man

TMnijîan Et eRcIn lk enARKb kEnøg ehIy rbs TaMg Gs ena¼ min Emn sRmab Et enA kñúgG Ëar îariyal&y d¾ x<s

¦ kñúg PUmi RKw¼ rbs BYk Gñk man RTBü ena¼eT...> RbCaBlrdæ GasIu GaeKñy_ rab ry lan nak man Gahar brieÔaK

eRcInCag mun ehIy BYk eK man fviîa Gac Tij Es,k eCIg tWnIs mYkkILa ebhß_ b‘l nigTwk RkÚc kUîa kULa án...>

RbCa Bl rdæ TaMg ena¼ rab eîadi kMBug sb,ay rIkray CamYy nwg îar emIl TUrTsßn_ nig îar eRbI Rás GaMgETrENt...>

dUecñ¼ Rbvtþi sa®sþ Na mYy min TTYl s:al nUv ÔaB cRmúg ceRmIn rbs GasIu GaeKñy_ KWCakMhus mUl dæan mYy...>

b¨uEnþ Rbsin ebI man Rbvtþi sa®sþ Na mYyTTYl s:al´ fa manÔaB f;úM ef;IgdUcËña nig esIμ Ëña enAkñúg RbeTs én

tMbn´ ¦ Cn CatiNak¾eday ena¼ va k¾ Ca kMhus mYy Edr...> srub eTA edIm,I vay témø GMBI ².GBÖÚt ehtu.³ enA

GasuI GaeKñy_ eyIgRtÚv viÔaK GMBI GBÖÚtehtu en¼...>

}T§iBlviC¢man

RbeTs sigHburI KW Ca RbeTs d¾ man eCaK C&y mYy kñúg yuK sm&y TMenIb...> l&kçx&NsmÖar£ Ca mYy cMNUl CamFüm kñúg mnusß mñak´.@ rbs´ RbeTsen¼ (RbEhl 23¿000 duløar shrdæGaemrik enA kñúg ÌñaM 2000) man

eRcIn Cag bNþa RbeTs GasuI GaeKñy_ déT eTot 5 dg (elIk Elg Et RbeTs Rb‘úyeN Edl Ca RbeTs Gñk

man xag eRbg îat) ehIy man lT§ÔaB Tij TMnij cMnYn 2 dg knø¼ x<s´ Cag RbeTs ÉeTot...> mk Rtwm

shvstßr_ fμI Gayuîal mFüm KW RbEhl 80 ÌñaM (dUc Edl eK Âan RbmaN TUTaMg BiPB elak ®sþI man Gayu

Evg Cag burs 5 ÌñaM) ehIy mrN RbmaN rbs kumar vij man îar fy cu¼ rhUt dl 3 ÔaK Ban én kMeNIt Tark...>

tY elx en¼ Gac eRbób eFob eTA nwg t Yelx d¾ RbesIr bMput kñúg BiPB elak án...> GRÈa mnusß eBjv&y Edl ec¼

Gkßr man elIs BI 90.%...> elIsBI en¼ kmμviFI ksag CRmk saÎarN£ án beFVI [ sMNg GnaFibetyü nig

ÔaB Ëμan TI CRmk án át´ bg´ eTA swg Et TaMg Gs´...> TIRkúg man sÔaB sðat át BIeRBa¼ Et îar dak´ ecj nUv

bT bBaØtþiepßg.@ dUc Ca îar ham Rám min [ esþa¼ îak s;r eîA sU ‘epþs pþas...> cracr enA Èam TI Rkúg man

lkçN£rlUn eday sar Etman îar eRbI Rás «bkrN_ eGLicRtÚ nik edIm,I yk Bn § (min elIk Twk citþ) yanynþ

RKb RbePT Edl eFVI dMeNIr cUl eTA kñúg tMbn BaNiC¢kmμ kñúg TI Rkúg ehIyk¾ eday sar Et man esva rfynþ Rkúg

nig rfePøIg eRîam dI Rbkb eday RbsiT§ÔaB...> nisßit sigHburI ÔaK eRcIn Etg Et TTYl án Ban rgVan kñúg îar

RbkYt RbECg Ca lkçN£ GnþrCati...> dUecñ¼ ehIy RbeTs sigHburIhak dUc Ca án erob cMyag lð kñúg dMeNIr eÌ<a¼

CMBUk TI .2}T§iBl én ²GBÖÚtehtu³ esdækic©eTAelImnusß

38 CMBUk TI .2

eTA rk ².esdækic© Epðk elI cMeN¼ dwg.³ na eRîay sm&y «sßahkmμ...> cMENk Gñk ri¼ Kn vij ánelIk eLIg

fa FmμCati én îar RKb´ RKg pþac´ îar kñúg RbeTs sigHburI KW Ca «bsK: ra raMg cMeBa¼ RbeTs en¼ pÞal´...> ehIy

Gñk ri¼ Kn´ mYy cMnYn án ehA krNI en¼ dUc Ca Xøa d¾ KYr [ cg ÏaM mYy rbs´ elak vIeløóm h:‘ibßún (William Gib-

son) Edl fa Ca ².sYn kmßanþ DIsñúIELnd_ eBar eBj eday îar dak´ eTas Rbhar CIvi t.³ Ca edIm...> k¾b¨uEnþ

hak bI dUc Ca RbCaBlrdæ sigHburIÔaKeRcIn án Gt {n cMeBa¼ îar RKb´ RKg pþac îar en¼ BIeRBa¼ EtBYk eK án

TTYl nUv pl RbeyaCn_ Ca eRcIn BI rdæa Piál BYk eK...>

sigHburI KW dUceTA nwgTI Rkúg d¾ Gs©arü epßg.@ eTot enA kñúg tMbn GasuI GaeKñy_ Edr...> TI Rkúg TaMg en¼ man

lkçN£ dUc Ëña eRcIn BuM dUc CnbT rbs RbeTs nImYy.@ Edl man lkçN£ rbs xøÜn...> man nUv«TahrN_ Cak

Esþg Ca eRcIn cMeBa¼ îarKit dUc en¼ dUc Ca eK [man erag cRk nig saklviTüal&y GËar BaNiC¢kmμ d¾TMenIb

Edl man TaMg hag lkray nig Gahardæan lk GaharTan citþ bøúk GËar îariyal&y nig GaÂartWmg x<s.@ îar

kmßanþ epßg.@ Edl man ÈaMg BI elçan nigráMburaN rhUt dl´ rg:sal sEmþg ráM Rsat nigRBwtþiîarN_

RbkYt kILa d¾ Gs©arü epßg.@ BnøWePøIg d¾ PøW ciEBa©g ciBa©ac pÞaMg pßay BaNiC¢kmμ FM.@ Ca edIm ehIy eRîA BI en¼

eTot (elIk Elg RbeTs sigHburIecj) eK enAeXIj man sMNg GnaFietyü rbs Gñk rs enA Ëμan c,ab GnuBaØat

d¾esμ‘aK eRËak nigîarsÞ¼ cracr Edl man ÔaB rejréj epßg.@ eTot pg Edr...> TIRkúg kULa LaMBYr eRbób

dUc Ca TI Rkúg hßaîarÈa d¾ tUc mYy Edl Esþg eLIg Èam ry£ kMBUl GËar eÔøa¼ d¾ Gs©arü...> cMENk É TI Rkúg hUCImij

(éRB nKr) vij enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 án yk KMrU Èam TIRkúg ágkk na Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970...> RbCaCn

án pøaslM enA yag eRcIn min RtwmedIm,I EsVg rk {îas esdækic© bueNÑa¼ eT buEnþ Efm TaMg [ EsVg rk CIvit rs

enA kñúg TI Rkúg pg Edr...> krNI en¼ eRbób dUc nwg bT kMNaBü rbs kvI PUma 1 rUb Edl Ecg fa..½

¿¿¿en¼ KW Ca ÔaB rMeCIb rMCYl cMeBa¼ CIvit rs kñúg TI Rkúg etI man kEnøg Na eTot Edl Gñk Gac edIr îat enA elI dg vifI

d¾G‘UGr mYy án ena¼ ehIy kMu eÌ<a¼ eTA rk mçag epßg eTot GI nig sUm,I Et enA PUm i kñúg éRB Edl |sUr sñÚr îaMePøIg

enA eBl raRtI KW CIvit Ëμan témø GVI T aMg Gs´ ehtu en¼ ehIy xJúM Ca Gñk pßg eRBg v&y ekμg mYy rUb xJúM sb,ay ePøIt

ePøIn eBl Edl xJúM kMBug Et sSit enA kñúg TI Rkúg r¨gh‘:Ún.>

smamaRt rbs RbCaCn GasuI GaeKñy_ Edl rs enAkñúg TI Rkúg ánekIn eLIg BI 15.% eTA 24.% ÏabBI

ÌñaM 1950 dl´ 1980 ehIy nig án bnþ ekIn eLIg rhUt dl´ 37/5.% Kit mk Tl´ nwg ÌñaM 2000...> mk Tl´

nwg Tsvtßr _ÌñaM 1990 kMeNIn RbCaCn kñúg tMbn án fy cu¼ dl kMeNIn RbmaN 1 ÔaK ry kñúg mYy ÌñaM buEnþ

TMhM TI Rkúg TaMg Lay vij án BRgIk 3 dg eRcIn Cag kMeNIn RbCaCn en¼...> TIRkúghßaîarÈa manIl ágkk

nig hUCImij án îøayCa TI Rkúg FM.@ Edl man RbCaCn eRcIn Cag 5 lannak ebI Kit mk Tl ÌñaM 2000 (cMENk

É TI Rkúg hßaîarÈaRBm TaMg Cay Rkúg man RbCaCn Cit 17 lan nak´ )...> sUm,I Et Rkúg rbs´ bBa extþ mYycMnYn Edl án GPivDÆ [ îøay eTA Ca cMNuc RbsBV Gnu tMbn ena¼ k¾án TTYl eCaKC&ynig RbCa Rbiy yag rh&s

pg Edr Ca «TahrN_ dUc Ca îar sSabna eLIg nUv sY n «sßahkmμ Edl eK án eRËag Tuk Ca mun ¦ k¾ tMbn´

BaNiC¢kmμ sRmab´ dMeNIr îar naM ecj TMnij Ca edIm...> cMeBa¼ TI Rkúg eQogém¨ vij Kit mk Tl´ nwg ÌñaM 1970

}T§iBl én.²GBÖÚtehtu³.esdækic©eTAelImnusß 39

man RbCaCn ticCag 100¿000 nak nig 350¿000 nak enA kñúg ÌñaM 1990 ehIy mk Tl nwg ÌñaM 2000 man

1/5 lan nak´...> GËar BaNiC¢kmμ én TI Rkúg esb‘U (Cebu) Edl man TIÈaMg sSit enA cM kBal RbeTs hVIúlIBIman TaMg Twk p;a QUk nig TU dakGI van edIm,I pþl pasukÔaB dl Gñk eFVI dMeNIr vil l¶ac Èam îaNUt qøgeîa¼ el,Ón

elOn Edl mk BI tMbn Ì¶ay.@ dUc Ca bUhUl (Bohol) nig LIet (Leyte) ena¼...>

Èam îar Bit sBaØaN KMehIj mYy kñúg cMeNam sBaØaN KMehIj Ca eRcIn én ÔaB cRmúg ceRmIn enA kñúg

tMbn´ GasuI GaeKñy_ KW îar ekIn eLIg nUv Rkúm Gñk man RTBü sm,tþi eRcIn Cag mun...> m®nþI rdæîar Edl Ca sñÚl én

vNÑ£ KhbtI kñúg Rsúk }LÚv en¼ án îøayeTA Ca s h RKin Canay Tahan Ca Gñk man CMnaj c,as las CaGñk

sEmþg sil,£ nigCa Gñk eFV I îar enA kñúg îariya l&y CaedIm...> ehIy BYk eK ÔaK eRcIn KW Ca GtifiCn (Ca Cag

Gñk plit ) rbs´ hag îaehV sþarbwks_ (Starbucks) rbs´rfynþ mäk hugda (Honda) rbs´GaÂärtWm¨g´ d¾ lð

RbNIt Es,keCIg mäkGaDIdas (Adidas) ÔaBynþKMnUrCIvclrbs´ Cbün nig Ca Gñk eTs cr eFVI dMeNIr

kmßanþ eTA îan breTs na eBl visßmîal...> kñúg cMeNam Rkúm mnusß TaMg en¼ mñak.@ man lkçN£ xus Ebøk

Ëña eTAÈam cMnYn RTBü sm,tþi Cak´ Esþg...> enA kñúg rcna sm<&n§ eK Gac Ebg Eck Gñk TaMg ena¼ CaBIr cMNat fñak

KW ².RkúmGñkmanfμI.³ man dUc Ca m©as´ kmμ siT§i epßg.@ nig vinieyaKin ehIy nig ².Rkúm mnusß fñak´kBal.³Edl man dUc Ca nieya Ck nigm©ashag tUc.@ epßg.@...>

BYk eK ÔaK eRcIn án TTYl îar Gb rM yag ehac Nas k¾ Rtwm mFüm sikßa Edr...> mkTl nwg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM

1990 man nisßit Ca eRcIn án bBa©b fñak saklviTüal&y enA kñúg tMbn...> eday sar mUlehtuen¼ rdæFmμnuBaØ

ÌñaM 1997 rbs RbeTs éf án tRmÚv [ sma Cik fμI én rdæsÔa Cati RtÚv man ².briBaØabRt ¦ sBaØabRt Rbhak

RbEhl.³...> RbeTssigHburIán Gnuvtþ îar kMNt Ebb en¼mun rYc ehIy...> îar rIk du¼ dal én îar Gb rM kRmit «tþm

sikßa k¾ man eKri¼Kn pg Edr BIeRBa¼ Et saklviTüal&y mYy cMnYn man lkçN£ xus Ëña Ì¶ay ebI eFob eTA nwg

sþgdar én saklviTüal&y lð bMput kñúg tMbn...> buEnþ CaerOy.@ eTa¼ bI Ca eK án emIl eXIj nUv sSanîarN_ en¼

fa man ÔaBxV¼ xat nig min Gac rMBwg eTA mux án k¾ eday k¾yuvCn yuvnarI énbBa RbeTs GasuI GaeKñy_ Ca eRcInlan nak´ án sikßa BIGVI epßg.@ ehIy yäg ehac Nas´ k¾ án sikßa BI viFI kñúg îar beg;It emeraK kuMBüÚT&r Edr

(«TahrN_ dUc Ca sar eGLicRtÚnic kñúg ÌñaM 2000 eRîam cMNg eCIg fa ².éG LÚv yU [xJúM RsLaj Gñk].³ Edl Ca

emeraK kuMBüÚT&r mYy beg;It eLIg eday nisßit én sakl viTüa l&y bec©k eTs manIl CaedIm)...> elIs BI en¼ nisßit

GasuI GaeKñy_ ÔaK eRcIn án sikßa yag ehac k¾ÔasabreTs sMxan mYy Edr dUc Ca ÔasaGgeKøs ÔasaCbun

nig Ôasa cin edIm,I Ô¢ab CamYy îargar rbs BYkeK ¦ Edl BYk eKán eron enA É salaeron ¦ viTüal&y ena¼...>

lkçN£ Biess mYyepßg eTot rbs BYk vrCn KWtYnaTI Ca saÎarN£ Edl man lkçN£ skmμ eRcIn Cag

mun rbs ®sþI...> Èam lkçN£ esdækic© sSanîarN_ rbs ®sþI enA kñúg TI Rkúg nig®sþI eFIV îar enAkñúg îa riyal&y erag

cRk epßg.@ ÔaK eRcIn manÔaB lð Rb esIr Cag mun eTa¼ Ca BYk eK enA Et TTYl án Rák cMNUlnig zan£ Tab Cag

burs k¾ eday...> îar BRgIk {îas TTYl án îar GbrM man n&y fa ®sþI ÔaK eRcIn man {îas TTYl án îargar eFIV

enA kñúg Epñk CMnaj viC¢a CIv£ dUcCa îar beRgón rYmTaMg Epñk esvakmμ epßg.@ Edl kMBug Et rIk ceRmIn eLIg...> ®sþI

40 CMBUk TI .2

Edl TTYl án îar GbrM eRCA RC¼ ÔaK eRcIn nwg min sb,ay citþ ¦eBj citþ cMeBa¼ îar rs enA rbs BYk eK eTot

eT Rbsin ebI BYk eK enA Et emIl Efrkßa pÞ¼ nig CYy eRCam ERCg GaCIB îar gar rbs sVamI BYk eK eday RËan Et

eFVI Ca PriyaerobcMGahar dUc BI mun ena¼...> Èam lkçN£ RbCa sa®sþ îar BRgIk îar GbrM k¾mannUv sar£ sMxan´

pg Edr dUc Ca kumarI nig®sþI ekμg.@ Ca eRcIn Gac TTYl án îar Gb´rM îan´ Et x<s´ TMng Ca man bMNg cg´ án

buRt FIÈa tic Cagmun...> krNI en¼ bBal mk BI kÈþa BIr yag TI 1 BYk eK án Bnüar eBl erob Ga Bah_BiBah_nig TI 2 BI eRBa¼ BYk eKyl´ îan´ Et c,as´ BI r ebob rs´ enA mYy Ebb epßg eTot nigCeRmIs kñúg îarerob c M

RKÜsar...> BI eRBa¼ Et ®sþI án TTYlsiT§i kñúg îar seRmc citþTaMg enA kñúg sg:m k¾dUc Ca enA kñúg RKÜsar GRÈa kMeNIt

Tark Gac man îar fy cu¼ eday sar ®sþI án TTYl nUv îar Gb rM îargar nigesva Efrkßa suxÔaB RKb RËan...>

ÔaB f;úM ef;In dUc en¼ k ¾án bg; [ man ÔaB rIk ceRmIn kñúg vis&y sil,£ én tMbn GasuI GaeKñy_...> Gñk sil,£

Gac rk fviîa án RKb´ RËan´ cMeBa¼ îar lk´ ecj nUv pÞaMg KMnUr GtSbT kMNaBü nig erOg Rbelam elak xøI.@

rbs BYk eK nig maneBl sRmak RKb RËan edIm,I Etg niBn§ GtSbT epßg.@ Edl man ÈaMg BI xUn Ebb buraN

(elçan exal Ebb esom) rhUt dl ceRmóg sm&y nig sRmab îar erob cM nUv vayuaMg KUlIt (elçan Es,k) edIm,I

dak sEmþg nigécñ Ca erOg Ebb kmßt EbbTMenIb epßg.@ ehIyEfm TaMg sRmab îarplit Exß ÔaBynþ nigerOg

sRmab Ïak bBa©aMg Èam TUrTsßn_ RBm TaMg elçan niyay pßBV pßayÈam viTüú pg Edr...> CaFmμÈa eKeXIj man

mnusß mYy cMnYn án tðÚjEtðr GMBI îar Îøak cu¼ sþgdar edayáneBalfa t®nþI jaksm&yfIμ (Erb nig ruk) kMBug

Et lub bMát ceRmóg RbéBNI eTA ehIy...> ehIy Ëμan nrNa mñak dwg GMBI viFI sa®sþ kñúg îar Etg niBn § ceRmógEbb

buraN en¼[ án lð eToteT...> Et man mnusß mYy cMnYn eTot EbrCamanÔaBeRtkRtGal CamYy nwg TRmg

beg;It Ebb fμI en¼eTAvij...> ÔaBynþ éf evotNam nig hVIúlIBIn Ca erOy.@ án TTYl BanrgVan´ Gnþr Cati

ehIy enA eBl CamYy Ëña ena¼ Gas‘annig Gg:îar BhuCati CaeRcIn epßg eTot án CYy «btSmÖ dl kmμviFI pøas

bþÚr Epñk Gkßrsa®s þnig tUrüt®nþI edIm, IEN naM bgHaj dl´ RbCaBl rdæ GasuI GaeKñy_ [ án yl´ nig s:al´ BI

vb,Fm’ rbs RbeTs Cit xag Ca elIk dMbUg...>

}T§iBlGviC¢man

enA BI eRîay ÔaB f;úMef;In en¼ eKenA Et e XIj manÔaB RkIRk bnþ Ô¢ab Ca mYy nwg îar ekg Rbv&Ba© Epñk esdækic© ekIn

eLIg Bas eBj tMbn GasuI GaeKñy_...> esÞIr Et enARKb RbeTs TaMg Gs eRîay sm&y s®g:am Kmøat én Rák

cMNUl rbs mnusß fñak x<s nigTab bMput enA kñúg sg:m man ÔaB xus Ëña xøaMg KYr[ktsm:al...> va Ca îar Bit Edl

fa Gñk man îan Et man eLIg buEnþ eht u Edl Gñk Rk ec¼ Et Rk eLIg ¦ man Kmøat îanEt Ì¶ay BI Gñk man KW enA Et

Ca bBaHa sRmab CECk Evk Ejk dEdl...> Tinñn&y GMBI îar Ebg Eck Rák cMNUl Edl pÞúy eTA nwg mFüm ÔaK

bgHaj enA kñúg Rák cMNUl Ca mFüm sRmab mnusß mñak.@ ena¼ KW minGacykCaîarán...> buEn¹ Tinñn&y TaMg en¼

án elIk eLIg fa enA kñúg RbeTs GasuIGaeKñy_ ÔaK eRcIn RbCaCn 20.% Ca erOy.@ îan EtRk eLIg.@ eTa¼ bI

Ca sSan ÔaB rbs Gñk Edl man CIvÔaB RbesIr îan Et RbesIr eLIg Cag mun k¾ eday...> enA esÞIr Et RKb RbeTs


TaMg Gs ´ eK eXIjmansMNgGnaFibetyükñúgTIRkúg eBar eBj eTA eday ÔaB rej réj ehIykUn ekμg ÔaK

eRcIn EdlrsenAtMbnCnbTman kgV¼ CIvCati ...> elak GaRbÚ DIsIuyU¨ LaKIyan (Aprodicio Laquian) án

Ebg Eck dac BI Ëña nUv ².sMNg GnaFibetyü Edl eBar eBj eday kI¹sgÇwm.³ BI ².sMNg GnaFibetyü Edl

Ëμan kI¹ sgÇwm.³ buEn¹ knøgeTA ².sMNg GnaFibetyü Edl eBar eBj eday kI¹ sgÇwm.³ Gac îøay eTA Ca ².sMNg

GnaFib etyü Edl Ëμan kI¹ sgÇwm.³ Rbsin ebI kI¹ sgÇwm ena¼ RtÚv án eK bdiesF eÏal Ca nirn¹r_ ena¼...>

etI Gñk Na Ca Gñk TTYl xus RtÚv cMeBa¼ ².Epñk Edl Gn fy.³ en¼..? BYk breTs eRcInGñk Edl RTÚv TTYl

rg nUv îar benÞas cMeBa¼ sSanîarN_ d¾ GaRkk bMput én Epñk Gn fy en¼...> kñúg krNI Ca eRcIn BYk eK Ca Gñk TTYl

xus RtÚv Bit Rákd...> enA eBl Edl án ÉkraCü fμI.@ va Ca îar gay RsÜl Nas kñúg îar eÏaT Rbîan eTA elI ekr

dMENl cRkBtþi niym...> enA eBl Edl rdæaPiál mYy cMnYn dUc Ca rdæaPiál én RbeTs hVúIlIBIn CaedIm

enAEt rkßa TMnak TMng Cit sñiT§ Ca mYy nwg Gñk dwk naM mun.@ rbs BYk eK ena¼ ².GaNaniKmEbbfμI.³ kMBug Et man Ca

bn¹ ehIy Ca erOy.@ RtÚv án eK eÏaT Rbîan fa Ca «bsK: bgðak dl îar GPivDÆ...> knøgeTA îar elIk eLIg

dUc en¼ eTa¼ Ca man lkçN£ sm ehtu pl enA eBl dMbUg k¾ eday k¾ va án át bg nUv lkçN£ Tak Tajbn¹ic m¹g.@

Edr...> (ebI ep¹at eTA elI l&kçx&NeRbób eFob vij esdækic© hVúIlIBIn man îar rIk ceRmIn yag Rákd enA kñúg ry£eBl bnÞab BI bBa©b s®g:am Ôøam.@ enA eBl Edl TMnakTMng Ca mYy nwg shrdæGaemrik îan Et man ÔaB sðit lμÜt

xus BI mun...> Et enA Tsvtßr_ bnÞab TaMg bunμan enA eBl Edl cMNg min xøaMg îøa dUc sm&y mun îar GPivDÆ esdækic©

mi n RbesIr dUc BI mun eT...>) enA TINa Edl cMNg Tak Tg Ca mYy BYk GaNaniKm BI mun.@ mk cu¼ exßay eK Gac

eÏaT Rbîan FnaËar BiPBelaknig mUlniFirUbiyvtSúGn¹rCati fa Ca Gñk TTYl xus RtÚv eday sar îar p¹l CMnYy

man îar dak l&kçx&NeTA elI kic© RBm eRBóg sBV Ebb yag d¾ twgrwug bMput Edl rYm man TaMg îar kRmit Rák ebovtßr_[ enA dEdl CaedIm ¦ [ fy cu¼...> RbeTs evotNam lav nig km<úCa án TTYl rg îar bMpøic bMpøaj yag F¶n

BI sMNak îar luk luy rbs RbeTs Qøan Ban mYy cMnYn ehIy cMENk É RbeTsPUma }QensuI nig hVúIlIBInvij án TTYl rg nUv «TÞamkmμ epßg.@ Edl bg; eLIg eday BYk CnCati ÔaKtic enA kñúg RbeTs Edl ËaM RT

eday Rkúm mnusß mk BI xag eRîA RbeTs...>

eTa¼ Ca yag Na k¾ eday min yUr min Ìab RbCaCn GasuI GaeKñy_ án eÏaT Ca sMNYr fa etI em dwk naM ehIy

nig eËalneyaáy rbs´ BYk eK man TMnYl xus RtÚv eTA elI ÔaB RkI Rk Edl kMBug Et bn¹ man min ec¼ cb´ en¼

¦eT...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1989 elak mhaeFor mhamat án Eføg fa..½

BI eRBa¼ Et sg:m Edl man Cati sasn_ cRmú¼ rbs´ eyIg án rMeda¼ xøÜn Ég ecj put BI GMNac RKb´ RKg rbs´

GaNaniKm niym eyIg min Gac enA Et benÞas BYk eK GMBI bBaHa rbs´ eyIg pÞal´ án eTot eT.> eyIg RËan´ Et

Gac benÞas BYk eK cMeBa¼ GtulüÔaB Epñkesdækic© neyaáy nig sg:m Edl BYk eK án bnßl Tuk bueNÑa¼

b¨uEn¹ eRîay ry£ eBl 31 ÌñaM bnÞab´ BI án TTYl ÉkraCümk RbsinebIeyIg min án erob cM bBaHa TaMg en¼

eday xøÜn eyIg ena¼ eT eyIg Rákd Ca Ëμan siTi§ benÞas Gñk déT án eT.>

Ca îar Bit Nas´ rbb ÔaK eRcIn KW ep¹at elI îar yk cit¹ Tuk dak´ eTA dl´ îar bMeBj cit¹ cMeBa¼ BYk vrCn

42 CMBUk TI .2

enA kñúg RbeTs nImYy.@ (rYm TaMg vinieyaKin breTs pg Edr) kñúg îar Büayam min temøIg Rák´ Ex [ BYk kmμkr

eday Ëab sg;t´ eTA elI shCIB na na...> esdæ viTU GasuI GaeKñy_ TaMg Lay man TMenar yl´ Rsb Ca mYy nwg

KUÔaKI Gn¹rCati rbs BYk eK Edl fa..½

îar ksag eLIg vij Ca bnÞan nUv esdæ kic© edIm,I RbQm mux Ca mYy nwg îar RbkYt RbECg na Ef¶ GnaKt eBl xø¼ Gac

tRmÚv [ man îar Gnuvt¹ Na mYy Rbkb eday îarQWÏabnigîarbgçM eTa¼ Ca eyIg min sux citþ án k¾ eday.>

BYkeK án snμtfa Cn RkI Rk Gac TTYl rg îar QW Ïabńig îar bgçM eRcIn Cag Gñk man...> Rsedog Ëña

en¼ Edr rdæaPiál man îar sÞak´ esÞIr kñúg îar yk Bn§ BI RbCa Blrdæ Gñk man rbs´ xøÜn (¦ vinieyaKin breTs

eday yl´ c,as´ Nas´ fa BYk eK nwg Ïak ecj eTA vij Rbsin ebI BYk eK min án TTYl nUv Rák´ cMeNj BI

îar vinieyaK rbs´ BYk eK eT)...> sSanÔaB en¼ eFVI K eRmag epßg.@ CaeRcIn xV¼ xat Tun sRmabGnuvtþ...>

sUm,IEt enA eBl rdæaPiál án seRmc cMNayeTAelI esva suxÔaB ¦ îar GPivDÆ CnbT edIm,I Eck

Ïay eTA dl´ eËal edA Èam bBa ext¹ nI mYy.@ k¾eday k¾fviîa TaMg en¼ RtÚv îar qøg îat´ Èam ry£ bBajneyaáy ¦k¾ m®nþI rdæîar nana Edl RtÜt RÈa eday smaCik epßg.@ én Rkúm vrCn Edl Ca bEgðk rbs´

rdæaPiál (dUcCa emT&B eÏAhVayRsúk GPiál RKbRKg Èam tMbn epßg.@ Ca edIm)...> dUecñ¼ enA TI bBa©b

fviîa TaMg ena¼ RtÚv bEgVr cUl ÉkCn vij...> eK eXIj man tRmÚv îar [ man kMEN TRmg´Ëμan TI bBa©b´...> büEn¹

enA eBl Edl Rkúm mnusß Tuc©rit cm,g.@ mYy cMnYn RtÚv án eK bgçM [ cu¼ ecj BI tMENg dUc Ca lak fñm

(Thanom) enA kñúg RbeTs éf märkUs (Marcos) nig eG®s¹ada (Estrada) enA kñúg RbeTs hVúIlIBIn s‘UhartU

(Suharto) enA kñúg RbeTs }QensuI CaedIm GñkEk TRmgÔaKeRcIn EdleLIg CMnYs tMENg em dwk naM xag elIman CIvRbvti¹ Rsedog.@ Ëña dUecñ¼ ehIyán Ca eK eXIj man îar Ek ERb tic tYc bMput cMeBa¼ dMeNIr vivDÆ eËal

neyaáy TaMg mUl rbs rdæaPiál...>

eTa¼ bICa ÔaB RkIRk Edl bn¹ man min ec¼ cb KW Ca bBaHa d¾ FM bMputrbs bBa RbeTs kMBug GPivDÆ enA tMbnGasuI GaeKñy_ TaMg Lay k¾ eday k¾ ÔaB RkIRk en¼ min Emn Ca bBaHa d¾ GaRkk éRk Elg ena¼ Edr...> tMbn GasuIGaeKñy_

k¾ rg eRËa¼ BI bBaHa dUc.@ Ëña Ca eRcIn án b¼ Tg:ic dl sg:m TMenIb epßg.@ enA RKb kEnøg TaMg Gs...> GMeBI Buk

rlYy án rIk say Ôay Ca Biess cMeBa¼ TMnak TMng rvag BaNiC¢kmμ nig rdæaPiál..> mnusß esÞIr Et RKb.@

rUb án beBa©j mti tva RbÌaMg cMeBa¼ bBaHa GMeBI Buk rlYy en¼...> kñúg ena¼ ralRbÎanaFibtI hVIúlIBIn Edl eK

án eRCIs ÈaMg [ eLIg îan tMENg fμI RKb.@ rUb enA rvag ÌñaM 1946 nig ÌñaM 1986 án sÏ©a fa nwg lub bMát

nUv GMeBI Buk rlYy bnßl´ BI Gñk îan´ GMNac mun.@...> büEn¹ eK eXIj man Et RbeTs sigHburImYy Kt´ Edl Gac

îat´ bnSy GMeBI Buk rlYy en¼ án...> GMeBI Buk rlYy k¾ Ca edIm ehtubg; [ man GMBI higßa d¾ sahav yg´ Xñg mYy

cMnYn ekIt eLIg enA kñúg tMbn´ pg Edr...> GMeBIhigßaTaMgena¼ min RtÚv án RbRBwt¹ eLIg eday ePrvkr RbÌaMg

eTA nwg rdæaPiál ¦eday RkúmCn «Rkidæ epßg.@ (eTa¼ bI Ca man Rkúm TaMg BIr en¼ k¾ eday) buEn¹ Ebr Ca RtÚv án

RbRBwt¹ eLIg eday bUlIs Tahan rdæaPiál ¦ kgkmøaMg sn¹isux epßg.@ Edl man îarKb Kit Ca lkçN£ pøÚv

îar eTA vij...> enAkñúg bBa RbeTs GasuIGaeKñy_ ÔaK eRcIn Rkúm h‘un eFIV GaCIvkmμ îab eQI lk Rkúmh‘un cm;ar


GMeBA nig Rkúmh‘un Tij dI edIm,I GPivDÆn_ «sßahkmμ Ca edIm Gac rk kg kmøaMg Tahan esøók Bak Ca Ék sNæan

mk CYy îar Bar Tb´ Tl´ bMPit bMP&y ¦k¾ Gac Qan eTA dl´ îar smøab´ pg Edr cMeBa¼ nrNa Edl b¼ eár

RbÌaMgxøÜn ena¼...> rdæaPiál án Rtwm Et bBaÄb nUv skmμÔaB Ebb en¼ mYy ry£ bueNÑa¼ ehIy án eFVI Gn¹raKmn_

tic tYc bMput ¦k¾ swg Et Ëμan esa¼ pg k¾ man...>

GMeBI Buk rlYy k¾ án CYy îar Bar îar RbRBwt¹ El,g suI sg xus c,ab´ eBsüakmμ nig îar eFVI GaCIvkmμ fñaM

ejón pg Edr...> îal BI GtIt îal CeRmIs én fñaM ejón epßg.@ enA kñúg tMbn´ GasuI GaeKñy_ man lkçN£

Rsal.@ dUc Ca møÚsøa sura fñaMCk´ (manÏab´ÈaMg BI stvtßr_ TI 16 mk emø¨¼) nig GaePon Ca edIm...> büEn¹

enA eRîay sm&y s®g:am eK eXIj man nUv RbePT fñaM ejón Edl man }Ti§Bl îan Et xøaMg Cag mun...> enA kñúg

Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1960 eday man îar pßM KMnit BI m®nI¹ kñúg Rsúknig Ôñak´ gar es¿GuI¿Ga Gñk CYj dUr eFVI cracr fñaM ejón

tMbn ².RtIeîaN mas.³ (Èam Bit KW Ca tMbn sm,Úr PñM xVat ExVg Ek,r RBMEdn TaMg bYn rbs RbeTs cin PUma lav

nigéf) án Ïabep¹Im eFVI îar ERb îøay GaePon [ eTA Ca eh rU GIun...> îarplitenA tMbn en¼ min Rtwm Et Gac îar

Bar BI eRËa¼ fñak nig snßM sMéc cMeBa¼ éfø én îar dwk CBa¢Ún bueNÑa¼ eT buEn¹ Efm TaMg Gac [ fñaMejón RbePT en¼

man lk enA Èam TIpßar na na én bBa RbeTs GasuIGaeKñy_ pg Edr...> eK eXIj fa mYy Epñk én plit kmμ kBaäanig îar eRbI Rás rbs va án rIk say Ôay Èam ry£ KMrU rbs Tahan GaemriîaMg nig GñkeTscr epßg.@ eTot

Edl án eFVI dMeNIr mk îan tMbn GasuIGaeKñy_ en¼...> Gñk xø¼ k¾ án EN naM RbePT fñaM ejón em tMehVÈamIn (Edl

man eQμa¼ kñúg Rsúk fa ².Twkkk.³ ¦ ²süab‘U.³) Edl na eBl bc©úb,n ñ en¼ án îøay Ca fñaM ejón d¾ man }Ti§Bl

GaRkk´ xøaMg bMput kñúg cMeNam fñaMejón d¾man}Ti§Bl GaRkk´ epßg.@ eTot kñúg tMbn´...> îar eqøIy tbrbs´

rdæaPiál énbBaRbeTs GasuIGaeKñy_ k¾dUcCa rdæaPiál énRbeTs epßg eTot sSit enA kñúg ÔaB min c,aslas´...> rdæaPiál mYy cMnYn dUc Ca rdæaPiál RbeTs sigHburInigmäeLsuI án ham Rám cMeBa¼ skmμÔaB

TaMgLay Na Edl man îar Bak B&n§ nwg fñaM ejón eday beg;It c,ab d¾ sahav twg rwug bMput Edl kñúg ena¼ rYm man

TaMg eTas Rbhar CIvit...> cMENk xag rdæaPiál epßg eTot dUc Ca rdæaPiál RbeTsPUma éf nig km<úCa

p¹l îar GnuBaØat [ Ca sm¶at cMeBa¼ îar eFIV cracr fñaM ejón nig án TTYl pl cMeNj BI îar eFIV cracr fñaM ejón

en¼ Gs ry£ eBl Ca eRcIn ÌñaM mk ehIy eTa¼ bI Ca RbRktI rdæaPiál RbeTs TaMg en¼ án RbyuT§ RbÌaMg eTA nwg

cracr fñaM ejón k¾ eday...>

GaCIvkmμ pøÚv ePT Edl bBal [ man Cm¶W qøg îar eRbI Rás´ fñaM ejón nig TasÔaB Cak´ Es¹g k¾ p¹l´sar£ RbeyaCn_ cMeBa¼ esdækic© én bBa RbeTs Ca eRcIn pg Edr...> eTa¼ bI Ca eBsüa kmμ man Rbvti¹ d¾ yUr lgŃas mk ehIy enA kñúg Rsúk esom k¾ eday «sßahkmμ pøÚv ePT TMenIb rbs RbeTséf eTIb án Ïabep¹Im vivDÆ

eLIg enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1960 KWenA eBl Edl Tahan GaemriîaMg rab´Ban´ nak´ án mk eá¼ TI ÈaMg enA TI ena¼

ehIy k¾ eFVI dMeNIr kmßan¹ kñúg eËal bMNg ²sRmak lMEhnig îar kmßan¹ sb,ay.³ bnÞab´ BI án eTA c,aMg enA

RbeTs evotNam rYc mk...> Gs´ ry£ eBl yäg yUr bnÞab´ BI s®g:am án bBa©b´ eTA bnÞb´ mäsßa nig ár TaMg

Lay enA pat´pug nig pat´fayä enA Et sm,Úr eTA eday burs nig ®s¹I ekμg.@...> ekμg CMTg´ TaMg en¼ RtÚv eK

44 CMBUk TI .2

eRCIs erIs mk fμI efμag BI Èam bBa ext¹ na na ¦ RtÚv án ]Buk m¹ay rbs´ BYk eK lk´ [ pÞ¼ bn...> ekμg TaMg ena¼RtÚv eK yk mk sRmab´ beRmI dl´ eTscr mk BI bsi©m nigGasIuRbeTs rYm TaMg GtifiCn kñúg Rsúk Edl kMBug Et

ekIn eLIg pg Edr...> eTa¼ bI Ca rdæaPiál manîar xμas eGon cMeBa¼ TidæÔaBCa cMh én GaCIv kmμ pøÚv ePT kñúg RbeTs

xøÜn k¾ eday k¾ BYkeKenA Et Kit fa GaCIvkmμ pøÚv ePT en¼ man sar£ sMxan´ cMeBa¼ÔaBrIk ceRmIn én vis&y

eTscrN_...> dUecñ¼ ehIy eTIbBYkeKmin Edl dak´ ecj nUv viÎan îar [ án mWug mät´ edIm,I raraMg GaCIvkmμ pøÚv

ePT TaMg ena¼...> eTa¼ Ca yäg en¼ kI¹ k¾ GaCJaFr án yl´ yäg c,as´ GMBI eRËa¼ fñak´ én îar rIkral dal nUv Cm¶W

eGds_ Edl C¼ }Ti§Bl GaRkk´ enA edIm Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 eday eÏaT CabBaHa min Rtwm Et cMeBa¼ vis&y

eTscrN_ bueNÑa¼eT buEn¹ EfmTaMg cMeBa¼ sg:m éf TaMg mUl pg Edr...> Gñk xø¼ P&y xøac fa Gac bg; [ man îar

Îøak cu¼ én cMnYn RbCaCn yag Rákd...> mk Tl nwg cug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 enA kñúg RbeTséf kmμ viFI Gb rM pøÚv

ePT nig îar Eck Ïay eRsam Gnam&y án Tb´ s;at´ îar qøg rIk ral dal én Cm¶W eGds_...> buËn¹ skmμÔaB

TaMgen¼ min sUv án TTYl eCaK C&y bu¨nμan eLIy enA kñúg RbeTs RkI Rk epßg.@ dUcCa RbeTs km<úCa Edl Ca

RbeTs man témø Blkm μ efakCageKbgðsenA kñúg tMbn...>

rI É bBaHa îar Ebg Eck rvag ePT Rbús nig RsI îar rIk du¼ dal én «sßahkmμ Fun Rsal epßg.@ dUcCa

«sßahkmμ vaynPN nig eGLicRtÚnik CaedIm án beg;It [ man nUv tRmÚv îar kmμkr ®s¹I Ca eRcIn...> eK eRcIn

eCOfa ®s¹I man Gakb,kiriya rh&s rhYn biun Rbsb nig søÚt bUt ehIy Efm TaMg RtÚvîar Rák QñÜl efak Cag

burs pg Edr...> dUc Ëña eTA nwg ®sI¹ na edIm sm&y bdivt¹n_ «sßahkmμ enA É bs©im RbeTs pg Edr kmμkr erag cRk

Ca ®sI¹ enA Èam bBa RbeTs GasuI GaeKñy_ CaTUeTA Gac RtÚv án eK emIl eXIj fa Ca Taskr dac éfø kñúg rbb mUlFnniym...> BYk eK RtÚv án bgçM [ eFVI îar F¶n ².yag Gmnusß Fm’.³ kñúg ry£ eBl yUr enA eRîam sSan îarN_ PitP&ynig

twg Etg lMák...> BYkeK TaMg en¼ Gac TTYl rg nUv îar ekg Rbv&Ba© pøÚv ePT BI sMNak efA Ek pg ehIy BYkeKk¾ Ca

Gñk p¹l RbsiT§ÔaB dl dMeNIr îarGaCIvkmμEdr...> eday sar îar rIk ceRmIn én «sßahkmμ eyIg eXIj fa ®s¹I

Edl TTYl îar Gb rM tic tYc dUc Ca kUn RsI én RKÜsar ksikr RkI Rk TaMg Lay Gac man {îaseFIVîar gar yk kéRm...>

eTa¼ bI Ca TTYlánRákQñÜl bn¹ic bn¹Üc k¾ eday k¾BYk eK Gac man ÔaB m©as îarelI xøÜn Ég enA kñúg sg:m nig Gac

CYy p:t p:g Ca fviîa nig smÖar£ eRbI Rás fμI.@ dl ]Buk m¹ay kñúg rgVg PUmi Rsúk rbs BYk eK Edr...> îar sikßa Rsav

RCav mYy enA ÌñaM 1987 GMBI kmμîarinI enA kñúg RbeTs mäeLsuI eday éGh_vä Gug (Aihwa Ong) án bgHaj BI

kmμîarinI Edl tTl RbÌaMg eTA nwg vin&y twg ruwg rbs erag cRk eday îar eRbI nUv kll,ic buraN mYy cMnYn dUcCa

eraK xül K eraK srés RbsaT nig exμaclgCa edIm...> enAÈam tMbn Cn bT Edl esdæ kic© man sÔaB yabyWun

xøaMg sSanÔaB rbs ®s¹I RkI Rk man lkçN£ îan Et lMák eLIg.@ enA kñúg îal£eTs£ én TMenIbnIykmμ ksikmμ...>

Ca «TahrN_ enA kñúg «bTVIb maeLsuI nig eîa¼ CVa enA eBl Edl eK eRbI Rás masuIn edIm,I CMnYs [ îar RcÚt îat

eday éd ®s¹I RkI Rk TaMg Lay Edl Îøab Et Rbkb rbr ciBa©wm CIvit eday sar îar CYy RcÚt îat [ ksikr déT eTot

ykkéRm min man lT§ÔaB kñúg îar TTYl án nUv fviîa BI mux rbr ciBa©wm CIvit rebob en¼ eTot eT...>

cMeBa¼ Cn Cati GasuI GaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn îarKMramkMEhg d¾xøaMg îøabMputBIyuKsm&yTMenIb man lkçN£sμúK


sμajnig xøaMg Cag GMeBI Buk rlYy fñaMejón eBsüakmμ ¦k¾sUm,I Et ÔaB RkIRk eTA eTot...> îarKMramkMEhg

en¼ KW Ca îar át´ bg´ nUv GtþsBaØaN vb,Fm’ eRîam lMhUr én plitkmμ sakl ÔavUbnIy kmμ Edl pßay ecj BI

hUløIvUd maDIsunGavuWnuy (Madison Avenue) nig busþ# TUrTsßn_ sIuGinGin (CNN) nig GimFIv I (MTV)...> Gñk

ri¼Kn´ mYy rUb Edl Îøab´ án ri¼Kn´ GMBI }Ti§Bl rbs´ shrdæGaemrik enA kñúg TVIb GWru¨b án ehA krNI en¼ fa

².GaNaniKmnIykmμ kUîa (Coca-colonization).³ Et îar KMram kMEhg enA kñúg tMbn GasuIGaeKñy_ min Emn bBalmk BI }T§iBl rbs shrdæGaemrik Et mYy k¾eday...> TRmg ePøg GgeKøs TMenIb rbs s,ays_ eh:Ils_ (Spice

Girls) nienþIeh:m bUy (Nintendo Game Boy) mk BI Cbu¨n nig ÔaByn¹ KughV‘ Ú mk BI TI Rkúg hugkug án

C¼}Ti§Bl Rbhak RbEhl Ëña eTA elI TRmg sil,£ nig RbéBNI kñúg tMbn...> sUm,I Et mHÚb Gahar RbÏaM Cati sasn_

k¾ TMng Ca sSit enA kñúg sSanîarN_ eRËa¼ fñak pg Edr eday sar Et man GaCIvkmμ Tij siT§i lk Gahar Tancit¹ mYy

cMnYn dUc Ca man econ kinþWKI (Kentucky Fried Chicken) CaedIm...> rI É ehmbWeh:Ir (Hamburger) Gn¹rCati vij

án îøayCa Gaharkñúg Rsúkrbs RbeTs hVIúlIBIn eday sar ehmbWeh:Ir mak cUløIb‘I (Jollibee) rbs hVúIlIBIn

man rsCati Epðm Et mYy Kt Edl TTYlîar Ïab cit¹ BI CnCati hVúIlIBIn án eFVI [ mak en¼ lk dac Cag mak dUNald_

(McDonald)...> CYn îal man TaMg îar KMram kMEhg Epñkvb,Fm’ BI RbeTsCit xag xøÜn beg;Iy dUc Ca krNI RbeTs

lav...> CnCati lav ÏabGarmμN_ fa BYkeK án TTYl rgnUv }T§iBl BI t®nI¹ ÔaByn¹ TMnij nig sUm,IEt Ôasa

rbs RbeTs éf yag sem,Im...> eTa¼ bI Ca CeRmIs rbs Gñk eRbI Rás k¾ án ÉkÔaB cMeBa¼ îar rat t,at TaMg en¼

ehIy Cn Cati GasuI GaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn yl c,as fa xøÜn án TTYl nUv }T§iBl BI bBa RbeTs epßg.@ enAEt sVaKmn_nUv îar ák Îøay én rbg Cati...> buEn¹ man mnusß Ca eRcIn man îar esak s¹ay cMeBa¼ îar át bg d¾ FM eFg én GVI Edl

man ÔaB rYm Et mYy nig man témø min Gac îat éfø án dUc Ca Ôasa TMenom Tmøab´ sil,£ mHÚb Gahar ¦ KuN

témø RKÜsarÈam Ebb RbéBNI pg Edr...>

îar eFVI Gen¹a Rbevsn_ d¾ FM KYr[ ÏabGarmμN_ enA kñúg tMbn án eFVI [ sSan îarN_ îanEt sμúK sμaj eLIg...>

enA kñúg sm&y eRîay s®g:am Ca Biess Ïab´BI Tstvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970 mk R bCaCn GasuI GaeKñy_ Ca eRcIn án

Ïak ecj BI RbeTs rbs xøÜn kñúg lkçN£ Ca Cn ePos xøÜn neyaáy Cn Gen¹a Rbevsn_ esdækic© ¦ Canisßit...>

Gñk xø¼ án Ïak ecj Et bunμan KILÚEmRt put BI RBM Edn bueNÑa¼ dUc Ca Cn Cati Exμr nig CnCati ÔaK tic mk BI RbeTs

PUma nig lav Edl án Cemøós xøÜn eTA îan RbeTséf nig rYm TaMg CnCati maeLsuI nig }QensuI Edl eFVI îar enAkñúg RbeTs sigHburI CaedIm...> buEn¹ ÔaKeRcIn án Ïak ecj BI GasuI GaeKñy_ TaMg Rsúg kñúg lkçN£ Ca kmμkr Cab

kic© snüa breTs eTA îan mCÄim bUB’a GWrub xag ekIt nig GasuI xagekIt ¦ kñúg lkçN£ Ca Cn Gen¹aRbevsn_ ¦Ca

nisßit eTA îan´ Gaemrik xag eCIg GWru¨b ¦ k¾ GU®s¹alI...> mk Tl´ nwg cug shsvtßr_ TI 2 BYk eK ÔaK eRcIn

án RtLb´ mk îan´ RbeTs kMeNIt rbs´ xøÜn vij ¦ y¨ag ehac Nas´ k¾án epJIRák´ mk vij Edr...> enA kñúg

RbeTs hVIúlIBIn na Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 Rák Edl án epJI mk BI xag eRîA RbeTs án îøay Ca RbPB d¾ FM Et mYy

Kt én rUbiyb&NÑ eday án elIs pl cMeNj én «sßahkmμ TaMg TRmg Ïas nig fμI...> cMeBa¼ RbeTs epßg.@

eTot cMnYn TaMg Gs en¼ min sUv man lkçN£ KYr [ kt sm:al bunμan eT...> buEn¹ TaMg Rák Edl epJI mk BI breTs

46 CMBUk TI .2

nig Gñk eFVI matu PUmi nivt¹n_ man lkçN£ ekøóv îøa KYr [ rMBwg Tuk...>

îarbMpøicbMpøajbrisSan FmμCati

Epñk xag ggwt Bit Rákd én «sßahUbnIykmμ nig nK rUbnIykmμ GasuIGaeKñy_ KW Ca Epßg G&BÞ fb degHIm Edl Ca

erOy.@ án bgçM [ Gñk rs´ enA kñúg TIRkúg ágkk TIRkúg mänIl nig TIRkúg hßaîarÈa Bak´ mäs´ îarBar épÞ mux

enA eBl Edl BYk eK eFVI dMeNIr enA Èam dg pøÚv kñúg TI Rkúg...> ehIy man TaMgTwk bMBul Edl Gac smøab´ CIvit

mnusß stV án enA kñúg Tenø bwg bY nig bwg Twk éRb Ek,r mat´ smuRT...> TaMg Gs´ en¼ KW Ca îar sEmþg [ eXIj

yäg Cak´ c,as´ nUv eRËa¼ mhn¹ rayeGkULÚsuI Edl rYm man TaMg îar át´ bg´ nUv KRmb éRB eQI nig p;a fμ b¨ Rb¼ Twk

RbEhl 80.%...> enA eBl Edl stvtßr_ TI 21 án Qan cUl mk dl´ sBaØaN Gs´ TaMg en¼ min sUv man

îar Îøak cu¼ bunμan eLIy...> Cak Es¹g Cag en¼ eTA eTot îar bMpøit bMpøaj en¼ KWCa kMeNIn esdækic© nig kMeNIn

RbCaCn Edl CaTUeTA ekIn eLIg kñúg eBl Ca mYy Ëña kñúg en¼ án n&y fa man RTBüFn îan´ Et eRcIn bg; [

man îareRbIRás rfyn¹ îan Et eRcIn...> TaMgen¼ bBal [ man Epßg G&BÞ îan Et eRcIn...> RbCaCn îan EteRcIn man n&yfa man RbCa ksikr îan´ Et eRcIn Edl bBal [ man îar îab´ bMpøaj éRB eQI îan´ Et eRcInpg Edr...> bBaHa mYy eTot dUc Ca ePøIg eq¼ éRB d¾ FM Edl án rat t,at RbeTs }QensuI nig mäeLsuI enA kñúgÌñaM 1994 nig 1997 án eFVI [ BBk Epßg ep¼ eha¼ Ì¶ay eÌ<a¼ eTA îan´ TI Rkúg hug kug sSit enA ÔaK xag eCIg

ehIy bBaHa en¼ RtÚv án eK ri¼ Kn fa mYy Epñk bBal mk BI átuPUt FmμCati ².eGl nIjÚ¨.³ (El Niño)...>

büEn¹ Gñk Edl án elIk nUv TLHIkrN_ TaMg en¼ eLIg KWCa Gñkniyay eda¼ sa cMeBa¼ mhicäÈa min ec¼

cb´ Edl man TMnYl xus RtÚv cMeBa¼ bBaHa Ca eRcIn...> kMhus cm,g bMput enA kñúg îarîab´ bMpøaj éRB eQI enA kñúg

tMbn KW min Emn mk BI îar îab nig dut bMpøaj éRB eQI edIm,I ykdI mk eFVI ksikmμ ena¼ eT buEn¹ KW Ca BaNiC¢kmμ

d¾ elaP ln Edl án îar GnuBaØat eday Rsb c,ab BI rdæaPiál ¦CaîarTaj yk pl RbeyaCn_ eday xus

c,ab´ rbs´ m®nI¹ Buk rlYy ¦m®nI¹ Kb´Kit Ëña eTA v ij eT...> Ca «TahrN_ Tahan éf min Rtwm Et Cab´ Bak´ B&n§

Ca mYy nwg îar îab´ bMpøaj éRB Fmμ Cati rbs´ RbeTs éf ena¼ eT büEn¹ k¾ Ca Gñk epþIm KMnit nig Gñk ËaM RT d¾ cm,g

enA kñúg îar bMpøaj éRB eQI enA kñúg RbeTsPUma lav nig km<úCa kñúg eBl Edl RbeTs TaMg en¼ án ebIk

Rck TVar RBMEdn rbs´ xøÜn...> RbeTs TaMg en¼ án îab´ éRB eQI rbs´ xøÜn elOn Cag RbeTs éf pÞal´ án eFVI

eTA eTot ...> dUcenA kñúg RbeTs }QensuI Edr Tahan KW Ca Gñk «btSmÖ ËaM RT d¾ cm,g enA kñúg îar îab´ bMpøajéRB eQI...> cMENk É Rkúmh‘un plit îþar bnÞ¼ enA kñúg RbeTs hVúIlIBIn EbrCa man TMenar eTA rk îar CYl

Tahan Ca lkçN£ ÉkCn vij...> edIm,I eFIVdUecñ¼án RbeTs TaMg Gs en¼ án lk p¹ac nUv ekr dMENl vb,Fm’

rbs´ xøÜn edIm,I Ca fñÚr nwg Rák´ kéRm bn¹ic bn¹Üc buëNÑa¼eT vaEfmTaMg án eFVI [ esdækic© Cati xøÜn cu¼ exßay

eday sarfa îar át bg´ nUv KRmb éRB eQI KW Ca kÈþa cm,g Edl bBal [ man nUv eRËa¼ mhn¹ray Twk CMnn´bMpøic bMpøaj nUv pl dMNaM nig smøab´ CIvit Gs´ Ca eRcIn eTot...>

rdæaPiál én bBa RbeTs GasuI GaeKñy_ k¾ Ëμan lT§ÔaB ¦k¾ Ëμan qnÞ£ îar Bar Tb Tl eTA nwg îar bMBul


Twk Èam ry£ saCIvkmμ Er¨ ¦ eragcRk «sßahkmμ epßg.@ eday sarEt man îar P&y xøac fa skmμÔaB en¼

Gac raraMg kMeNIn esdækic© ¦k¾ Gac beg;It [ man sRtÚv Epñk neyaáy eTAvij...> «TahrN_ Cak´ Es¹g mYy

KWfa Rkúmh‘un îaväsaKI (Kawasaki) án epÞr eragcRk sø rMlay Edk Efb BI RbeTs Cbün eTA îan´ RbeTs

hVIúlIBIn eday sar Et man îar tvä yäg xøaMg BI sMNak´ brisSanviTU epßg.@ enA RbeTs Cbu¨n...> krNI en¼

án eFVI [ Rkúmh‘un îaväsaKI án îøay eTA Ca Gñk naM [ man îar bMBul enA kñúg RbeTs hVIúlIBIn ...> Tenø bwg bY

na na k¾ RtÚv án bMBul eday sar îar eRbI Rás´ CI KImI hYs kRmit edIm,I beg;In Tinñpl RsÚv...> mha smuRT na

na án îøay eTA Ca val rehadæan Ëμan RtI Et eBar eBj eTA eday nava GUs écrä Cbün FM.@ Ca eRcIn sRmab´

ekIb yk ninñpl cm¶ay rab´KILÚEm¨Rt...> cMENk É tMbn´ Ek,r eqñr smuRT vij eK eXIj Gñk ensaT RkI Rk kñúg

Rsúk án eRbI Rás´ nUv rM esv pÞú¼ ¦ fñaM bMBul edIm,I TTYl án nUv Tinñpl RtI Edl îan´ Et tic cu¼ eday min

Kit eTA dl }T§iBl rbs rMesv pÞú¼nig fñaM bMBul TaMg ena¼ cMeBa¼ CIvit stV rukçCati enA kñúg smuRT nig p;afμ bRb¼Twk

ena¼ eT...> TMnb´ famBl varI GK:isnI d¾ FM án Bnøg´ lM enAnig vb,Fm’ rbs´ Cn Cati edIm ÔaK tic epßg.@ rYm

TaMg GVI.@ TaMg Lay enA kñúg tMbn´ ena¼...> CaerOy.@ TMnb´ TaMg en¼ raMg sÞ¼ dl´ îar BaM naM mk nUv dI l,ab´ Èam

ry£ Exß Twk ehIy eFVI [ fy cu¼ nUv Tinñpl ksikmμ enA tMbn´ ena¼ eTA vij...>

Gg:îar eRîA rdæaPiál Ca eRcIn án egIb eLIg RbÌaMg tva eTA nwg îar b¼ Bal cMeBa¼ brisSan TaMg ena¼ îar b¼

Bal dl vb,Fm’ Cn Cati ÔaK tic nig kmμkr...> mk Tl nwg cug stvtßr_ TI 20 rdæaPiál ÔaK eRcIn án niyay

ËaMRT Et mat cMeBa¼ eËalKMnit én ².îarGPivDÆ Rbkb eday cIrÔaB.³ buEn¹ min án Gnuvt¹ skmμÔaB GVI esa¼ kñúg

îar ËaM RT eËal KMnit en¼...> RbEhl Ca eK nwg cg ÏaM BI stvtßr_ bnÞab BI Tstvtßr_ ÌñaM 1950 fa Ca stvtßr_

Edl mnusßCati án bMpøaj brisSan FmμCati Ca Cag stvtßr_ Edl RbeTs Ca eRcIn TTYl án ÉkraCü nig man

².GBÖÚtehtuesdækic©.³...>

dMeNa¼RsayCamYynwgÔaBTMenIb.½ }riyabf nig îarviÔaK

RbCaCn GasuI GaeKñy_ TaMg Lay án niyay Ca cMhGMBI bBaHa epßg.@ Edl BYk eK án CYb RbT¼ eTa¼ Ca eK RtÚv

Rby&tñ nwg rbb neyaáy rbs BYk eK...> BYk eK min RtÚv îar [ mnusß xag eRîA mk CYy cgðúl bgHaj nUv ábFm’

én eRKÓg ejón nig GMeBI Buk rlYy ¦k¾ KuNFm’ én RbCaFibetyü nigîar bnSy kMeNIn RbCaCn...> bBaHa Gs

TaMg en¼Edl elIk mk viÔaK bBaØvn¹ GasuIGaeKñy_ Edl eBar eBj eTA eday esckIþGgGacnig evahar sa®s¹

lð.@ án erob rab Gs eTA ehIy Edr...>

Èamry£ îar Gb´rM îargar îareFVI dMeNIr nig îar BeRgIk nUv RbB&n§ TMnak´ TMng RbCaCn GasuI GaeKñy_

ÔaK eRcIn Ca Biess BYk vrCn CMnan fμI án yl îan Et RbesIr Cag mun nUv GVI Edl án ekIteLIg enA Bas eBj

BiPB elak ehIyxwg nwg îar bun bg bMbiT B&t’ man epßg.@...> îar Ïab BiruT§ man enA RKb kEnøg TaMg Gs manÈaMg

BI îar bdiesF Ca samBaØ rbs´ GaCIvkr cMeBa¼ îar pßBVpßay enA kñúg TMB&r sarB&t’man TaMg Lay Edlb¨¼ Bal´

dl´BYkeK rhUt dl´ bRmam pßay ral´ esoveÔAnig Exß ÔaBynþ TaMg Lay Edl Gac bg; [ man bBaHa ¦ sUm,I

48 CMBUk TI .2

Et îar Ïab´ Gñk niBn§ TaMg Lay Na Edl ri¼ Kn´ rdæaPiál eTA dak´ Bn§naËar...> (eK k¾ eXIj man rUbÔaB tk´ søút

epßg.@ én GMeBI Xatkmμ eTA elI Gñk sarB&t’man esuIb Geg;t pg Edr...>) vrCn CMnan fμI án eCO Cak fa mnusß

man siT§i dwgGMBI GVI Edl kMBugekItmaneLIg...> BYk eK man lT§ÔaB îan Et RbesIr eLIg eday sar îar GPivDÆ

bec©kviTüaKmna Kmn_...> Ca «TahrN_ RbB&n§ pßBV pßay breTs nana án Ïak´ pßay GMBI Xatkmμ Ebb

neyaáy eTA elI rUb elak nINUy GaKIN U (Ninoy Aquino) enA kñúg ÌñaM 1982 Èam ry£ Exß Gat´ vIedGU

ebÈamäkß [ RbCaCn hVIúlIBIn rab´ lan nak´ án eXIj...> «TahrN_ mYy eTot enA kñúg ÌñaM 2001 Cn Cati

hVúIlIBIn vNÑ£ kBal án sRmb sRmÜl îar pßBV pßay GMBI îar eFVI bdivtþn_ ².GMNacRbCaCn.³ Èamry£ îarepIJsar Èam TUrs&BÞcl&t rbs´ BYk eK enA kñúg TI Rkúg mänIl...> Ca erOy.@ mnusß TUeTA Gac eRbI Rás´ RbB&n§

GaMgETrENt án enA Èam hag îaehV edIm,I bBa¢Ún Eck Ïay nUv ral´ B&t’’man epßg.@ Ca eRcIn Edl min gay

nwg Tb s;at án eTa¼ bI Caman rbb RKb RKg mYy cMnYn Ca Biess enA kñúg RbeTs evot Nam nig sigHburI ham

Xat min [ eRbI Rás TMB&r GaMgETrENt mYy cMnYn k¾ eday...>

Rb CaCn GasuIGaeKñy_ ÔaKeRcIn min Rtwm Et man cMeN¼ dwg GMBI BiPB elak án TUlM TUlay Cag mun bueNÑa¼

eT BYk eK EfmTaMg man GarmμN_ fa eK KYr Et man siT§ i beBa©j mti GMBI cMeN¼ dwg rbs BYk eK eTotpg...> eTa¼

bI Ca vNÑ£ fñak´ kBal KW Ca sñÚl énclna RbCaFibetyüenA kñúg RbeTs hVIúlIBIn RbeTs éf nig RbeTsepßg.@ eTot k¾ eday k¾ eyIg Gac ylxus ebI sin eyIg Kit fa smaCik TaMgGs én vNÑ£ fñak kBal en¼ eFVICa Gñk RbCaFibetyü fμI efμag ¦ k¾ Ca Gñk bdivt¹ ena¼...> BYk vNÑ£ fñak kBal ÔaK eRcIn án rs enA yag sb,ayCa mYy nwg Ebb bT CIvit d¾ sux dum enA eRîam rbb GPirkß niym ehIy mincg reg:a¼ regI: eLIy...> CYn îal BYk

eK k¾ Gac ËaM RT viÎan îar Ëab sg;t cMeBa¼ BYk vNÑ£ eRîam.@ Edl ruk kYn esckI¹ sux rbs BYk eK k¾ eday...> buEn¹

îar ËaMRT rbs´ BYk vNÑ£ fñak kBal TaMg en¼ cMeBa¼ emdwk naM BYk eK erog.@ xøÜn KW edaysarEtem dwk naMena¼rkßaán nUv nirn¹rÔaBrugerOgén esdækic© vaminEmnCaîar eËarB em dwk naM rbs´ BYk eK yägRCal eRCA Cag

mun ena¼ eT...> ehIy enA eBl emdwknaM minGacbMeBj Ôarkic©dUcen¼án dUckrNIrbs´ RbeTs hVúIlIBIn

bnÞab´ BI ÌñaM 1982 ¦ RbeTs }QensuI bnÞab´ BI ÌñaM 1997 BYk vrCn án bBa¢ak´ yäg c,as´ fa BYk eK cg´ [man îar pøas b¹Úr eTa¼ bI Ca Èam ry£ îar eá¼ eÌñat evTiîa saÎarN£ Èamry£esckI¹ Rbîas Ca saÎarN£ ¦

k¾ Èam ry£ îar dk ecj nUv îar vinieyaK rbs BYk eK k¾ eday...>

Ca îar Bit Nas îar ri¼ Kn yag xøaMg cMeBa¼ rbb dwk naM nana KW min Emn Ca erOg fμI eT enA kñúg sm&y bc©úb,nñ

en¼...> Ca erOy.@ enA kñúg RbeTs ÉkraC nana Gñk ri¼Kn´ TaMg en¼ án CYb RbT¼ nUv îar Ëab sg;t´ d¾ eXar eXA

eRbób dUc Ca GVI Edl Îøab ánekIteLIg enA kñúg sm&y GaNaniKm dUecñ¼ Edr...> CYn îal Gñk ri¼ Kn TaMg en¼ RtÚv

án eK Ïab´dak´ Bn§naËar eTot pg...> em dwk naM îan´ GMNac ry£ eBl yUr Edl án RKb´ RKg p¹ac´ mux nUv ral´

bBajB&t’’man ÔaK eRcIn min Rtwm Et man lT§ÔaB kñúg îar eFVI Tuk çbuk emñj dl Gñk ri¼ Kn TaMg ena¼ eT buEn¹ EfmTaMg km©at îar cg ÏaM GMBIGñk TaMg ena¼ pg Edr...> Ca «TahrN_ enA kñúg RbeTs éf BYk mUlvivdþ (mnusß Edl

man CMenO dac´ xat) Edl Ca nisßit enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970 án ruk rk eLIg vij nUv GtSbT niBn§ eday Gñk


RbÌaMg sm&y mun.@ Edl man Ïab´BI elak eTonvNÑ RB¼yä suriyanuv&Rt nig nay RbItI PñMyg: (Nai Pridi

Phanomyong) rhUt dl´ elak ciRt PUmis&kþi (Jit Phumisak) (dUc Ca ².etI mnusß bünμan nak´ sb,ay hWuha edaysar

îar ekg Rbv&Ba© BI îar xit xM Rbwg ERbg rbs´ BYk eyIg...> eyIg Ci¼ RkbI BYk eK Ci¼xñg eyIg.³)...> sUm,I Et enA kñúg RbeTs hVúIlIBIn

Edl RbB&n§ pßBV pßay man esrIÔaB TUlM TUlay Cag eK enA kñúg tMbn´ k¾ eday k¾ elak GnéRds bUnIhVasüÚ

(Andres Bonifacio) eTIb Et án TTYl gar Ca em dwk na M én îar b¼ eár rbs´ mhaCn 50 ÌñaM bnÞab´ BI mrNÔaB

rbs Ëat enA kñúg ÌñaM 1896 Et bueNÑa¼...>

eTa¼ Ca yag en¼ kI¹ mkTl nwg cug stvtßr_ TI 20 Bit Ca man îar lMák Cag mun kñúg îar ra raMg nUv îar ri¼ Kn

cMeBa¼ GVI Edl eK án | pßBV pßay nig cg ÏaM...> elIk Elg Et îar ri¼ Kn Tak Tg nwg sasnanig raCaFibetyü

ecj (eTa¼ Ca man krNI pÞúy mYy cMnYn) BuM man RbÎanbT Na mYy Edl Gac put BI îar ri¼ Kn´..½ rdæaPiál

esdækic© eGkULÚsuI vb,Fm’ GMeBI Buk rlYy pøÚvePT TMnak TMng Cn Cati ÔaK tic >l> sg:m xø¼ án GnuBaØat

[ man îar beBa©j mti Ca saÎarN£ nig eday pÞal...> elak erNatU kugsþnTINU (Retano Constantino) án

ksag GaCIB Ca Gñk îaEst Gs ry£ eBl Ca yUr eday án niBn§ nUv GtSbT ².cit¹ Cab XuM rbs eyIg.³ (1957)

² dMeNIr GbrM xus rbs RbCaCn hVIúlIBIn.³ (1966) tRmÚv îar [ man ².CeRmIs rbs Gñk Cati niym.³ (1979)

nig ².vb,Fm’ sMeyaK.³ (1985) Edl án beg;It eLIg eday sakl ÔavUb nIykmμ...> cMeBa¼RbeTs epßg

eTot îar ri¼ Kn eFVI eLIg kñúg ÔaB min pÞal Ca Biess enA kñúg rdæ p¹ac îar dUc Ca RbeTs evotNam CaedIm...>

eK beBay [ man esrIÔaB kñúg erOg Rbelam elak nig ExßÔaByn¹ eRcIn Cag kñúg sunÞrkfaTak´Tg nwg bBaHaneyaáy Ca saÎa rN£...> cMENk É enA kñúg RbeTs }QensuI vij yUr.@ mþg Bakü ri¼ Kn´ cMGk Lk LWyepßg.@ án elc ecj mk BImat rbs vayuaMg (Gayg) kñúg elçan Es,k tUc...> ehIy eK Etg Et eXIj man nUv

Bakü kMEbøg k¾ dUc Ca Bakü cÏam Garam Edl bg;b nUv erOg Gaf’ kMáMg beg;It eLIg edIm,I RbECg Ca mYy nwg erOg

eTvkfa pøÚv îar epßg.@...> enA kñúg RbeTs }QensuI eK ánehAelakRsI eton Priya rbs elak s‘UhartUfa ².elak RsIeton ÔaKry.³ eday sMedA eTA elI cMENk Rák Edl eK niyay fa elak RsI yk BIRKb Gñk

vinieyaK breTs TaMg Gs´...> enA eBl Edl CMnYy sb,úrs sRmab´ Cn rg eRËa¼ Twk CMnn´ enA kñúg RbeTs éf

¦RbeTs hVúIlIBIn min RtÚv án Eck Ïay dl´ Cn rg eRËa¼ TaMg Gs´ ena¼ eK snμt Ca TUeTA fa Ca lT§pl én

GMeBI Buk rlYy eday man Et Bakü fa ².xJúM | eK niyay fa..¿¿¿.³...>

Rkúm Gñk beBa©j mti en¼ án p¹l nUv dMeNa¼ Rsay Ca eRcIn cMeBa¼ ral bBaHa Edl RbeTs GasuI GaeKñy_

án CYb RbT¼...> dMeNa¼ Rsay xø¼ man lkçN£ CadMNak´.@ nig Cak´ lak´ dUc Ca RtÚv dk m®nI¹ Buk rlYy en¼

RtÚv bBaÄb´ îar k sag TMnb´ Twk ena¼ Ca edIm...> dMeNa¼ Rsay xø¼ man lkçN£ nwk GaeLa¼ Gal&y nig min sUv

c,as dUc Ca sMNUmBr[ ksag nUv témø RbéBNI ¦ [ man RB¼ raCa eLIg vij edIm,Ieda¼ Rsay bBaHa rbs eyIg

TaMgGs...> (Ca erOy.@ KMnit elIk eLIg Ebb Tsßn viC¢a én ².témø GasIu.³ man îar Tak Tg Ca mYy nwg Gñk ËaMRT

rbb p¹ac´ îar niym TaMg Lay Na Edl xøb xøac nUv ².lTi§RbCaFibetyüesrI.³ Cag GVI.@ TaMg Gs´...>) ehIy

dMeNa¼ Rsay xø¼ eTot man îar Tak´ Tg eTA nwg lTi§ Na mYy dUc Ca îar cUl rYm Ca mYy nwg clna bdivt¹ edIm,I

50 CMBUk TI .2

dwk naM mha Cn TUeTA ¦ BwgBak nig TTYl ykTIpßaresrI ehIy TTYl yk lT§pl TaMgLay Edl án pþl[

CaedIm...> cMENkÉ dMeNa¼ Rsay xø¼ epßg eTot man lkçN£ RËan Et Ca RTwsþI buEn¹ man xø¼ eTot man eËal

bMNg eÌ<a¼ eTA dl îar Gnuvt ¹ Cak Es¹g Et m¹g...>

dMeNa¼ RsayCamYynwgÔaBTMenIb.½ skmμÔaB

RbCaCn GasIuGaeKñy_TaMg Lay Na Edl EtgEtcg[man îar pøas´ b¹Úr neyaáy eRcIn Et án Gnuvt¹ Èam

viFI samBaØ eday îar cUl rYm enA kñúg raCîar KNbkß îan GMNac ¦eday îar cUl rYm enA kñúg kg T&B dUc enA

kñúg RbeTs PUma }QensuI nig éf...> buËn¹ eTa¼ bI Ca enA eBl Edl sSab&n TaMg en¼ án eRCIs erIs smaCikyag eRcIn k¾ eday k¾ Ca erOy.@ eK án rkßa Tuk tMENg x<s.@ sRmab Gñk Na Edl man Exß ry£ RKÜsar dUc

Caelak «bnaykrdæm®nI¹ sigHburI lI esonLúg (Lee Hsien Loong) kUn Rbús rbs´ elak lI îVan´ y U (Lee

Kuan Yew) ¦k¾ RbÎana FibtI hVIúlIBIn eËøarIya maîaÂah:al GarUyU (Gloria Macapagal Arroyo) kUn RsI rbs

GtIt RbÎanaFibtI DIGUsdadU maîaÂah:al (Diosdado Macapagal) Ca edIm...> cMNuc exßay mYy epßg eTot

cMeBa¼ bBaHaen¼ KW fa eTa¼ bI Ca va Gac naM [ man îar rIk ceRmIn pÞal´ xøÜn ¦k¾ kMEN TRmg´bn¹ic bn¹Üc k¾ eday k¾

va TMng Ca min beg;It [ man îarpøasb¹Úr rcna sm&<n§ ena¼ eT...>

².clna RbCaFibetyü.³ enA kñúg tMbn´ GasuI GaeKñy_ (k¾ dUc Ca enA kñúg RbeTs cin Edr) tMNag [

meFüaáy mYy epßg eTot Edl án TTYl eCaKC&y yag Rákd kñúg îar pþÜl rMlM rbb neyaáy enA kñúg RbeTs

éfnig RbeTs hVIúlIBIn ehIy k¾ án KMram kMEhg dl´ rbb Gs´ TaMg en¼ enA kñúg RbeTs PUma }QensuI nigmäeLsuI...> cMeBa¼ Bakü fa ².RbCaFibetyü.³ Gñk ts‘U mti min[ niymn&y fa ².mnusß mñak´ sMeLg eÌñat

mYy snøwk.³ ena¼ eT büEn¹ KW Ca îar Rcác´ cUl Ëña nUv Tsßn £ epßg.@ dUcCa siT§i mnusß d¾ RbesIr (CaBiess

KW esrIÔaB én îar beBa©j mti esrIÔaB én îarRbCuM nigesrIÔaBénRbB&n§pßBV pßay) îar ËaM RT îan Et eRcIn

cMeBa¼ mti saÎarN£ nig îar bBa©b´ nUv GMeBI Buk rlYy Ca edIm...> clna TaMg en¼ án Gnuvtþ nUv TRmg´ epßg.@

Ëña enA kñúg RbeTs nI mYy.@ buEn¹ TaMg Gs ánBüayam eQVg yl fa RbCa Blrdæ samBaØ man siT§i kñúg îar beBa©j

mti GMBI bBaHa rbs rdæ ehIy Gñk îan GMNac TaMg Gs RtÚv Et s¹ab nU v mti eyabl TaMg Gs en¼...>

meFüaáy TI 3 KW rMlg rdæaPiál ehIynig erob cM RbCaCn edIm,I ts‘U deB Im yuti¹Fm’ eday pÞal´...>enA kñúg dMNak îal TI 3 cug eRîay én stvtß r_ TI 20 man Gg:îar eRîA rdæaPiál rab ry enA kñúg tMbn k¾ dUc

Ca enA kñúg TUTaMg BiPB elak TaMg mUl pg Edr...> Ca erOy.@ Gg:îar TaMg en¼ án elIkeLIg nUv bBaHa epßg.@ Edl

rdæaPiál manîar xV¼xat kñúgîar Gnuvt¹ dUcCa kMEN TRmg´ vis&y ksikmμ suvtSiÔaB rbs´ kmμkr siTi§ esrI

ÔaB rbs ®s¹I siT§i rbs Cn Cati ÔaK tic nig bBaHa brisSan CaedIm...> ®s¹ICaeRcIn EdlCaerOy.@ RtÚváneK

erIseGIgmin[ cUl rYm kñúg Epñk neyaáyena¼ ánîøay CaebkçnarI tMNag[ Rkúmmnusßd¾eRcIn Edl ®s¹I

xø¼ án G¼ Gag fa nwgdwknaMedayep¹at eTA elI RbCaBl rdæ CaFM nigedayelIk dMeNa¼ Rsay bBaHa sg:m nig

esdækic© Cag GV IEdl rdæaPiál án p¹l [...>


Gg:îar eRîA rdæaPiál án beg;It eLIg kñúg TRmg´ nig TMhM epßg.@ Ëña...> Gg:îar eRîA rdæaPiál xø¼ Gac

RbmUl án Gñk ËaMRT cMeBa¼ eËal bMNg rbsxøÜn án rab muWn nak Edl pÞúy nwg Gg:îar xø¼ manEt Gñk man Tsßn£

eCOn elOn bYn db nak rYm nwg masuIn Gg:úlI elx nig menaKti skmμ mYy cMnYnbueNÑa¼...> Gg:îarxø¼ eTot dUc

Ca saxa rbs Gg:îar Guks_hVam (Oxfarm) ®h:InPIs (Greenpeace) nig E®hVn GhV DI GWf (Friends of the

Earth) KW Ca saxa rbs´ clna BiPB elak Edl pÞúy BI Gg:îar xø¼ eTot KW Ca Gg:îar kñúg Rsúk pÞal´...> eK án

beg;It eLIg nUv evTiîa én Gg:îar eRîA rdæaPiál sþI BI km<úCa (The NGO Forum on Cambodia) enA É breTs kñúg

ÌñaM 1986 buEnþ án mkÈaMg TI enA kñúg TIRkúg PñMeBj enA ÌñaM 1994 ehIy mk Tl nwg ÌñaM 2002 Gg: îar en¼ án

Ek ERb ².rebob var£ edIm,I îart s‘U mti.³ rbs xøÜn BI bBaHa Gnþr Cati mkbBaHaCativij eday epþat eTA elI sg:m

sIuvil îar GPivDÆ brisSan cm;ar mIn nig ®sþI Ca edIm...> Gkßr tMNag na na án elc eLIg enA kñúg tM bn dUcCa..½

GaErNa (Arena) (².îarpøas bþÚr kñúg tMbn GasuI edIm,I CeRmIs fμI.³ “Asian Regional Exchange for New Alterna-

tives”) rhUt dl hßÚtU (ZOTO) ².Gg:îar tundUtMbn mYy.³ (Zone One Tondo Organization)...>

Gg:îar eRîA rdæaPiál k¾ man yuT§sa®sþ xus Ëña pg Edr...> Gg:îar xø¼ man mux gar cm,g Ca Rkúm dak sm<aF

Epñk neyaáy eday tva bBa©ú¼bBa©Úl smaCik rdæsÔa [ eFVI îarpøas bþÚr c,ab tva edIm,I siT§i mnusß nig tva

RbÌaMg nwgGMeBI Buk rlYy nig ÔaB hYs kRmit én saklÔavUbnI ykmμ Ca edIm...> CaTUeTA Gg:îar TaMg en¼ man

TI ÈaMg enAkñúg rdæ ÎanI ehIy man TMenar eTA rkîar pßar Ô¢ab TMnakTMng yag lð TaMg Epñk neyaáy nig bec©kviTüa

eGLicRtÚnik eday Etg Et eRbI Rás Ca RbeyaCn_ sRmab sRmg esckþI BI îar RbCuM ¦k¾RbB&n§pßBV pßay enA

tMbn kñúg Rkúg...> Gg:îar epßg.@ eTot min án yk citþ Tuk dak cMeBa¼ rdæÎanI eT eday epþateTAelI îar pøas

bþÚr enAÉfñak PUmi ¦ fñakextþeTA vij dUcCa..½

1- îar beg;It [ man shkrN_ksikmμ ¦ sib,kmμ ¦ k¾RkúmCnCYyxøÜnÉg Edlman CMenO eTA elI

sasna mYydUcCa ².shKmn_RKisþsasnamUldæan.³ énRbeTs hVIúlIBIn...>

2- îaregIbQr TaMgGs Ëña edIm,IRbÌaMg eTA nwg îar T®nÞan BI sMNak BYk m©as dI FM.@ m©as erag cRk ¦

Gñk ksag TMnb Twk...>

3- îarbgHatËña eTA vij eTAmk [ ec¼ Gan Gkßr...>

4- îarpþlRák km©I kñúg brimaN tic tYc.@ Edl man RbeyaCn_...>

îar b¼ eár RbÌaMg RbQm mux dak Ëña eday GavuF CamYy nwg rdæaPiál pÞal KWCa meFüay áy cug eRîay

sRmab Gñk Edl sV¼ EsVg [ man bmøas bþÚr enAkñúg tMbn GasuI GaeKñy_ sm&y TMenIb...> mkTl edImstvtßr_ TI 21

îar b¼ eár RbÌaMg RtÚv án eK l¼ bg eÏal esÞIr Et TaMg Rsúg sRmab Gñk Edl man eËal bMNg Epñk esdækic©

c,as las elIk Elg Et sRmab bBaHaîar BarpÞalxøÜn (nig GVI Edl enA ess slrbs KNbkß kumμúynIsþ

én RbeTs hVIúlIBIn)...> «sßahUbnIykmμ min Rtwm Et BaMnaM nUv ÔaB ceRmIn rugerOg mk[ RbeTs GasuI GaeKñy_

CaeRcIn ena¼eT buEnþ îarGPivDÆ enA kñúg RbeTs cin nig GtItshÔaBsUevot eFIV[ElgmanîarËaMRT sRmab

îarclnab¼eáreqVgniym nigáneFVI [Elgman eËal neyaáyTaMgen¼kñúgRb eTsTaMgBIreTotpg...>

52 CMBUk TI .2

eTa¼ Cayäg en¼ kþI «TÞamkmμ enAEt Ca CeRmIs d¾ rs´ revIk mYy sRmab´ BYk pþac´ xøÜn...> mUlehtu énkþI QW

ÏabĆa eRcIn rbs´ BYk eK Edl án bBa¢ak´ enA kñúg Bakü eBcn_ Tak´ Tg eTA nwg sasna CatiBn§ú KW Ca GarmμN_

mYyEdlyl´fa Epø p;a én îar GPivDÆ án pþl´ eTA [ mnusß ÔaK eRcIn enA TI RbCMuCn CaCag pþl´[ Gñk Edl

rs´ enA tMbn´dac´ Rsyal ¦[CnCati ÔaKtic nana...> RbCaCn rs´ enAkñúg tMbn´ Gaec¼ (Aceh) mälUKU

(Maluku) tMbn´x<g´ rab én RbeTs PUma nig RbCuMeîa¼ ÔaK xag t,Úg én RbeTs hVIúlIBIn man GarmμN_ fa xøÜn

RtÚv án eK emIl gay ehIyesdækic© sRmab CIvÔaB rsenA rbs eK RtÚv án yk eTA [ Gñk Edl rsenA kñúg

TI Rkúg hßaîarÈa TIRkúg r¨g h:Ú‘n ¦k¾TIRkúg manIl...>

enAeBl ÏabepþIm shsßvtßr_TI 3 Edl}LÚven¼ eK án TTYl s:al fa Ca RbtiTin BiPB elakena¼

meFüaáy sRmab bBa©b ÔaB min cu¼ sRmúg Ëña Epñk sg:m nig esdækic© epßg.@ enA min Tan man sÔaB c,aslas

enAeLIy...> sMNYr fa etI ÔaB ceRmIn rug erOg enA kñúg tMbn´ Gac nwg bnþ rIk ceRmIn eLIg nig RbEhl Ca

RbCaCnGac TTYl án ÔaBrIkceRmIn en¼ esμI.@ Ëña ¦ Gt ¦k¾ GVInwg RtÚv án bMpøaj eÏal TaMg Rsúg ena¼ k¾man

sÔaB min c,aslasEdr...> buEnþ GVI Edl TMng Ca man lkçN£ Cak lak ena¼ KWfa eBlen¼ RbCaCn GasuI

GaeKñy_ pÞal´ man lT§ÔaB niyay erobrab´ GMBI lT§pld¾snw§ksn§ab´Ráb´GñkdéT eRcInCag enA kñ úg

GMLúg eBl mYy stvtßr_ knø¼ Edl BYk eK RtÚv rg Ga N a niKm niym GaNa niKm niym Ebb fμI nig s®g:am dwk

naM BI cm¶ay eday mha GMNac epßg.@ ena¼...^

CMBUkTI.3

raCaFibetyüGaRs&ybBaj nig •b†þÔaBRsbc,ab

enAkñúgRbeTséf

niBn§ eday..½..dwgxin..makxarh:Ú

bkERbeday.½ mYg Naert nig PI suÔada

c,ab´ edIm én GtSbT en¼ .. sresr Ca Ôasa Gg´ eKøs eRîam cMNg eCIg fa.½ .Network Monarchy and

Legitimacy Crises in Thailand

GtSbTen¼dk Rsg ecj BI RBwtþibRt ÂasIuhVúik

rkßasiT§i..K¿s¿..2005 ..eday Rkúm éfl&r nig ®hVgsIus

CHAPTER 3Network Monarchy and Legitimacy Crises in Thailand

( The Pacific Review, Vol. 18 )

Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group.

segçb..½ GtSbT en¼ nwg BiÔakßa fa îar eRbIRás´ Bakü yäg TUlM TUlay mYy cMnYn dUcCa ².TRmg´ rdæa Piál.³

².îariyalyaFibetyü.³ ².raCaFibetyüGaRs&yrdæFmμnuBaØ.³ ².RbCaFibetyüGn¹rîal.³ nig ².kMEN

TRmg neyaáy.³ min án kMNt[ RtÚv eTA nwg crit lkçN£ neyaáy EdleTIb ekIt eLIg fμI enA kñúg RbeTs

éf án eT...> pÞúy eTA vij eK án yl yag c,as fa neyaáy éf Ca bBaj neyaáy...> bBaj dwk naMQan mux na GMLúg ÌñaM 1973 dl ÌñaM 2001 man mUl dæan enA kñúg RB¼ brmraC vaMg Edl enAkñúgGtSbTen¼ eyIg

ehA fa ² raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj.³...> raCa Fibetyü RbePT en¼ man îar Bak B&n§ eTA nwg Gn¹raKmn_ yagskmμ rbs RB¼ mhakßRt éf nig Gñk tMNag rbs RB¼ Gg: Ca Biess GtIt nayk rdæm®nI¹ eRbm tiNsUlannÞ.¬1¦

(eprm tiNsUlanndà Prem Tinsulanond) enA kñúg dMeNIr îar neyaáy...> raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj ánbeg;It }T§iBl KYr [ kt sm:al buEn¹ min Edl seRmc án nUv l&kçx&NsRmabeî¹ab î¹ab GMNac eLIy...> CMnYsmk vij raCvaMg man îatBVkic© shîar Ca mYy sSab&n neyaáy d éT eTot Ca Biess KW rdæsÔa Edl án Cab

eÌñat...> eTa¼ Ca raCaFietyü GaRs&y b Baj man lkçN£ GPirkß bni¹ck¾ eday k¾ raCaFietyü Ebb en¼ ánRbîan´ yk eËal îarN_ esr I kñúg GMLúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990...> Ïab´ÈaMg BI ÌñaM 1992 mk RbeTs éf án CYb

RbT¼ vibt¹i ÔaB Rsb c,ab bI dMNak îal sMxan.@ ehIy kñúg dMNak îal nImYy.@ elak eRbm Ca Gñk edIr tY tMNag

[ RB¼raC vaMg kñúg îar s¹ar tu lü ÔaB neyaáy...> büEn¹ Gn¹raKmn_ TaMg en¼ án bgHaj nUv îar cu¼ exßay rbs´

raCaFibetyü CaBiess bnÞab BI eCaKC&y d¾ FMeFg rbs elaknaykrdæm®n¹I TkßiN (faksuin) Cinv&Rt.¬2¦

(d&k$iN jinv&tr Thaksin Shinawatra) elI îar eá¼ eÌñat na ÌñaM 2001 nigÌñaM 2005...> elak TkßiN án

beg;It bBaj fμI pÞal xøÜn mYy eLIg edIm,I CMnYs [ raCa Fibetyü GaRs&y bBaj...> GtSbT en¼ esñI [man îareQVg yl eLIg vij GMB I GMNac rbs raCa Fibetyü enA kñúg RbeTs éf...>

BaküKnøw¼ kñúg GtSbT en¼..½ RbeTséf/ raCaFibetyü/ bBaj/ kMEN TRmg/ eRbm tiNsUlannÞ/ nig TkßiN Cinv&Rt...>

esckþIepþIm

naéf¶TI 28 ExkumÖ£ ÌñaM 2005 îariyal&yRkúmRbwkßaRB¼mhakßRtrbselak eRbm tiNsUlannÞ RbÎan

Gg: m®nþI rbs RbeTs éf án Eføg sunÞrkfa Ca saÎarN£ d¾ sMxan mYy enA kñúg TIRkúg ágkk GMBI sSanîarN_

Gsn¹isux Edl îan´ Et yäb´ yuWn eTA.@ enA kñúg bBa ext¹ Èam beBay RBMEdn ÔaK xag t,Úg Edl sm,Úr CnCati sasn_ G‘isøam rsénA...> kñúgGMLúg eBl mYy ÌñaM cug eRîay en¼ man mnusß RbmaN Cag 500 nak´ án

søab´ enA kñúg «bTÞv ehtu higßa enA TIena¼...> elak eRbm án CMruj [ elak nayk rdæm®n¹I TkßiN Cinv&Rt

CMBUk TI .3raCaFibetyüGaRs&ybNþaj nig •b†þÔaBRsbc,ab

enA kñúgRbeTséf

56 CMBUk TI .3

TTYl yk RB¼raC{vaTrbs´ RB¼ mhakßRt nig RB¼ brm raCinInaf eday rk dMeNa¼ Rsay Ebb sn¹iviFI nig

Rbkb eday îar Rbúg Rby&tñ cMeBa¼ bBaHa enA ÔaK xag t,Úg CaCag îar bBa¢Ún kmøaMg eyaÎa Rbjab Rbjal nig

Ëμan îar eQVg yl [ án Rtwm RtÚv GMBI sSan îarN_ Ca mun...> elak eRbm án Eføg dUecñ¼ enA kñúg Gg: siîçasala

mYy eRîam RbÎan bT ².rYb rYm kmøaMg Ëña edIm,I dMeNa¼ Rsay bBaHa enA Èam bBa ext¹ ÔaK xag t,Úg Epðk elIRB¼raC bnÞÚl rbs RB¼mhakßRt.³...> esckI¹ EføgîarN_ rbselak eRbm eyagpÞal eTA elI RB¼raC bnÞÚl

rbs´ RB¼ mhakßRt na éf¶TI 24 Ex kumÖ£ ÌñaM 2004 Edl ËaM RT eyaK yl´ (Ôasa esom fa eK(a %c /exA éc/

man n&y fa yl) Gac cUl eTA dl án (Ôasa esom fa eK(a Twg /exA Fwg/ man n&y fa cUl dl) nig îar GPivDÆ

(Ôasa esom fa b&Ona /pat´f£Na/)...> elak TkßiN man vt¹man enA kñúg îar Eføg sunÞrkfa en¼ büEn ¹ min

án Gnuvt¹ Èam esck¹I Eføg sunÞrkfa ena¼ eT...> elak eRbm án Bnül´ fa mnusß RKb´rUb Ïab´ÈaMg BI emdwk

naM shKmn_ rhUt dl m®n¹I rdæaPiál sa®s¹aÏarü nig Gg:îar eRîA rdæaPiál KYr Et eQVg yl GMBI RB¼raC

{vaT rbs´ RB¼mhakßRt nig TTYl yk Ôasa rYm mYy sRmabéRbI Rás´ (ráyîarN_ îaEstéf/ 3 mIna

2005)...> bunμan éf¶ eRîay mk raC rdæaPiál á n beg;It Rkúm Rbwkßa sRmú¼ sRmÜl Cati mYy edIm,I eda¼ Rsay

Ca mYy clna b¼ eár enA ÔaK xag t,Úg...> en¼ Ca îar ecj dMeNIr mYy BI eËal n eyaáy sn¹isux nIykm μ man

BI mun mk...>

Gn¹raKmn_ rbsélak eRbm kñúg vibt¹i enA ÔaKxagt,Úg KW Ca «TahrN_ yäg c,as´ GMBI TRmg´RKb´ RKg

KYr [ kt sm:altUc mYy GMBI GPiálkic ©raCa Fibetyü GaRs&ybBaj Edl kMBug dMeNIr îar enA kñúg RbeTséf...> eBl xø¼ eK TTYl s:al fa RB¼mhakßRt éf án eFVI Gn¹raKmn_ pÞal kñúg Epñk neyaáy...> «TahrN_

d¾ l,Il,ay bMput mYy KW îareFVIi Gn¹raKmn_ rbs RB¼ Gg: EdlbBal[man átukmμ bgHÚr Qam na Ex «sÔa ÌñaM1992...> enA eBl ena¼ RB¼Gg: án dasetOn dl nayk rdæm®n¹I Ëμan RbCa Rbiy mYy rUb nig emdwk naM RbÌaMg

mYy rUb ehIy án dak´ RB¼ raC bBa¢a dl´ BYk eK [ pß¼pßa nUv Tsßn£ pÞúy Ëña rbs´ eK...> buËn¹ Gn¹raKmn_ Ca

saÎarN£ d¾kRm dUcen¼ án bgHaj [ eK dwg nUv bBaj d¾FMTUlay mYy rbs´ RB¼ raCvgßanuvgß EdlBakB&n§nwg clna neyaáy ehIy ÔaK eRcIn RtÚv án lak kMáMg yag Cit BI RkEsEPñk mhaCn TUeTA...> teTA

en¼ eyIg nwg bk Rsay GMBI átuPUt nig dMeNIr vivDÆén rbb raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj...>

îarkMNtn&yelIneyaáyéf

Gsry£eBl d¾yUr mk ehIy eK man îar Biák kñúg îar kMNt nUv TRmgneyaáy enA kñúg RbeTs éf...> elak

e®hVd rIK:s_ (Fred Riggs) enA ÌñaM 1966 án G¼ Gag fa RbeTs éf KW Ca RbeTs ² îariyalyaFibetyü.³

¦fa Gñk îariyalya Fibetyünig m®n¹I eyaÎa án RKb RKg RbeTs éf edIm,I Et eËal bMNg pÞal xøÜn rbs BYk

eK...> elak ehvisun (Hewison) án ri¼ Kn yag Rtwm RtÚv cMeBa¼ îarbkRsayRCúlniymxag elI...> Ëat elIk

eLIgfa vaCaîarbkRsaygabRkLa ehIy min án gak emIl elI Rkúm RbÌaMg nwg Rkúm Gñk ts‘U epßg.@ ehIy

Efm TaMg minniyayGMBI îarkekIt clna mha Cn enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970 eTotpg (1996.£ 75).¬3¦...> eRîay

raCaFibetyüGaRs&ybBaj nig •b†þÔaBRsbc,abenAkñúgRbeTséf 57

mk eTot îarBiÔakßa GMBI neyaáy éf Cajwkjab RtÚv eK niyay EtBI îar pøas bþÚr lT i§RbCa Fibetyü nigîar

pøasb¹Úrneyaáy (C&y Gn&nþ 1990)...> bnÞabBI rdæ Rbhar eyaÎa enAkñúg ÌñaM 1991 án bdiesF îar snñidæan

min c,aslas GMBI RbCaFibetyüÚbnIykmμ enAkñúg RbeTs éf mk man îarRsavRCav mYy cMnYn FM ánsg;t

F¶nelI îarpøas b¹Úr esdækic© neyaáy nigîarkekIt eLIg nUv sg:m suIvil EdlnaM mk Ca mYy nUv KeRmag EkERb

neyaáy bniþcbnþÜc (kuNÑÚrs_ 1999 nig makxarh:Ú 2002)...> GtSbT en¼ eRbIRás nUv viFI sa®s¹ mYy Ebb

epßg ehIy nigelIkeLIgfa TRmg´ neyaáy rbs´ RbeTs éf KW Ca TRmg´ mYy man lkçN£ Ca neyaáy

EpðkelI bBaj...> Ïab´BI ÌñaM 1973 mk dl´ ÌñaM 2001 bBaj dwk naM neyaáy rbs´ RbeTs éf KW CabBaj rbs RB¼ mhakßRt esayraCü RB¼ áT semþc RB¼ brminÞr mha PUmiBl GtulüetC...> Ïab ÈaMg BI ÌñaM2001 mk «t¹mÔaB én bBaj rbs´ RB¼ raCvaMg RtÚv án RbECg CamYynwg îar k ekIteLIg KYr [ kt´ sm:al´rbs elak naykrdæm®n¹I TkßiN Cinv&Rt Edl Ca mhaesdæI d¾man }T§iBl Epñk RbB&n§ TUrKmnaKmn_...>

Ïab´ÈaMgBI beBj elak fñm kitþix©r.¬4¦ (TnGm kittiKcr Thanom Kittikachorn) nig elak RbÔas

ÏaruesSór.¬5¦ (prABas caruesTIyr Praphas Charusathien) ecj BI tMENg enAkñúg ÌñaM 1973 mk RB¼ eÏA

PUmiBl én RB¼raC GaNacRk éf ánedIrtYelIsBIGVI EdleK ehAfa RB¼ mha kßRt RKg raCü büEn¹ minîan´

GMNac nig hak´ dUc Ca min Emn Ca RB¼mhakßRt GaRs&y elI rdæFmμnuBaØ dUc Edl án Ecg enA kñúg c,ab´ eT...>

müag eTot man Gñk niBn§ mYy cMnYn Ca Biess elak ehvisun (1997) sa®sþaÏarü kbekO (2002-2003)

nig elak kWrsHv_ (Kershaw) (2001) án Büayam vay témø cMeBa¼ tYnaTI neyaáy rbs RB¼ raCvgßanuvgß

éf eday ep¹at Ca cm,g eTAelI Et RB¼ mha kßRtbüeNÑa¼...> îarBiÔakßaenAkñúg GtSbTen¼xusBIeK...> kñúg

en¼ RB¼ mhakßRt KW Ca tMNag én TRmg´GPiálkic© d¾fμIsnøagmYy Edl Gac yl´án yägc,as´ fa Ca

bBaj neyaáy...> ².raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj.³ rbs´ RbeTs éf án RbmUl p¹úM Et eTAelI elakeRbm RbÎan KN£ Gg: m®nþI (KN£ TI Rbwkßa én RB¼ mhakßRt) EtbüeNÑa¼...> raCa Fibetyü GaRs&y bBajKW Ca TRmgdwknaM Bak kBal raCaFibetyümYy eday sar Et RB¼mhakßRtéf nig sm<n§mit¹rbsRB¼Gg: ánRbDit eLIg nUv TRmg raCaFibetyü Ebb TMenIb mYy CasSab&nneyaáy min pøÚv îar (Para-political institution)...>

elak EGB Wrsun (Anderson) ánerobrab yäglð GMBI rbbraCaniym rbs raCGaNacRkéf fa ².Carbb

RKb´ RKg Edl Ïas´KMril ehIyEbøk.³ (1978.£ 209)...> büEn¹ raCaFibetyü GaRs&ybBaj KW Ca îarkekIteLIg TMenIb Cag TRmg edIm...> raCaFibetyü GaRs&ybBaj enA eBl bc©úb,nñ rMlwk eLIg vij GMBI raCaniymp¹ac îar (sm,ÚN’aCJasiT§iraC) mun sm&y K¿s¿ 1932...> raCaFibetyü bc©úb,nñ en¼ eFIV [ man îar TTYl s:al

TaMg sÞakesÞIr fa Ëμan RB¼ mhakßRt éf Gg: sm&y TMenIb Na mYy Gac Ca Gñk dwknaM p¹ac îar eLIy...> buEn¹ ².Gñk

beg;It erOg RB¼raCeTv kfa án pßBVpßay eday citþ Ráfña x<s´ nUv îar eRbób eFob rvag RB¼eÏA RB¼ ram TI 5

CamYy RB¼mhakßRt Edl kMBug esayraCü.³ (ebeLC¢I (Peleggi) 2002.£ 167) ehIy elak PIfWr hßaksun

(Peter Jackson) án elIk eLIg fa îar eËarB bUCa d¾s&ki¹siTi§ cMeBa¼ RB¼ eÏA RB¼ ram TI 9 (KW RB¼ eÏA PUmiBl)

RtÚv án eK dak´ bBa©Úl kñúg eTvkfa ena¼ Edr (hßak´sun 1999.£ 301-4).¬6¦...> elak naykrdæm®n¹I éf

58 CMBUk TI .3

TkßiN Cinv&Rt Edl án Cab´ eÌñat cMnYn BIr dg enA kñúg ÌñaM 2001 nig ÌñaM 2005 eday sar îar ËaM RT BI

RbCaCn án sV¼EsVg eday Rbúg Rby&tñ edIm,I pøas´ b¹Úr bBaj én GMNac RB¼ raCvaMg eday dak´ CMnYs vijnUv bBaj fμI mYy...>

lkçN£Biess én rbb raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj rbs RbeTs éf ÏabBI ÌñaM 1980 dl ÌñaM 2001mandUcteTA.½

1.-..RB¼ mhakßRt KW Ca GaCJa kBal cugeRîay kñúg îareFVI esck¹I seRmc BakB&n§ nwg neyaáy enAkñúgsSanîarN_ man vibti¹...>

2.-..raCaFibetyü KW Ca RbPB d¾sMxan énÔaBRsbc,abrbs Cati...>

3.-..RB¼ mhakßRt man tYnaTI Ca Gñkp¹l´ RB¼ raC{vaT cMeBa¼ bBaHaCati eday CYy beg;It nUv rebob var£

Cati CaBiess Èamry£ RB¼raC sunÞrkfa rbs RB¼ Gg: kñúgeBl buNü ceRmIn RB¼ Cnμ Ca erog ral ÌñaM...>

4.-..RB¼mhakßRt manraCsiTi§eFIV Gn¹raKmn_ y¨ag skmμ enAkñúg dMeNIr vivDÆ neyayáy eday eFVI

îar CamYy GñktMNag rbs RB¼ Gg: dUcCa smaCik Rkúm Rbwkßa RB¼mhakßRt nig emdwknaM eyaÎa sMxan.@

Edl RB¼Gg: Tuk RB¼ T&y...>

5.-..GtIt embBa¢aîar kgT&B nig Ca naykrdæ m®n¹I eRbm tiNsUlannÞ tMNag d¾cm,gbMput rbs´ RB¼

Gg: CaGñkCYy kMNt´ nUv lkçN£ sm<&n§ raCrdæaPiál TUeTA RKb´ RKg dMeNIr îar eyaÎa nig îar temøIg

zan£ epßg.@ eTot...>

cMNuc sMxan ena¼ KW fa GPiálkic© GaRs&y bBaj RbePT en¼ Epðk Ca mUldæan elI îarec¼ eRbI mnusß[RtÚv Èam tYnaTI îargar...> îarÏatEcg nUv muxtMENg sMxan.@ KW Ca tYnaTI d¾cm,g rbs elak eRbm Ca Gñk

tMNag d¾sMxanbMput rbs RB¼ mhakßRt...>

rbbraCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj min man lkçN£ esrI niym eT BI eRBa¼ rbb en¼ Bwg Epðk eTAelI GVIEdl ehA fa ².mnusß lð.³ nig îarîat´ bnSy nUv GMNac rbs´ sSab&n neyaáy Rsb c,ab´ nig nItiviFI pøÚvîar

epßg.@...> rbb en¼ p¹l´ GaTiÔaB tic tYc dl´ eËalîarN_ RbCaFibetyü dUc Ca nItirdæ nig GFibetyü rbs´

RbCara®s¹...> buEnþ sña RB¼ hsþ sMxan.@ rbs RB¼eÏA PUmiBl RtÚv án eK elIk temI;gkñúg eËal bMNg elIk

sV&yÔaB rbs RB¼Gg: rwtEt x<s kñúg rbb dwknaM Bhubkßniym Edl kMBug Et ekIn eLIg enA kñúg raCGaNacRk

éf...> krNIykic© en¼ pÞúy eTA nwg îarRKbRKg d¾ twg ruwg Edl án kMNt elI raCaFibetyü GaRs&y rdæ FmμnuBaØ

dUc mnusß TUeTA Îøab ányl...> cMeBa¼ mti rbs elak rUbWt dahø (Robert Dahl) eK Gac s:al raCaFibetyü

éf y¨ag c,as´ fa Ca Gg:îar Ïat ÈaMg ¦ ²GnuRbB&n§³ (dahø 1982.£ 27-8) KW min Emn Ca sSab&n eT...> Gñk

naM mux d¾ sMxan´ bMput rbs´ bBajen¼ KW KN£ Gg: m®nþI (Rkúm Rbwkßa RB¼ mhakßRt) Edl CYb RbCuM Ëña BIr dg kñúgmYy sÂ¹ah_ edIm,I Binitü eLIg vij nUv ral´ nItiviFI TaMg Lay nig p¹l´ Ca Gnusasn_ cMeBa¼bBaHa epßg.@ dl´

RB¼mhakßRt (ehvIsun 1997.£ 72)...> RB¼raCa k¾ Gac BieRËa¼ eyabl´ Ca mYynwg emdwknaM nana rbs´

KNbkß neyaáy án eBl RbeTs man vibti¹ (1997.£ 73)...> elak ehvIsun án elIk eLIg fa..½


RB¼ mhakßRt nig TIRbwkßa rbs´ RB¼ Gg: man RB¼ raC tRmi¼nig eyabl´fa RB¼Gg: KYr Et man raC siT§i eFIV

Gn¹raKmn_ kñúg dMeNIr îar neyaáy¿¿¿ RB¼ Gg: eRcIn hakdUc Ca eFIV RB¼ raC skmμÔaB hYs BI tYnaTI Edl eK Ïat

fa sm rmü kñúg RbB&n§ raCaFibetyü GaRs&y rdæFmμnuBaØ (1997.£ 72-3).>..

hYs BI GVI Edl ehAfa ².enA BI elI neyaáy.³ RB¼ mhakßRt Gg: en¼ ÈamBit án cUlrYm y¨ageBj

TMhwg kñúg neyaáy...> îar cUl rYm rbs´ RB¼Gg: ánn&yfa RB¼Gg: KW Ca ².RB¼ mhakßRt skmμ.³ (1997.£

74)...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1989 RB¼mhakßRt án erobrab tYnaTI Epñk neyaáy rbs RB¼Gg:yagc,as enAkñúg

kic©smÖasd¾ kRmman mYy CamYy nwg sarB&t’man jÚ yk Efms_ (New York Times) fa..½

².xJúM Kit fa eyIg án rk eXIj viFIsa®s¹ d¾lð bMputmYy.>.³ RB¼Gg: RTg bEnSm eTot fa enAkñúg tMENg rbs RB¼Gg:

man kÈ¹a RCúl niym BIr Edl RtÚv eCosvag TI 1 KW îar cMNu¼ TaMg Rsúg eRîam Gñk neyaáy nig TI 2 KW îar man

RB¼ raCh¬T&y cecs.> RB¼ Gg: man RB¼ bnÞÚl eTot fa ².xJúM Gac seRmc citþ sSit enA kñúg rgVg c,ab xJúM Gac eFVI nUv

GVI Edlc,ab án EcgEtbueNÑa¼.> RbsinebI xJúM niyay GVI mYy naykrdæm®n¹I ¦ k¾ rdæ m®nI¹ RtÚv Et cu¼ htSelxa Gm

ehIy Rbsin ebI Ëμanvt¹man rbs BYkeK kñúg îarcu¼ htSelxa Gm eT eyIg min Gac niyay án eT.> ena¼ Ca pøÚv

mYy KW min án eFVI GVI TaMg Gs Ëμan GVI ekIt eLIg TaMgGs.> viFI mYyeTot KW eFVI eRcIn eBk eday eRbIRás }T§iBl

Edl eyIg man enAkñúg îareFVI GVI RKb yag.> viFI en¼ k¾ minán îar Edr.> eyIg RtÚvEt sSitenA kBal nig eFVI îar RKb

Epñk TaMgGs´ Èam rebob en¼.>.³ (árár¨a RkÚEhßtþ (Barbara Crosette) ”King Bhumibol’s reign”

².[rC¢îal RB¼eÏA PUmiBl.].³ jÚ yk Efms_ 21 «sÔa 1989).>

Tsßn£ Edl fa ².RtÚvEt sSitenA kBal nig eFVI îar RKb Epñk TaMgGs Èam rebob en¼.³ KW Ca esckI¹ segçbd¾c,aslas mYy én GPiálkic© raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj dUc Edl ánGnuvt¹ enAkñúg RbeTs éf bnÞabBIÌñaM 1973 mk emø¼...> sRmab RB¼raCvaMg îar Eck rMElk GMNac KW Ca îareqøIy tb d¾sm ehtu pl mYy enA kñúg

lMdab fñak neyaáy...> îarRKb RKg rbs RB¼mhakßRt man kRmit kMNt eday xanminán dUc Edl elak

Gulßún (Olson) elIkeLIg fa ².GñkdwknaM Edl min Gac îøay Ca Gñk p¹ac îar Etg Et man cit¹ cg shîarCa mYy nwg

Gñk déT epßgeTot edIm,Ibeg;It raCrdæaPiál minp¹ac îar mYy.³ (2000.£ 33)...> elak Gulßún án Evk Ejk

fa enA eRîam sSanîarN_ dUcen¼ CaTUeTA GñkdwknaM cg beg;It raCrdæaPiál tMNag ra®s¹ mYy...> eTa¼ Ca yag

en¼ k¹I CeRmIsd¾ lð cMeBa¼ raCaFibetyü rbs RbeTs éf KW GnuBaØat [ man îar beg;It nUv raCrdæaPiál tMNag

ra®s¹ [ man Ca rUbrag eLIg ehIy kñúg eBl CamYyËña ena¼ Edr RtÚv eRbIRás bBaj neyaáy edIm,I bMpøajnig p¹Ül rMlM BYkeK...> Et KYr [ Gs´ sMeNIc man GñkraCaniym Edl man KMnit esrIniym pg d¾ man }T§iBl

mYy cMnYn án ËaM RT meFüaáy Ebb en¼ dUcCa bNit Rbevs v£sI.¬7¦ (prAevS vAsI Prawase Wasi) nig elak

Gan&nÞ b&nüarCun.¬8¦ (Gan&ndà p&nyarjun Anand Panyarachun)...> BYkeK án beg;It bBaj îariyalyaFi-betyü bEnSm Edl kñúg cMeNam ena¼ buK:l mñak.@ Gac Gnuvt¹ nUv GMNac nig }T§iBl rbseKerog.@ xøÜn (BYk

eK Gac eRbób dUc Ca esþc RÈaj)...> BI eRBa¼ Et neyaáy Rsb c,ab RtÚv án RKb dBb eday tYGg: yk RákCa FM ena¼ án Ca bBaj raCaniym nig esrIniym pg án p¹l nUv meFüaáy mYy eTot edIm,I eFIV [ rebob var£

60 CMBUk TI .3

neyaáy man lkçN£ eCOn elOn...> sRmab Gñk esrIniym rbb raC aFib etyüGaRs&ybBaj KW Ca TRmgGn¹rkmμmYy én îar RKb´ RKg Edl man mux naTI p¹l´ eyabl´ sm Rsb kñúg îar beg;It nUv TRmgńeyaáy esrI

mYy...> Rsb eBl Ca mYy Ëña ena¼ Edr BuM Emn Ca bBaj raCaniym TaMg Gs´rbs´ Edl man lkçN£ esrIniymehIy raCaFibetyü án rkßa TMnak TMng yag Cit sñiT§ Ca mYy nwg Rkúm GPirkß niym RCúl Edl man îar Tak Tg

Ca mYy nwg kgT&B RksYg mhaépÞ nig sSab&n mYy cMnYn dUcCa Rkúm îay¬T§i Èam PUmi CaedIm...> GPiálkic©

GaRs&y bBaj rbs RB¼mhakßRt min man TMnak TMng Ca mYy Tsßnvis&y neyaáy Caklak Na mYy ena¼eT BI eRBa¼ Et GPiálkic© en¼ man ÔaB bt Ebn GaRs&yeTAnwg ehtuîarN_ Cak Es¹g...> ebIÈam elak edvid

Nk (David Knocke) raCa Fibetyü rbs RbeTs éf man }T§iBl eBj sn§wk buEn¹ min Rákd fa Gaceî¹ab

î¹ab GMNac ánena¼eT...> dUecñ¼ rbb raCaFibetyü GaRs&ybBaj RtÚv Et eFVI îar eday Rbúg Rby&tñ bMput...>GMNac kñúg îar eFVI TMnak´ TMng rbs´ xøÜn RtÚv Et man ÔaB Cak´lak´ eTA Èam sSanîarN_ (1994.£ 2)...> eËal

bMNg sMxan´ rbs´ bBaj en¼ KW edIm,I elIk tem;Ig GMNac nigkitüanuÔaB rbs´ raCblø&g;...> Ca fñÚr mk vijkitüanuÔaB en¼ man tYnaTI beRmI Gt¹sBaØaNCati ehIy eFIV[ Gñk Edl án cUl rYm Ca mYy bBaj en¼ man eKTTYl s:al fa Rsb c,ab yag TUlM TUlay...> îar eQVg yl BI rbb raCaFib etyü GaRs&y bBaj RtÚvCYbRbT¼ nUv îar lMák eRcIn BI eRBa¼ Et c,ab´ sIþGMBIîar Rbmaf RB¼ ecsþa ehIynigîarRtÜt Binitü CuM vij sSab&n

RB¼mhakßRt man sÔaB twg rwug (e®s¹khVws (Streckfuss) 1998)...> îarXøaM emIl en¼ va dUc eTA nwg GVI Edl

elak kuNÑÚrs_ án elIk eLIg fa Ca ².bU M én cMeN¼ dwgrbs´ Gñk enA kñúg RB¼raCvaMg.³ Edl CacMeN¼ dwgneyaáy Ebb mYy GnuBaØat [ Gñk enA xag kñúg Edl man Ék siTi§ TakTg Ca mYy Gñk xageRîA án Et eK min

man smtSÔaB bk R say nUv RBwt¹iîarN_ epßg.@ [ án RtwmRtÚv c,as laséT (2003.£ 130-1)...>

dMeNIrvivDÆrbsraCaFibetyüGaRs&ybBaj

raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj minEmn Ca RbB&n§ Edl enA nwg f;l´ ena¼eT büEn¹ Ca viFI Rbtibt¹i mYy Edl manlkçN£ TnPøn ehIy ERbRbÜl eTA Èam sSanîarN_ nana...> eday sar Et Gñk Rsav RCav man îar Biák kñúg îar

yl´ nig îar eFVI bMENg Eck nUv rbb raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj án Ca eK eRcIn Et emIl rMlg ¦ bMePøceÏal nUv raCaFibetyü Ebb en¼...> kñúg CMnan´ elak sŒsþ# Fn£r&Ct_.¬9¦ (s®$tiô DnAr&jzà Sarit Thanarat)

(1958-63) GMNac p¹ac´ îar eyaÎa án CYy elIk tem;Ig raCaFibetyü edIm,I CYy [ eK TTYl s:al´ rdæ éf/

GMNac pÞalxøÜn rbs elak sŒsþ# nig îar ts‘U RbÌaMg nwg BYkkumμúynisþ fa Rtwm RtÚv Emn (T&kß 1979.£ 301-

25)...> raCaFibetyü Edl át RbCaRbiyÔaB na sm&y mun@ bnÞab mk ánelceÎøaeLIg vij...> mkTl

nwgcug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1960 RB¼mhakßRtán Eføg RB¼raC sunÞrkCa saÎarN£ yägeTogTat´Tak´Tg nwg

bBaHa neyaáy...> mkTl´ edIm Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970 RB¼Gg: ánîøay Ca }sßrCn d¾ man GMNac bMput enA

kñúg raCGaNacRkéf (mÜer¨lø (Morell) nig C&y Gn&nþ 1981.£ 66-8)...> RB¼Gg: k¾ ánbgHaj nUv îarËaMRT

cMeBa¼ yuT§naîar dwknaM eday nisßit RbÌaMg eTA nwg TMnij Cbun na ÌñaM 1972 pgEdr (RBIehßó (Prizzia) 1985.£


51)...> ehIy sUm,I Et enA mun RBwti¹îarN_ ÌñaM 1973 RbCa ra®s¹ éf mYy cMnYn eCO Cak´ fa RB¼mhakßRt án

².sSit enAkñúg CMhr Et mYyKt´ kñúg îarCMruj nUv viFI epßg.@ edIm,IEkrTRmg´sg:m nig rdæaPiál CaÏaMácńigCa

bnÞan.³ (ruINuldß_ (Reynolds) 1978.£ 108)...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1973 eday sar RB¼ Gg: min sBV RB¼ raChŒT&y

nwg îar dwk naM Epñk neyaáy îariyalya Fibetyü nig eyaÎa Edl Rbkb eday KuNvibtþi RB¼ Gg: ánedIrtY

yäg sMxan´ enA kñúg îar ËaM RT nUv skmμÔaB p¹Ül rMlM burs xøaMg eBal KW elak fñm kitþix©r nig elak RbÔas

ÏaruesSór...> enA eBl ena¼ ².RB¼ Gg: án îøay Ca nimit ¹rUb bRgÜbbRgÜm mYy én esckI¹ Ráfña rbs RbCaBlrdæ.³

(bUvI (Bowie) 1997.£ 97)...> RB¼mhakßRt án p¹l´ RB¼ raC {vaT dl´ em dwk naM nisßit mun RBwti¹îarN_ Ex

tula ÌñaM 1993 ekIt eLIg (kuNÑÚrs_ 2003.£ 130)...>

sa®sþaÏarü kbekO ánRbemI lemIl fa îar min sBV RB¼T&y rbs RB¼mhakßRt CamYy nwg rbb dwk naM

mYy Epñk TMng mk BI elak RbÔas án ri¼Kn´RbÌaMgeTA nwg elak sŒsþ# Edl Ca Gñk p¹l´ Rbwkßanig Ca édKU

d¾sMxan´ rbs´ RB¼Gg: (kbekO 2003.£ 177)...> bnÞab´ BI ÌñaM 1973 raCGaNacRk éf min Gac RtLb´ eTA

îan´ Ebb raCaniym p¹ac´îar dUc sm&y mun ÌñaM 1932 áneLIy...> büEn¹ Gñk raCaniym TaMgLay cg´ [ man

nUv TRmg´ Rbtibti¹ mYy EbbeTot Edl kñúgena¼ RB¼raCvaMg Gac Rbtibti¹ edIm,I eFVI Gn¹raKmn_ nig tRmg´Tis

neyaáy éf eday pÞal´ nig edayRbeyal...> CMnYs [ raCaFibetyü Èam zananuRkm etI raCGaNacRk

éf Gac beg;It nUv TRmg´RKb´RKg Ebb rbb raCaFietyü GaRs&y bBaj CMnYs mk vij án eT¦..? enA kñúgraCaFibetyü Èam zananuRkm RB¼ raCblø&g; Gac TTYl án nUv KuN bMNac´ nig îar sresIr cMeBa¼ eCaKC&y

rbs´ xøÜn büEn¹ RB¼ raCbl&øg; RtÚván eK benÞas pgEdr enAeBl Edl man bBaHa xus q:g Na mYy án ekIt

eLIg...> enA kñúg raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj vij raCbl&øg; Gac TTYl án nUv kit¹iKuN GMBI eCaKC&y büEn¹îarbraC&y rbs´ ².RbB&n§ Gn´ fy.³ RtÚv án eK Tmøak´kMhus eTAelIGñkepßgvij CaBiess dUc Ca elI Gñk

neyaáy Buk rlYy nig Edl RtÚv eK eÏaT Rbîan fa KitEt BI pl RbeyaCn_ pÞal xøÜn CaedIm...> enA kñúg ÌñaM

1981 elak mUerlø nig C&y Gn&nþ án eRkInrMlwk fa ².neyaáyUnIykmμ rbs sSab&n RB¼ mha kßRt Edl

kMBug ekIneLIg enAkñúg bunμan ÌñaM fμI.@ en¼ eFIV[eKmanîar b¼Tg:ic dl sÔav£ rbs vb,Fm’buraNrbsesom.³

(1981.£ 313)...> eday eFVI îar Èam ry£ bBaj yägehacNas´ k¾ raCaFibetyü Gac bgHaj TRmg´ xageRîA rbs´ xøÜn Ebb min Bak´ B&n§ eTA nwg neyaáy edIm,I p:ab´ citþ saÎarNCn Edr...> elak kuNÑÚrs_ án

ri¼Kn yag Rtwm RtÚv cMeBa¼ Gñk raCaniym KMnit GPi rkß Edl Büayam BiB&N’na RB¼eÏA PUmiBl fa Ca ².Gñk sRmú¼

sRmÜl BYk Gñk Edl Ca sRtÚv nwg Ëña enA kñúg sg:m.³...> buEn¹ rUbÔaB en¼ KW Ca îarÏab ep¹Im én rbb raCaFibetyü

Èam bBaj (kuNÑÚrs_ 2003.£ 131)...> bBaHa fa etI îarbeg;It raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBajeLIg Ca KeRmagrbs´ BYk }sßrCn ¦ fa etI raCaFibetyü Ebb en¼ ánvivtþ edayécdnü yag Na ena¼ enA Et Ca RbÎanbT

sRmabîar BiÔakßa...> Et Ps¹úÈag GBüaRkwt naM [ Kit fa man Epnîar nig îar Kit Tuk Camun...>

sam sib ÌñaM eRîay mk eK Gac emIleXIj kic© RbwgERbg Ca bnþbnÞab edIm,I eFVI [ raCaFibetyü GaRs&y

bBaj TTYl áneCaKC&y kñúg eBleFIVîarkñúgRkbx&Nneyaáy rbs Cati...> manîarbeg;It nUv RbB&n§ mYy

62 CMBUk TI .3

Edl TTYl s:al´ tYnaTI viC¢mannig skmμ rbs´ RB¼mhakßRt (kbekO 2002.£ 62-3) Et îarBar min [ man

îarri¼Kn...> elak kWrsHv_ án elIk eLIg fa raCaFibetyü enA kñúg tMbn GasuI GaeKñy_ Gacpþl ².meFüaáy

Biess.³ edIm,ITMnukbRmúgGn¹rkmμ RbCaFibetyü (2001.£ 159-60)...> pÞúy eTA vij GtSbT en¼cg bgHaj

fa raCaFibetyü éf án RbÌaMgeTA nwg îarpøasb¹Úr RbCaFibetyü GseBlCayUrlgmkehIy ehIyán

yl´ RBm TTYl s:al´ îar Ek TRmg´ neyaáy yag sÞakesÞIrbMput nig yag yWt yav...> Rákd Nas´ eyIg

Gac BiÔakßalMGitánfa edaysar ².îarCYy se®g:a¼ RbeTs.³ kñúg sSan îarN_ man vibti¹ raCaFibetyü

án ËaM RTrdæaPiál Ëμan smtSÔaB CaeRcInCMnan nig Gac Bnüar eBl eda¼Rsay bBaHa neyaáy rbs RbeTs

éf án...> Ïab ÈaMg BI ÌñaM 1973 mk dlcMNuc Edl RbeTs éf án Ïabep¹Im Gnuvt¹ nUv rbb BhubkßRbkYt

RbECg (dahø (Dahl) 1971.£ 40-7 ) raCaFibetyü án bBa©Úl xøÜn Ég Ca fμI eTA kñúg zananuRkm neyaáy

eday eFVI Ca GñkdwknaMeK...> RB¼raCvaMg án sV¼EsVg beg;It nUv lkçxN£ rbs xøÜnedaypÞal ¦ edayRbeyal

sRmab neyaáy Bhubkßen¼...> dUc elak biNic (Bendix) ánviÔaK ².Ca îar gayRsÜl bMpøaj etCanuÔaB

Bisidæ Cag îar ksageLIgvij.³ (1978.£ 17-18)...> buEn¹ Gs ry£ eBl 3 Tsvtßr_ eTA ehIy raCaFibetyü

éf mansÔaB pÞúy RsL¼ BI TMenar en¼ eday s¹areLIg vij nUv GMNac rbs xøÜn Èam ry£ îar RKbRKg Rbkb eday

viÏarNjaN nUv bBaj TaMg Lay...>Rbsin ebI RkeLk RtLb eTA eRîay vij RBwt¹iîarN_ Ex tula ÌñaM 1973 án biT áMg eday Îatumin Bit

én Gn¹raKmn_ eBar eBj eday Fm’ kruNa rbs RB¼mhakßRt Edlen¼ Ca meFüaáy mYy kñúg îarbg; [ man îar

pøas´ b¹Úr Epñk neyaáy...> RB¼mhakßRt án eFVI Gn¹raKmn_ pgEdr enA kñúg ÌñaM 1974 eday ra raMg cMeBa¼

îar dak´ bBa©Úl buBVsiTi§ mYy cMnYn rbs´ RB¼mhakßRt eTA kñúg esckþI RBag c,ab´ rdæFmμnuBaØ (kuNÑÚrs_ 2003.£

130.À kbekO 2003.£ 59)...> mkdl ÌñaM 1976 RB¼ raC vaMg man TMenar eTA xagsþaMniym nig án p¹l îar

ËaM RT d¾sm¶at cMeBa¼ RBwti¹îarN_ bgHÚr Qam éf¶ TI 6 Ex tula...> GtIt em dwk naM p¹ac îar elak fñm kitþix©r án

TTYl îar GnuBaØat [ cUl mk RbeTs éfvij nig [ cUl bYs Ca sameNr enA kñúg vtþ bvrnievsvihar (Ca vtþ kñúg

raCUbtSmÖ) ehIy RB¼mhakßRtnig RB¼raCinI án esþc yag eTA sYr sux Tukç (bUvI 1997.£ 129.À kbekO 2003.£

172)...> ry£ eBl BIr éf¶ bnÞab BI îarsmøabnisßit yagrg:al RB¼mhakßRt án Eføg pßBV pßayÈamviTüú ËaMRT

y¨ag eBj TMhwg dl´ Bl Rbhar éf¶ TI 6 Ex tula...> semþc RB¼ nag eÏA sirikitþ# Ca RB¼brm raCinInaf nig

RB¼ raCbuRtI TaMg Lay án eFVI RB¼raCTsßnkic© enA Ésakl viTüal&y Fmμsa®sþ (DrrmSastrà Thammasat)

eday RTg raCRbTan mHÚb Gahar cMeBa¼ Rkúm îay¬T§i enA Èam PUmi (ehA lUk esWG jav x(an ².lUk esO Ìav án.³ Ca

Ôasa esom bk ERb fa ².kUn xøa Gñk Rsúk.³) Edl án eá¼CMrM enA TI valena¼ (kbekO 2003.£ 174)...> dUc

Gñk RsI bUvI án Evk Ejk en¼ KW Ca yuT§sa®s ¹d ¾eRËa¼ fñak´mYy eday RB¼mhakßRt sSitkñúg TI ÈaMg Edl man

suvtSiÔaB Et enAeBl Edl RB¼Gg: án ËaMRT ².GarmμN_ rbs mnusß ÔaK eRcIn.³ enA kñúg ÌñaM 1973...> buEn¹

².RB¼Gg: ánbg; eRËa¼fñak dl RB¼raC tMENg rbs RTg enA eBl Edl man eK Kit fa RB¼ Gg: án cUlRbLÚk

mYy nwg Rkúm ÔaK tic Edl man eK Tas ETg ExVg KMnit.³ (1997.£ 14)...> enA kñúgîar BiesaF fμI mYy RB¼mhakßRt


án eRCIs ÈaMg elak Îani®nÞ Rk&yvieCor.¬10¦ (Danindrà kr&yviejIyr Thanin Kraivixian) Ca nayk rdæm®n¹I eday

sgÇwm fa eÏA Rkm tulaîar Can x<s Edl eBar eBj eday KMnit GPirkßniym minsUv man RbCaRbiyÔaB nig Ca

sMNBV RB¼raCh¬T&y rbs RB¼raCinI rUb en¼ Gac Ca Gñk tMNag rbs RB¼Gg: án...> îar BiesaF en¼ án TTYl

braC&y yägGs´ sgÇwm eday RB¼mhakßRt min Gac Rbtibti¹ Èamry£ tYGg: Éeîa nig RtÚv án eK CMTas´ rUb

en¼áneT...> elak Îani®nÞ RtÚván beBjecj BI tMENg enA kñúg ÌñaM 1977 EtáneLIg zan£ Ôøam.@ CasmaCik én KN£ Gg: m®nþI...> en¼KWCa viFI Rbtibtþi FmμÈa rbs raCvaMg edIm,I bBa¢ak BI ÔaB min sBV RB¼&y cMeBa¼ rebob

Edl eK án RbRBwtþ eTA elI mnusß sMNBV rbs RB¼raCvgßanuvgß (kbekO 2003.£ 175)...>

RB¼ raCvgßanuvgßán bn¹ bgHaj nUv ÔaB lMeGog hYsRbmaN xagîareRbIRás´kmøaMg eyaÎa Ca Cag

îar pß¼ pßa nig ÉkÔaB...> büEn¹ Ca beB Ir.@ RB¼mhakßRt án RB¼raC tRmi¼ emeron d¾sMxan´ mYy Edl kñúgena¼ raCaFi betyü GaRs&y bBaj ÏaMác RtÚv sniñdæanBI TRmgxag eRîA rbsédKUCaeRcIn ehIyeRCIs ÈaMgnig shîar CamYytY Gg:neyaáymYycMnYnFMeTot...> raCa Fibetyü GaRs&y bBaj RtÚv Et Bwg Epðk elI îarsRmú¼ sRmÜl eday TTYls:al Epñk TaMg Lay én sg:m éf TaMg mUl...> Cagen¼ eTA eTot raCaFibetyü GaRs&y

bBaj RtÚv Et Cab Tak Tg eTA nwg îarRsú¼RsÜl Epðk elI sSanîarN_ Cak Es¹g Ca mYynwg Gñk neyaáy KYr[ sgß&y mnÞil RtÚv Et eRbI Rás´ Epñk én kmøaMg T&B Èam lMdab´ Can´ fñak´ nig RtÚv Et Cab´ Tak´Tg eTA nwg

neyaáy én îar ksag sm<n§ÔaB...> eTa¼ Ca yäg en¼ kI¹ îar ksag sm<n§ÔaB TaMg en¼ KW min Emn Ca tY naTI

rbs Rbmuxrdæ Edl Ca RB¼mhakßRt ena¼ eT...> RB¼mhakßRt RtÚvîar Gñk tMNag mñak Edl Gac RKbRKg bBajrbs RB¼Gg: án...> Èam Bit RB¼mhakßRt min ÏaM ác man cMNg TakTg eday pÞal eRcIn enA kñúg îar RKbRKg

RbeTs ena¼ eT...> raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj GacdMeNIrîar eday xøÜnÉg GaRs&y eday man em dwk naMRtwmRtÚv îantMENg ehIy RB¼mhakßRt RtÚv îar eFVI Gn¹raKmn_ eday pÞal RB¼Gg: enA kñúg sSanîarN_ man vibti¹

¦ k¾ enAeBl Edl RB¼Gg: man RB¼raCsar Biess edIm,I p¹l Ca dMNwg Et bueNÑa¼...> Îatu mYy én raCaFibetyü

Èam bBaj KW clna îay¬T§i Èam PUmi Edl Rbîan´ neyaáy s¹aMniym...> Gñk RsI bUvI ánelIk eLIg faGñk Edl án cUlrYm kñúg clnaîay¬T§iÈam PUmi man ².kI¹ sgÇwm RseBc RsBil fa Rbsin ebI man bBaHa îan Et

eRcIn án ekIt eLIg BYk eK Gac man {îas RbesIr eFIV [ RB¼ mhakßRt Gan lixit rbs´ BYkeK nig TTYlán

îareRCamERCg Biess BI RB¼Gg:.³ (1997.£ 253)...> îar cUl rYm Ca mYy raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj GacTTYl án nUv GtS RbeyaCn_ KYr [ ktsm:al ÈaMgBI îar beg;In kit¹uisBÞ edIm,I rMBwg Tuk nUv îar temøIg zan£ nig îar

beg;In nUv lT§ÔaB kñúg îar TTYl án nUv B&t’mannig GMNac pg Edr...>

elak ehvIsun ánkt sm:al fa RB¼mhakßRt ánG¼Gag xøÜn RB¼Gg: Ca ².RB¼mhakßRt eRCIs ÈaMg.³

ehIy án esñI eLIg fa RbCanura®s¹ Gac Tmøak RB¼Gg: ecj BI RB¼raCbl&øg; án Rbsin ebI BYkeK min eBj cit¹

(1997..£ 60)...> raCaFibetyü GaRs&ybBaj EpðkelI ÔaBRsbc,abepßg.@ CaeRcIn rYmTaMgRbCa RbiyÔaBd¾FM eFg rbs raCaFibetyü Edl p¹l [RB¼raCvaMgnUvsiT§iBiess kñúg îar eFIV Gn¹raKmn_ bEnSm elI rdæFmμnuBaØ

kñúg dMeNIrîar neyaáy...> RB¼mhakßRt bBa¢ak G¼ Gag GMBI ².siT§i Biess.³ BI sMNak RbCanura®s¹ Edl

64 CMBUk TI .3

Ca siT§i man GanuÔaB Cag siT§i rbs´ em dwk naM neyaáyTTYl án BI îareá¼eÌñat eTA eTot...> RB¼Gg: man îar

eËarB tic tYc cMeBa¼ GVI Edl elak mUerlø nig C&y Gn&nþ ánehAfa ².dMeNIr îar tMNag sMeLg neyaáy.³

(mUerl nig C&y Gn&nþ 1981.£ 271)...> dUc Edl elak ehvIsun án eFVI îar Evk Ejk raCaFibetyü ².min

án bgHaj GMBI îar eb¹CJa cit¹ Na mYy kñúg kMENTRmgRbCaFibetyü ena¼ eT.³ (1997.£ 63)...> dMeNIr îar Ek

TRmgńeyaáy na Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 man GanuÔaB eFVI [ Gn¹ray dl´ siTi§ Biess rbs´ RB¼ mhakßRt...>

enAeBlNaneyaáy eá¼ eÌñat enA kñúg RbeTs éf man lkçN£ Buk rlYy RbLÚk RbLak nig min lð }tex©a¼

RB¼mhakßRtman siTi§ GMNac bdiesF Ôøam.@...> ehIy Ca TI bBa©b RB¼mhakßRt án RbTan nUv dMeNa¼ Rsay

bBaHa Edl GnuBaØat [ raCGaNacRk éf GacrkpøÚvecján eBl man ÔaB vwk vr xag neyaáy...> büEn¹

Rbsin ebI RbeTséf án BRgwg RbB&n§ neyaáy rbs xøÜn eday eCaKC&y nig án beg;It yn¹ îar sSab&n epßg.@

eTot edIm,I RKbRKg vibti¹ nig ÎanasiSrÔaB ena¼ tYnaTI Biess rbs raCaFibetyünwgRtÚv án îat bnSy CakCa

minxan...> niyay müäg vij eTot RB¼ raC vaMg man kI¹ rMBwg fa nwg án pl cMeNj mYy Epñk BI îar rkßa rebob

rbb neyaáy Edl dMeNIrîarN_ min c,as´las´ Edl RËan´ Et GnuBaØat nUv Gn¹raKmn_ mankRmitRtwm

RtÚvmYyrbs´raCa Fibetyü edIm,I rkßanUv kiti¹sBÞ én RB¼mhakßRt EtbüeNÑa¼..> RB¼ mhakßRt ÉkÔaBeTA

nwg Tsßn£ ÉkÔaBCati Edl BakB&n§nwg îar sRmú¼sRmÜl (ehvIsun 1997.£ 65) Ca Cag dMeNa¼ Rsay [

dac RsL¼ nUv bBaHa vivaT epßg.@...> krNI en¼ án bgHaj Èam ry£ îar elIk Elg eTas én RB¼mhakßRt cMeBa¼

Gñk Cab Bak B&n§ nwg átukmμ Ex «sÔa ÌñaM 1992 Edl eFVI [ îar esIub Geg;t yag RtwmRtÚv cMeBa¼ «Rkwdækmμ ÔaK

eRcIn Edl RbRBwt¹ eday Tahan RtÚv Gak xan...> dUc Edl em dwk naM RbÌaMg elak cmøg RsIemOg.¬11¦ (cMalGg

SrIemWGg Chamlong Srimuang) án niyay bnÞab BI îar sþI [ rbs RB¼mhakßRt naéf¶ TI 20 Ex «sÔa ÌñaM 1992

mk ².enA eBl Edl RB¼Gg: RTg´ man RB¼raC tRmas´ Gñk RtÚv Et {n k,alnig Gnuvt¹ RB¼raC tRmas´ en¼.³

(mtiCn 22 «sÔa 1992)...> raCaFib etyü GaRs&y bBaj man îarBak´B&n§ CamYynwg neyaáy Rbkbeday l,ic eda¼ xøÜn nig minc,aslas ehIy án elIk RB¼raC skmμÔaB rbs RB¼mhakßRt [ sSitenA BIelI

îar ri¼Kn rbs mhaCn TUeTA...> TidæÔaB sMxan mYy rbs raCaFibetyü GaRs&ybBaj KW bBaHa Ôasa dUc EdlánbgHaj enAkñúg sunÞrkfa Ex kumÖ£ ÌñaM 2005 rbs elak eRbm fa Ca sMxan Nas Edr Edl îar BiÔakßa Ca

saÎarN£ án eRbIRás Ôasa Edl ecjCa bBaØtþi nig Gnum&t eday RB¼mhakßRt edIm,I erobrab nig kMNt nUv

erOgräv nig bBaHa epßg.@...> îarRtÜtRÈa rbs´ RB¼ mhakßRt eday Ôasa KW Ca TRmg´sMxan´ mYy én GMNac

neyaáy nig RtÚvánEføg enA kñúg RB¼raC sunÞrkfa Ca RbRktI Ca Biess KW RB¼raC sunÞrkfa erog ral éf¶ TI 4

Ex FñÚ mYy éf¶ mun éf¶ ceRmIn RB¼ Cnμ RB¼ mhakßRt...> sunÞrkfa dUcen¼ ².ánîøay Ca eËalîarN_ ÉkÔaB Canirn¹r_

nig CaesckI¹ RtÚv îar mnusß lð sRmab dwk naM RbeTs.³ (ebkWr (Baker) nig pasuk 2005.£ 237)...>

ÏabÈaMg BI ÌñaM 1980 mk emdwknaM raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj rbs raCGaNacRk éf KW elak eRbmtiNsUlannÞ...> elak eRbm án eRCIs ÈaMg yagRbúg Rby&tñ eday RB¼ mhakßRt [ eFVI Ca em bBa¢a îar kg

T&B nig eRîay mk Ca nayk rdæm®nI¹...> îar eLIg zan£ Ca nayk rdæm®nI¹ rbs´ elak eRbm hak´ dUc Ca eFVI Èam


lkçN£ RbCa Fib etyü büEn¹ îar Bit KW Ca ².rdæ Rbhar eday RB¼mhakßRt.³ vij.¬12¦...> elak eRbm min

Gac CMnYs tMENg rbs elak sŒsþ# Ca TI RsLaj rbs RB¼ Gg: án eT buEn¹ RB¼mhakßRt án RbTan îar Tuk

RB¼ raChŒT&y cMeBa¼ elak eRbm yag dac Ghg;ar eday TteXIj elak eRbm Ca em dwk naM sMxan esμa¼ Rtg ´

mYy rUb Edl án Eck rMElk nUv viFI sa®s¹ Tn´RCay nig lakélom rbs´ RTg´ Et k¾ Ca Gñk ec¼ ksag nUv

sm<n§ÔaB d¾man CMnaj nig Ca Gñk ec¼ RKb RKg îar RbB&n§ em kmøaMg...> ry£eBl 21 ÌñaMbnÞab mk elak eRbm

ánbeRmIîar Gac Tuk dUc Ca ².RbÎan RKbRKg FnÎan mnusß.³ yag man RbsiT§ÔaB rbs RbeTs éf Ca Gñk

ep¹Im KMnit cMeBa¼ îar Etg ÈaMg îar epÞr nig îar temøIg zan£...> GMNac rbs ela k eRbm min Edl man lkçN£

p¹ac îar eT eTa¼bI Ca Ëat man GMNac sem,Im k¾eday...> elak eRbm îan tMENg Ca nayk rdæm®nI¹ rhUt dl

ÌñaM 1988 ehIy bnÞab´ mk Ôøam.@ án îøay Ca smaCik KN£ Gg: m®nþI (KW Ca KN£ TI Rbwkßa én RB¼ raCa) man

zan£ Ca rdæburs ehIy ánTTYl tMENg Ca RbÎan én KN£ Gg: m®nþI enA kñúg ÌñaM 1998...> enAEx emsa ÌñaM

1981 RB¼mhakßRt nig RB¼raCinI án Gm dMeNIr elak eRbm eTA ext¹ eËaraC (nKr raC sIma) edIm,I bgHaj

nUv îar ËaMRT rbs´ RTg´ TaMg BIr RB¼Gg : cMeBa¼ elak eRbm kñúg sSanîarN_ man îar bün b¨g eFVI rdæRbhar ehIy

sUm,IEt RB¼raCinI k¾ án eFVI RB¼ raCRbîas Èam viTüú ËaMRT elak eRbm pg Edr...> dUc Edl sa®sþaÏarü kbekO

án EvkEjk îarËaMRT rbs´ RB¼mhakßRt cMeBa¼ elak eRbm enA kñúg ÌñaM 1981 ánbgHaj dMNak´îal fμI

mYy enA kñúg îarvivtþ én GPiálkic© raCaFibetyü rab ÈaMg BI îar cUlrYm enAkñúg neyaáy TaMg Gskmμ nig skmμ

BI mun rbs RB¼ Gg:mk ehIy RB¼mhakßRt án Ïabep¹Im edIrtYCa ².GñkcUl rYm GnuvtþCamun.³ (2002.£ 67)...>

ÈaMg BI eBl ena¼ mk elak eRbm nig RB¼raCvaMg ánrkßa sm <n§ÔaB d¾rwg maM...> ÔaB Ca édKU en¼ maneËal

bMNg edIm,I sSabnaTRmgraCrdæaPiál.¬13¦...> elak C&y Gn&nþ smuTÞvNiC¢.¬14¦ (j&yGn&ntà smudvNij Chai-

Anan Samudavanija) ánBiB&N’na elak eRbm fa Ca ².bursxøaMg.³ (1997.£ 56) eday Ëat án îan tMENg

Ca Gñk eFVIîar CMnYs sRmab RB¼mhakßRt pÞal RB¼Gg:...>

enA edIm Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 elak eRbm nig raCaFibetyü KW Ca GñkTTYlpl d¾cm,g BI RbB&n§ Bhubkß

Edl Biák RKb´ RKg Edl án GnuBaØat [ elak eRbm nig raCaFibetyü Gac rkßa Tuk nUv ÔaB man GMNac

elIs eK...> elak eRbm RbwkßaCamYy RB¼mhakßRt erogral sÂ¹ah_ beg;ItCa Tmøab sRmab m®n¹I fñak x<s nig

emdwknaM neyaáy CMnan´ eRîay...> enA eBl Edl elak eRbm án CYb RbT¼ îarri¼Kn´ Ca eRcIn cMeBa¼

îarÎøakcu¼ témø rUbiyvtSú áT enA kñúg ÌñaM 1994 mk RB¼rC¢TayaT ánebIk yn¹eha ¼ rbs elak eRbm CUn Ëat

eTA îan TIRkúg ágkk ehIy bnÞabmk ánebIk raC rf dwk Ëat eTA îan viman rdæaPiál Edl TaMg en¼ edIm,I

bgHaj [ eXIj GMBIîarsBV RB¼raChŒT&y rbs´ RB¼mhakßRteTAelI lak eRbm.¬15¦...> Ca îar Biák Bnül´

emdwk naM bkß RbCaFib&tü (KNbkß RbCaFibetyü) elak BiC&y r&tþkul.¬16¦ (bij&y r&ttkul Pichai Ratakul)

ányl RBm [ elak eRbm sSitenA kñúg tMENg Ca naykrdæm®nI¹ bnÞab BI îareá¼eÌñat ÌñaM 1986 mk...> en¼

RbEhl Ca man Gn¹raKmn_ BI RB¼mhakßRt.¬17¦...> enA TIbMput elak eRbm án Îøak BI GMNac enAkñúg ÌñaM 1988

bnÞab´ BI cMNay Gs´ ry£eBl 8 ÌñaM kñúg muxtMENg ².eday ts‘U edIm,I rkßa nUv GMNac nig îarBar raCaFi-

66 CMBUk TI .3

betyü.³.¬18¦...> enAkñúgdMNakîalsMxannImYy.@ dUcCa ÌñaM 1980/ 1983 nig 1986 îar ËaMRT rbs RB¼

mhakßRt KW Ca Knøw¼ edIm,I rkßatMENg Ca naykrdæm®n¹I rbs Ëat...> kñúg ry£eBl en¼ elak eRbm edIrtY Ca

QμÜj kBal Ca Gñk ehtuîarN_ niym Edl man qnÞ£ kñúg îareFVI dMeNa¼ Rsay NamYy Edl Gac tem;Ig plRbeyaCn_ rUbÔaB nig }T§iBl rbs RB¼raCvaMg...> KuNÔaB TaMg en¼ án eFIV [ elak eRbm îøay Ca tMNag

RB¼mhakßRt d¾l ð viess visal nig Ca sSabtükr én raCa Fibetyü GaRs&y bBaj...>ry£eBl BIÌñaM 1988 dl´ 1992 KW Ca ry£ eBl mYy Biák eda¼ Rsay sRmab´ RB¼ raCvaMg...> emdwk

naM KNbkß Cati éf (Ìat éf) elak CatiCay CuNH£v&N.¬19¦ (jatijay juNhAv&N Chatchai Choonhawan)

Edl Ca Gñk sñg tMENg Ca naykrdæm®nI¹ bnÞab´ BI elak eRbm KW Ca mnusß Edl man KMnit ÉkraC...> elak

CatiCay ánBüayam ru¼erImasuIn Edl RB¼mhakßRt nig elak eRbm án beg;It eLIg.¬20¦...> elak ehvIsun

elIkeLIg fa RB¼mhakßRtÏat´Tuk elak CatiCay fa Ëμan lT§ ÔaB kñúg îar RKb´ RKg rdæaPiál...> elak

ehvIsun k¾ Kit fa RB¼raCvaMg án ËaMRT rdæRbhar Tmøak´rdæaPiálen¼ ehIy sUm,I Et RB¼mhakßRt k¾ án

RbTan îarGnuBaØat cMeBa¼ Gñk beg;It rdæ Rbhar Camun pgEdr (1997 £ 70)...> Ca îar Bit îarri¼Kn rbs Gñkbeg;It

rd æRbhar dUcCa kRmit én GMeBI BukrlYy nig îar kekIt nUv ².GMNac p¹ac´îar rbs´ rdæsÔa.³ KW RtÚvrU¨v nwg îar

eXasnarbs RB¼mhakßRt...> RB¼mhakßRt án ËaMRT Ca saÎarN£ nUv rdæ FmμnuBaØ ÌñaM 1991 Edl eBareBj

eTA eday bBaHa...> îarRbÌaMg tvä eTA nwg esckI¹ RBag c,ab´ rdæFmμnuBaØ fμI án ekIteLIg enAkñúg TIRkúg ágkk

kñúg GMLúg Ex vicäiîa ÌñaM 1991 BIeRBa¼Et rdæFmμnuBaØ en¼ án GnuBaØat [ Gñk Edl min Emn Ca tMNag ra®sþ eLIg

Ca nayk rdæm®nI¹...> buËn¹ îarri¼Kn´ rbs´ mhaCn TUeTA GMBI esckI¹ RBag c,ab´ en¼ RtÚv ánbBaÄb´ enA eBl

Edl RB¼mhakßRt án Eføg RB¼raCsunÞrkfa kñúg BiFI ceRmIn RB¼Cnμ na Ex qñÚ eday sMukMu [ RbCanura®s¹ man

eyabl ExVg Ëña cMeBa¼ rdæ FmμnuBaØ Edl eK Gac nwgeFVI viesaFnkmμ na eBleRîay (makxarhÚ: 1997.£ 241)...>

Èam îar Bit RB¼mhakßRt KW Ca Gñk TTYl pl cMeNj cm,g bMput BI rdæFmμnuBaØ ÌñaM 1991 Edl beg;In GMNac

rbs RB¼Gg: Èam viFI epßg.@ Ca eRcIn...>

RB¼raCvaMg min án sμan RbmaN Ca mun nUv îar tva Edl án ekIt eLIg enA Ex «sÔa ÌñaM 1992...> Gn¹raKmn_

yag yWtyav nig eFVI eLIg eday RseBc RsBil rbs RB¼mhakßRt Edl án bBa©b Cemøa¼ bgHÚr Qam Ëña nig

bBal [ elak sucinþa RËaRbyUr.¬21¦ (sucinza qraprAyUr Suchinda Kraprayoon) la Elg BI tMENg

naykrdæm®nþI án ERbîøay eTA Ca C&yCMn¼ sRmab´ raCaFibetyü...> k¾ buËnþ BuM Edl man îar Bnül´[ án

ek,a¼k,ay KYr [ Tukcit¹ GMBI îar Bnüar eBl eFIV skmμÔaB rbs RB¼ mhakßRt ry£ eBl 3 éf¶ ena¼ eT.¬22¦...>

mUlehtu sm Rsb bMput KW ÔaB P&y xøac rbs RB¼ mhakßRt fa elak sucinþa nwg bdiesF min sux cit¹ laElg

BI tMENg...> Rákd Nas´ elak sucinþa min laElg BI tMENg Ôøam.@ ena¼ eT bnÞab´ BI RtÚv RB¼mhakßRt

sþI [ enA eBl Ëat eLIg eTA Ëal RB¼raCa ehIy Edl eK án pßay Èam kBa©k TUrTsßn_ mk buEn¹ Ëat ánrgÏaM

Gs´ ry£eBl 4 éf¶ eTot...> dUc Edl sa®sþaÏarü kbekO án elIk eLIg enAeBl Edl RB¼ mhakßRt

man RB¼raCskmμÔaB Ca îar ÏaM ác Nas Edl Gn¹raKmn_ RB¼Gg: RTÚv Et TTYl án eCaK C&y (2003.£ 179)...>


fVI ebI Tsßn£ TUeTA GMeBI higßa Ex «sÔa ÌñaM 1992 ánpþl´ sBaØaNfa dl´ eBl RtÚvbBaÄb´ îar Bwg Bak´ elI

eyaÎa nig raCaFibetyü ehIy ehIy ánKUs bBa¢ak´ nUv tRmÚv îar sRmab´ dMeNIr îar kMEN TRmg´ rdæFmμnuBaØ

nig neyaáy [ án hμt´ ct´ k¾eday k¾Ps¹úÈag TaMg Gs´ bgHaj fa RB¼mhakßRt pÞal´ RB¼Gg: min án eQVg

yl BI bBaHa en¼ eT.¬23¦...>

Gn¹raKmn_ elIk TI 2 rbs RB¼mhak ßRt na ÌñaM 1992 KW îar Etg ÈaMg elak Gan&nÞ b&nüarCun Ca naykrdæm®n¹I

s¹ITI na Ex mifuna ánbgHaj BI kiti¹sBÞ ekIneLIg rbs raCblø&g;...> îarEtgÈaMg en¼ hak bI dUc Ca tY yag én îar

ekIn eLIg GMNac rbs´ raCa Fibetyü nig GarmμN_ mineBjcitþ BIsMNak´ mhaCn cMeBa¼ KNbkßnig sSab&n

neyaáymYy cMnYn (kbekO 2002.£ 65)...> enAeBlEdl KNbkß RbCaFib&tü rbs elak QYn lIkP&y.¬24¦.

(jvn hlIkB&y Chuan Leekpai) Edl Gac Tuk citþ án nig Rbkbeday îarRbúgRby&tñ ánbeg;It sñÚl én rdæaPiál

enA Ex kBaØa ÌñaM 1992 (Ca Cag KNbkß BlMFmμ (p£LaMg faM) rbs elak cmøg RsIemOg Edl ec¼ Et bg; bBaHa

sμúK sμaj) qnÞ£ én RB¼mhakßRt hak dUc Ca án seRmc...> elak QYn lIkP&y án RbîasCa saÎarN£ enAkñúg

sunÞrkfa na yuT§na îar Ex kBaØa ÌñaM 1992 fa Ëat ánTakTg nwg elak eRbm na éf¶ TI 18 Ex «sÔa ÌñaM 1992

edIm,I suM [ ËatBwg RB¼mhakßRt eFVI Gn¹raKmn_ bBaÄb GMeBI higßaBakB&n§ nwg îartva RbÌaMg elak sucinþa.¬25¦...>

GtSbT rbsîaEst xav Piest (Kéav bieS$ ².dMNwg Biess.³) Edl án eá¼Bum< bnÞab BI îar eá¼ eÌñat ánEvkEjk fa Rkúm RbCaFib&tü án TTYl C&yCMn¼ BIeRBa¼ BYkeK án eRbIRás eday eCaKC&y nUv îar ËaMRT nig

hirBaØvtSú BI Rkúm esμa¼sμ&RK cMeBa¼ elak Gan&nÞ BImun EdlrYmmanTaMg smaKm BaNiC¢kmμ m®n¹IrdæaPiál nig

bBaØvn¹ epßg.@ (xav Piest 25 kBaØa-1 tula 1992.À suri®nÞ 1992.£ 43)...> GtSbT en¼ án Eføg bBaäit

beBaäóg fa RB¼raCvaMg ánËaMRT BYk RbCaFib& tü Ca sm¶at...> enAkñúg yuT§naîar na tMbn ÔaKxagt,Úg elak QYn

án eRbób eFob xøÜn Ëat eTA nwg elak eRbm ehIy sUm [ Gñk eá¼ eÌñat ËaMRT xøÜn Ca rdæm®nIþ elIkTI 2 Edl ekIt

enAÔaKxagt,Úg (elak eRbm ÎøabCa naykrdæm®n¹IelIkTI 1 Edl ekIt enA ÔaK xag t,Úg Edr)...>

GMeBI higßa Ex «sÔa ÌñaM 1992 ánbnßlTuk [ RB¼mhakßRt nUv tMENg yag Bit Rákd...> RB¼ Gg:

án îøay Ca RB¼ GaCJakBal neyaáy Can x<s bnÞab BI TTYl án eCaKC&yRbpitRbepIykñúgîar eda¼ Rsayvibti¹...> bu¨En¹Gn¹raKmn_ en¼ k¾ánbgHajnUvkRmit d¾x<s én GMNac rbs´ RB¼Gg:...> îarËaMRT d¾mWugmat rbs´

RB¼ Gg: cMeBa¼ BlTahan án bBa¢ak [ eXIjGMBIîar eyaKyl hYssm&y én lMdab fñak sg:m nig neyaáy

éf...> ry£îal man vibti¹ ÌñaM 1991-92 áneFVI [ tYGg: neyaáy sMxan.@ mYycMnYn rag Ïal citþ...> GñkÏaj

manTaMg GtIt naykrdæm®nI¹ CatiCay CuNH£v&N TIRbwkßa rbs elak Ca eRcIn Edldwk naM eday elak Bans&kþi

viBaØr&tn_.¬26¦ (b&n S&kziô viYYr&tnà Pansak Vinyarat) ehIy nig GtIt GPiál Rkúg ágkk nig em dwk naM îar RbÌaMg

KW elak cmøg RsIemOg pgEdr...> min Emn Ca îar Ëab CYn ena¼ eT Edl elak Bans&kþi nig cmøg eRîay

mk án cUlrYm kmøaMg Ca mYy nwg elak TkßiN Cinv&Rt rYm Ca mYy nwg GtIt skmμCn nisßit nig smaCik

KNbkß kumμúynis¹BI Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970...> sRmab BYk eK TaMgGsËña raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj KW CaEpñk mYy én bBaHa rbs´ neyaáy éf Ca Cag EpñkdMeNa¼Rsay mYy...> bnÞab´BI Ex«sÔa ÌñaM 1992 mk

68 CMBUk TI .3

RbB&n§ fμI én GPiálkic© raCaFibetyü RtÚv án eK Ek lMG eLIgvij [ eTA Ca RbB&n§ mYy min sUv ep¹at elI skmμÔaB

pÞal eT...> GñkraCaniym mYy cMnYn dUc Ca elak Gan&nÞ nig elak Rbevs eFVI îaryagmma jwk kñúg îarbeg;It

eLIg vij nUv raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj [ man lkçN£ esrI Cagmun eday min[Cab´ ËaMg eday Tahannig îariya lya Fibetyü hYssm&y edIm,I[man sSirÔaBnig rebob erobry...> eb I eRbób eFob Ca mYynwg

mnusß CMnit Ca eRcIn rbs RB¼mhakßRt elak Gan&nÞ nig elak Rbevs KW Ca GñkesrIniym buEn¹ ebI niyay

[ Rákd elak TaMg 2 nak k¾ Ca Gñk GPirkßniym d¾ xøaMg îøa Edr...> Gs ry£eBl 9 ÌñaM bnÞabmk RB¼mhakßRt

nig sm<n§mit¹ rbs RB¼ Gg: ánEklMG KMr U fμI mYy [ man lkçN£ RbesIr Cag mun edaybnSy îar TakTg pÞal rbs

RB¼ Gg: eday RTg án eFVI îar Èam ry£elak eRbm elak QYn nig Gñk epßg eTot CMnYs edIm,I erob cM eËal

edA rbs RbeTs...> GtSbT enA kñúg sarB&t’man ENv Na (Env hn(a ².CYr mux.³) ÌñaM 1993 án bgHaj yag lðGMBI TMnakTMng rvag elak eRbm nig rdæaPiál dMbUg rbs elak QYn lIkP&y naÌñaM 1992-95..½

eTa¼ bI Ca Ëμan îarbgHaj Ca pøÚvîar eT mnusß mñak.@ Gac XøaM emIl «t¹mesnIy_ eRbm tiNsUlannÞ án ¿ ¿¿ BI

eRBa¼ Rbsin ebI eyIg RkeLk emIl [ îan Etc,as ÏabÈaMgBI eBlEdl rdæaPiál QYn eLIg îan tMENg mk

elak eRbm KWCa mnusß sMxan´ Edl KNbkß RbCaFib&tü p¹l´ îareËarB nigsuM dMbUnμan Ca bn¹bnÞab´.>..Ëμan

nrNa Gac bdiesF fa ral´ îar epÞr nig temøIg zann¹rs&ki¹ cMeBa¼ nay Tahan RtÚvEt Binitü eday elak eRbm

mun nwg Rbîas Ca saÎarN£.> (r¨ay g¨an ENv Na [ray gan eenv hn(a] ².ráy îarN_ ENv Na.³ K¿s¿

1993.>)

krNI en¼ minEmn cg´ niyay fa RB¼mhakßRt ¦ elak eRbm cUlcit¹ elak QYn ¦k¾rdæaPiál

RbCaFib&tü EdlBYkeK án p¹l´ nUv mux mat´ fμI ².Edl GaRkk´ tic tYc bMput³ sRmab´sBab´ Îñab´ neyaáyéf ena¼ eT...> ehIy krNI en¼ k¾mincgmann&yfa tY naTI eRîA Ìak rbs elak eRbm Gac ÎananUv siSrÔaB rbs

rdæaPiál QYn án Edr...> na Ex FñÚ ÌñaM 1994 rdæaPiál cRmú¼ dwknaM eday elak QYn lIkP&y RbÎan

KNbkß RbCaFib&tü ándYlrlM enAeday ehtu fa KNbkß ².kI¹sgÇwm fμI.³ (brrq qvam hv&g %hmé New Aspi-

ration Party) rbs elak Cvlit yugécyuT§.¬27¦ (jvlit yg%cyudD Chavalit Yongchaiyudh) Edl Ca éd KU d¾

FM bMput ándkxøÜn fy edIm,I RbÌaMg tva GMBI kMEN TRmgrdæaPiál kñúg Rsúk Edl eBar eBj eTA eday ÔaB cRmÚg

cRmas.¬28¦...> îar rMlay rdæsÔa TMng Camin GaceCosrYc Et KNbkß CatiB&DÆna (Ìat patf£Na Chart

Pattana) rbs elak CatiC&y CuNH£v&N Edl Îøab án bdiesF min CYy Îana cMeBa¼ BYk RbCaFib&tü án CMnYs

tMENg KNbkß kI¹sgÇwm fμI án eFIV [ elak QYn îan tMENg ry£ eBl 6 Ex eTot...> GK:elxaFiîar rbs

KNbkß RbCa Fib&tü nigGñk Ek lMG neyaáy elak sñan´ x©rRbsasn_.¬29¦ (sn&§n KcrprASasnà Sanan

Kachornprasat) án G¼ Gag fa Ëat´ ánp¹Ücep¹Im îar Tak´ Tg en¼ eday BuM án CRmab elak QYn ehIyán

RBly Bakü fa man mnusß sMxan enA kñúg sg:m éf án CMruj Ëat [ eFVI dUecñ¼ (KCsIh_ 1994).¬30¦...> mnusß

Ca eRcIn eCO Cak´ fa elak eRbm án eRËag erobcM nUv îar tERmtRmg´rYbrYmËña edIm,I p:ab´ p:ún RB¼mhakßRt

eday sarEtmin eCO Cak elI elak Cvlit eTIb RB¼Gg: EbreTAsBVR B¼raChŒT&y nwg elak QYn vij.¬31¦...>


enA eBl elak QYn RtÚv bgçM [ cu¼ ecj BI tMENg enA kñúg Ex«sÔa ÌñaM 1995 dMNak´ îallMák

mYy epßg eTot án bn¹ekIteLIg...> RB¼mhakßRt RTg´ man îarRBÜy RB¼ hŒT&y yäg xøaMg cMeBa¼ rdæaPiál

rbsélak b&nHar sil,GaCa.¬32¦ (xrrhar SilpGaja Banharn Silp-archa) Edl án beg;It eLIg Rsb

eBl Ca mYy nwg îar esay Tivg:t RB¼ vr raCmaÈa RB¼Gg:...> rdæaPiál brr har KW CatfÔaBEpñk neyaáy

Edl RtÚv án eK Bnüar KWCa îar eLIgîan tMENg naykrdæm®n¹I rbs Gñk CMnYj cin fñak Tab mk BI ext¹ eRîA...> enA

eBl eK kMNug eRËag Tuk erob cM BiFI buNü RB¼sB rbs RB¼ vr raC maÈa yag G‘wk Fwk RB¼ mhakßRt án bgHaj RB¼

P&®kþ Èam ry£ kBa©k TUrTsßn_ esÞIr Et ral yb kñúgG MLúg ExsIha ÌñaM 1995 ehIy án brihar cMeBa¼ Gñk neyaáy

GMBI îar suI sMNUk nig îar ekg cMeNj pÞalxøÜn...> bBaHa cracr nig Twk CMnn enA kñúg TI Rkúg ágkk KW bBaHa ri¼ Kn

BIr yag rbs RB¼Gg: cMeBa¼ Gñk neyaáyBukrlYy buEn¹ enABIeRîayîarri¼Knena¼ KWCa ÔaB P&yxøac nig ÔaB

sðbex<ImmhicäÈa Gñk TaMg ena¼...> îareLIg buNü s&kþi rbs elak brr har án bBa¢ak [ eXIj fa raCaFibetyü

xV¼ GMNac edIm,I ra raMg Gñkneyaáy Ebbena¼ kMu[ îøay Ca naykrdæm®n¹I...> Et eTa¼ Ca yag en¼ kI¹ raCaFibetyü

min sÞak esÞIr kñúg îar Tmøak naykrdæm®nI¹ CabeÌñat EdlxøÜnmineBjcitþena¼eT ehIyEfmTaMgán pßM KMnit

beBj naykrdæm®nIþ TaMgena¼ ecj BI tMENg GsRbEhl 3 ¦ 4 nak rYc mk ehIy.¬33¦...>

raCaFibetyüGaRs&ybBaj nigvibtiþÔaBRsbc,ab Ïab´ÈaMgBIÌñaM 1992

RbeTs éf ánCYbRbT¼ vibti¹ neyaáy FM.@ cMnYn 3 ÏabBI ÌñaM 1992 mk...> vibti¹ TaMgbIen¼ KWCa vibti¹ÔaB

Rsb c,ab Epñk neyaáy...> dMbUgbMput KWvibti¹ÔaB Rsbc,ab én rdæaPiál elak Cvlit bnÞab BI man îar

bnSy témø Rák ´áT enA Exkk;da rYcmk...> etI rdæaPiál mYy Gac bn¹ îargar rbs´ xøÜn án yäg dUcem¹c ebI

enA eBl Edl xøÜn eLIg îan GMNac cM eBl Edl vibti¹ esdækic© GasuI ekIt eLIg yag dUecñ¼..? vibti¹TI 2 KW erOg

kI¹ Rbîas RTBü sm,ti¹ rbs´ elak TkßiN ÌñaM 2001 Edl vi¼nwgeFVI[ elak naykrdæm®n¹I Cab´ eÌñat fμI.@ rUb

en¼ RtÚv eK ham Xat min [ eFIV neyaáy rhUtdl cMnYn RáM ÌñaM É eNa¼...> KMnit én ÔaB Rsb c,ab xag îar eá¼

eÌñat án l,g kmøaMg Ëña Tl nwg bBaØti¹ rdæFmμnuBaØ ÌñaM 1997 Edl kñúg ena¼ buK:l man GMNac RtÚv Et Ca mnusß

éføfñÚr eËarB ².c,abÉl,g kILa.³ (rules of the game)...> vibti¹TI 3 KWCa îar dYlrlM én ÔaB Rsb c,ab´ rbs´

rdæ enA kñúg ext¹Cay Edn enA ÔaK xag t,Úg na ÌñaM 2004...> vibti¹TI 3 en¼ KW Ca eBl dMbUg bgðs´ kñúg eBl Ca

eRcIn Tsvtßr_ Edl Rkúg ágkk án át bg îar RtÜt RÈa elI GaNaextþ sMxan.@ rbs RbeTs...> ral vibti¹

nImYy.@ TaMg en¼ elak eRbm KW Ca «bkrN_ sMxan mYy rbs raCaFibetyü GaRs&ybBaj edayelak áncUl RbLÚk yag skmμ kñúg îar ÏatEcg sMxan.@ enA xag eRîay Ìak...> vibti¹ ÔaKxagt,Úg bgHaj fa raCaFibetyü

GaRs&y bBaj kMBug Ïabép¹Im TRmg´fμI...> dUc án CRmabCUn xagelI rYc mk ehIy elak eRbm án eFIVsunÞrkfa saÎarN£ sMxan´ mYy edIm,I sþI benÞas rdæaPiál nig án TMnas´ eTA nwg eËalneyaáy rbs´

rdæaPiál Efm eTotpg...>

70 CMBUk TI .3

elak eRbm nigvibtiþénÔaBRsbc,ab ÌñaM 1997

enAeBl elak b&nHar RtÚv eK beBj ecj BI GMNac kñúg Ex tula ÌñaM 1996 rYc mk rbb fμI eRîay k¾ min manÔaBRbesIrCagrbbmunena¼Edr eRBa¼ elak Cvlit yugécyuT§ Edl Ca erOy.@ l,I fa min sUv man sn¹an

cit¹ cMeBa¼ RB¼mhakßRt án eLIg îan tMENg Ca naykrdæm®nI¹ én RbeTs éf...> enA eRîam îar XøaM emIl rbs

elak Cvlit CMhr esdækic© rbs RbeTs án cu¼ exßay rhUt dl îar bnSy témø d¾ GaRkk bMput én Rák áT éf

enA kñúg Ex kk;da ÌñaM 1997...> hak´ bI dUc Ca Ëμan nrNa mñak´ ecjmux fVaydMNwg Ca mun dl´ RB¼raCvaMg eLIy

ehIy ².TI Ïat îar RTBüsm,ti¹ RB¼ mhakßRt.³ xatbg RTBüsm,ti¹ rbsxøÜn esÞIrEt TaMgGs..½ Rkúmh‘un suiemnt_

éf (süam suImgt_) rgnUv îarxatbg Gs TwkRák cMnYn 190 eîadi duløar Gaemrik (1900 lan duløar) nig enA

CMBak´ bMNul cMnYn 400 eîadiduløar Efm eTot...> cMENk É FnaËar éf BaNiCü vij án Cab´ kun Ca mYy nwg

TwkRák km©I Edl min án pl cMeNj cMnYn 5 eîadiduløar (kbekO 2003.£ 261 kMNt elx 30)...>

enA man îarvivt¹ d¾sMxan´.@ Ca eRcIn epßgeTot...> îar vivt¹ mYy bnÞab´ BI vibti¹ena¼ mk KW eK á eRbI elak

eRbm [ CYy kuM [ rdæaPiál elak Cvlit dYlrlM ÔaB Rsbc,ab´ enA kñúg RkEs EPñk rbs´ mUlniFi rUbiyvtSú

GnþrCati (Gay¿ Gim¿ eGhV¿) eday Epðk elI mUldæan mYy KW fa îar rs´ ran man CIvit rbs´ RbeTs Cati nig

esdækic© KWCa cMNuc GaTiÔaB...> m¹g en¼ manîarCECk Ëña Ca saÎarN£ cg´ [ elak eRbm eFVI Ca nayk

rdæm®nI¹ sþI TI (îaEst ágkk bus¹# 16 tula K¿s¿ 1997)...> enAéf¶TI 6 Ex tula ÌñaM 1997 elak eRbm

án eîa¼ ehA niBn§nayk îaEst mk îan´ eKhdæan Ëat´ edIm,I pßBVpßay nUv KMnit cg´ beg;It rdæaPiál bRgÜb

bRgÜm Cati mYy...> Rbsin ebI man RbsiT§ÔaB Emn raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj Gac nwg RtÜt RÈa RbeTseday pÞal´...> cug bBa©b´ elak eRbm min áneFVI Ca nayk rdæm®nI¹ eT ebIeTa¼ Ca Ëat´ ánsuM [ mit¹Pki¹ CMnit

nigCaTI Rbwkßa rbs´ Ëat´ rYmman dUcCa GtIt rdæm®n¹I hirBaØvtSú elak vIrBgß ramag;Úr.¬34¦ (vIrbg$à ramagkUr

Virabongsa Ramangkura) [ cu¼ cUl Ca mYy elak Cvlit nig bEnSm ÔaB eCOTuk cit¹ eTA elI rdæál Cvlit

(sUm emIl îaEst dw eNÌan´ 15 sIha 1997 nig ágkk b¨us¹# 24 sIha 1997)...> bu¨En¹ enA eBl

Edl elak Cvlit Ïabep¹Im niyay fa cg Rbîas ÔaB Gasnñ ehIy áneîa¼ehA embBa¢aîar eyaÎa edIm,I

BiÔakßa Ëña GMBI GVI Edl Gac naM eTA rk îar erob cM rdæRbhar RbÌaMg nwg rUb Ëat´ Ôøamena¼ raCaFibetyü GaRs&y

bBaj bg; îar RBÜy ármÖ Ôøam.@ eTA dl´ rdæál rbs´ Ëat´.¬35¦...> eyaÎa ánbdiesF eTA nwg îar esñI ena¼ehIy enA Ex vicäiîa elak Cvlit RtÚván CMnYs Ôøam.@ eday elak QYn lIkP&y...> GMNac án pøas´b¹Úr

Ëña îan îab eday sarEt lT§pl BI}Ti§Bl én îarRBmeRBóg Ëña d¾ saM júaM nig Ebøkrbs }sßrCn (RBwT§isaN

1998.£ 280-9)...> elak QYn RtLb eTA îan viman rdæaPiál vij eday min ÏaMác man lT§pl îar eá¼eÌñat

GVIeLIy...> eK eCO fa îarN_en¼ ekIt eLIg eday EpðkeTA elI îar erob cM eRîay Ìak Edl eFVI eLIg eday Rkúm

mnusß enA kñúg bkß RbCakr éf Edl man sMeLg tic ehIy Edl min sb,ay cit¹ nig xUc kitüanuÔaB...> clna

Edl beg;It eLIg esÞIrEt TaMg Rsúg eday GK:elxaFiîar BYk RbCaFib& tü eQμa¼ elak sñan´ x©r Rbsasn_


(îaEst dweNÌan´ 6 vicäiîa 1997 nig îaEst ágkk büs¹# 17 vicäiîa 1997) en¼ man îar lUk éd cUl

rbs elak eRbm esÞIr RKb cMNuc TaMg Gs...> buEn¹ Qut Ìak TaMg Rsúg én sacerOg ena¼ RtÚv án eK bMePøc

eÏal yäg Ìab´ rh&s kñúg ÔaB eRkóm RkM esA hμg rbs´ RbeTs Cati Edl ekIt eLIg bnÞab´BI vibti¹ ena¼ mk...>

elak eRbm án eFVI rdæRbhar mYy eTot eday es¶óms¶at nig Ëμan îarbgHÚr Qam edIm,I beBj rdæaPiálEdl át bg ekrþ# eQμa¼ ehIy dakCMnYsvij edayrdæálmYy Edl RB¼raCvaMg TTYl ykán...> îal BImun

eyaÎa kRm CMTas´ nwg {îas eFVI rdæRbhar yäg Na k¾eday büEn¹ GVI.@ án ERbRbÜl bnÞab´ BI sSanîarN_

neyaáy eRîay ÌñaM 1992 knøg mk...> elak suryuT§ culøannÞ.¬36¦ (suryudDà culanndà Surayud Chu-

lanont) enA eBlena¼ KWCa embBa¢aîar eyaÎa TI 2 (mUldæan Ïas én GMNac rbs elak eRbm) án bdiesF

enA kñúg bT smÖasn_ mYy enA ÌñaM 1996 fa emeyaÎa }LÚv en¼ RtÚvEt beg;It sm<n§ÔaB Epñk neyaáy Ca mYy

Gñk neyaáy kñúgeBl Edl xøÜn kMBug bgHaj xøÜn Ég fa Ëμan îar Bak´B&n§ nwg neyaáy ¦Ëμan lMeGog ena¼

(C&yGn&nþ 1997.£ 55).¬37¦...>

enA ÌñaM 1997 eKeXIj man îarGnum&t rdæFmμnuBaØ fμI mYy Edl Ca lT§pl mk BI sm<aF rbs´ mnusß

sMxan´.@ dUcCa GtIt RKÚeBTü rbs´ RB¼mhakßRt elak evC¢bN it Rbevs v£sI nig naykrdæ m®nI¹ Ïasélak Gan&nÞ b&nüarCun...> elak Rbevs án BiBN’na GMB I viFIsa®s¹ mYy KW erob cM beg;It clna mYy [

man îarEkTRmg´ Èam ry£ dMeNIrîar ².îar BRgwg GMNac sg:m.³ îar sV¼ EsVg rk îar yk cit¹ Tuk dak´ BI

saÎarNCn nig eFVI îar bBa©ú¼ bBa©Úl eK Ég eday pÞal xøÜn nig eday Ëμan îar Gamas mux (2002.£ 22-4)...>

en¼ rYm bBa©Úl pg Edr nUv GVI Edl Ëat ehAfa ².yuT§sa®s¹ RKÜsar nigPriya.³ edIm,I dak îar Ëab sg;t elI elak

naykrdæm®n¹I b&nHar sil,GaCa kñúg îar bn¹ îar Ek TRmg neyaáy eday ep¹at elI eËal KMnit én KuN témø

RKÜsar rbs´ Ëat´ TaMg en¼...> elak Rbevs án kt´ sm:al´ pgEdr fa rdæFmμnuBaØ fμI en¼ án îøay Ca smrPUmi

edIm,I kMNt´ tYnaTI rbs´ RB¼mhakßRt...> Rkúm GñkGPirkß niym án G¼Gag fa Gñk Ek TRmg´ cg´ eFVI [ Gn¹ray

dl CMhr mhakßRt ehIyGñkGPirkß niym án KMram kMEhg ekNkmøaMg îay¬Ti§ RbÏaM PUmi (BYk lUk esO Ìaván) edIm,I CMTas eTA nwg esckIþ RBag rdæFmμnuBaØ ena¼ eTot pg (2002.£ 25)...> mat Ïab mat RBab fa elak

GtIt naykrdæm®nI¹ elak Gan&nÞ b&nüarCun ánRB¼mhakßRt suM [ eFVI Ca RbÎan KN£kmμaFiîar RBag rdæFmμnuBaØ

en¼ (kuNÑÚrs_ 2003.£ 130)...> elak Gan&nÞ nigelak Rbevs TaMg BIr naken¼ KWCa mnusß sMxan´ Edl

enA BI eRîay bBaj esrI niym én skmμCn xag Ek TRmg mYy Edl bBaj en¼ man ÔaB Rsb Ëña nigRtÜtsuIËñaCa mYy nwg bBaj rdæaPiál raCaFibetyü rbs´ elak eRbm...> ebI eTa¼bICa elak Rbevs kRm TTYl îan´îab muxnaTI GMNac Ca pøÚv îar Na mYy k¾eday k¾ Ëat KW Ca kmøaMg clkr enA BI eRîay KeRmagnig yuT§naîar mYy

c MnYn FM enA kñúg GMLúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 rYm man îar Ek TRmg´ Epñk Gb´rM îar Ek TRmg´ Epñk suxaPiál îar

RKbRKg fñaMCk nig îar Ek TRmg îar sikßa Rsav RCav...> viFI Rbtibtþi rbs elak Rbevs dUc Ëña nwg viFI Rbtibtþi

rbs elak eRbm Edr eBal KWva Epðk mYy ÔaK FM elI neyaáy én bBaj buK:l...> elak Rbevs Ca mnusßEdl kRmrk án dUcËat EdlTTYl án îareËarB BIxag kñúg Epñk îariyal yaFib etyü nig kñúg cMeNam Gñk

72 CMBUk TI .3

dwk naM Gg:îar min Emn rdæaPiál nig skmμCn sg:m pgena¼...> elak Rbevs KWCa GñkCMnaj én RkúmEdl

Bak´ B&n§ neyaáy nig îar ksag Rkúm cRmú¼...> eday sar Et zan£ rbs´Ëat´ Ca RKÚeTBü rbs´ RB¼mhakßRt

eK Gac sμandwg án fa elak Rbevs edIr tY CMnYs [ RB¼ raC brmraCvaMg ( makxarh:Ú 2001.£ 94-8)...> enA

kñúg sunÞrkfa Edl min án rayîarN_ mYy elak Rbevs án bBa¢ak´ yäg c,as´ fa îar beg;It [ man

sBabÎñab neyaáy rbs RbeTs éf KW Bit Camansar£ sMxan xøaMg Nas RbsinebI RbeTsCati cg eCos[put BI vibti¹ higßa eTA GnaKt enA cMeBl Edl man îar sñg raC sm,ti¹ mYy ekIt eLIg ena¼.¬38¦...> kgVl s¹I GMBI

bBaHa sñg raC sm,ti¹ ekIt eLIg îan Et xøaMg enA kñúg GMLúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 mk BI RB¼ suxÔaB RTúD eRTam rbs

RB¼mhakßRt nig RB¼Cnμ rbs´ RTg´...> dUcelak ehvIsun elIk eLIg fa ².îar beg;It RbB&n§ rdæFmμnuBaØ mYy

Gac îarBar Gg:RB¼mhakßRt Edl Tnexßay ¦ minsUv man RbCaRbiyÔaB án.³ (1997.£ 74) emøa¼ ehIy

eTIb bBal [ man îar ÏaM ác´ [ man îar Ek TRmg´ neyaáy eTA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990...> dUc sa®sþaÏarükbekO G¼Gag fa RbeTs éf man ².TRmg raCaFibetyü GaRs&y rdæFmμnuBaØ EbbburaN Edl ep¹at elI GMNac

eRîA rdæFmμnuBaØ nig GMNac Èam RbéBNI rbs RB¼raCblø&g;.³ Edl Ca TRmg mYy Bwg Epðk yagxøaMgelI ².ÔaB

Gs©arü rbs buK:l EdlCaGñk RKgraCbl&øg;.³ (2003.£ 29)...> rdæFmμnuBaØ fμIen¼ KWCa viÎan îar bg;ar mun edIm,I

CYy îarBar raCaFibetyü...>

KeRmag Ek TRmg´ Epñk neyayáy bgHaj [eXIj BI ynþîar rbs´ raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj...>mun dMbUg RB¼raCvaMg nig elak eRbm min sUv Ca man îarÏab´ GarmμN_ bünμaneT büEn¹ eRîay mk man îar

beg;ItnUv Rkúm cRmú¼ én pl RbeyaCn_ mYy en¼...> eK k¾ Gac bk Rsay pg Edr fa rdæFmμnuBaØ ².edIm,I RbCaCn.³

ÌñaM 1997 Èam Bit eTA Ebr Ca ².rdæFmμnuBaØ edIm,I RB¼raCvaMg.³ vij KW Ca Éksar mYy Edl eK RBag eLIg edIm,I

CYy Îana ÔaB Kg´ vgß nig sSirÔaB eTA éf¶mux énraCvgßcRkI (mäk´xarh:Ú 2001.£ 97-98)...> eK k¾ Gac

niyayán fa elak Rbevs án lk îarEkTRmg Epñk neyaáy eTA[ RB¼raCvaMg Èamry£ îarsg;tF¶n

elI tRmÚv îar ÏaMác kñúg îarEsVgrk meFüaáy edIm,I elIk km<s GayuCIvit neyaáy CaBiess Èamry£ îar

GnuBaØat [ mnusß lð.@ (dUc Ca elak eRbm nig elak Gan&nÞ) áncUl kñúg Ìak neyaáy...> Tsßn vis&y rbs

elak Rbevs xit xM erobcM lkçN£ RbesIr bMput én raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj [ man sÔaB Ca pøÚv îar edaybeg;It [ man Ca {îas sRmab mnusß Edl man eTB eîaslü nig mansmtSÔaB edIm,I cUlrYm Ìak neyaáy

eday min[ man îarRbLak éd enA kñúg kl l,ic xag îar eRbI Rás snøwkeÌñat nig skmμÔaB déT epßg eTot...>

îar beg;It [ man nUv RbB&n§ bBa¢I KNbkß KW Ca «TahrN_ CakEs¹g mYy én KMniten¼ rYm TaMg KMnit [ man RBwT§sÔa

én Rkúm Ïas´ RBwT§aÏarü Rbkb eday KtibN it Edlmin Emn Ca smaCik rbs´ KNbkß Na mYy (sUmemIlmakxarh:Ú 2002)...> elak Rbevs eCO fa RbeTs éf sm,Úr eTA eday mnusß man smtSÔaB Edl Ca Gñk Ek

TRmg eday sÔavKti...> Rbsin ebI eK dak mnusß TaMg en¼ [ RtÚv kEnøg GMNac ena¼ Îana fa nwg man siSrÔaB

neyaáy ehIy manîar Ek TRmg´ vivDÆniym k¾ Gac vivDÆ eTAmux pgEdr...> Èam ry£ îar beg;It sSab&n fμI

epßg.@ dUc Ca KN£kmμîar eá¼ eÌñat nig KN£ kmμ îar Cati xag siT§imnusß Gac nwg Îana án fa vt¹man rbs


mnusß Edl Rbkb eday KuNFm’ TaMg en¼ BitCa bn¹ man enA kñúg dMeNIr îar neyaáy...> ¦ Gac niyay án

müag eTotfa eK Gac erob cM raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBaj eLIg vij [ man mUldæan maM TaM Cagmun Edl elIsBIGnuRbB&n§ eRîApøÚvîar Edlbn¹ manrhUt dl eBl bc©úb,nñ en¼...> kmμviFI Ek TRmg neyaáy en¼ qøú¼ bBa©aMg BI

îar tTl Ëña rvag BYk esrIniym nig BYk GPirkßniym edIm,I qnÞ£ én raCaFib etyü GaRs&ybBaj...> enA cugÌñaM 1997 xagKMnit esrIniym Ca Gñk Qñ¼...> min Emn Ca neyaáy Edl min Bak´B&n§ nwg Rák´îas Et KW Ca

vibti¹ esdækic©nig rdæFmμnuBaØ fμIvij Edl án RtÜsRÈay pøÚv [ elak TkßiN Cinv&Rt r¼eLIg ánEdr...> enA

kñúg îareá¼eÌñat sakl enA Ex mkra ÌñaM 2001 KNbkß Edl eTIbEt beg;It fμI eQμa¼fa ².éf rak éf.³ (éf RsLaj

éf) Edl dwk naM eday mhaesdæI xag TUrKmnaKmn_ d¾ man GMNac eQμa¼ elak TkßiN Cinv&Rt án Qñ¼ eÌñat yag

elIslb elIRkúm RbCaFib&tü...> eCaKC&y rbs elak TkßiN ánmk eday gay Èamry£ îar eRsac Twk

Rák´ yäg sn§wksn§ab´ nig mYy Epñk eTot eday sarEt muxmat´ rbs´ Ëat´ Ca emdwknaM naykRbtibti¹ Edl

mWugmät´ mYyrUb Edl cUlcit¹ eda¼Rsay bBaHa Ôøam.@ nig mYy cMENk eTot án mk BI l,ic evaharsa®s¹

RbCaPi futi Edl man RbCaRbiy rbs´Ëat´ nig eËalneyaáy Èak´ Etg eLIg edIm,I Tak´Taj RbCaBlrdæ Ca

eRcIn enA Èam TICnbT (makxarh:Ú nig «Rkwsþ 2005)...> elak TkßiN tMNag KMrU mYy én kmøaMg neyaáy

fμI Edl Epðk elI TwkRák Edl min sb,ay cit¹ nwg raCaFibetyü GaRs&ybBaj ena¼ eLIy...> naykrdæm®nI¹Edl Ëμan îar ËaM RT BI RB¼raCvaMg mYy cMnYn na eBl fμI.@ ena¼ dUcCa elak b&nHar sil,GaCa nig elak Cvlit

yug écyuT§ Gac cUl îan tMENg án Rtwm mYy ÌñaM ¦min elIs BI hñwgpg Et elak TkßiN man ÔaB rwgmaM xøaMg

rhUt dl min Gac beBj Ëat [ ecj án yag gay...> elak TkßiN án Ïab ep¹Im erob cM Ca RbB&n§ mYy edIm,IbMEbk bBaj neyaáy Edl esμa¼Rtg nwgelak eRbm enA kñúg Epñk Ca eRcIn kñúg eËalbMNg dak CMnYs GñkTaMgena¼ eday mnusß Edl ËaMRT Ëat KUkn rbsËat nig jati snþan rbsËat vij...> elak TkßiN sV¼EsVg

p¹ÜlrMlM bBaj raCaFibetyü ehIy CMnYs bBaj en¼ eday bBaj esdækic© neyaáy mYy Edl elakîarecr_ eRbsßúg (Cartier Bresson) (1997) BiB&N’na fa Ca bBaj mYy Edl man mUldæan elI TMnak´TMngxagkñúg nig GMeBI BukrlYy Ebb Ca rcnasm&<n§...> enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 man îar tTl Ëña yagsMxan mYy

rvag Rkúm GPirkßniym Edl manTMnakTMng Ëña Ca mYy eyaÎa nig îariyalya Fibetyü nig Gñk Ek TRmg Ebb

esrIniym Edl sV¼EsVg edIm,I BRgwg sg:msuIvil nig sSab&n neyaáy...> büEn¹ elak TkßiN Edl Ca

nKrál mun nwg îøay Ca mhaesdæI eRîaymk îøayCa nayk rdæm®nI¹ ánelg eTAÈamk,Ün nig KMnit fμI TaMg

Rsúg mYy eBal KW k,Ünnig KMnit dwknaM Ebb BisBul mYy Edl Tuk Rck tictYc bMput sRmab Gñk elg Edl Ca

KURbECg (libman-bøÚ‘Emn (Lipman-Blumen) 2005)...>

elak eRbm nigvibtiþtulaîarFmμnuBaØ ÌñaM 2001

îal BI dMbUg elak TkßiN TTYl án îarËaMRT BI Rkúm Gñk Ek TRmg´ neyaáy rbs´ raCaFibetyüGaRs&y

bBaj CaBiess KW elak Rbevs v£sI pÞal´ Et m¹g...> va Ca îar hYs cit¹ mYy Edl elak Rbevs Ebr

74 CMBUk TI .3

Ca ËaMRt elak TkßiN Edl Ca Gñk tMNag [ cMNuc RbsBV Ëña mYy én Twk Rák´ nig neyaáy îal BI enA kñúg

erOg kI¹tulaîar FmμnuBaØ rbs Ëat enA ÌñaM 2001 ena¼...> enA Ex sIha ÌñaM 2001 elak naykrdæm®nI¹ TkßiN

Cinv&Rt (EdlánCabeÌñat PøÚkTwkPøÚkdI én rdæsÔa enA kñúg Ex mkra edIm ÌñaM ena¼) án RbQm mux nwg îar eÏaT

Rbîan GMBI îar lak bMáMg RTBüsm,t¹i...> RbsinebI tulaîar FmμnuBaØ rk eXIj fa man eTas Ëat Gac nwg RtÚv

eK ham min [ eFVI neyaáy ry£ eBl cMnYnRáM ÌñaM nig RtÚv beBj ecj BI viman rdæaPiál eTot pg...> elakTkßiN min sUv án bunbg bdiesF eTA nwg bTeÏaT TaMg ena¼ bunμan eT buEn¹ Ëat TTYl án RbCaRbiyÔaB yag

FM eFg ehIy man mnusß Ca eRcIn smøwg emIl eXIj rUb Ëat fa Ca emdwknaM mYy d¾ski¹sm bMput sRmab RbeTs

éf enA kñúg RËa d¾ lMák TaMg Epñk esdækic© nig neyaáyen¼...> cug bBa©b´ elak TkßiN rYc put BI îar rk

eXIj fa man eTas yäg Rbpit RbepIy enA kñúg îal£eTs£ Edl eBar eBj eday bBaHa en¼ (sRmab´ B&t’man

Bis¹ar sUmemIl Nilßún (Nelson) 2002.£ 380-8.À Exøn (Klein) 2003.£ 71-6.À nig sureFor

2003)...> salRkm ena¼ beg;It [ man Ca cm¶l yag eRcIn ehIy îaEst ágkk bus#¹ cu¼ pßay nUv RbPBmYy

Edl niyay fa eÏARkm BIrrUb elIkElg îareÏaTRbîan elI elak TkßiN ².eRBa¼ man îar esñI mYy BImnusß

mñak Edlman Twk mat éRb xøaMg.³...> RbPB dEdl án dk Rsg sm¹I eÏARkm mñak fa ².eKbgçMxJúM [ elb Qam xøÜn

Ég enAeBlEdlxJúM kMBug sresr dUecñ¼.³ (ágkk büs¹# 4 sIha 2001)...> mnusß ÔaK eRcIn eCO fa îar

eFVIdUecñ¼ KW eday sar Gn¹raKmn_ rbs elak eRbm edIm,I BgVag ÔaB cRmÚg cRmas Epñk neyaáy cMeBa¼ sal-

Rkm BiruT§ÔaB NamYy...> kñúgeBl kMBug CMnMu CRm¼kI¹ man îarerobcM eFVI yuT§naîar Eck xitþ b&NÑ mYy Edl eÏaT

Rbîan elak eRbm fa án lUkéd cUl eda¼ Rsay edIm,I Îana fa elak TkßiN án rYc xøÜn BI îar eÏaT Rbîan

(Ga¿ EG‘ hV¿ eb¿ (AFP) 2 sIha 2001)...> eTa¼ bI Ca îar G¼Gag Edl eÏaT Rbîanfa elak eRbm án cMNay

Rák´ edIm,I eda¼ Rsay erOg en¼ T Mng Ca îar Benø Is suT§ saF k¾ eday k¾ man xitþb&NÑsmehtupl

mYyeTotpgEdr G¼Gagfa elak eRbm án RBmeRBóg bBa©ú¼ bBa©Úl eK edIm,I îarelIkElg îareÏaTRbîan

elak TkßiN Ca fñÚr nwg îar rkßaTuk elak suryuT§ culøannÞ Edl Ca mnusß esμa¼Rtgnwg elak eRbm enA

kñúg mux tMENg embBa¢aîar eyaÎa enA ÌñaM teTA mux eTot (ágkk büs¹# 2 sIha 2001)...> eK dwg fa elak

eRbm nig elak TkßiN án CYb TakTg Ëña...> enA eBl Edl elak TkßiN eTA elg elak eRbm enA éf¶TI

1 Ex mifuna elak eRbm án elIk Twk cit¹ elak TkßiN kuM [ ray may eday sar Et erOg kI¹ tulaîar ena¼ eFVI

GVI (ágkk bus¹# 2 mifuna 2001)...> eK min Gac dwg Rákd fa etI elak eRbm Bit Ca án eRbI }Ti§Bl Na mYy

elI krNI RTBü sm,ti¹ en¼ ¦ yagNa ena¼ eT buEn¹ man BakücÏam Garam CaeRcIn elIk eLIg fa man Gñk seg;t

îarN_ neyaáy Ca eRcIn eCOfa elak eRbm án Bak´B&n§ kñúg erOg en¼ Emn...> Gn¹raKmn_ Edl eKán

RbemIl emIl en¼ án qøú¼ bB©aaMg nUv KMnit lT§pl niym nig Rbtibtþi niym Edl eFVI [ raCaFibetyü GaRs&y

bBaj man ÔaB rs revIk án..½ Cayfaehtu elak eRbm cg bn§Úr bnSy sSanîarN_ Èantwg én vibti¹ EdlGac ekIt eLIg eday îarCYy îar Bar elak TkßiN ebI eTa¼ Ca îarbeBj elak TkßiN Gac nwg eFVI [ elakeRbm eBj citþ eBj eføIm pÞal xøÜn xø¼ yag Na k¾ eday...> elak eRbm c,as Ca án sμan Tuk fa elak TkßiN


nwg tbsñg KuN cMeBa¼ îar eFVI Gn¹raKmn_ en¼ eday Tuk tMENg ÉsiTi§ x<s´ mYy enA kñúg kic©îar neyaáy Ca

Biess KW îarRtÜtRÈa rbs Ëat elIîarÏat ÈaMg emT&B sMxan.@ nig tMENg m®nþI rYm TaMg tMENg GPiál extþ

TaMg Lay enA tMbn´ ÔaK xag t,Úg pg Edr...> büEn¹ elak TkßiN Ëμan bMNg eFVI Èam k,Ün elg El,g kILa

Edl Rbkb eday esckI¹ éfø fñÚr TaMg en¼ eT...> enA eBl Edl erOg kI¹ RTBü sm,ti¹ en¼ cb´ eTA elak TkßiN

án bn¹ dak´ elak eRbm [ enA eRîA rgVg´ én îar eFIV esckI¹ seRmc cit¹ sMxan´.@ dEdl en¼ bgHaj [ eXIj

nUv îarseRmc cit¹ rbs´ Ëat´ edIm,I beg;It bBaj Gs©arü fμImYy eBal KW GVI.@ TaMg Gs´ RtÚv Et seRmc ecj BIrUbËat´ TaMgRsúg nig Ca bBaj mYy Edl man rcna sm&<n§ zananuRkm xøaMg...> eTa¼ Ca yägen¼ kI¹ k¾elaksuryuT§ án rkßa Tuk tMENg Ca em bBa¢aîar eyaÎa mYyÌñaM eTotEmn...> ehtuîarN_ en¼án bgHaj nUv rebob

Edl BYk eyaÎa (Edl Gñk xø¼ án eCO fa Gac rMlg BYk eK án) Edl Èam Bit eTA ánpßar Ô¢ab enA kñúg RkLa

én bBaj RbB&n§ em kmøaMg nig kUn eÏA d¾Qøasév nig man RbsiT§ÔaB rbs´ elak eRbm eday man îar CYyeRCam ERCg BI RB¼raCvaMgnig RkúmRbCaFib&tü (makxarh:Ú nig «Rkwsþ 2005.£ 156-7)...>

raCaFibetyü nigtMbnÔaKxagt,Úg

ext¹ Cay Edn ÔaK xag t,Úg rbs RbeTs éf Edl man RbCaCn musøiúm rsenA eRcIn Cage K án CYb RbT¼ nUv îar

ekIn eLIg nUv GMeBI higßa neyaáy Ïab ÈaMg BIExmkra 2004 mk Edl BakB&n §Ëña eTA nwg clna Gñk cg bMEbk

rdæ nig îarekIneLIg nUv îarmin Gt {n xagsasna...> enARsbeBl Ca mYy Ëña en¼ Edr kÈ¹a neyaáy kñúgRsúk

k¾ CabBaHacm,gpgEdr (mäk´xarh:Ú 2006)...> elak TkßiN án emIl eXIj fa tMbn´ ÔaK xag t,Úg KW Ca

EdndI Rbkb eday eRËa¼fñak´ mYy sRmab´ KNbkß éf räk´ éf rbs´ Ëat´ eBal KW Ca ÔaK mYy én RbeTs Edl

sm,Úr eTA eday m®n¹I Edl esμa¼ Rtg eTA nwg elak eRbm RB¼raCvaMg nig KNbkß RbCaFib&tü...> enA kñúg ÌñaM

2002 elak TkßiN án rMlay eÏal rcna sm&<n§ sn¹isux Edl dwknaM eday eyaÎa CaBiess ².mCÄmNlÏat Ecg îar brihar ext¹ Cay Edn ÔaKxagt,Úg.³ Edl beg;IteLIg eday elak eRbm nig sm<n§mit¹ rbs Ëat

enAedIm Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980...> elak TkßiN án Gag els fa îarb¼eár Edl manena¼ KW RËan´ Et îøay

Ca GMeBI qkbøn RbdabGavuF bueNÑa¼ rYc ehIy Ëat án dak nKrál [ TTYl xusRtÚv xag îar rkßa sBab ÎñabCMnYs vij...> ebIeTa¼ bICa elak TkßiN man bMNg cg´ Rbit eRbób kgBlTI 4 Edl Rbîan´ c,ab´ eday xøÜn

Ég Ca yUr mk ehIy enA tMbn ÔaK xag t,Úg ena¼ k¾ eday k¾ TegVI rbs Ëat án eFIV [ cu¼ exßay nUv bMNg én kic©snüa

sg:m ehIy min yUr bünμan án naM [ man îarsmøabéRîA tulaîar Ca eRcInb EnSm eTot rYm TaMg îar át´ xøÜn pg

Edr...> enA kñúg «b,ti¹ehtu higßa nana enA tMbn ÔaKxagt,Úg rvag Ex mkra ÌñaM 2004 nig BakkBal ÌñaM 2005man mnusß Cag 450 nak´ án søab´ át´ bg´ CIvit (sUm emIl Rkúm vibti¹ Gn¹rCati ÌñaM 2005)...> «b,ti¹ ehtu F¶n´

bMput ekIteLIg enA éf¶TI 28 Ex kumÖ£ ÌñaM 2004 enA eBl Edl skmμCn Edl BuM sUv man GavuF îar Bar cMnYn

108 nak´ nig Ôñak´ gar sn¹isux cMnYn 5 nak´ án søab´ kñúg GMLúg eBl nig eRîay eBl vay Rbhar pÞÜn.@ Ëña

eTA elI bus¹#Eqk eqr...> îar bgHÚrQam enAéf¶ena¼ bBa©b eTA eday îar eLamB&T§ BI sMNak eyaÎa eTA elI vihar

76 CMBUk TI .3

musøúim mYy eQμa¼ RKW si (krWG eJA Krue Se) Ca buraNsSan enA kñúg ext¹ bÈþanI Edl eFVI [ burs îan´ sasna

G‘isøam cMnYn 32 nak´ RtÚv án eK P¢g´ cug îaMePøIg áj´ smøab´...> sSanîarN_ Gab´GY án ekIt eLIg dl´ kMBUl

KW enA éf¶ TI 25 Extula ÌñaM 2004 enA eBl Edl átukr musøúim cMnYn 84 nak´ án søab´ enA Èak éb (tak %x

Tak Bai)...> BYkeK TaMgena¼ ÔaK eRcIn søabeday fbdegHIm bnÞab BI eKÏab dakKr elIËña enA kñúg rfyn¹ FM rbs

eyaÎa rYc mk...>

RB¼ raCa nig RB¼ raCinI RTg´ man cMNab´GarmμN_ Ca Biess eTA elI tMbn´ en¼ Gs´ry£ eBl yUr yar mk...>

Èam FmμÈa RB¼raCinI cMNay eBl eRcIn sÂ¹ah_ erog ral´ ÌñaM enA ÉRB¼raCdMNak´ TkßiN raC nievsn_ enA kñúg

ext¹ nraFivas ehIy án tk´ søút Ca BnéBk cMeBa¼ sÔaB KYr [ ÔJaképðIl én RBwti¹îarN_ TaMg en¼...> enA éf¶ TI

3 Ex tula m®nI¹ 2 nak Edl Ci¼ rfyn¹ rbs RB¼ raCdMNak RtÚv án BiXat enA kñúg ext¹ nraFivas enA eBl

Edl BYk Ëat TaMg BIr TMng Ca kMBug Tij EpøeQI edIm,I fVay RB¼ raCinI ena¼ Ég (TIÔñakgar sarB&t’man suin hY 15

tula 2004 nig 17 vicäiîa 2004)...> kñúg îar Eføg eTA îan RbCara®s¹ Cag 1000 nak enA RB¼raCvaMg ciRtlÈa

enA kñúg Ex vicäiîa RB¼raCinI án man RB¼ svnIy_ fa RB¼Gg: RTg eQVgyl fa RtÚv Et bgçM RB¼h¬T&y Tmøay îar

sm¶at´ rbs´ RTg´ bnÞab´ BI án eTA eFVI Tsßn kic© enA tMbn´ ÔaK xag t,Úg Gs´ ry£ eBl BIr Ex rYc mk Edl Ca

Tsßn kic© d¾ yUr mYy Gs´ eBl eRcIn ÌñaM knøg eTA (ágkk büs¹# 17 vicäiîa 2004)...> RB¼Gg: án ri¼Kn´ BYk

sasn_ musøúim Edl ².RB¼Gg: minEdlándwgBImunmkesa¼.³ fa Cn TaMg ena¼ Ca Xatkr d¾ sahav éRB épß

Edl án smøab´ m®n¹I rdæaPiál nig RbCara®s¹ samBaØ Gs´ Ca eRcIn...> RB¼Gg: ánGMBav nav BuT§sasnik Cn

éf TaMg 30 mWun nak enA kñúg tMbn ena¼ [ man CMhr rwgbwug nig min RtÚv Ïak ecj BI tMbn ena¼ eLIy...> RB¼ Gg: án

bEnSm eTot fa RbCara®s¹ éf Gac eron [ ec¼ áj îaMePøIg edIm,I îarBar xøÜn eday RB¼Gg: man RB¼ svnIy_eTot

fa ².kuMfa eLIy RB¼Cnμ 72 vsßa ehIy k¾eday k¾ xJúM nwg eron [ ec¼ rebob áj´ îaM ePøIg eday min ÏaM ác´ Bak´

Ev¨nÈa xJúMpgeT.³...>

enA éf¶ bnÞab´ RB¼mhakßRt RTg´ RB¼ raCanuBaØat [ m®nI¹ eyaÎa nig nKrál Edl eTIb TTYl án

zann¹rski¹ fμI.@ cMnYn 510 nak´ cUl Ëal´ eFVI svnaîar...> enA kñúg sunÞrkfa Edl pßay ÈamviTüúpg Edr ena¼

RB¼ Gg: GMBavnav sUm[ man ÉÔaB nig kic© shRbtibti¹îar Ëña d¾ maM mYn rvag nKrál nig eyaÎa eday RB¼Gg:

Rbîas fa kic© shRbtibti¹îar Ëña en¼ Gac nwg eCosvag án nUv îarrMeCIbrMCYlnig ÔaBRcbUk Rcbl´ ².Edl

RB¼ raCinI sirikitþ# án Tt eXIj GMLúg eBl RB¼Gg: Kg´ enA tMbn´ ÔaK xag t,Úg ena¼.³ (Ga¿ EG‘hV¿ eb¨¿ 18 viciäîa

2004.À Ga¿eb¨¿ 18 vicäiîa 2004)...> esckI¹ EføgîarN_ Ca saÎarN£ d¾kRm man rbs´ RB¼ mhakßRt nig

RB¼raCinIen¼ bgHaj [ eXIj GMBI visalÔaB én sSanîarN_ GabGY enA tMbn ÔaKxagt,Úg Edlbg; Ca eRËa¼ KMram

kMEhg dl ÔaBRsbc,ab rbs rdæ éf...>

edaysar Et man RbéBNI Gn¹raKmn_eRîA rdæ FmμnuBaØ eday raCaFietyü éf eTIb án Ca skmμCn

BuT§sasna ni g skmμCn musøúim sMxan´.@ mYy cMnYn Ïab ep¹Im GMBavnav [ man Gn¹raKmn_ dUc en¼ mYy edIm,I eda¼

Rsay bBaHa enA ÔaK xag t,Úg (RËassgt_ (Croissant) 2005.£ kMNtcMNaM elx 62)...> man mnusß mYy cMnYn


sgÇwm fa RB¼mhakßRt Gac beg;It raCrdæaPiál beBa¼ Gasnñ edIm,I îar bRgÜb bRgÜm Cati mYy dUc Ëña nwg rdæaPiálmYy Edl Îøab man bnÞab BI Ex «sÔa ÌñaM 1992...> enA Ex tula ÌñaM 2004 îaEst ágkk bus#¹ án ecj pßay

elI TMB&r mux nUv erOg mYy eRîam cMNg eCIgfa ².Cn musøúim suM[ RB¼mhakßRt pøas´b¹Úr rdæaPiál.³ (29 tula

2004)...> ebI Èam sac erOg ena¼ KW man elak datU eNed¼ vaá (Dato Nedeh Waba) Edl Ca RbÎan smaKm

salaeron ÉkCn beRgón sasna G‘isøam enA kñúg ext¹Cay Edn ÔaK xag t,Úg nig GnuRbÎan sÔa îar sasna

musø‘im án GMBavnav eTA RB¼ mhakßRt [ beg;It rdæaPiál mYy Edl Etg ÈaMg eday RB¼mhakßRt...> eK án

dk Rsg sm¹I rbs elak dUecñ¼ fa..½

eyIg xJúM Ëμan CeRmIs GVIepßg eRîABI GgVr RB¼mhakßRt Ca TI RsLaj rbs eyIg xJúM Edl Ca RB¼ biÈa rbs eyIgxJúM

[ RB¼ Gg: RTg ´ RB¼ emÈþa eRás RB¼ raCTan mk dl´ BYk eyIg xJúM nUv raC rdæaPiál mYy edIm,I eda¼Rsay bBaHa

Edl man enA TI en¼ ¿¿¿.> kñúg sSanîarN_ d¾man eRËa¼ fñak Ebb en¼ etI [ BYkeyIg xJúM eTA Bwg Bak nrNa eRîABI Gg:

RB¼mhakßRt Edl Ca kI¹ sgÇwm TaMg Rsúg rbs´ eyIg xJúM eRBa¼ RbCara®s¹ musøúim enA TIena¼ TaMg Gs´ Ïat´ Tuk

RB¼Gg: CaTIeËarB d¾x<gx<s´ bMput (ágkk bus¹# 29 tula 2004).>

eTa¼ bI Ca Epn îar GMBav nav nana min ánTTYl pl GVI esa¼ena¼ TaMg skmμCn xag BuT§sasna nig xag

musøúim enA Et bn¹ CECk BiÔakßaËña Ca ÉkCn GMBI cMNg cg án RB¼raCGn¹raKmn_...>

RB¼mhakßRt ánbgHaj[eXIjBI îarminyl´Rsbrbs´ RB¼Gg: eTA nwg eËalneyaáy rbs´ elak

TkßiN Èamry£ îar elIk eLIg GMBI îarri¼Kn´rdæaPiál eTAîan´ KN£ Gg: m®nþ I (Edl Ca Rkúm Rbwkßa én

RB¼mhakßRt) nig Èamry£ îar das etOn elak naykrdæm®nI¹ xøÜnÉg pÞal yag sm¶at [ Gnuvt¹ nUv eËalCMhr

bRgÜbbRgÜm Ëña mYy...> pÞúy eTA vij elak TkßiN ËaMRT viÎanîartwgruwg mYy eTAvij man CaGaT# îar eRbI

c,ab´ GaCJaswk Edl rwt Et bEnSm saMg eTA elI ePøIg Edl kMBug Et eq¼ Rsab´...> cug bBa©b´ eRîay BI îar eá¼

eÌñat Ex kumÖ£ ÌñaM 2005 mk elak eRbm án eFVI Gn¹raKmn_ Ca saÎarN£ Edl KYr [ Ïab´ GarmμN_ mYy dUc

án CRmab m¹g rYc mk ehIy îal BI xag edIm GtSbT en¼...>

lT§pl KW Ca îarseRmccit¹ d¾KYr[ ÔJakepðIl rbs elak TkßiN eday Ëat án beg;It [ man KN£ kmμîar

sRmú¼ sRmÜlCati mYy ehA ².KN£ kmμîar }sßr£ edIm,I esckþI smancänÞ Cati.³ (K¿}¿s¿) (qNA krrmkar GisrA

ebW§G qvam smanC&ndà Ehég jati National Reconciliation Commission) edIm,I eda¼ Rsay vibti¹ enA tMbn ÔaK xag t,Úg...>

KN£ kmμîar fμI mYyen¼ dwk naM eday elak Gan&nÞ b&nüarCun nig elak Rbevs v£sI eFVI Ca GnuRbÎan...>

RBwti¹îarN_ en¼ bgHaj [ eXIjfa enA eBlEdl bBaHa Na mYy Qan dl kRmit F¶n xøaMg sUm,IEt naykrdæm®nI¹

Edl man GMNacxøaMg nig manFnÎan sem,Im dUcCa elak TkßiN k¾eday k¾RtÚv Et {n lMeTan cMeBa¼ RB¼

raC}Ti§Bl Edr...> eday RbCaRbiyÔaB rbs´ elak TkßiN án Îøak´ cu¼ Ca bn¹ bnÞab´ eRîay BI îar eá¼ eÌñat

Ex kumÖ£ ÌñaM 2005 mk ².KN£ kmμîar }sßr£ edIm,I esckþI smancänÞ Cati.³ (K¿}¿s¿) esÞIr Et îøay Ca nimit¹ rUb

én rdæaPiál bRmúg mYy eTA ehIy sRmabRbeTs éf Edl kñúg ena¼ manmnusß Rbkb eday KtibNit niymraCaFib etyü GaRs&ybBaj naMËña eFVI Blikmμ edIm,I bn¹ nirn¹rÔaB én sμartI rdæFmμnuBaØ ÌñaM 1997...> ÔaB

78 CMBUk TI .3

xus Ëña en¼ eXIj man yag Cak c,as enA kñúg kic© BiÔakßa yag sMxan mYy enA Èam TUrTsßn_ îalBI éf¶ TI 28 Ex

kk;da ÌñaM 2005 s¹I GMBI RbÎanbT ÔaK xag t,Úg rvag elak Gan&nÞ nig elak TkßiN pßay bn¹pÞal ecjBI

viman rdæaPiál.½ nayk rdæm®nI¹ 2 rUb (1 rUb CaGtItnaykrdæm®nI¹ nig 1 rUbeTot Ca naykrdæm®nI¹ kMBug

îanGMNac ) KMnit 2 Tak Tg nwg ÔaK xag t,Úg (sn¹iÔaB Tl nwg sn¹isux) nig TRmg neyaáy epßg Ëña cMnYn 2

(viÏarNkmμ Tlnw g îar RtÜtRÈa)...> buEn¹ Èam îar Rbîas Ca pøÚv îar Ôøam.@ nUv GMNac visamBaØ (GMNac kñúgÔaB

Gasnñ) yag twg ruwg eday Rkwtü rbs KN£rdæm®nI¹ enA Ex kk;da ÌñaM 2005 man îarekIneLIg nUvîarsg&ßy

fa elak TkßiN Ëμan ÔaB esμa¼Rtg´ kñúg îar EsVg rk îar sRmú¼ sRmÜl NamYy enAkñúg tMbn´ ÔaKxagt,Úg

eLIy...> pÞúy eTA vij eK Kit fa elak TkßiN beg;It ².KN£ kmμîar }sßr£ edIm,I esckþI smancänÞ Cati.³

(K¿}¿s¿) (KN£ kmμaîar sRmú¼ s RmÜl Cati) en¼ eLIg RËan Et edIm,I Tb Tl nwg îar ri¼Kn mk elI xøÜn Ëat bueNÑa¼

Rsb eBl Ca mYy Ëña ena¼ Ëat´ eRbI Rás´ GMNacrdæ edIm,I yk [ án mk vij nUv GMNac x<s´ mYy elI raCaFi-

betyü GaRs&ybBaj Edl kMBug Et rwgmaM saCa fμI en¼...>

esckIþsnñidæan.½ îarpøasbþÚrmuxmatfμI én raCaFibetyüGaRs&ybBaj

îar CECk Ëña GMBI RB¼raCGn¹raKmn_ enA kñúg RbeTséf eRcIn Etep¹at elI skmμÔaB eday pÞal´ rbs´ RB¼ raCa

Ca Biess RBwti¹îarN_ Extula ÌñaM 1973 Ex emsa ÌñaM 1981 nig Ex «sÔa ÌñaM 1992...> GtSbT en¼ án

elIk yk mk bBa¢ak´ GMBI RBMEdn kMNt´ én viFI sa®s¹ en¼ nig p¹l´Ca eyabl´ fa edIm,I Gac yl´ dwg GMBI RB¼

raCGMNac enA kñúg RbeTs éf án eK ÏaM ác RtÚv yl fa RB¼ raC GMNac Ca TRmgmYy én GPiálkic© Èam Ebb

bBaj...> ÈamFmμÈa RB¼mhakßRt éf bMeBjkic© îargar en¼ Èamry£ tMNag nana EdlsV¼EsVg BRgIk}Ti§Bl neyaáy rbsRTg buEn¹ enA cug bBa©b RB¼Gg: enA Et min Gac seRmc án nUv îarRtÜtRÈa án Edr...>

Ïab´ BI eRîay Ex «sÔa ÌñaM 1992 mk EbbbT én RB¼raCGn¹raKmn_ án ERbRbÜl...> enA eBl Edl RB¼

mhakßRt îan´Et ceRmIn RB¼CnμÏas´ vsßa eTA RB¼Gg: TMng Ca BuMsUv eFVI RB¼raCGn¹raKmn_ edaypÞal´ RB¼ Gg:

eRcIn dUc eBl mun eTot eLIy...> kñúg eBl eda¼Rsayvibti¹ énÔaBRsbc,ab´ eRcIn Et eFIV eLIg eday

Gn¹raKmn_ BI elak eRbm nig smaCik epßg eTot én KN£ Gg: m®nþI (RkúmRbwkßa RB¼mhakßRt)...> bBajraCaFibetyü CYb RbT¼ nwg bBaHa Ïab´ ÈaMg BI mun eBl Edl elak TkßiN eLIg îan´ GMNac mk em¨ø¼...> Ïab´ BI

eRîay ÌñaM 1992 mk ÔaB jwk jy én RB¼raC Gn¹raKmn_ bBa¢ak´ [ eXIj c,as´ GMBI pl lMák én îar bn¹

nirn¹rÔaB én }Ti§Bl rbs RB¼ raCvaMg kñúg GMLúg yuKsm&y lic GEBt én esdækic© rYm pßM Ca mYy nwg tRmÚv îarfμI xag Epñk neyaáy nig Gñk neyaáy nig mhaesdæI fμI.@ d¾ man GMNac xøaMgîøa...> elak eRbm xøÜn Ég man

Gayu bg RB¼kruNa 8 ÌñaM ehIy îan Et Bwg Bak xøaMg eTA elIshîarI Ïas.@ Edl lT§ÔaB Tsßnvis&y nig

}T§iBl rbs GñkTaMgena¼ manRBMEdn kMNt edaysar Rbvti¹ eyaÎa BImunmk...>

enA kñúg sm&y îal rdæaPiál elak TkßiN îar Etg ÈaMg m®nþI nana kñúg KN£ Gg: m®nþI rwtEt Bak B&n§ kñúg

erOg neyaáy xøaMg eLIg...> man bI krNI Edl mnus ß sMxan´ kñúg rdæaPiál min cu¼ sRmúg Ca mYynwg elak


TkßiN ehIy áncUleTAkñúg KN£ Gg: m®nþI Ôøam.@ bnÞab´ BIBYkËat´ ÏakecjBI rdæaPiál rYcmk...> Gñk TaMg

bIrUb ena¼ KW elak ekßm vDÆnC&y.¬39¦ (ek$m v&Onj&y Kasem Watanachai) Ca rdæm®nI¹ dMbUg xagEpñk Gb´rM

rbs´ elak TkßiN/ elak Blakr suvNÑrdæ.¬40¦ (blakr suvrrNr&™ Palakorn Suwanarat) Ca nayk

mCÄmNl Ïat Ecg îar brihar ext¹ Cay Edn ÔaK xag t,Úg/ nig elak suryuT§ culøannÞ CaGtIt embBa¢aîareyaÎa nig embBa¢a îar kMBUl...> elak ekßm nig elak suryuT§ RtÚv án eKeRbI Rás eFIV[ eËal neyaáy

enA kñúg tMbn´ ÔaK xag t,Úg rbs´ elak TkßiN cu¼exßay ehIy CYy ËaM RT elak eRbm nig CYy bnÞr Ôasa dUc

Ëña mYy Ca Ôasa erob cM ecj BI RB¼raCvaMg...> en¼ KW C a viFIsa®s¹ fμI mYy Edl mnusß sMxan.@ kñúg RbB&n§ raCaFi-

betyü GaRs&ybBaj án RBm eRBóg Ëña erob cM eLIg...> KW viFIsa®s¹fμI mYy en¼ ehIy Edl qøú¼ bBa©aMg [eXIj BI CMhr neyaáy d¾rwg maM xøaMg rbs elak TkßiN...>

eday RbQm mux nwg naykrdæm®nI¹ mYyrUb Edl man GMNac nig man GaNt¹i ËμanKURbdUc raCaFibetyü

GaRs&ybBaj RtÚv Et eRCIs erIs yk îarvaybk rbs´ xøÜn y¨ag Rby&tñ RbEyg nig RtÚv eRtóm kmøaMg FnÎan TaMg Gs Edl man edIm,I Gnuvt¹ îar vay bk TaMg ena¼...> Ïab ÈaMg BI eRîay ÌñaM 1992 rYc mk Gñk esrIniym

xag raCaniym dUcCa elak Rbevs nig elak Gan&nÞ án sV¼ EsVg edIm,I erob cM raCaFibetyü GaRs&y bBajeLIg vij eday se®g:a¼ RB¼raCvaMg BI RkjaMRkúm GPirkß niym RCúl nig eRbIRás´ raCaFibetyü GaRs&y

bBaj en¼ eFVI Ca yan edIm,I elIk sÞÜy îar Ek TRmg neyaáy...> eTa¼ Ca yag en¼kþI lT§pl EdleK min Ráfñacg án BI clna Ek TRmg ena¼ KW îar r¼ eLIg rbs nayk rdæm®nI¹ TkßiN Cinv&Rt Edlman RTBüsm,ti¹ mhasal

nig man GMNac xøaMgîøa en¼ án bgçM cit¹ [ raCaFibetyü GaRs&ybBaj ksag xøÜn ecj BI TI ÈaMg Edl man ÔaBcu¼ exßay xøaMg ena¼ eLIg vij...> ebI eTa¼bICa RB¼raCvaMg Îøab man eCaKC&y Cak Es¹g knøgeTA kñúg îar eda¼Rsay

bBaHa vibti¹ ÔaB Rsb c,ab´ Cati kñúg ÌñaM 1997 ÌñaM 2001 nigÌñaM 2004 y¨ag Na k¾ eday k¾ smiT§ipl TaMg en¼

man ÔaB min c,as las enA eLIy ehIy Qñ¼ eday sarEt îar eRbIRás famBl îan Et RbesIr eLIg...> enA

eBl Edl elak TkßiN Ïab´ ep¹Im îargar rbs´ Ëat´ enA GaNt¹i TIBIr ena¼ mk RbB&n§ neyaáy eRîA pøÚv îar

én raCa Fibetyü GaRs&ybBaj Edl man dMeNIr îar kñúg RbeTs éf Gs´ eBl bI Tsvtßr_ eTA ehIy ena¼emIl eTA dUc Ca xit Cit eTA rk ÔaB cu¼ exßay Ca Bn eBk.¬41¦...^

CMBUkTI.4

rebobEdlCnCa†evotNamsmøwgemIlBiPBelak

bkERbeday.½ mYg .Naert

c,ab edIm én GtSbT en¼ .. sresr Ca Ôasa Gg eKøs eRîam cMNg eCIg fa.½ How the Vietnamese See the World

GtSbT en¼ dkRsg ´ecj BI esoveÔA...½ eQVgyl´ BI evotNam

rkßasiT§i K¿s¿. 1993 eday DI rIhßintß_ GhV DI yUnIvWursIuFI GhV xalIhV‘reno

CHAPTER4How the Vietnamese See the World

( Understanding Vietnam)

Copyright © 1993 by The Regents of The University California.

kñúg GMLúg stvtßr_ TI 20 RbeTs evot Nam sSit kñúg sÔaB ERb RbÜl yäg xøaMg ehIy TTYl rg îar Ebk ák´

eday sar pñk´ KMnit Edl man sÔaB pÞúy Ëña kñúg GtItîal bc©úb,nñ îal nig GnaKt îal...> Gs´ry£ eBl

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îar CECk BiÔakßa Ëña Ca eRcIn enAkñúg RbeTs án CECk edj edal GMBI ².GVIEdl Ïas.³ nig ².GVI Edl fμI.³...>

rebobTakTg Ëña kñúg sg:m îarcgán mux mat rebob esøók Bak îar erob îar Èam TMenom Tmøab Gkßrsil,_

CMenO sasna îarBüaál Cm¶W rhUt dl´rebob erob cM sk´ manÔaB Ebøk.@ Ëña enA CMu vij brib T en¼...> Gñk

vNÑ£ fñak kBal enA kñúg TI Rkúg Edl án TTYl îar Gb rM Èam rebob bs©im RbeTs man cMnYn ekIn eLIg ehIyán beg;It «sßahkmμ Epñk eá¼ Bum< pßay fμI mYy edIm,I beBa©j mtieyabl nig edIm,I eFVI Ca evTiîa sRmab RbkYt

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îar vivDÆ...>

kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1930 BYk kumμúynIsþEdl man cMnYn tic tYcena¼ man Epn îarmYy Edl BYk ena¼ án G¼

Gag fa vaán eFVI [ eK emIl eXIj ya g c,as BI GnaKt...> Et mun s®g:am elak elIk TI 2 bBaØvnþ evotNam

v&y ekμg ÔaKeRcIn min eBj citþnUvGVI Edl man BI mun mk ena¼ eT ehIy BYk eK yl fa RbeTs evotNam RtÚv

Et EsVg rk ¦ beg;It nUv GtþsBaØaN TMenIb mYy Edl man nirnþrÔaB...> dUc Edl elak júwt lij (Nh‡t Linh)

niBn§nayk én îaEst Ôasa evotNam d¾ man RbCa Rbiy ÔaB mYy rUb án bBa¢ak enA ÌñaM 1932 fa..½

enA eBl Edl eyIg yk GarüFm’ buraN mk bgHaj ehIy Gnuvtþ enA cMeBa¼ mux eyIg eyIg min eBj citþ nwg

lT§pl TaMg ena¼ eLIy.> eyIg án Rtwm Et sgÇwm t eTA eTot elI GarüFm’ bs©im RbeTs büeNÑa¼.> BYkeyIg

min dwg fa etI GarüFm’ bs©im RbeTs ena¼ nwg naM BYk eyI g eTA kEnøg NaeT k¾büEnþ vasna BYk eyIg nwg eFVI dMeNIr

eTA îan BiPB Edl Ëμan nrNa mYy dwg edIm,I bnþ îar pøas bþÚr nig vDÆnÔaB.> (Phong Hóa pg hVa [Tmøab]

20 tula K¿s¿ 1932).>

büEnþ fa etI îar pøas ´ bþÚr en¼ eTA CaGVI..? pøas´ bþÚr eTA Ca mnusß RbePT Na..? sg:m Ebb Na..? sMNYr

TaMg Gs´ en¼ ehIy Edl CaedIm ehtu bg; [ man îar Rb TUsräy Ëña Gs´ ry£ eBl Ca eRcIn Tsvtßr_...>

².BuMEmn Ca GMeBI eT buËnþ KW Ca eyabl´ GMBI GMeBI Edl rMxan dl´ citþ mnusß...>.³ (Èam Rbsasn_

rbs´ elak eGBicEtt Ca TsßnviTU 1 rUb kñúg cRkPB rU¨m ekIt RbmaN K¿s¿ 50 Gnic©kmμ

RbmaN K¿s¿ 130).

CMBUk TI .4rebobEdlCnCa†evotNamsmøwgemIlBiPBelak

84 CMBUk TI .4

menaKmviC¢a epßg.@ Ëña Edl án RbkYt RbECg Ëña man îar Bak B&n§ eTA nwg bBaHa TMenIb nIykmμ...> mnusß mña

man îar Ebg Eck Ca BYk eday sar man KMnit epßg Ëña sUm,I Et enA kñúg RKÜsar...> GVI Edl sμúK sμaj Cag en¼

eTot ena¼ KW eyIg eXIj manÔaB xus Ëña Èam tMbn enAkñúg Rb eTs evot NamÈaMg BI eBl mun mk emø¨¼...>

Èam eyabl´ xJú M TaMg ÔaBxus Ëña Èam tMbn´ nig îar CECk edj edal Ëña rvag Gñk ts‘U mti én îar RbkYt

RbECg menaKm viC¢a suT§Et Ca lT§pl Edl án mk BI vb,Fm’ buraN ¦ Edl Ca îar eqøIy tb eTA nwg vb,Fm’

buraN d¾ man }T§iBl ena¼...> ral îar pøas bþÚr nig ÔaB xus Ëña sMxan.@ KWCa îar eqøIy tb eTAnwg îal£eTs£ mYy

(EdlGac Ca bBaHa brisSan neyaáy sg:m) eBal KW edaysar Et vb,Fm’ buraN Ëμan lkçN£ RKb´ RËan´

edIm,I Tb Tl nwg bBaHa TaMg ena¼ án...> eTa¼ Ca manÔaB xusËña nig man îar ERb RbÜl yag Na k¾ eday k¾ vb,Fm’

evotNam enA s¿v¿ TI 19 CaEpñk d¾ sMxan´ kñúg KMnit écñ RbDit fμ.I@ na s¿v¿ TI 20...> îar cg ÏaM BI GtItîal

enAEt Ca Epñk sMxan én RbB&n§ sg:m vb,Fm’ evotNam TaMg Lay na sm&y bc©úb,nñ eBal KW Ïab BI KN£kmμaFiîar

Rbtibtþi bkß kumμúynIsþ kñúg Rkúg haNUy dl és h;n tUc (Little Saigon) enA TI Rkúg LÚs EGn CIEls (Los An-

geles) nig rhUt dlésh;n esor Esn (Saigon-sur-Seine) enATI Rkúg ÂarIs...>

GVIEdl nwg erob rab kñúg TMB&r Cabnþ bnÞab en¼ KW sMedAeTA elI TidæÔaB rYm mYy rbs ².evotNamburaN.³

Edl man enA kñúg pñt´ KMnit mnusß CMnan´ fμI...> ²..evotNam buraN.³ en¼ Ca rUbÔaB TUeTA mYy Edl án RbmUl

BI RbPB Gkßrsil,_ l,I.@ Edl man beRgón kñúg esoveÔA sikßaTUeTA sMeNrCIvRbvtþi nig sMeNr Rbvtþi sa®sþ

l,I l,aj îar snÞna Ca mYy nwgCnCati evotNam RKb RsTab vNÑ£ îar sMeN¼ sMNal rM\k BI GtItîal kñúg

eBl TTYl Tan Twk Et ¦ Rsa enA kñúg pÞ¼ Gñk PUmi ¦ enA kñúg rfynþ hßúIb enA kñúg vtþGaram RB¼vihar ¦ køwb kmßanþ

eBl raRtI enA Rkúg éRB nKr enA kñúg kEnøg eFVI îar fñak eron nig enA kñúg CMrMCn ePos xøÜn...>

eyIg RtÚv eron sURt BI GVI Edl mnusß án dk´ Cab´ kñúg citþ enA eBl BYk eK niyay GMBI GVIEdl ².Ïas´.³

munnwg eK Gac yl án nUv îar CECk edjedal rbs BYk eK Bak B&n§ eTA nwg GVIEdl ².fμI.³ EdlGacnwg CMnYs

rbs´Ïas´ ena¼...> RbCaCn evot Nam bc©úb,nñ minxus Ëña BI RbCaCn evotNam îalBI 50 ÌñaM muneT eBal

KWBYk eK kMBug pßar Ô¢ab xøÜn eTA nwg GtItîal edIm,I erob cMxøÜn sRmab GnaKt îal...>

bT BiesaFn_ rbs mnusß mña Edl s:al RbeTs evotNam ¦ Îøab án rs enA kñúg RbeTs en¼ }LÚv en¼

îøay Ca cMENk mYy én xøÜn BYk eK ehIy BYk eK vij k¾ Ca cMENk mYy rbs´ RbeTs evotNam pg Edr...> eK

min Gac bMePøc RbeTs evotNamán eT ehIy BYk eK k¾ min Gac dak´ GVI.@ Edl BYk eK dwg GMBI RbeTs mYy en¼

[ sm Rsb eTA nwg GtSn&y rbs RbeTs en¼ Gs án Edr...> ÔaBÈan twg enAEt bnþ ekIt man eBal KW va ekIt

eLIg BI ÔaB min Rsb Ëña rvag îarcg ÏaM nig Tsßn£ rbs´ eK fa etI eK CanrNa nig etIeK enA kEnøg NamYy [

Bit Rákd enAkñúgBiPB elak...> eK án xit xM rk viFI eda¼ Rsay ÔaB Èan twg en¼ eday Binitü eLIg vij nUv

Tsßn£ cMeBa¼ xøÜn Ég cMeBa¼ sg:m nig cMeBa¼ BiPB elak d¾ FM TUlay ¦ Èam viFI én îar bMePøc eÏal nUv îar cgÏaM

TaMg Gsén¼ ¦ eFVI min dwg min | GM BI sar£ sMxan´ rbs´ îar cgÏaM TaMg Gsén¼...> büEnþ îar min cu¼ sRmúg enA Et

man ehIy tYnaTI CabuK:l rbs eyIg k¾dUcCatYnaTI rbs mnusß mñak enAEt min Tan lð RKb RËan enA eLIy...>

rebobEdlCnCa†evotNamsmøwgemIlBiPBelak 85

ebI dak´ nUv KMnit Ïas´ nigmin Tan´ eBj elj ena¼ eTA kñúg bribT fμInig TUlM TUlay Cn Cati GaemriîaMg

Gac nwg eFVI îar Ek ERb Tsßn£ ena¼ án...> BYk eK Gac sikßa [ yl´ dwg GMBI EbbbT én îar RbkYt RbECg rbs´

Cn Cati evotNam ena¼...> BYk eK eK Gac nwg Qan eTA rk îar CRm¼ mnÞil én îar cg´ ec¼ cg´ dwg rbs´ BYk eK BI

erOg räv kñúg RbeTs evotNam en¼ án ehIy RbEhl Ca Èam ry£ dMeNIr Ek ERb en¼ va eFVI [ BYk eK yl´ dwg

nUv cMNuc viC¢man bEnSm elI bBaHanig cm¶l Edl man yUr mk ehIy en¼...> kñúgîar Rbwg ERbg eQVg yl GMBI Rb-

CaCn evotNamena¼ BYk GaemriîaMg RbEhl CaGac eron sURt GMBI erOg räv sMxan rbs xøÜn eKánEdr...>

TwkdIRbeTsevotNam.½ brisSan FmμCati C a Rbvtiþ sa®sþ

saÎarNrdæsg:mniym evotNam KWCa RbeTs mYy Edl enA kñúg cMeNam RbeTs man cMnYn RbCaBl rdæ eRcIn

Cage K sSit enA lMdab´ TI 12 enAkñúg BiPBelak.¬1¦...> eTa¼bI RbeTs evotNam Ca RbeTs Edl man kmøaMg

eyaÎa d¾ rwg maM eRcIn Cage K mYy kñúg BiPB elak k¾eday k¾enA Et Ca RbeTs RkI Rk bMput mYy elI BiPB elak pg

Edr...> TwkdI RbeTs evotNam man TMhM tUc Cag rdæ xalIhV‘reno bnþic büEnþ man RbCaCn 70 lan nak´ .¬2¦

eRcIn Cag mYyÔaK bYn én cMnYn RbCaBl rdæ enA shrdæ Gaemrik TaMg mUl...> RbeTs evotNam lat sn§wg Èam

beBay G&kß Evg sþÜc mYy BI eCIg eTA t,Úg Edl GUs îat´ ecj BI RbeTs cine TA dl´ QUg smuRT esom...>evotNam Ca RbeTs tUc cegðót mYy Edl man RbCaCn eRcIn rs enA ray Âay Èam épÞ dId¾ tUc en¼...> brisSan

PUmisa®sþ án bgçM RbCaCn [ RbmUl pþúM Ëña yäg ENn Nan´ Èan´ Èab´...> RbCaCn ÔaK eRcIn rs´ enA elI épÞ dI d¾

tUccegðót...>

manEt mYy ÔaK bYn én TwkdI evotNam bueNÑa¼ Edl CadI lð sRmab eFVI ERs cm;ar án (edaysa r dI ena¼

man GMeNay pl lð dl dMNaM RsÚv rdUvvsßa) ehIy ena¼ KWCa épÞdIEdl man Cn Cati Gm,Úr yYn cMnYn 85.% én

cMnYn RbCaCn srub pþúM rs enA...> val ERs licTwk RbCaCn nig GMNac neyaáy..½ bBaHaTaMgbI en¼ man îar

pßar Ô¢ab´ Ëña ehIy man îar RbmUl pþúM xøaMg kñúg tMbn´ tUc.@...> sUm,I Et eBl bc©úb,nñen¼ valERs mYyÔaKFM

RbCaCnÔaK eRcIn eÔaKRTBü «sßahkmμ ÔaK eRcIn skmμÔaB esdækic© neyaáy nig vb,Fm’ ÔaK eRcIn

eXIj man Et enA kñúg tMbn eËal sMxan mYy kñúg cMeNam tMbn sMxan.@ cMnYn BIr...> tMbn sMxan TI 1 KW tMbn dIsBTenø Rkhm nig TI Rkúg haNUy enA ÔaKxag eCIg...> É tMbn mYy eTot KW tMbn dI sBTenø emKg: nig TIRkúg hUCImij(GtItTIRkúgésh;n ¦ éRB nKr) enAÔaK xag t,Úg...> RbCa Cn Edl RbmUl pþúM enA kñúg tMbn´ sMxan´.@ TaMg BIr

en¼ án pßar Ô¢ab Ëña eday sarCYr val TMnab mat smuRT Èam beBay eqñr smuRT cin xag t,Úg...> épÞ dI kBalÔaK eRcIn rbs´ RbeTs evotNam KWCa tMbn´ PñM Edl man Cn Cati ÔaK tic rs´ enA ÈaMg BI yUr lg´ mk ehIy...>

RbCaCn evotNam TUeTA naM Ëña Ïat Tukfa BYkkul sm<&n§ TaMg en¼ Ca ².Rkúm mnusß min Tansm&y.³...>

kÈþa brisSan FmμCati nig Rbvtþi sa®sþ án RtÚv pßM bBa©Úl Ëña beg;Itán Ca tMbn sMxan nig man lkçN£ eday

ELk BI Ëña enArvag tMbn sñÚl TaMg BIr Edl RKb dBb elI RbeTs TaMg mUl.¬3¦...> Tenø Rkhm RbQm nwg îareLIg cu¼ yag rh&s én kRmit Twk ehIy Twk CMnn rYm TaMg ÔaB raMg s¶Üt án pþl îar KMram kMEhg Ca RbÏaM...> eraK

86 CMBUk TI .4

rat t,at nig îar bIDa yayI BI sMNak stV lðit céRg ekIt man eLIg CaeTog Tatpg Edr...> dI sBTenø RkhmKWCa kEnøg Edl man RbCaCn rsenA eRcIn ku¼kr Et dIsBen¼ k¾ Ca tMbn Edl enA kñúg cMeNam tMbn Edl mansuvtSiÔaB tic Cag bMput enA kñúg BiPB elak eyIg en¼...> enA kñúg brisSan min nwgn nig Rbkbeday eRËa¼ fñak ÔaB

Gt´ Xøan nig eîalahl sg:m KWCa eRËa¼ KMram kMEhg }tQb´ Qr...> en¼CalT§pl Edl eFVI[vb,Fm’ kñúg

Rsúk epþat Ca sMxan eTA elI eËalîarN_ smUhÔaB RKÜsar nig smUhÔaBPUmi -Rsúk Cag epþat eTA elI buK:l

mñak.@...> TaMg kñúg RKÜsar nig kñúg PUmi-Rsúk mansÔaB sñiT§ sñal nwg Ëña man shkrN_ man îar BwgBak elI

xøÜn Ég nig man îar TTYl xus RtÚv cMeBa¼ GMeBI rbs smaCik mñak.@...>

enA ÔaK xag t,Úg TwkTenø emKg: án hUr Ïak cUl eTA bwg Tenø sab Edl Ca bwg mYy enA Ì¶ay BI mat smuRT

enA kñúg RbeTs km<úCa ehIy Gac RsÚb yk Twk Edl hUr Cn edIm,I eTA bMeBj b®g:b épÞ bwg TaMg mUl...> brisSan

Tenø emKg: Gac sμan Tuk Camun án ehIy man eRËa¼ fñak tic Cag brisSanTenø Rkhm...> ÔaB xus Ëña xag Fmμ-

Cati rvag Tenø Rkhmnig dIsBemKg: KW Ca kÈþasMxan xøaMg mYy kñúg îar beg;It [ man ÔaBxus Ëña enA kñúg vb,Fm’nig îar erob cM sg:m rvag tMbn sMxan.@ TaMg BIr én RbeTs evotNam en¼...> dI sBTenø emKg: án îøayCatMbn CYr mux na eBl bc©úb,nñ en¼...> rhUt dl´ s¿v¿ TI 17 eTIb RbCaCn evotNam ÏabepþIm mk rs ´ enA tMbn

dI sBxag t,Úg ehIy tMbn´ dI sBTenø emKg: xag eRîam min Tan´ man mnusß rs´ enA [ án eRcIn ku¼ krenAeLIy eT rhUt dl s¿v¿ TI 19...>

CIvÔaB rs enA man ÔaB gay RsÜlnig man suvtSiÔaB enA kñúg tMbn ÔaK xag t,Úg evotNam Edl esμI nwg

mYy ÔaK bI én épÞ RbeTs...> rI É sSan ÔaB rs´enA kñúg tMbn´ ÔaK xag eCIg manvin&y twg ruwg Cag ÔaK xag t,Úg...>

PUmizanenA ÔaK xag t,Úg Etg Et man lkçN£ ebIk TUlay nig minsUv shîar Ëña ehIyGnuBaØat [ buK:l man

KMnit pþÜc epþIm pÞal xøÜn nig îar min sUv eËarB Rbtibtiþ elI vb,Fm’ buraN...> eRîay mk enA eRîam îar RKb RKg

rbs áraMgEss Edl Ïab epþIm dak nwmGaNaniKm enA RbeTs evotNam kñúg ÌñaM 1859 tM bn xag t,Úg Edl

ehAfa kUsaMgsuIn KWCaEpñk dMbUg Edl RtÚv sSit enA eRîam GaNaniKm ehIy tMbn en¼ sSit enAeRîam îar RtÜt

RÈa rbs GaCJaFr áraMg eday pÞal...> dUecñ¼ ehIy án Ca tMbn ÔaK xag t,Úg rg nUv }T§iBl bs©im RbeTs nig

man esrIÔaB neyaáy eRcIn Cag tMbn epßg.@ eTot enAkñúg RbeTs Edl RtÚveK dak GaNa Büaál enAelI

Epñkena¼ enA eBl eRîay eTot (GNÑamenA ÔaK kBal én RbeTs evot Nam nig tugkwg enAÔaKxag eCIg)...>áraMg án dak´ cUlCaFrmankñúg c,ab´rbs´ xøÜn enA eBl eRîay mk ehIy án RtÜt RÈa eday Rbeyal Èam

ry£ Ôñak gar rdæîar evotNamkñúg Rsúk...>

dUecñ¼ eyIg man rebob samBaØ BIr kñúg îar CECk BI PUmi sa®sþ RbeTs evotNam...> eyIg Kit dl ÔaK xag eCIg

nig ÔaK xag t,Úg fa án Eck dac BI Ëñaeday Exß Rsb TI 17...> Rbîaren¼ sm Rsb enA kñúg l&kçx&Nneyaáy naeBl fμI.@ en¼...> Rbîaren¼ sm ehtupl eTA Èam Rbvtþi sa®sþ pgEdr eRBa¼ RbeTs evotNam Eck dac BI Ëña Ca

BIr ÔaK enAkñúg s¿v¿ TI 17 nigTI 18 pg Edr...> buEnþ RbCaCn evotNam niyay yag samBaØ GMBI îar Ebg Eck

RbeTs en¼ CabI Epñk KW ÔaKxageCIg ÔaK kBal nig ÔaKxag t,Úg...> ehIy Rbîar en¼ sm ehtu pl pg Edr


xagEpñk vb,Fm’ nig ÔasaviTüa eTa¼ bI Ca RbCaCn yYn man vb,Fm’ rYm mYy manebtikPNRbvtþisa®sþ rYm nigniyay RËam Ôasa ecj BI Ôasa rYm Edl Gac sþab Ëñaán...>

cMNuc sMxan enA TIen¼ KWfa evotNam ².buraN.³ sMedAmun dMbUg eTA elIdIsBTenø Rkhm nig tMbnval TMnab mat´ smuRT Epñk kBal ehIy sMedA eTA elI TMenom Tmøab´ Edl Îøab´ man enA kñúg ÔaK TaMg 2 en¼enA kñúg stvtß r_ TI 19 ena¼...> îarBiÔakßa en¼ min sMedA eday pÞal eTAnwg PUmi zan dI sBTenø emKg: eLIy...>ÈamîarBit eBl Edl áraMgEss cUl mk dMbUg tMbn´ dIsBemKg: man RbCaCn yYn mYy ÔaK tUc büeNÑa¼Edl án ÈaMg lMenA enATIena¼...> áraMg án ebIk [ man îar ÈaMg lMenA enAdI sBemKg: yäg eRcIn edaysar man KeRmagvisVkmμFM.@ Edl bUmdI Pk l,ab edIm,I eFVI îar daMdu¼...>

RbCaCn enA RbeTs evotNam

erOg sþI BI bBaCn Cati TaMg Lay enA kñúg RbeTs evotNambc©úb,nñ Ïab´ epþIm eLIg enA kñúg tMbn´ ÔaK xageCIg.¬4¦...> rabBan ÌñaM knøg eTA Gm,Úr GU ®sþÚeNsIu Edl Cajatisnþan Ì¶ay én RbCaCn Edn eîa¼ GasuI GaeKñy_

nig ÂasuIhVúik KWCa EpñkmYyd¾sMxan én cMnYn RbCaCn Edl rs enA kñúg tMbn en¼...> eRîay mk RbEhl Ca 4

eTA 5 Ban´ ÌñaM knøg eTA RbCaCn Ôasa nig vb,Fm’ mYy cMnYn ánhUr ecj eTA eRîA BI tMbn´ Edl }LÚv en¼

Ca RbeTs cin ÔaK xag t,Úg mk ÈaMg lMenA enA tMbn ´GasuI GaeKñy_ ehIy án lay LM nwg Gñk Rsúk edIm nig

Ôasa rbs ´BYk eK...> RbCaCn Ôasa nig vb,Fm’ TaMg Lay enA RbeTs evotNam xag eCIg nig xag t,Úg en¼

ánmkBI RbPB cRmú¼ d¾ sm,Úr Ebb rYmTaMg }T§iBl epßg.@ bEnSm eTot...> ÔasaevotNam CaÔasa sSit enA

kñúg Gm,ÚrÔasa mn-Exμr Edl man îar Cab´ Tak´Tg Ëña nwgÔasaExμr...> büEnþ }T§iBl Gm,Úr Ôasa ét (Edl

beg;It Ôasa éfnig Ôasalav naeBl sBVéf¶ en¼) eFVI[ man esñóg (semøg eLIg cu¼) ehIy Bakü smþI mYy cMnYn

FM mk BI bBa Ôasa ét TaMg en¼.¬5¦...> RbCaCn evotNam sm&y edIm man lkçN£ Rsedog Ëña eRcIn CamYy nwgRbCa Cn GasIu GaeKñy_ Edl enA Cit xag xøÜn...> }T§iBl BI cin man sar£ sMxan yag xøaMg buEnþ eTIb Et man na eBl

eRîay mk...> enA eBl Edl Bn§ú (Ehßn) Ôasa nig vb,Fm’ Ïab epþIm man TMnak TMng Ëñanig Rcbllay LM Ëña

eTA vij eTA mk nig vivDÆ eTA yag xøaMg enA kñúg tMbn Edl }LÚv en¼ Ca Twk dI }Qcin ÔaK xag eCIg ena¼ Rb maN CaRáM Ban´ ÌñaM knøg eTA Twk dI mYy Epñk FM én tMbn´ en¼ Edl }LÚv Ca dI sBTenø Rkhm KW sSit enA eRîam TwkenAeLIy eday sar Et kRmit kMBs´ Twk smuRT RKb dBb´ tMbn´ en¼ Gs´ ry£ îal Ca eRcIn shsßvtß r_ mkena¼ enAmin Tan Rsk cu¼ Gs TaMg Rsúg enA eLIy eT.¬6¦...> cMeBa¼ tM bn Edl Twk smuRT án Rsk eTA Gs ena¼

k¾ án îøay CaTMnab l,ab´...> RbEhl 3 ¦ 4 Ban´ ÌñaM mun en¼ enA tMbn´ ÔaK kBal È am eCIg PñM nig CuM vijRClg Tenø Rkhm man RbCaCn rs´ enA Edl man vb,Fm’ c,as´ las´ mYy Edl Ca buBVburs rbs´ Ca Cn Cati

evot Nam bc©úb,nñ...> buraNviTU evot Nam án Èam dan rk emIl søak sñam edIm kMeNIt RbCaCn TaMg en¼ rhUt

dl tMbn TMnab Edl elc rUb eLIg nig enAkñúg sm&y îal Rbvtþi sa®sþ pg Edr...>

man eBl mYyena¼ enA kñúg GMLúg s¿v¿ TI 7 mun RKisþskraC enAkñúg nig enAmþúM tMbn Edl Tenø Rkhm

88 CMBUk TI .4

hUr cu¼ mk BI tMbn´ PñM îat´ Èam val TMnab man îark ekIt án CanKrmYy eQμa¼ vän´ Lag (V@n Lang) Edl

RtÜt RÈaeday raCvgß hu‘g (Hùng).¬7¦...> raCaNacRk tUc mYy Edlman vtþman RbEhl Cag 2500 ÌñaM mk

ehIy en¼ KW Ca Epñk mYy yag sMxan én GtItîal d¾ rs revIk mYy rbs RbeTs evot Nam bc©úb,nñ...> buraN-

viTU evotNam eTIb Et RbT¼ eXIj nUv buraNdæan Edl esþc hu‘g Îøab´ RKb´ RKg (áraMgEss án RÏan eÏal

raCaNacRk vän´ Lag eday Ïat´ Tuk fa ena¼ KW Ca erOg eRBg niTan büeNÑa¼) }LÚv en¼ KW Ca «Tüan Cati mYy

man søak sñam Edl man Gayu îal eRcIn Cag BIrBan ÌñaM...>

ebI Èam erOg eRBg Cn Cati evotNam Cab Exß elahit mk BI stV naKnig eTBFIÈa...> enA eBl Edl esþc

naK smuRT Lak (Lƒc) án buRÈa buRtI 100 RB¼ Gg: Ca mYy m©as kßRtI PñM Edl man Qam C&r Ca eTvÈa RB¼nam

GUv kW (Âu Cj) rYcmk RB¼ Gg: án yag RtLb´ eTA smuRT vij eday naMbuRt cMnYn Bak´ kBal eTA Ca mYy pgcMENk m©as kßRtI vij án ÈaMg lMenA enAkñúg dI tMbn kBal én Tenø Rkhm Ca mYy buRt cMnYn Bak kBal eTot...>buRt mYy RB¼ Gg: án îøay Ca esþc dMbUg rbs RbCa Cn evotNam...> esþc Gg: dMbUg en¼ kñúg cMeNam esþc raCvgß

hu‘g TaMg 18 Gg: án edIr tY CaeRcIn enAkñúg erOg eTvkfa nig erOg eRBg nig CaTI sî;ar£eËarB bUCa kñúg PUmi rhUt

mk dl RKisþstvtßr_ TI 20.¬8¦...> man erOg tMNal fa RB¼ raCa hu‘g cug eRîay eK án eFVI GtþXat enAkñúg ÌñaM

257 munRKisþskraC bnÞab BI Ïaj s®g:am Ca mYy em k®nÞaj Cit xag mYy rUb na ÔaK xag eCIg...> mUl ehtu en¼

ánQan [ man îarkekIt RB¼raCaNacRk fμI mYy eQμa¼ fa GUv Lak (Âu Lƒc) eday RB¼raCa fμI RB¼nam Gan

eyOg evOg (An D#jng V#jng) án sSabna bnÞay lð viciRt mYy enA É tMbn´ kU LVa (C· Loa) enAEk,r TI Rkúg

haNUy eBl bc©úb,nñen¼ eday man îar CYy eRCam ERCg BI RB¼ GeBIk mas mYy...>em dwk naM evotNam sm&y edIm BUEk Tak Tg Ca mYy BiPB Gñk Èa...> BYk elak KWCabBV Cit Can x<s Edl

G¼ Gag fa xøÜn man TMnak´ TMng Biess Ca mYy Garkß Gñk Èa mYy ehIy BYk elak man mhiT§i¬Ti§ xøaMg GacbBa©ú¼

bBa©Úl [ Garkß Gñk Èa ena¼ mk eFVI Ca GñkCYyEfrkßa îarBar RB¼ nKr án...> esþc naK smuRT Lak án eFVI Ca Gñk

îar Bar [ RB¼ nKr raCvgß hu‘g ehIy RB¼ GeBIk mas Ca Gñk emIl îarBar RB¼ nKr GUv Lak...> bnÞab BI Eck zaneTA em dwk naM d¾ man GMNac nig vIr burs vb,Fm’ sMxan´ epßg.@ eTot ánîøay eTACa Gñk Èa d¾ man ¬T §i GMNac

Edl kUn eÏA CMnan´ eRîay Gac Bwg Bak´ án enA eBl RtÚv îar Ca ÏaMác´...> îarcg ÏaM Ca Rbvtþi sa®sþ GMBI esþc

raCvgß hu‘g nig esþc Gan eyOg evOg ánbnþ BI CMnan mYy eTA CMnan mYyeTot ehIyán niTant.@ Ëña min

Rtwm Et kñúg erOg eTvkfanig erOg eRBg büeNÑa¼eT büEnþ Èam ry£ vtþman Ca rUb rag enA kñúg TI sî;ar bUCa rab´ ry

Ban rbs Gñk Rsúk Gñk PUmi nig bUCnIydæanCa eRcIn...> enA BI mux bdirUb Edl tMNag [ ÔaB rug erOg brm buraN

TaMg en¼ BiFI buNü epßg.@ án pßar Ô¢ab´ Rb CaCn evotNam eTA nwg GtIt îal rYmmYy rbs´ BYk eK nig cMeBa¼

xøÜn BYk eK mñak.@...>

enAÌñaM 208 mun K¿s¿ RB¼ raCaNacRk fμI mYy eQμa¼ Ca Ôasa cin kuk gW fa Nan eyO (Nan Yue) nig

eQμa¼ CaÔasa evotNam fa Nam evot (Nam Vi©t) án elc rUb rag eLIg enA eqñr smuRT cin ÔaK xag t,Úg...>

min yUr bunμan Nam evot c,aMg deBIm án GUv Lak ehIy dI sBTenø Rkhmnig val TMnab tMbn eqñr ÔaK xag


eCIg rbs´ RbeTs evot Nam sB V éf¶ k¾ RtÚvánRKb´ RKg eday Nam evot Edr...> eRîay mk raC vgß han´

án bRgÜb bRgÜm RbeTs cin ehIy enA kñúg ÌñaM 111 mun K¿s¿ Nam evot án sSit eRîam îar RKb´ RKg rbs´

cin...> val TMnab ÔaK xag eCIg én evot Nam án îøay Ca extþ GaNaniKm rbs´ cin Et eBl ena¼ TRmg´

vb,Fm’ RbCaCn m©as Rsúk sSit enA dUc edIm ehIy îar dwk naM kñúg mUldæan TTYl rg îar rMxan tic tYc k¾eday...>

enA RKisþstvtßr_ TI 1 enAeBl Edl BYk rdæál cin mk BI xageCIg man cMnYn îan´ Et eRcIn ehIy îan´

Et man ÔaB eCOCak´ elI xøÜn Ég rcnasm<&n§ GaCJaFr m©as´ Rsúk án b¨¼ Tg:ic Ëña yäg RsÜc Rsal ´ eTA nwg îar Tam

Tar [ man ÔaB dUc Ëña rbs´ BYkc in...> man ®sþI ekμg Edl min cu¼ j¨m mñak´ eQμa¼ RTwg RÈak´ (Tr#ng Tr_c) án

Bnüú¼ [ man îar t va RbÌaMg rYc ehIy b¼ eár eLIg...> nagKW Ca sma Cik mñak én vNÑ£ vrCn m©as Rsúk BI kMeNIt

nig Èamry£ îarerob GaBarh_ BiBarh_rbsńag Ca mYy vrCn...> ]Buknig sVamI rbs´ nag KW elak m©as´ Lak

sY BUC t BUC...> nag RTwg RÈak´ nig bðÚn RsI nag mñak´ eTot eQμa¼ RTwg jI (Tr#ng Nh*) án bn´ Rsn´ enA É TI

sî;arbUCa mYy kEnøg enA PñM hu‘g CaTI Edl buBVburs rbs´ nag îal BI mun Îøab´ án RKb´ RKg RbeTs È ag nam én

esþc naK...> BYknag án GFi dæan suM RbsiT§Br C&y kñúg îar b¼eár en¼...> enA K¿s¿ 40 nag RTwg RÈak án

eLIg zan£ Ca RB¼ mhakßRti yanI eRîay BI T&B b¼eár rbs´ RB¼ nag án edj m®nþI cin [ ePos ecj eTA îan´

extþ îVagTug át Gs eTA...> buEnþ eday sar kmøaMg vay bk Ca bnÞan mYy rbs cin BYkeK án cUl mk deBImyk dI sBTenø Rkhm eTA fVay raCvgß han án vij kñúg K¿s¿ 43...> manîar tMNal fa bg bðÚn RsI RTwg áneFVI GtþXat...> eK enA Et cg ÏaM Canic© nUv nag TaMg 2 rUb en¼ enA kñúg bT ceRmóg nig erOg niTan Ca eRcIn ehIy

sBV éf¶ en¼ nag TaMg BIr enA Et Ca nimitþrUb én KuN témørbs evotNam buraN...>

cMeNrîal eRcIn Tsvtßr_ nig stvtßr_ t mk cMnYnRbCaCn enA dI sBTenø Rk hm nig val TMnab eqñrxag eCIg án TTYl }T§iBl cin bnþic mþg.@ Èam Ebbepßg.@...> rI É CnCati cin Edl rsénA kñúg tMbn´ ena¼ vij

k¾án TTYl }T§iBl yag xøaMg îøa BI TMenom Tmøab nig Tsßnvis&yRbCa Cn kñúgRsúk pg Edr...> Bn§ú (Ehßn) nig

vb,Fm’ án cUl lay LMËña beg;It án Ca vrCn evotNam îat´ cin fμI.@ mYy Rkúm...> Gs´ îal 700 ÌñaM tMbn´

en¼ îøay Ca extþ yav cUv (Giao Châu) rbs cin...> Gtþ sBaØaN kñúg Rsúk Edl Ebøk BI eK mYy enA Et Gac rkßa Tuk

án dUc edIm ...> îarb¼eár ec¼ Et ekIt man Ca bnþ bnÞab beg;It án Ca BYk vIr burs fμI.@ man bUCnIydæan bEnSm

nig man erOg eRBg erOg niTan îan Et eRcIn...> enAkñúg GMLúg s¿v¿ TI 9 manîarb¼ eár ekIt eLIg îan Et jwk

jab´ ehIy vb,Fm’ nig RbéBNI kñúg tMbn´ k¾Ïab´ man rUb rag eLIg vij pg Edr...> eday RbeTs cin îan´ Et cu¼

Gn´ fy nig ekIt eîalahl eRîam raCvgß faMg EdlkMBug Ebk ák´ Rsab´ eTIb eFVI [ RbCaCn evotNam

TTYl án Ék raC üenA kñúg K¿s¿ 939...> enA bünμan ÌñaM dMbUg én Ék raCü minTan´ man esþc Gg: Na mYy Gac

bRgÜb bRgÜm Twk dI án enA eLIy eT...> îar dwk naM enA kñúg RbeTs evotNam man ÔaB min c,as´ las´ eday

cMNu¼ elI îar Ebg Eck eËal neyaáy Rsbc,ab´ BIr..½ RbéBNI RbCa Cn m©as´ Rsúk nig RbB&n§ neyaáy

nig rdæál Ebb cin Edl Îøab´ TTYl rg kñúg GMLúg îar RKb´RKg rbs´ cin Gs´ mYy Ban´ ÌñaM mk ehIy ena¼...> B I

munmk esþc ÔaK eRcInKW Ca eyaÎa Edl îardwknaM Epðk elI ÔaB Gg Gac îøahan rbs xøÜn...> enA kñúg mCÄdæ an

90 CMBUk TI .4

Ebb en¼ RB¼BuT§sasna mantYnaTI yag sMxan kñúg îar eFVI [ sg:m evotNam man siSrÔaB án...>

rhUt mk dl raCvgß lI (Lý) (K¿s¿ 1009-1225) eTIbman îar GPivDÆ ecj CarUb rag eLIg nUv GVI Edl

BYk eyIg sBV éf¶en¼ Kit fa Ca RbéBNI TMenom Tmøabrbs evotNam mYyena¼...> bnÞab BI án eLIg esay raCü

min yUr bunμan esþc raC vgß lI Gg: TImYy ánpøas raCÎanI eTA îan tMbn Edl sBV éf¶ en¼ CaTI Rkúg haNUy Edl

eBl ena¼ RB¼ Gg: án dak eQμa¼ fa ².naKpus.³ (faMg Lg Th@ng Long)...> enAÌñaM 1048 man îar beg;It eLIg

nUv vb,Fm’Bwg Bak elIBiFI Esn eRBn dl BBYk eTvÈa Edl îar Bar pl dMNaM mYy edayman TaMg îar sSabna TI

sRmab eËarBbUCadl eTvÈaEdl tMNag [dI nig RËab FBaØCati ehIynigmanîar beg;It tYnaTI rbs RB¼ raCa

[ eFVI Ca bBVCit x<g´ x<s´ fñak´ Cati xagvis&y ksikmμ...> esþc raCvgß lI mansak´ stV naK raC Ca sm:al´ Edl

bBa¢ak [ dwg GMBI îar t BUC BI esþc naK d¾ l,I l,aj én smuRT Lak nig esþc RtkUl hu‘g...> Èam îar Bit ÔaB rug

erOg én raCvgß lI man mUl dæan FM zit enA elI kmøaMg citþ Edl min Îøab man BI mun mk Edl án beg;It eLIg eday

îar GnÞg RBlwg vIrburs BI GtItîal Edl án îøay Ca Gñk Èa TaMg en¼ [ ecj mk edIm,I CYy ËaMRT nig eFVI [îar

RtÜt RÈa rbs´ eK man RbsiT§ ÔaB nig ÔaB Rsb c,ab´.¬9¦...> ehIy kmøaMg Epñk sμartI dUc Ëña en¼ man }T§iBl xøaMg

sRmab îar eLIg îan GMNac rbs emdwk naM evotNam rhUt mk dl eBl bc©úb,nñen¼...>

RB¼BuT§sasnaán ceRmIn lUt las...> man esþc kñúg raCvgß lI CaeRcIn Gg: án cMNay eBl mYy ÔaKkñúg

Ìak CIvit rbs RB¼Gg: rs enA kñúg vtþ Garam ehIy man esþc 1 RB¼Gg: eTot án eFVI Ca Gñk dwk naM niîay sMxan mYy

eTot pg...> Tsßn£menaKm viC¢a rbs RB¼ raCvaMg lI dUc eXIj man enA kñúg kMNaBüna sm&y îal ena¼ KW man

GtSn&y sIuCeRmAxøaMg elI sasna RB¼ BuT§ eday kt sm:al nUv }T§iBl BuT§ sasna Füanniîay (Ôasa evotNam

fa ².efon tug.³ “Thi£n tông”) Edl epþat xøaMg elI îar RTg jaN nig îar RÈasdwg Ca Cag elI Km<Ir ¦GMeBI lð...>

GnuáTan (esckþI min RbeÈag citþ KMnit) vieyaK (îar Rás RBat´ BI buK:l ¦GVI Edl RsLajéBj citþ) nig

rhsßlT§i (lT§i GMBI îar rYb rYm Ëña Ca mYy GVI Edl Ca TiBV) Ebb brmti (Paradoxical mysticism) KWCa KuN Fm’ Edl

án RCÜt RCab kñúg pñt KMnit Cn Cati evotNam.¬10¦...>

büEnþ k¾man îar CYy CMruj [ man îar sikßa xø¼ Edr Tak´ Tg nwg lT§ixug CW bnÞab´ BI ánQb´ nwkna Gs´

eBl mYystvtßr_mk ehIy ena¼...> enAkñúg ÌñaM 1070 eK án sSabna eLIg nUv vihar Gkßr sil,_ mYy edIm,I

«TÞis dl xug CW enA naK pus (søak sñam rbs vihar en¼ enA man dl sBVéf¶ en¼ enAkñúg TI Rkúg haNUy)..> kñúg

ÌñaM 1075 man erob cM îar RbLg fñak Cati Ca elIk dMbUg enA eRîam rdæGMNac ÉkraC evotNam ehIy enA kñúg

ÌñaM 1076 man îar beg;It [ man sakl viTüal&y Cati mYy pgEdr...> lT§i xug CW án Ïab epþIm rs ran eLIg vij

enA eRîam îar RKg rbs esþc raCvgß lI...>

raCvgß lI eRîay mk RtÚv án sñg bnþ eday raCvgßFM mYy eTot KW raC vgß Rtwn (Tr‰n) (K¿s¿ 1225-

1400)...> bnþic mþg.@ RbeTs evotNam man îar ekIn eLIg nUv cMnYnRbCaCn nig án BRgIkTwkdI rbs´ xøÜn...>

kgT&B îariyalyaFibetyü nig RbB&n§ îarRbLg án lUt las´ bEnSm eTot...> büEnþ esþc raCvgß Rtwn

Gg:dMbUg.@ án cMNay kmøaMg rbs RTg yag eRcIn enA kñúg kic©îar breTs nig îar îar Bar Cati RbyuT§ Tl nwg


îar KMram kMEhg BI ÔaKxag eCIg...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1284 RbeTs evotNam TMng Ca Îøab cUl kñúg eRËa¼kmμénîar

dYl rlM eday kmøaMg T&B cin b¨uEnþ eday sar îar dwk naM d¾ Qøasév nig buin Rbsb´ rbs´ em T&B eQμa¼ Rtwn hwug

dav (Tr‰n H#ng Zƒo) BYkQøan Ban RtÚván beBj ecj BI Twk dI vij...>kñúg GMLúg raCvgß Rtwn lT§ixugCW enAkñúg menaKm viC¢ardæ enA Et bnþ vivDÆ xN£ Edl RB¼ BuT§sasna enA

Etman sar£ sMxan...> eRîay mk enA cug st vtß r_TI 14 enA cMeBl Edl kMBug man vibtþi esdæ kic© nig îar b¼

eár rbs Gñk ERs Gamatü Edl man GMNac rbs RB¼ raCa mñak án deBIm raCblø&g;...> enAeRîam îar dwk naM fμIEdlmin man RbCaRbiy ÔaB en¼ RbeTs evotNam án Îøak cUl kñúg nwm RtÜt RÈa rbs cin sa CafμI mþg eTot enA ÌñaM

1407...> kñúg ry£eBl mYy manÔñak gar rdæál raCvgß mig mk BI RbeTs cin án erob cM yag twg ruwg nUv rdæál

PUmi BiFI buNü sasna rebob erob cM sk rebob esøók Bak îar Èak Etg nig îarpßBV pßay Gkßrsil,_ nig GVI.@

Edl sMxan ´ epßg.@ eTot Tak´Tg nwg vb,Fm’ esdækic© ¦neyaáy...> TaMg raCvgß mig nigGñkdwk naM

evotNamEdl án pøas ecj suT§ Et ánelIk tem;Ig [ man îar pßBVpßay lT§i xug CW Ebb fμI..¬11¦...>

enA eRîam îar RKb RKg rbs RB ¼eÏA eL LWy (Lê LÅi) BYk Qøan Ban cin RtÚv án beBj ecj ehIyraCvgß eL (Lê) án ekIt eLIg kñúg ÌñaM 1428...> lT§ixug CW Ebb fμI (Edl man mUl dæanelI îar bk Rsay rbs

Gñk RáCJ cin mñak eQμa¼ QUsuI (Chu Hsi) nUv Gkßrsil,_ l,I rbs cin kñúg s¿v¿ TI 11) man }T§iBl yag sMxan

elI KMnit rbs Cn Cati evotNam...> enAkñúg GMLúg 37 ÌñaM (K¿s¿ 1460-1497) énîar RKg raCü rbs esþc

eL faj´ tug (Lê Thánh Tông) d¾ mhima lT§ixug CW Ebb fμI án RKb dBb´ menaKm viC¢a déT eTot rbs´ evot-Nam...> buEnþ raCvgß eL án Îøak cu¼ mk vij yag Ìab rh&s...> Gs ry£eBl Cit 3 stvtßr_ Cemøa¼ épÞkñúg

án bMpøaj RTBü sm,tþi nig kmøaMg rbs RbCaCn evotNam...> man vIrburs cMnYn tic tYc Gkßrsil,_lð.@ sþÜc

esþIg nig îar beg;It fμI.@ Epñk vb,Fm’Et bnþic bnþÜc bueNÑa¼ Edl elc rUb rag eLIg kñúg eBl ena¼...> ehtuîarN_

en¼ ekIt eLIg rhUt mk dl Bak kBal TI 2 én s¿v¿ TI 18 eTIb man îar ERb RbÜl xø¼ eLIg vij...> enA eBlena¼ vb,Fm’ buraN RtÚv eK elIkyk mk bBa¢ak´ y¨ag rs´ revIk kñúg Gkßrsil,_ Ôasa evotNam...> mUlehtu

sMxan mYy kñúg îarrs eLIg vij en¼ KW Ca îar BRgIk nig îar eFVI [ man lkçN£ bTdæan énRbB&n§ sresr (ehAfa

².CW NUm.³ “chÑ Nôm” KW ².Gkßr xag t,Úg.³) Edl eK án eRbI RássRmab cmøg Ôasa evotNam.¬12¦...>

enA Tsvtßr_ cug eRîay én s¿v¿ TI 18 Rbvtþisa®sþevotNam eBareBj eTA eday îar b¼eár rbs´

BYk ét sWn (¦ tI sWn) (Tây Sjn) Edl án Ïab epþIm dMbUg Ca îar erI bRm¼ rbs ksikr RbÌaMg eTA nwg sSanÔaB

Edl eK min eBj citþCa eRcIn...> enAÌñaM 1786 em dwk naM îar b¼eár án RKb´ RKg RbeTs evotNam TaM g

mUl...> yuKsm&y rbs ét sWn manîar CECkEvk Ejk eRcIn nig Biák yl án Nas...> clna bdivtþ en¼

bBa¢ak nUv eTamnsß yag xøaMg Edl kb eRCA kñúg RsTab sg:m Cn bT evotNam buEnþ k¾ man îar Bak B&n§ Ëñanwg

pl RbeyaCn_fμI.@ xag BaNiCkmμ Epn îar sm¶at rbs GaNikCn cin CMenO RbÌaMg Ëña xag sasna nig îar

rs´ ran eLIg vij én RbéBNI RbCaCn m©as´ Rsúk EdlnaM [ xUc RbeyaCn_ dl´ Îatu pßM breTs Ca Biess KW

lT§ixug CW Ebb fμI...> ².CW NUm.³ Edl Ca RbB&n§ Gkßr rbs´ Gñk Rsúk ánCMnYs Gkßr cin Ca RbB&n§ sresr pøÚv

92 CMBUk TI .4

îar...> eK án rMlwk eLIg vij nUv bg bðÚn RsI RtkUl RTwg fa Ca vIr narI én vb,Fm’lM dab TI mYy...>

büEnþ enA ÌñaM 1802 raCvgß egVón (Nguy§n) án RKb´ RKg GMNac edayRbîas Tuk Ca Gsa rbg´

¦emaX£ nUv ral´ îar Ek TRmg´ rbs´ BYk ét sWn...> eday yl´ eXIj fa Rbvtþisa®sþ evotNam na eBl fμI.@

ena¼ man ÔaBÎøakću¼ nig xV¼ sBab´ Îñab´ esþc raCvgß egVón án xit xM y¨ ag xøaM g îøa edIm,I eFVI [ lT§ixugCW EbbfμI án Ïak´ RKw¼ enA kñúg vb,Fm’ Cati...> enA eRîam îar RKb RKg rbs´ raCvgßegVón vb,Fm’ RbéBNI evotNam

án zit enA kñúg T Rmg cug eRîay Edl Ca vb,Fm’ mYy Gac sSit enA bnþ dl s¿v¿ TI 20 án edIm,I eFVI Gnþr kmμ

Ca mYy }T§iBl bs©im RbeTs.¬13¦...>

Tsßn£CaRbéBNIrbs´ Cn Cati evotNam cMeBa¼ BiPBelak

Ca eRcIn stvtßr_ knøg eTA lT§i Èav BuT§sasna nig lT§ixug CW án pßar Ô¢ab Ëña Ek sRmÜl[ Rsb eTA Èam

rebobrbb evotNam edIm,I edIr [ án Rsb Ëña Ca mYy sñam Ïas én CMenO GrUbI Edl Ca sasna ¦ Ca RbéBNI

mYy yäg rbs´ Cn Cati evotNam.¬14¦...> enA cug s¿v¿ TI 15 lT§i xugCW Ebb fμI îøay Ca sasna Edl man

}T§iBl RKb dBb´ ehIy îan´ Et man snÞú¼xøaMg enA s¿v¿ TI 19.¬15¦...> lT§ixugCW Ebb fμIen¼ epþat elI TMnak´TMng sm Rsb enA kñúg sg:m buEnþ ebI eya gelI FmμCati én tf ÔaB KMnit GMBI TRmg Rtwm RtÚv én TMnak TMng sg:m

man mUl dæan elI eËal KMnit TUlM TUlay...>

Tsßn£Ca T UeTA rbs´ evotNam buraN epþat Ca rYmeTAelI eËalîarN_ elak ÎatuEdl Epðk elI Îatu

².yin.³ (Ôasa evotNam fa âm ².Gwm.³) nig Îatu ².yuaMg.³ (Ôasa evotNam fa d#jng ².eyOg.³)...> Îatu

TaMg BIr en¼ RtÚveKyl fa Ca kmøaMg dMbUgBI rEdl beg;It [ man GVI.@ TaMg Gs enA elI saklelak eyIg en¼...>

¬ s Kl´én Tsßn£ EdlCa }T§iBl d¾cMNas´ nig cm,grbs´ cin man mkelI evotNam án îøayCa rebob

Edl Cn Cati evotNam smøwgemIlBiPBelak ehIy án RCab cUl eRCA eTA RKb´ RbB&n§ TaMg Gs´ eBal KW BI

RKÜsar rhUt dl sSab&n rdæ...> bBaØtþi ².yin yuaMg.³ en¼ án bk Rsay BiPB elakTaMg mUl Èam RbB&n§mYy Edl

man n&y sm ehtu pl...> GVI mYy k¾ eday k¾ Ca KMrU Ca rUb Èag [ GVI mYy epßg eTot Edr.¬16¦...> eday EpðkelI îar

snμt GM BI Ebb bT nig TRmg´ rYmmYy rbs´ elakÎatu KMrU mYyen¼ áneFVI [ CnCati evotNam yl´ îan´ Et suI

CeRmA nig dwg GMBI viFI Tb Tl Ca mYy nwg rcna sm<&n§ FmμCati én elakÎatu...>

enA kñúg RKb vis&y TaMg Gs enA eBl Na eK Gac rkßa [ man tulü ÔaB smrmü mYy rvag Îatu yin nigÎatu

yuaMg eBl ena¼ ÔaB suxdum nwg ekIt eLIg ehIy lT§pl Rbkb eday KuNsm,tþi mYy k¾ nwg ekIt man pg

Edr...> Rbîaren¼ va BitdUc Ëña enA kñúg rag îay rbs´ mnusß mñak´.@ kñúg RKÜsar nImYy.@ kñúg PUmi Rsúk nig enA

kñúg RbeTs Cati TaMg mUl...> «TahrN_ îarBüaál Cm¶W sMxan KW RtÚv eFVI yag Na[ man tulüÔaB Ëña rvag Îatu

yin nig Îatu yuaMg TaMg kñúg xøÜn mnusß nig rvag mnusß mñak eTA mnusß mñak eTot nig CamYyBiPB elak xageRîA...>

ebI Èam CMenOrbs´ Gñk Rsúk ral´ cMNIGaharTaMg Gs´ eKeCOfa man ².FmμCati sMxan´.³ mYy Edl eîþAxøaMg

eîþAlμm RtCaklμm ¦RtCak xøaMg...> Gahar Edl ².eîþAxøaMg.³ nig ².eîþAlμm.³ KW Îatu yuaMg cMENk Gahar


Edl ².RtCak´ xøaMg.³ nig ².RtCak´ lμm.³ KW Ca Îatu yin...> dUecñ¼ rbb mHÚb Gahar Gac eFVI [ man tulü ÔaB¦

GtulüÔaB rvag Îatu yinnig Îatu yuMag enAkñúg xøÜn mnusß án.¬17¦...>

ebI eK Kit fa xøÜn mnusß eyIg KWCa Gti suxum elak én BiPB Fmμ Cati ena¼ eK Gac Kit án fa RKÜsar k¾ Ca

Gti suxumelakén sg:m BiPB elak pg Edr...> tulü ÔaB smrmü mYy rvag Îatu yin nig Îatu yuaMg enAkñúg xøÜn

mnusß nigtulüÔaB d¾ smrmümYy rvag xøÜn mnusß nig brisSan Gac beg;It [ man suxÔaB lð enA kñúg xøÜn mnusß

án dUecñ¼ TMnak TMng lð rvag Rkúm mnusß xus.@ Ëña k¾nwg Gac beg;It án Ca ÔaB cu¼ sRmúg kñúg sg:m mYy ehIy

Gac eFIV[ RKÜsar PUmiRsúk nig RbeTs Cati mansuPmg:lnig man ÔaB rug erOg án...> TaMg RbB&n§ Gb rM CapøÚv

îar nig îar RáRs&y Tak Tg kñúg RKÜsar suT§ Et án epþat eTA elI îar beRgón ekμg.@ [ yl dwg GMBI îar RbRBwtþ

RtÚv enAkñúg Rkb x&Nen¼...> ehIyRkb x&Nen¼ Gac beg;It Ca mUldæan é n RbB&n§ sg:m mYy Edl beRmI sg:mevot Nam án yag lð rab ry ÌñaM knøg mk...>

Ebb bT buraN én Îatu yin yuaMg eK Gac bk Rsay fa Ca n&yeFob eTA nwg RTwsþI niynþsa®sþ (RbB&n§

RKb´ RKg eday sV&y Rbvtþi ¦ RTwsþI suIEb‘reNTik).¬18¦...> RTwsþI RbB&n§ TMenIb mYy en¼ án pþl´ [ yl´îan´ Et

c,as´ GMBI RbB&n§ lMnwg famBl RtÚv Et dMeNIr îar yäg dUc emþc.¬19¦...> sg:m min Emn Ca sB’ag: îay ehIy k¾

min Emn Ca eRKÓg mä sIun Edr...> sg:m RËan´ Et Ca RbB&n§mYy dUc sB’ag: îay nig eRKÓg mä suIn Ca RbB&n§ pg

Edr...> sg:m mnusß pßM eLIg eday Îatu TaM g Lay Edl kñúg ena¼ Îatu pßM bBa©Úl Ëña srub va FM Cag va sMxan´

Cag nig vaxus Ëña BI Îatu nImYy.@ Edl enA dac´ BI Ëña...> en¼ KW eday sar Et TMnak´ TMng rvag Îatu nImYy.@ Gac

rkßaTuk án eday ynþîar TMnak´ TMng nig îar RKb´ RKg Edl Bwg Epðk elI lMhUr én B&t’man sþI GM BI ².Rbtikmμ

tb.³ edIm,I [ dMeNIr îar man RbsiT§ ÔaB eTA án...>

RTwsþI niynþsa®sþ (suIEb‘reNTik) Ráb [ eyIg dwg GMBI îar viÔaK sg:m Èam viFI eRcIn yag..½ Èam ry£ îar

epþat elI lkçN£ én RbB&n§ dUcCa îar vas sÞg BI dMeNIr min RbRktI nig cMnYn elIs esckþI RtÚv îar nig elI KuN

témø Edl bMeBj mux gar Ca eËal îarN_Rbtibtþi eday epþat elI GtSn&y nig mux gar én RbB&n§ Edl kMNt´ [

eday bribT mYy >l> elIs BI en¼ eTA eTot RTwsþI en¼ rMlwk eyIg [ dwg fa man Et bribT eBal KW TMnak´

TMng TaMg mUl min Emn Îatu Et Ég Na mYyeT Edl eFIV îar viv DÆ.¬20¦...> îar Ïab´ GarmμN_ rbs´ CMBUk en¼ KW

epþat elI bribT vivDÆn_ én KMnit enA kñúg pñt KMnit Cn Cati evot Nam na s¿v¿ TI 20...>

sg:mevotNam Ca RbB&n§ mYYy énÎatuyin yuaMg

kñúg vb,Fm’ evotNam buraN eyIg Gac rk eXIj eËal îarN_ ¦ KuN témø Rbtibtþi cMnYn 2 kñúg RKb vis&y én

sg:m...> cMnYn TaMg BIr en¼ eK Gac eRbI eFVI Ca mUl dæan sRmab Ca KMrU rbs sg:m nig vb,Fm’...> mYy kñúg cMeNam

BIr ena¼ KW Îatu yuaMg cMENk É mYyeTot KWÎatu yin...> eKbgHaj lkçN£ rbs´ Îatu yuaMg eday sMedA eTA

elI ÔaB RKb dBb rbs burs Edl man tRmÚv îar x<s mandMeNIr sUv xus RbRktI manzananuRkm saMjúaM nigtwgrwug man îar RbkYt RbECg nig man îar Rbîan´ Èam vin&y x¢ab´ x¢Ün Edl epþat elI eËal îarN_ sRmab´ îar

94 CMBUk TI .4

RbRBwtþ Epðk elI tYnaTI sg:m mYy...> eK sm:al´lkçN£ rbs´ Îatu yin eday vaman ninñaîar eTA rk ÔaB esμI Ëña

ÔaB ec¼ bt Ebn îar cUl rYmBI ®sþI ÔaB min sUv man îar RbkYt RbECg ÔaB min sUv man Cemøa¼ epþat ÔaK eRcIn

eTA elI îar yl citþnig symÖÚÔaB (ÔaBEdl ekIt eLIg eday Ég.@ eday Ëμan îar RBag TukCa mun)...>

vb,Fm’ evotNam buraNÔaK eRcIn Gg:îar sg:m nig }riyabf rbs Cn Cati evotNam án bgHaj fa

tulüÔaB rvag Îatu yinnig Îatu yuaMg KW CaKMnit ÏakeRs¼ (rYmman KuNtémø KMnit GrUbiy RbePT epßg.@ Ëña

nig viÎanîar Rbtibtþi >l>)...> ebIÈam GrUbIkmμ lMdab x<s en¼ eK seg;t eXIj man îarts‘U mYyenA kñúg RbB&n§

ena¼ bnÞab BI eBl ec¼ Et rMkil eTA mux...> enA Rtg kRmit én bribTvb,Fm’ Cak lak mYy manîar pøas bþÚr eRcIn

án ekIt eLIg...> Èamry£ «TahrN_ én erOg niTan xøI.@ Gkßrsil,_ nig îarRsav RCav GMBIîar rs´ enA rbs´

mnusß án CYy eFVI [ lkçN£ GrUbI kmμ en¼ man n&yRKb RËan...> rYm esckþI eTA Îatu yin nig Îatu yuaMgekIt man

Ca mYy Ëña Edl Ca FmμÈa Îatu yuaMg RKb dBb´ elI Îatu yin...> büEnþ enA eBl Edl Îatu yuaMg îan´ EtRKbdBbxøaMg elIs lb eBk ena¼ va nwg man Rbtikmμtb t BI Îatu yin enA kñúg RbB&n§ sg:m ehIy îar pøas bþÚr sg:mk¾ekItman eLIg...>

TMnak TMng Ëña rvag RbB&n§ sg:mBit Rákd nig RbB&n§KMnit KW man ÔaB Bit Rákd ehIyman sar £ sMxan...>

büEnþ TMnak´ TMng en¼ k¾ mann&y sMxanĆagen¼ pg Edr...> BiPB én}riyabf Edl Gac seg;t án htSkmμ

nig BiPB én Tsßn£ yl eXIj Edl beg;It eday vb,Fm’ ¦eday îar RsemI Rs ém bnþ beg;It nig Ek TRmg Ëña

eTAvij eTA mk büEnþ enA rkßa bUraNÔaB sMxan´ én TMnak´ TMng rbs´ va lð }t ex©a¼ kþI min RKb´ lkçN_ kþI kñúg

GMLúg eBl én dMeNIr îar pøas´ bþÚr...> enA Rsb eBl Edl BiPBTaMg BIr eFVI clna Ca mYy Ëña Gs´ îal yUr eTA

BiPB nImYy.@ RtÚv án sSabna bBa©Úl Ëña eTA vij eTA mk...> dUecñ¼ TRmg Cak lak NamYy nig Îatu sMxan.@ én

RbePT BiPB Na mYy ¦ rbs BiPBTaMg BIr Gac ERb RbÜl KYr [ kt sm:al eTA Èam eBl evla buEnþ Rsb eBl

Ëña en¼ Edr TMnak´ TMng Ca nimitþrUb enA Et zit enA teTA eTot edIm,I Ca Îatu b®g:b´ Èam ry£ ÔaB pÞúy Ëña sm ehtu

sm pl...>

xJúMeCO fa vaBit Ca man t émø FM eFg Nas kñúg îar smøwg emIl Rbvtþisa®sþ rbs evotNam cUl eTA kñúg s¿v¿

TI 20 dUcCa krNI mYy én TRmg îar ERb RbÜl enA CuMvij tulüÔaB rvag Îatu yinnig Îatu yuaMg...> GñkRáCJ sm&y

brm buraN án G¼Gag erOg en¼fa Ca FmμCati én tfÔaB CadMeNIr sakl mYy ehAfa ².Èav.³...> yin yuaMg

én sg:m evotNam buraN Edl man kñúg RKÜsar kñúg Gkßr sil,_ kñúg sasna kñúg rcna sm<&n§ esdækic© rhUt

dl RbB&n§ neyaáy KW man enA kñúg tY yin nig tY yuaMg pÞal nUv Îatu pßM Edl pÞúy Ëña yag sm ehtu sm pl Et

Rsb eBl Ca mYy Ëña ena¼ k¾ man mux gar Ca Îatu bMeBj b®g:b´ Ëña Edl man rcnasm<&n§ eday ELk rbs´ xøÜn...>

TaMg en¼ Gac Kit án fa Ca îar Ejk GnuRbB&n§ BIr Edl kMBug dMeNIr îar enA kñúg Epñk NamYy én RbB&n§ sg:m

TaMg mUl...> enA eBl Na Edl man GnuRbB&n§ NamYyrwg maMdac´ BI eK ena¼ nwg beg;It [ man ÔaB Èan twg Tukç

RBÜyenA kñúg sg:m ehIy eBl ena¼ nwg man Rbtikmμ BI buK:l nigsSab&n edIm,I EsVg rk briyaîas sg:m Edl

sux RsÜl Cag en¼...> elak e®h:h:ÚrI bItßún (Gregory Bateson) án eRbób eFob dMeNIrîar en¼ eTA nwg


«bkrN_ vas sÞg kemþA.¬21¦...> Ëat án elIk eLIg fa cMNuc sMxanbMput enA kñúg Rbvtþi sa®sþ KW ².eBl Edl

}riyabfman îar pøas´ bþÚr...> en¼KW Ca eBl Edl mnusß TTYl îar QW Ïab´eday sar Et t émø Edl BYk eKman

BI mun.³...> Ëat án bEnSm eTot fa GVI Edl Bit Ca sMxanena¼ sRmab buK:l nig sg:m mnusß TaMg mUl KW îar ERb

RbÜl enA kñúg ÔaB lMeGog ¦ îar dak nUv «bkrN_ vas sÞg sRmab kRmit }riyabf sg:m.¬22¦...>

eday sarEt mnusß bun bg beg;It KuN t émø Edl ÏaM ác RtÚv rg nUv CeRmIs kñúg l&kç x&Nmin c,as lasnig l&kç x&NRbkYt RbECgpg ena¼ îar bu¨n b¨g TaMg en¼ eFVI [ man îar ekIn eLIg nUv Cemøa¼ nig ÔaB Èantwg minEmn Et enA kñúg Rkúm eT buEnþ CYnîal man enA kñúg buK:l xøÜn Ég pg Edr...> enA kñúg xøÜn burs ®sþI nig sg:m man

cMNuc Elg Gt Fμt cMeBa¼ ÔaB Èan twg ehIy eBl Edl eLIg dl cMNuc en¼ Gac naM [ man skmμ ÔaB mYy cMnYn

sRmab´ bg;ar...> lT§pl Gac Ca îar ERb RbÜl xag vb,Fm’ ¦sg:m rYm TaMg bdivtþn_ pgEdr...> RbeTs

evotNamna s¿v¿ TI 20 án bgHaj [ eXIj nUv krNI cRmÚg cRmas d¾ RsÜc Rsal mYy kñúg sg:m sþIGMBI îar

dak kRmit elI sg:m...> enA sm&y ena¼ man RbCa Cn Ca eRcInlan nak TTYl rg îar b¼ Tg:ic yag xøaMg îøa eday

sar Et KuN t émø Ïas rbs eK enAeBl Edl man îark ekIt enA } riyabf fμI en¼...>

îarRbdUc sg:m BitRákd eTA nwg GtSn&y sMxan´ rbs´ elak bItßún s¹I GMBI îar dak´ kRmit elI sg:m en¼

KW Ca bUM én KuN témøEdl buK:l nwgRbRBwt¹ Èam...> buK:lTaMgena¼ eFVI Gn¹rkmμnig TMnakTMng Ca mYy Ëña RsbeBl Edl BYkeK bBa©Úl nUv lT§pl rbs´ skmμÔaB pÞal´ xøÜn cUl eTA CamYy pg nwg lT§pl rbs´ Gñk epßg

edIm,I beg;It B&t’man fμImYy Edl eRîay mk BYk eK Gac EkERb}riyabf rbs xøÜneKán...> CYnîal dUc kñúg

RbeTs evotNam s¿v¿ TI 20 G‘Icwg dMeNIr îar en¼ naM[ mnusß EsVg rk îar pøas´b¹Úr Rkm én îar RbRBwt¹...>

BYk eK nig Gñk epßgeTot RtÚv eK rMBwg [ shrîar Ëña nig pøas bþÚr îardak kRmit rbs sg:m Èamry£ lT§pl

énîar pøas bþÚ r TRmg Eck Ïay KuN témø sRmab sg:m TaMg mUl...> cMeBa¼ xJúM dMeNIr îaren¼ TMng Ca Gac EkERb

án Rsb Èam îar BiB&N’nanig îarviÔaK rbs eËal KMnit Îatu yin nig ÎatuyuaMg...>

edIm,I [ gayRsÜl yl´ Îatuyinnig ÎatuyuaMg nig KuNtémørbs´ va Cajwkjab´ eyIg ehA va fa Ca

².RbB&n§.³ ¦ ².vis&y.³ enA kñúg CMBUk en¼...> eyIg Gac emIl eXIj îar erob cM sg:m rbs evoNam buraN dUc Ca

îar Edl rkßa án Èamry£ Gn¹rkmμ rvag RbB&n§ xus Ëña TaMg BIr en¼...> bEnSm BIelIîareRbI Rás Ca FmμÈarbs Cn

Cati evotNam xJMúánBRgIk îarKiteday eRbI Rás´ nUveËalîarN_ GrUbI mYy cMnYn Edl Cn Cati evotNam

minÎøabeFVI ¦ Rsém ena¼...> enA kñúg CMBUk en¼ xJúM eRbI Bakü yin nig yuaMg kñúg n&y eFob bueNÑa¼...>

vK: bnÞab´ eTot en¼ nwg BiB&N’na GMBI sSanÔaB rbs´ RbB&n§ sg:m vb,Fm’ evotNam dUc Edl man enA

eBl Edl }Ti§Bl GaNaniKm áraMgEss Ïab´ ep¹Im dak´ sm<aF elI evotNam kñúg s¿v¿ TI 19 nig edIm s¿v¿

TI 20...> en¼KW Ca cMNuc Ïab ep¹Im d¾ sMxan én Rbvt¹isa®s¹ evotNam Edl nwg RtÚv erobrab kñúg CMBUk en¼...>

KuN témø nig TMenom Tmøab buraN rbs´ CnCati evotNam

vb,Fm’ evotNam buraN man ÔaB saMjúaMnig man îar dwg | TUlM TUlay BI témøTaMg en¼...> enA kñúg îar sÞab sÞg´

96 CMBUk TI .4

RtÜs.@ bnÞab´ en¼ xJúM ÏaM ác´ RtÚv bgHaj CUn nUv rUbÔaB én RbéBNI evotNam Edl xJúM án sRmitsRmaMg y¨ag

Rby&tñ RbEygnig Edl gay yl...> va Efm TaMg eFVI [ eyIg dwgBI KuN sm,ti¹ Edl man eRbI Ca cm,g enA tMbn

ÔaK xag eCIgnig PUmi Rsúk enA tMbn´ TMnab kN¹al na stvtß r_TI 19 nig edIm stßvtßr_ TI 20 Edl ep¹at xøaMg

elI vb,Fm’ eRcIn Cag }riyabf...> xJúM k¾ ep¹at pg Edr elI bTdæan nig rMlg eÏal ÔaB min Rsb Ëña Ca eRcIn eTot...>

îarCECk GMBIFmμCati Bit Rákdén sg:m evotNam buraN enA man îar cRmÚg cRmas Ëña enA eLIy...> dUecñ¼

niyay [ gay RsÜl yl KW fa man Tsßn£ FM.@ cMnYn BIr GMBI RbeTs evotNam buraN...>

cMeBa¼ Gñk RsavRCav Ca eRcIn Ca Biess Gñk RáCJ áraMg CMnan´ mun.@ Edl án Ïab´ ep¹Im sikßa RbeTs

evotNam bnÞab´ BI án sikßa suI CeRmA GMBI RbeTs cinena¼ án yl´ fa Gnu RbB&n§ Îatu yuaMg ehIyCa

BiesslT§i xug CW Ebb fμI KWCa RbB&n§vb,Fm ’ buraN...> ehIyeKyl´fa GnuRbB&n§ Îatu yin KW Ca Îatu rMxan

Edl naM[ man ÔaB Èantwg ÔaB RcbUk Rcbl nig bg; [ËaMg dMeNIr îarenAkñúg RbB&n§TaMg mUl.¬23¦...>

Tsßn£ fμI mYy eTot emIl eXIj RB¼ BuT§ sasna nig sSab&n PUmi Rsúk Edlman smÔaBeRcIn ena¼ KW Ca

GnuRbB&n§ Îatu yin ehIy Ca evotNam Bit Rákd nig tMNag [vb,Fm’ BitRákd rbs RbCa Cn ÔaK eRcIn...>

Èam ry£ Tsßnvis&y en¼ GnuRbB&n§Îatu yuaMg EdlCaÎatu RKb dBb´ Ca Îatu Edl BuM man ÈaMg BI yUr lg´kñúgRbvtþi sa®sþ nig man ÔaB rak kMEPl kñúg vis&y vb,Fm’ ehIy RtÚveKemIl eXIjfa Ca Tsßn£ rbs BYk vrCn...>

manîarCECkBiÔakßaËñafa TRmg mYy en¼ RtÚv án BYk vNÑ£ RKb RKg bunbgeRbIRás edIm, I Ca «bkrN_ ekg

Rbv&Ba© eTA elI RbCa Cn Et mi nánTTYl eCaK C&y...> TRmgen¼ RtÚv án eK dwg | sus say fa Ca îar sresr

rbs´BYk vNÑ£ vrCnnig bBaØvn¹ breTs Edl tMNag [ vrCn ÔaKtic TaMg ena¼ edIm,I beRmI [pl RbeyaCn_

pÞalxøÜn.¬24¦...>

Tsßn£ pÞal rbs xJúM xus xøaMg BI Tsßn£ TaMg BIr en¼...> xJúM eCO fa yin yuaMg KW Îatu pßM én RbB&n§ vb,Fm’ mYy

Edl RbCaCn evotNam TaMg Gs man cMENk...> Îatu yuaMg én Gñk îan lT§i xug CW Ebb fμI nig Îatu yin én Gñk eËarB

BuT§ sasna lT§i Èav nig CMenO xag CIvcl án vivDÆ Ca mYy Ëña edIm,I beg;It RbB&n§ mYy Edl eyIg s:al fa Ca

sasna eRBg buraN rbs Cn CatievotNam Edl RCÜtRCab R Kb TidæÔaB én CIvÔaB rbs CnCati evotNam...>

Îatu yinnig Îatu yuaMg man bg;b kñúg RKÜsar PUmi sasna nig esdækic©.¬25¦...>l>

TaMg BIr en¼ Ëμan mYyNa ².Rtwm RtÚv.³ ¦ ².Rsbc,ab´.³ Cag mYy Na eT...> ebI Ëμan mYy Na eTena¼

vb,Fm’ evotNamnig îar RKb RKg sg:m evotNam CYn îal xus Ëña BIG VIEdl Îøab man mk...> buK:l RKÜsar

sg:m pÞal ánERb RbÜl kñúg CMhrén menaKmviC¢a TaMg BIr en¼ Edl xJúM án dak eQμa¼ BYk va fa Îatuyinnig Îatu

yuaMg...> enA kñúg Rkb x&NEbb en¼ nig enAkñúg îareqøIy tb eTA nwg Rbvti¹ sa®s¹ nig îal£ eTs£ ena¼ va man îarvivDÆ nUv KuN témøsñÚl mYy Edl beg;It án Ca eb¼dUg én vb,Fm’ CnCati evotNam buraN Edl ena¼ KW Ca

².bgÜðc.³ Edl CnCati evotNam emIl eXIj BiPBelak nig bkRsay nUv GVI Edl BYkeK án qøg îat´...> viFI

én îar Kit nigîar eFVI RtÚv án bU¼ Ca KMnit dl´ kUn ekμg Ïab´ ÈaMg BI BYkeK ekIt mk emø¨¼ ehIy RtÚv án rMlwkbEnSm Èam viFI sa®s¹ eRcIn Ebb yag enA kñúg Ìak CIvit nig án RKb dBb elI CMenO rbs CnCati evotNam cMeBa¼


BiPB elak fa man rUb rag yäg dUcem¹c nig fa etI BYkeK KYr RbRBwt¹ xøÜn yäg Na [ smrmü...> erOg bnÞab´

eTot en¼ KW erOg ².man ekIt eLIg.³ enA eBl Edl vb,Fm’ evotNamnig vb,Fm’ bs©im RbeTs CYb Ëña man

RBwti¹îarN_ eRcIn Nas´ Edl Ëμan n&y GVI TaMg Gs´ Rbsin min án eyagRBwti¹îarN_ TaMg en¼ eTA nwg KuN témø

TaMg en¼ eT...> eyIgnig BiB&N’na GMBI KuN témø TaMg en¼ RtÜs.@ enA TI en¼...>

ÔaB sm ehtu pl (Ôasa evotNam ehA fa ².lI.³ “lý”)

BiPBelaknig GVI TaMg Lay Edl man enA kñúg elak eyIg en¼ suT§ Et man rcna sm&<n§ eday ELk rbs´ va...>

eday Epðk elI Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati viÏarNkmμ ¦ ².ÔaBsmehtupl.³ (².lI.³) RbmUl p¹úM eday îar yl Rsb

Ëña enA kñúg rcna sm<&n§ Ca mUldæan mYy Edl RKb RKg BiPBelak TaMg mUl...> Bakü fa ².lI.³ man n&y fa ².Fmμ-

Cati én GVI mYy.³...> ².lI.³ Ca eËalîarN_ Edl eîþab rYm mYy eday Epðk elI îar seg;tnig bT BiesaFn_ Edl

eFVI eLIg kñúg bMNg p¹l´ nUv ÔaB rlUn Ca mYy Ëña enA kñúg RbB&n§ eday kMNt´ TRmg´ Rtwm RtÚv én TMnak´ TMng TaMg

Gs...> eËal KMnit ².lI.³ eFVI viÏa rNkmμ nig eFVI [ Rsb c,ab nUv Rkwtü Rkm én zananuRkm rbs sg:m nig Cati

eday eFVI [ zananuRkm ena¼ Ég Ca Epñk mYy én rcnasm<&n§ sMxan rbs BiPBelak Edl Ca sSan ÔaB mYy man

lkçN£ FmμCati nig min Gac Ek ERb án...>

îar eîat xøac ]Buk m¹ay nig îardwg KuN (ÔasaevotNam ehA fa ².ehov.³ “hi+u” nig

².GWn.³ “jn”)

TMnak TMng RKÜsar KW Ca Ebb bT sRmab îar erobcM sg:m mYy...> TaMg îar ciBa©wm bI ác Ef rkßa kUn nig îar Gb rM kñúg

RbB&n§ suT§ Et án sg;tF¶n elI îar Gb rM criya sm,ti¹ [ RbRBwt¹ smrmü cMeBa¼ smaCik RKÜsar É eTot...> Ca

dMbUgnig sMxan´ CageK en¼ KW eK beRgón kUn ekμg [ ec¼ eîat xøac RsLaj´ ]Buk m¹ay [ ec¼ s¹ab´ bg:ab´ nig

ec¼ man Gakb,kiriya lð cMeBa¼ ]Buk m¹ay rbs´ xøÜn...> eK eRbón RbedA ekμg.@ [ ec¼ man GarmμN_ yäg RCal

eRCA fa BYkeK án CMBak KuN cMeBa¼ ]Buk m¹ay xøÜn bMNul en¼ FM Genk rhUt dl min Gac sg Gs án...> ekμg.@

RtÚv xit xM eFVI [ ]Buk m¹ay sb,ay cit¹ RKb eBl Èam meFüaáy Na k¾eday [ Et Gac eFVI eTA án edIm,I beg;In

suxumal ÔaB rbs´ BYk Ëat´ edIm,I [ Rsb eTA Èam bMNg Ráfña TaMg Gs´ rbs´ BYkËat´ edIm,I bMeBj esckI¹

Ráfña rbs BYkËat edIm,I sRmal bnÞúk îargar nig kgVl rbs BYk Ëat ehIy nig edIm,I eFIV [ Rsb Èam bMNg

Ráfña rbs BYk ËatRKb erOg rav TaMg Gs min fa FM ¦ tUc...> ebI eyIg seg;t emIl CIvÔaB RbÏaM éf¶ nig Rbvti¹sa®s¹

rab´ Ban´ ÌñaM mk ehIy eyIg eXIj fa ekμg.@ RtÚv án rg nUv Tm¶n´ én KMrU mYy EdlxøÜn RtÚv eFVI edIm,I îøayCa kUn

Edl ².e c¼ eîat xøac ]Buk m¹ay.³...> TMnak TMng rvag kUnnig]Buk m¹ay án îøay Ca sñÚl én vb,Fm’ evotNam

Edl man eRcIn elIs lb elI GVI.@ epßg eTot...>

TMnak TMng rvag bgbðÚn Rbús (Ôasa evotNam ehAfa ².ed.³ “z§”)

98 CMBUk TI .4

Ebb bT sRmab tYnaTI sg:m sMxan bnÞab mYy eTot KW TMnak TMng rvag bg bðÚn Rbús...> bg Rbús RtÚv beRgón ciBa©wm

bI ác Ef rkßa nig îarBar bðÚn Rbús rbs xøÜn...> bðÚn Rbús vij RtÚv eËarB eFVI Èam nig ËaMRT bg Rbús rbs xøÜn...> TMnak

TMng Rtwm RtÚv rvag bg Rbús nig bðÚn Rbús RtÚv án bk Rsay bBa¢ak Èam ry£ suÔasitnig erOg eRBg niTan Ca eRcIn...>

ebIÈam erOg eRBg TaMg en¼ cMNg rvag bg bðÚn Ca jwk jab mindUc Ëña nwg cMNg b¹I RbBn§ eT...> bg bðÚn Rbús min

KYr [ man nrNa mñak ¦ GVI mYy Ca Biess ®s¹I Gac mk eRCót ERCk eLIy...> man erOg RbCa Rbiy Ca eRcIn elIk

tem;Ig Efm eTot nUv Rbîar sMxan én menaKm viC¢a rbs cMNg sac saelahit eday bBa¢ak yag c,as nUv îar eFVI

pÞúy nwg îatBV kic© RKÜsar KW pÞúy nwg Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati enA kñúg elak...> ehIy îar eFIV xus nwg Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati

KW Ca îar RbRBwtþ }t xøwm sar nig naM [ man eRËa¼fñak...>

xus BI kUn ekμg.@ en Abs©im RbeTs ÔaK eRcIn kUn ekμg Edl FM dwgk¹I enA kñúg RKÜsar evotNam buraN án

eron sURt BI ÔaB Bwg Bak´ elI RKÜsar îar man eK ciBa©wm bI ác´ minEmn eronsURt GMBI ÔaB ÉkraC m©as´ îareT.>

BYk eK án eronsURt GMBI sar£sMxan én zananuRkm minEmn eron sURt GMBI smÔaB eT...> BYkeK án eron sURt

GMBI rgVan´ Edl án mk BI îar eËarB RbNib&tn_ cMeBa¼ Gñk Edl man zan£ x<s´ Cag minEmn eronsURt GMBI îar

eCO Cak elI xøÜn Ég eT...> «TahrN_ Ca KMrU sRmab BRgIk Ebb bT RKÜsar cMeBa¼ sg:m en¼ KW Ca TMnak TMng rvag

bg bðÚn Rbús en¼ Ég...> mnusß mñak´ RtÚv eËarB Gñk man Gayu eRcIn Cag ¦ man zan£ x<s´ Cag [dUc eTA nwg îar

eËarB bgRbús rbs xøÜn...>

bðÚn Rbús RtÚv Tuk RbeyaCn_ xøÜn mYy GenøI nig RtÚv man criya maryaT kñúg TMnak TMng Ca mYy bg Rbús xøÜn...>

eTa¼ bI Ca yägen¼ k¹I ebI Èam erOg eRBg niTan evotNam man bðÚn Rbús xø¼ Edr Gac rk suI man án eTa¼ Ca xøÜ n

min án eËarB sBV RKb´ Èam criya maryaT Edl án kMNt´ k¾eday...> BYkeK TTYl án eCaKC&y BitRákd

edaysar BYkeK án eFVI Èam tYnaTI én îarRbRBwt¹ Edl c,ab kMNt ehIy Edl smrmü eTA Èam sSanÔaB Cak

Es¹g rbs eK...> BYkeK RtÚv Et {n lMeTan nig p:ab cit¹ Èam bg Rbús dUc ËñaeTA nwg cMeBa¼ ]Buk m¹ay Edr eTa¼bI

Ca man îar elIkElg xø¼ yag Na k¾eday...> kñúg îar Edl suxcit¹ RBm cMNu¼ eTA Èam îar esñI rbs bg Rbús xøÜn

Edl CYnîal min sm ehtu pl yäg Na kI¹ena¼ BYkeK nwg án snßM kusl eRcIn...> bðÚn Rbús min Edl TTYl

án eCaKC&y ena¼ eT Rbsin ebI BYkeK man ÔaB îøahan ¦ ÔaB Qøasév ¦ k¾ îar eCOCak´ elI xøÜn Ég eBk...>

Ebb bT menaKmviC¢a mYy en¼ RtÚv án eron sURt BI salaeron BI RKÜsar BI RbéBN nigBI TMenom Tmøab´ Gñk

Rsúk ehIy va KW Ca îar eFIV edIm,I p:ab´ cit¹ eTA nwg bMNg Ráfñaén Gñk Edl man zan£ buNüs&ki¹ x<s´ Cag xøÜn enA

kñúg zananuRkm sg:m£ kUn cMeBa¼ ]Buk m¹ay bðÚn cMeBa¼ bgRbús nig RbBn§ cMeBa¼ bI¹...>

tYnaTI rbs ePT nImYy.@

®s¹I ekIt mk nwg rs´ enAkñúg KMnit mYy Edl tRmÚv[Ëat´ bMeBj tYnaTI Ca kUnRsI Priya nig maÈa yäg man

rebob erob ry...> tYnaTI rbs ®s¹I KW Ca RbPB én ÔaB Èan twg enA kñúg sg:m...> Ca erOy.@ man ÔaB xNEckdac´ Ëña yäg xøaMgrvag eËalîarN_ menaKmviC¢anig tfÔaB sg:m...> enAkñúg erOg eTvkfa erOg eRBg niTan


nig Rbvt¹isa®s¹ evotNam man eBareBj eTA eday erOg niTan GMBI ®sI¹ Edl xøaMg Qøas év nig muWg mät´...>

enA kñúg lMdab x<s bMput én sg:m burs nig ®sI¹ CaerOy.@ eFVIîar Ca mYy Ëña...> ®s¹I án bMeBj îargarlMák Ca

eRcIn eday eRbI kmøaMg ehIy Gñk xø¼ eTot Rbkb rbr CYj dUr tictYc nig eFVI Ca sil,îarinI CMnaj...>

eTa¼CayagNa kI¹ Èam menaKmviC¢a burs KW Ca Îatu yuaMg cMENk É ®sI¹ KW Îatu yin...> ®sI¹ cMNu¼ [ burs

eTA Èam Ebb FmμCati...> dUc kUn ekμgnig bðÚn RbúsEdr ®sI¹ RtÚvEt ec¼ s¹ab´ bg:ab´ ec¼ CYy ËaMRT nigeFVI Èam

sVamI rbs xøÜn...> sVamI rbs BYkËat RtÚv beRgó nig RKb RKg Priya xøÜn [ dUc eTA nwg îareFVI cMeBa¼ bðÚn Rbús nig

kUn rbs xøÜn dUecñ¼ Edr...>

man ninñaîar bn¹ mYy Edl Ïak´ ¬s Kl´ enA kñúg Tsßn£ Ebb zananuRkm én Îatu yin nig Îatu yuaMg edIm,I

niyay bnÞab zan£ rbs ®sI¹ nig dak GMNac BYk Ëat [ enA eRîam îar RKb RKg rbs burs...> ®sI¹ RtÚv Et ec¼ {n

lMeTan cMeBa¼ ]Buk rbs´ Ëat´ eBl Ëat´ enA ekμg RtÚv ec¼ {nlMeTan cMeBa¼ sVamI Ëat´ eBl Ëat´ erob îar rYc

nig RtÚv ec¼ {n lMeTan cMeBa¼ kUn Rbús c,g rbs´ Ëat´ enA eBl Edl Ëat´ îøay Ca ®s¹I em mäy...> KMnit Edl fa

Rbús man ÔaB «t¹úg: «t¹m elIs eK îan Et man }T§iBl xøaMg eLIg...> ².man ekμg Rbúsmñak RbesIr Cag man ekμg

RsI 10 nak.³..¬26¦...> ².RsI 100 nakmin éfø esμI nwg Bg sVas mçag pg.³.¬27¦...> BYkeK RsLaj nig ciBaå©m bIác

Efrkßa kUn RsI buEn¹ Cak Es¹g BYkeK eBjcit¹ kUn Rbús Cag...>

ekμg Rbús.@ TTYl án îar yk cit¹ Tuk dak eRcIn Cag ekμg RsI...> ekμg Rbús.@ Gac eFIV GVI mYy eTA Èam TMenIg

cit¹ rbs´ BYkeK án nig Gac edIr ehIr eTA Na mk Na án esrI Cag ekμg RsI....> ekμg RsI vij eK [ enA ÏaM pÞ¼

man Ôarkic© CYy eFVIîargar pÞ¼ sEm,g nig sSit eRîam îar RKb RKg twgruwg Cag ekμg Rbús.@...> Rbsin ebI RKÜsar

man Rák´ îas tictYc Rák´ TaMg ena¼ nwg RtÚv [ eTA kUn Rbús edIm,I eronsURt cMENk kUn RsI RtÚv enA pÞ¼...>

Rbsin ebI kUn RsI h‘anCCIksYrfa ².ehtuGVI bgbðÚn Rbús rbs nag Gac eFVI án buEn¹ nag eFVIminán dUc G‘Icwg..?.³

cemøIy yäg gay KW ².edaysar Et BYkeK ena¼ Ég Ca Rbús.³...> cemøIy büNÑwg min ÏaM ác´ man îar bkRsay GVI

bEnSm eTot eLIy.¬28¦...>

eRîay eBl erob îar rYc Priya RtÚv eTArs´ enA Cit ¦ Ca mYy RKÜsar xag sVamI...> dUcen¼ Rkúm RKÜsar

xag RsI RtÚv Et bgHat´ beRgón kUn RsI [ eRtóm xøÜn Ca eRsc edIm,I Ïak ecj eTA rs´ enA CamYy RKÜsar xag bþI

Edl nag nwg eTA rs enA Gs mYy CIvit rbs nag...> Ca Biess cMeBa¼ m¹ay rbs kUn Rbús BYkËat RtÚvEt RbkYt

RbECg eRCIserIs rk GnaKt kUn Rbsa RsI Edl man sVamI Pki¹ cMeBa¼ kUn Rbús BYk Ëat...>

pøÚv RtÚv (Ôasa evotNam ehAfa ².ego.³ “nghßa”)

eËal îarN_ RbRBwt¹ Edl ep¹at elI tYnaTI TaMg en¼ rYm CamYy ².ehov.³ nig ².ed.³ Edl Ca sñÚlnig cg Ô¢ab Ca mYy

eËal KMnit rbs ².GWn.³ pgena¼ án bU¼ enA kñúg CnCati evotNam nUv Rkm sIlFm’ twgrwug mYy nigîatBVkic©cm,g Edl min RtÚv RbRBwt¹ [ man kMhus...> man KuN témøepßg eTot Edr Edl man muxgar kñúg îar CYy ËaMRT

nUv KuN témø sMxan´ rbs´ ÎatuyuaMg TaMgen¼...> KtibN it ¦ îarec¼dwg Ôasa evotNam ehAfa ².RTI.³ (trí)

100 CMBUk TI .4

ÔaBsmrmü Ôasa evotNam ehA fa ².El.³ (lŸ) nig ÔaB esμa¼ Rtg ¦ sc©Fm’ Ôasa evotNam ehAfa ².Tin.³

(tín) rYmTaMg ÔaBîøahan Ôasa evotNam ehA fa ².yug.³ (dæng) nig îarts‘U Ôasa evotNam ehA fa ².CI.³

(chí) TaMg Gs en¼ KW Ca KuN témøcm,g Edl án CYy ËaMRT nig Gnuvt¹ îatBV kic© cm,g rbs sg:m Qr elI mUldæan

².ehov.³ nig ².ed.³ ehIy án CYy bEnSm eFVICa RbTIb sRmab´ sm<n§ ÔaB rbs´ mnusß mñak´.@ enA kñúg Rkúm

epßg.@ eTot én sg:m...> PkI¹ÔaB Ôasa evotNam ehA fa ².RTúg.³ (trung) Edl Ca îar BRgIk bEnSm én

².ehov.³ cMeBa¼ TMnak TMng én vtSú mYy eTA nwg m©as rbs va...>

îatBVkic© sMxan´ rbs´ sg:m RtÚv án segçb eday KuN témørbs´ ².ego.³ RbEhl Ca ERb sRmÜl [

RsÜl s¹ab ena¼ KW ².îar eFIV RtÚv.³...> ².ego.³ bBa¢ak n&y krNIykic© yuti¹Fm’ nig îatBVkic©...> ².ego.³ bU¼qnÞ£ [ mnusß eFVI GVI Edl xøÜn RtÚv eFVI edIm,I bMeBj Èam îatBVkic© sg:m rbs´ xøÜn edIm,I sg ².GWn.³ edIm,I eqøIy

tb eTA nwg ².ehov.³ nig ².ed.³...> ².ego.³ TamTar viÏarNBaØaN s¶b s¶at enA kñúg rcna sm&<n§ rbs ².lI.³

Edl Ca FmμCati én vtSú TaMg Lay ehIy Tam Tar [mnusß mñak´ rs´ enA eRîam c,ab´ Tmøab´ Edl minGac eCos

án min fa îal£eTs£Na ¦ ehtu pl buK:l yäg Na ena¼ eT...> eËal KMnit ².ego.³ Epðk TaMgRsúg elIîar

RbRBwt¹ enA kñúg tYnaTI sg:m sMxan´.@...> «TahrN_ ².ego.³ kMNt´ bBa¢a [ kUn Rbús KYr RbRBwt¹ yäg dUcem¹c

cMeBa¼ ]Buk bðÚn Rbús KYr RbRBwt¹ yäg dUcem¹c eTA îan´ bg Rbús RbCanura®s¹ KYr RbRBwt¹ yäg dUcem¹c eTA îan´

es¹c CaedIm >l> ².ego.³ án ePøc eÏal TMnak TMng nig îarRbRBwt¹ Edl min man TMnak TMng CamYy nwg tY

naTI yuT§ sa®s¹ sg:m...>

GarmμN_ nig menaseBa©tna (Ôasa evotNam ehA fa ².Tij.³ “tình”..nig..².júwn.³..“nhân”)

enA Rtg´ sñÚlén Rkb x&Nd¾ twg rwug rbs´ Îatu yuaMg KW Ca eËal KMnit Edl pÞúk eTA eday KuN témø rbs´ ².lI.³².ehov.³ ².ed.³ nig ².GWn.³...> Rkbx&Nsg:m en¼ KW Ca lT§i xugCW Ebb fμId¾mutmaM ep¹atelIburs Ca FM ep¹atelI tYnaTI CaCag ep¹at elI mnusß ep¹atelI suxumalÔaB rbs shkrN_ (RKÜsar PUmi Rsúk RbeTs Cati)

CaCagep¹atelI GarmμN_ bMNg Ráfña ¦ bBaHa rbs buK:l...> enARsb eBl Edl ².lI.³ TTYl án nUv tMENg

én RbB&n§ Edl RKb elI eK mYy Ca Biess kñúg cMeNam vrCn nigman}T§iBl xøaMg enA kñúg tMbn´ ÔaK xag eCIg

nig Epñk ÔaK kN¹al én RbeTs evotNam...> ÔaBxøaMgnig ÔaBs¹Üc es¹Ig rbs´ ².lI.³ án beg;It Ca îar CYy

Ëña xøaMg mYy eTA nwg KuN témønwg eËal KMnit epßg.@ Ca eRcIn...> îar BiteTA yinnig yuaMg manÔaB RbÌaMg

Ëña G‘Icwg Emn buEn¹ vis&y TaMg BIr en¼ min Gac xV¼ mYy Na án eT eRBa¼ Ca vis&y b®g:b Ëña eTA vij eTA mk...> kñúg

cM eNam vis&y TaMg BIr en¼ ebI îal Na mYy Na man ÔaB elIs lb eRcIn Cag mçag eTot ena¼ c,as Ca man bBaHa

ehIy...>

vis&y yuaMg KWCal&kçx&NEdl eFIV [mnusß mñak´.@ minGacTTYl ánnUvesckI¹ RtÚv îar pÞal´...> en¼ k¾eday sar Et maneËalîarN_eËarBÈamTMenom Tmøab´ yäg twg ruwg eday ri¼Kn´ min Rtwm RtÚv eTA elI Gñk min

eËarB TMenom Tmøab´ ¦ k¾ îar ri¼ Kn´ elI ®sI¹ ehIyk¾ edaysar Et eËal îarN_ en¼ ep¹at yäg sMxan´ elI tYnaTI


Gt¹ crit CaCag mnusß nig ep¹at elI Rkúm CaCag mnusß mñak.@...> man mti ri¼ Kn mYy cMnYn ehA eËal îarN_ Ebb

en¼ fa ².Gav kut cegðót.³ ehIy snñidæan fa eËal îarN_ Ebb en¼ án eTA rk ².ÔaB cUl min cu¼.³.¬29¦...>

BuT§sasna sasna Èav nig RbéBNI Cn m©as´ Rsúk rYmTaMg ÎatupßM én KMnit rbs´ elak xugCW án p¹l´ nUv

KuN témø TMenom Tmøab´ nig îar Gnuvt¹ y¨ag TUlM TUlay Edl bg; beg;It án Ca lMnwg rbs´ Îatu yin tTl´

nwg «brircnasm<&n§ sg:m d¾ FM sem,Im én Îatu yuaMg...> GVI Edl Ca îar pÞúy Ëña y¨ag xøaMg enA kñúg vb,Fm’ evotNam

eBal KW kñúg CIvÔaB RbÏaM éf¶ rbs´ CnCati evotNam KW rvag ².ego.³ nig ².Tij.³...> enA Rsb eBl Edl

².ego.³ KW s¹I BI sIlFm’ GPismaÏar nig krNI y kic © ².Tij.³ ÉeNa¼ vij KW sI¹ GMBI GarmμN_...> ².Tij.³ KW

Ca GIV Edl ekIt eLIg eday xøÜn Ég man ÔaB eTarTn eTA Èam îar Kit rbs buK:l Edl ekIt BI sÔavKti min Gac

sμan Tuk mun án nig Ìab rMCYl cit¹...> eKEtg Et sMedA ².Tij.³ eTA nwg ²esckI¹ esñha³ ehIy min Et bueNÑa¼

eK eRbI ².Tij.³ en¼ edIm,I bBa¢ak n&y GMBI tNHa menaseBa©tna bMNg Ráfña ¦ îar rMCYlcit¹ niym GVI Edl

eyIg Gac ehA án fa Ca îar bBa¢a rbs cit¹...> ².Tij.³ Ca Îatu sRmú¼ sRmÜl rbs ².ego.³ Edr...>

KuN témøEdl Rsedog Ëña nwg ².ego.³ buEn ¹ man ÔaBÔaBpÞúyËña BI ².ego.³ ena¼ KW ².júwn.³...> ².júwn.³

KW Ca KuN témø én emÈþaFm’ sb,úris Fm’ KuNFm’ mnusßFm’ esckI¹ RsLaj cMeBa¼ mnusß elak...> ².júwn.³

dUc Ëña nwg ².Tij.³ Edl man ÔaB Bak B&n§ eTA nig sÔaB FmμCatinig GarmμN_...> ².júwn.³ tRmÚv [ man îar cUl

hYs BI bBaØti þ rbs´ cit¹ edIm,I RbRBwt¹ GMeBI lð eTA eTot eRBa¼ mnusß man îar GFüaRs&y yl´ cit¹ yl´ eføIm

nigemÈþaFm’ enA kñúg cit¹ rbs xøÜn...> Cak Es¹g ².júwn.³ bUk cUl Ëña Ca mYy îar TU nμan RbedA rbs RB¼ BuT§ sasna

edIm,I rMlwk mnusß eday eFIV [ eTA îan Ëña [ man cit¹ emÈþa Fm’ nig man cit¹ sb,úris Fm’...> ².Tij.³ ni g ².júwn.³

p¹l nUv tulüÔaB xag pøÚv GarmμN_ Tlnwg ÔaB sm ehtupl én ÔaB Rtwm RtÚv enA kñúg ².ego.³...>

ÔaB suxdum min Caklak ehIy nig ÔaB suxdum eBj elj (Ôasa evotNam ehAfa

².lI.³ “lý” nig ².edov.³..“zi£u”)

RbPB én ÔaB Èantwg xøaMg mYy eTot rvag KuN témørbs Îatuyinnig ÎatuyuaMg KWîar emIl eXIj BIÔaB su xdum

rmna nig ÔaB smehtu pl Èamrebob BIr epßgËña...> ÔaB su xdum rmna KW Ca eËal KMnit sMxan´ Edl man

KuN témø sMxan´ TaMg kñúg vis&y Îatu yinnig vis&y Îatu yuaMg...> ÔaB smehtupl KW Ca mUldæan ÏaMác´ edIm,I

Qan eTA rk îarsu x RsÜl mYy án...> buEn¹ ÔaB su x RsÜl én Îatu yuaMg Canic©îal sMedA RtLb eTA rk eËal

KMnit ².lI.³ eBal KW eËal KMnit TUlM TUlay rbs´ Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati Edl rYm man bBa©Úl TaMg BiPB elakFm’

BiPB sg:m nig BiPB FmμCati...> ².lI.³ KW Ca GVI Edl nwg n ÔaB favr£ Edl buK:l nig sg:m RtÚv Et eFVI Èam...>

CMenO xag elak Îatu en¼ ËaMRT eËal KMnit Îatu yuaMg TaMg Rsúg...> man cemøIy Edl RtwmRtÚv Et mYy Kt man pøÚv

RtwmRtÚv Et mYy edIm,I nwg eFVI GVI.@ ehIy ÔaB su xdum rmna KW án mk BI îar Gnuelam eTA Èam GVI Edl ².RtÚv.³ KW

GVI Edl Rsb Ëña eTA nwg ².lI.³...>

buEn¹ man Bakü mYy Edl man n&y Ebb müag epßg eTot cMeBa¼ Bakü ².smehtupl.³ Edl man enA kñúg

102 CMBUk TI .4

vis&y Îatuyin en¼...> enA RbeTs evotNam en¼ KW Ca KuN témørbs´ ².edov.³...> Bakü en¼ eKeRbI kñúg

smasnamEdl sMedA eTA elI B&N’ cRmú¼ îar pßM semøg [ BIera¼ kñúg t®n¹I îar sRmú¼ sRmÜl eyabl´ pÞúy Ëña

îar eFIV Ca GaCJa kBal kñúg erOg Cemøa¼...> ².edov.³ Etg Et sMedA eTA elI Gn¹rkmμ nig qnÞ£ edIm,I TTYl yk ¦Ek sRmÜl CMhr ¦ skmμÔaB NamYy rbs´ xøÜn edIm,I [ va suI Ëña eTA nwg sSanÔaB mYy eBal KW edIm,I [ cUl nwg

eK cu¼...> edIm,I [ gay yl´ KW îar bnÞn´ CMhr rbs´ xøÜn edIm,I RbeyaCn_ én îar Rsú¼ RsÜl Ëña rbs´ sg:m...>

².lI.³ kMNt n&y rbs bTdæan Ebb dac xat mYy ¦ Ca Rkb x&Neyag rI É CMenO elI îar bt Ebn eTA Èam îal£eTs£ KW Ca xøwm sar sMxan rbs ².edov.³...> ².edov.³ kñúg nam Ca KuN témø mann&y fa ².smehtusm pl.³

KWlμm ec¼ Ca kBal...> cMeBa¼ Gñk Edl minyl´ Bakü fa lμm ehIy Edl man mhicäÈa elaP ln´ xøaMg eBk¦ twgrwug eBk ¦ k¾ eCO Cak elI xøÜn Ég xøaMg eBk Gac nwg naM [ man îar vinas dl xøÜn...> îar ri¼ rk [ man tulü ÔaB

Ëña rvag Îatu yinnig Îatu yuaMg rvag îatBVkic©nig menaseBa©tna CYy ksag CIvit [ sm lμm Tak Tin nwg Cemøa¼nig

îar vinicä&y...>

GnubvaTehIy nig îar cUlrYm

visal ÔaB FM mYy epßg eTot én ÔaB Èantwg en¼ KW ÔaB pÞúy Ëña rvag îar cUlrYm yag skmμ kñúg sg:m nig îar min

cUlrYm eFVI GVI esa¼ ¦ dk xøÜn ecj BI sg:m...> ebI Èam KMnit én BuT§sasnacin ².îarcUlrYm kñúg kic©îar elakiy.³

nig ².îarmin cUlrYm kñúg kic©îar elakiy.³ KW Epñk Edl Eck dac´ BI Ëñanig Edl min Gac pß¼ pßa Ëña án...> b¨uEn¹

Cn Cati evotNam CaeRcIn án xitxM yag xøaMg edIm,I bBa©Úl KMrU TaMg BIr en¼ eTA kñúg CIvÔaBnig kñúg sg:m rbs BYk

eK.¬30¦...> lT§i xugCWEbb fμI nig vis&y yuaMg TaMgRsúg elIk Twk cit¹ [ man ÔaB skmμ nigbeg;It [ man îar

RbkYt RbECg...> îar beRmI dl´ RbeyaCn_ saÎarN£ eK emIl eXIj fa Ca kit¹iysnig îatBVkic©...> b¨uEn¹

Îatu pßM rbs BuT§ sasna nig sasna Èav elIk tem;Ig îar ÈaMg smaFinig GkmμÔaB RBm TaMg min án [ témø ¦

Efm TaMg cMGk cMeBa¼ îar ts‘U }t n&ykñúg îar dak kMhit qnÞ£ rbsxøÜn eTA elI tfÔaB mYy Edl min man îar Bak

B&n§ nwg qnÞ£ rbsmnusß mña ena¼...>

bBaØti¹ rbs ².GWn.³ eFVI [ îar Ebg Eck rvag îar cUlrYm nig îar min cUlrYm en¼ man famÔaB xus BI FmμÈa

ehIy Ca erOy.@ eFVI [ man îar b¼ Bal dl pøÚv cit¹ yag xøaMg enA kñúgRbeTs evotNam...> mnusß Edl man tRmi¼

viC¢a k¾ man bMNg dk xøÜn ecj BI îar bMBul nig îar eFIV [ rMxanén ÔaB vwk vr rbs´ elak en¼...> Ëat´ cg´ dk xøÜn

ecj BI îar RbkYt RbECg sg:m edIm,I lu¼ vimutþi EsVg rk ÔaB s¶b s¶at nig îar GPivDÆ xøÜn Ég...> buEn¹ eK Ëμan

siT§ieFVI G‘Icwg án Ca nic©îal ena¼ eT...> bMNul RtÚv Et man îar TUTat´ sg îatBVkic© RtÚv man îar bMeBj enA

eBl krNI ykic© tRmÚv...> mnusß éfø fñÚr mñak RtÚv Et eqøIytb eTA Èam bTbBa¢a rbs ².ego.³...>

müageTot CYnîal enA eBl Edl BiPB elak p¹ac îar TMnak TMng Ëña enA eBl Edl eK min Gac seRmc

án ÔaB RtwmRtÚvnig ÔaB smrmü enA eRîam l&kçx&NnaeBl bc©úb,nñena¼ burs ¦ ®sI¹ éfø fñÚr RtÚv dk xøÜn ecjBI elak en¼ Ca meFüaáy én îar bBa¢ak GMBI KuN témø d¾ x<g x<s Ca Cag cUlrYm kñúg bribT Edl naM[ KuN témø


TaMg en¼ RtÚv xUc vij...> mnusß CMBUk en¼ KW Gñk Edl dk xøÜn ecj edIm,I rg´ÏaM {îas mkdl´....> eday man

Tsßn£ eTA elI eBl evla fa Ca kg´ vilCMu ena¼ BYkeK rg´ÏaM îar vil RtLb´ mYy én zananuRkm Rtwm RtÚvmYy

rbs sg:m Edl BYkeK cUlGac rY m CamYyeday esckI¹ éfø fñÚrnig kiti¹ys...>

GMNac én Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati

îarvil RtLb mk vij nUv l&kçx&N ²smrmü ³ án Îana eday dMeNIr én yuti¹Fm’ RtwmRtÚv Èam sIlFm’ Edl

man enA elI BiPBelak eyIg en¼...> Ca îar Cak´ Es¹g RbCaCn evotNam TaMg Gs´ eCOfa eBl evlaKW vil CuM

ehIy îar eFVI [ xus BI Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati GacnaM [man Gayu xøI...> Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati nig sBab Îñab sm rmü nwgbgHaj xøÜ n vij min xan...> îareRbón RbedA kñúg rgVg RKÜsar îarGbrM dMbUg erOg eRBg suÔa sit nig Gkßrsil,_

rbs´ Gñk Rsúk án bgHat beRgón ekμg.@ nUv îar eCO t.@ Ëña GMBI suBlÔaB én eËalîarN_ Rkwtü Rkm en¼...>

ekμg.@ án TTYl Tsßn£ Ebb elakÎatu mYy Edl bgHaj GMBI TMnak´ TMng rvag îar RbRBwtþ nig lT§pl CamYy

Gakb,kiriya nig sMNag...> RbCaCn nig sg:m Edl RbRBwtþ smRsm eTA Èam Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati nwg TTYl

rgVan ehIy cMeBa¼ Cn Edl rMelaP bMBan Rkwtü Rkm FmμCatiena¼ nwg CYb nUv eRËa¼ mhn¹ray...> Ca îar Bit îar

Edl BYkeK CYb eRËa¼ mhn¹ray en¼ KW minEmn man cMeBa¼ Et xøÜn eK büeNÑa¼ eT KW man dl´ Rkúm RKÜsar ehI

yîar Edl eFVI [ man bBaHa GaRkk dl Rkúm RKÜsar KW man n&yfa Ca ábkmμ GaRkk bMput...>

RKÜsar..½ Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati enA kñúg Gtisuxumelak

RKÜsar evotNam KW Ca BiPB elak tUc mYy...> GVI Edl BYk Gñk bs©im RbeTs ehA fa ².RKÜsarrgVg tU c.³ (RKÜsar

Edl man Et ]Buk m¹aynig kUn) RtÚv án bBa©Úl eTA kñúg ²RKÜsar rgVgFM.³ (jati snþan/ bg bðÚn) nig RKÜsar Edl

yk Èam xag Exß ]Buk...> îar ec¼ RsLaj jati snþan man rYm bBa©Úl TaMg Gñk Edl án TTYl mrNÔaB nig Gñk

Edl BuM Tan ekIt enA eLIy eday dak p:úM enA kñúg cMNg samKI: xag ÔaB suxdum xag sμartInig smÖar£.¬31¦...>

Ca dMbUgnig sMxan Cage K eK beRgón ekμg.@ GMBI ².ehov.³ Edl Ca KuNFm’ sMxan rbs sg:m...> esckI¹

xVl´ s¹I GMBI îar cg´ tb sñg én ².GWn.³ (îar tb sñg KuN) eTA dl´ ]Buk m¹aynigbuBV burs KW Ca kmøaMg d¾ man

mhiT§i¬T§i xag KuNFm’ nig smiT§pl...> Èam ry£ îar RbwgERbgnig Blikmμ nig Èamry£ KuNFm’ rbs´ BYkeK

buBV burs án RbmUl kusl Edl Ca Epñk mYy én mt’k rbs RKÜsar eday man îar RbemIl emIl BI sMNak BBYk

eTvÈa...>

mnusß Na Edl enA rs ran man CIvit KW RtÚv Cab bMNul buBVburs rbs mnusß ena¼ min cMeBa¼ fa mnusß

ena¼ án bMeBj sña éd FM eFg bünNa eLIy nig min cMeBa¼ fa mnusß ena¼ rg Tukç evTna F¶n´ bünNa eLIy...>

mnusß ena¼ RtÚv Et GrKuN cMeBa¼ buBVburs cMeBa¼ mHÚb Gahar Edl mnusß ena¼ brieÔaK cMeBa¼ eKhdæan Edl

mnusß ena¼ rs´ enA b¹I ¦ RbBn§ rbs´ mnusß ena¼ dI FøI rbs´ mnusß ena¼ smaCikÔaB enA kñúg PUmi rbs´ mnusß

ena¼ Biess Cag en¼ eTA eTot ena¼ KWcMeBa¼ CIvit mnusß ena¼ pÞal...> mnusß ena¼ TTYl án pl k¾edaysar

104 CMBUk TI .4

Et îar RbmUl kusl pl buNü Edl smaCik Rkúm RKÜsar án xitxM eFVI Gs eBl Ca yUrNas mk ehIy nig BI

kiti¹sBÞ rbs´ RKÜsar...> eCaKC&y îan´ Et bEnSm TRmg´ bMNul Et min Gac sg rYc TaMg Gs´ eLIy...> RKÜsar

nImYy.@ RtÚv xitxM eFVI îar F¶n´ edIm,I rkßa cMNg Tak´Tg CamYy Gñk Citxag CamYy eRBóg lan nig CamYy Gñk

PUmi TaMg Gs´...> bBaj Tak´ Tg en¼ eFIV [ mnusß RKb´ rUb Tuk sRmab´ pl RbeyaCn_ rbs´ Rkúm RKÜsar erog.@xøÜn...> îatBVkic© man cMeBa¼ Gñk Edl minTan´ ekIt nig Gñk Edl søab´ eTA ehIy pg Edr...> îatBVkic© cm,g KW

man cMeBa¼ RKÜsar pÞal ehIy en¼ KW Ca kic©îar Edl Ëμan TI bBa©b eLIy...>

eËalîarN_ vb,Fm’ KW ep¹at eTA elI Rkúm RKÜsar Edl man smaCik eRcIn Edl edIr tY tMNag [ Gg:ÔaB

Et mYy man îar eFVI smahrNkmμ Ëña yag lð nig man îarerobcM rcna sm<&n§ Ebb BI elI cu¼ eRîam pg...> GMNac

TaMg Gs´ rYm TaMg kmμsiT§i RTBü sm,ti¹ pg KW Ca rbs´ ]Buk m¹ay ehIy kUn eÏA RtÚv Et s¹ab´ Èam GVI Edl BYkËat´

cg án...> îarrMelaP bMBaneTA elI îar eËarB krNIiykic© Ca kUn Edl Es¹g [ eXIj c,as ena¼ nwg xus c,ab

ehIy nwg RtÚv TTYl TNkmμ yäg dMNM BI GaCJaFr Rbsin ebI man nrNa mñak´ ray îarN_ [ dwg...> F¶n´ Cag en¼eTA eTot ena¼ KW fa nrNa mñak´ RtÚv án eK rk eXIj fa man kMhus Bak´ B&n§ nwg criya maryaT Ebb en¼ enA

kñúg RkEs EPñk rbs saÎarNCn Gñk ena¼ Ég nwg TTYl rg nUv TRmg én ÔaB Gamas Gs mYy CIvit...>

îareËarB buBV burs (dUnÈa) KW edIm,I BRgwg nig epÞrKMnit edIm,I beg;It án Ca cMNg samK:I ÔaB rwg maM én

RKÜsar mYy...> crit lkçN£ én sg:m RbéB NI evotNam man ¬s Kl mk BI bMNg RKÜsar en¼Ég...> ÔaB Ca

smaCik nig TIÈaMg NamYy enA kñúg RKÜsar rbs nrNa mñak KW Ca ÎatupßM sMxan én Gt¹sBaØaN buK:lnig sg:m...>

îar RárB§ BiFI enA kñúg Rîan RKÜ evotNam buraN KW man ÔaB sm,Úr Ebbnig Ebøk.@ Ëña buEn¹ BiFI Ebb en¼ ebI eK eFVI

cMeBa¼ buB V burs Biess NamYy ena¼ KW ÏaM ác RtÚv man îar cUl rYm BI mnusß eRcIn Ëña edIm,I eFVI [ BiFI ena¼ man ÔaB

GFikGFmnig sMxan...> buNü xYb rM lwk buBV burs Edl án Eck zan eTA ehIy ena¼ RtÚv eK eFIV eLIg Ca erog ralÌñaM

ehIy kñúg Bi FI en¼ man îarerobcM Ca rbs rbr sRmab Esn Ca lkçN£ pøÚv îar eTot pg...> Gñk cUlrYmkñúg BiFI en¼

Gac man cMnYn Ca mFüm ¦ eRcIn KW GaRs&y eTA elI ÔaB Cit dit ¦k¾ zan£ rbs buBVbursena¼ ehIy k¾ Ga Rs&y eTA

elI RTBüFn rbs Cn Edl Cab Exß xag ]Buk...> Gñk RsI eL FI ekV (Lê Th* Qu+) niyay fa..½

elakGñk RtÚv Et cUlrYm kñúg BiFI CYb CuM RKÜsar Na mYy edIm,I án yl dwg GMBI GarmμN_ dl CnCati evotNam man

cMeBa¼ RKÜsar BYkeK.> enA kñúg briyaîas Edl eBar eBj eTA eday îarcgÏaM RbéBNInig TMenom Tmøab´ en¼

zananuRkm RKÜsar RtÚván eKesuIb sYr emIl yäg yk cit¹ Tuk dak´.> smaCik mñak´ min cMeBa¼ fa zan£ sg:m

Ëat Ca GVI ena¼ eT k¾ man kEnøg rbs Ëat mYy enA cM BI mux Gasn£ dUn Èa (kEnøg kug ma) nig enA tu Cb elog eTA

Èam lMdab´ lMeday én CMnan´ mnusß nig Èam Gayu kñúg cMeNam smaCik RKÜsar rbs´ Ëat´ ena¼ Edr.> enA kñúg

briyaîas Ebb en¼ buK:l mñak át bg nUv ÔaB Ca xøÜn Ég nig man GarmμN_ FUr Rsal enA kEnøg ena¼ Ég.> enA

TI ena¼ ehIy Edl Ëat´ EsVg rknUv kmøaMg Ca Rkúm.> Gñk ena¼ Ég nwg min pøas´ b¹Úr TI kEnøg rbs´ Ëat´ enA kñúg Rkúm

en¼ eT eTa¼ bI Ca TI kEnøg déT eTot lð RbesIr yäg Na k¾ eday.¬32¦.>

Exß RsLay xag ]Buk Edl man smaCik Ca eRcIn nig man ÔaB FUr Îar Gac man îar RbmUl p¹úM Ebb en¼


yag ehac Nas rab sib dg kñúg mYy ÌñaM Edr cMENk É RKÜsar déT eTot k¾ man îar CYb CuM Ëña Ebb en¼ eRcIn dg

kñúg mYy ÌñaM Edr...> b¨uEnþ cMnYn mnusß Edl mk cUlrYm ÔaB erobcM lðit lðn´ én BiFI cMnYn mHÚb cMNInig ePsC¢£

Edl yk mk Esn en¼ KW man ÔaB xus.@ Ëña xøaMg...> eday }t ex©a¼ RKÜsar nImYy.@ Kb,I Et man dI mYy cMENk

edIm,I RárB§ eFIV BiFI en¼...> dI ena¼ eK [ eQμa¼ fa ².dI FUbnig ePøIg.³ ehIydI d¾ s&ki¹ siT§i en¼ TTYl îar îarBar

eday c,ab´ nig TMenom Tmøab´...> BiFI Ebb en¼ KWCa Epñk mYy én TMnak´ TM ng d¾rwg maM rbs´ sg:m Edl man cMNg

GnÞg GarmμN_ nig kiriyamaryaT enA kñúg pñt´ KMnit Gñk cUlrYm TaMg Gs´...> îar Edl RKÜsar mk CYb CuM Ëña eFVI BiFI

rMlwk xYb Gñk Edl Eck zan eTA ehIy KW edIm,I [ Rkúm RKÜsarán dwg BI ¬s Kl´ én sac´ saelahit rbs´xøÜn

nig rwt cMNg samK:IÔaB Ëña kñúg RKÜsar nig beg;It ectna RsLaj´ cMeBa¼ RKÜsar...> enA kñúg RKÜsar nImYy.@

GñkEdl enA rs´ Gñk Edl án TTYl mrNÔaB ehIynig Gñk Edl min Tan´ ekIt pg ena¼ án cg Ô¢ab´ Ëña kñúg

cMNg Edl zit enA kñúg Rkœ eb¼ dUg mYyén îar Bwg Bak Ëña eTA vij eTA mk...>

buBVburs enA Et Ca Gñk cUlrYmyag skmμ enA kñúg CIvÔaB rbs RKÜsar eBal KW cUlrYm Eck rMElk esckI¹

sux nig Tukç eRkIn rMlwk kuM [ eFVI GaRkk´ nig TUnμan kuM [ elaP ln´ RTBü sm,ti¹...> dUn Èa TaMg ena¼ eFVI îar enA É

zan eRîam edIm,I CYy RKÜsar [ man suxumalÔaB...> dUn Èa enA ÏaM XøaM emIl nig ÏaM CYy kUn eÏA....> enA eBl

RbQmmux nwg îar seRmccit¹ sMxanNamYy ena¼ man CnCati evotNam mYy cMnYn eRCIs erIs îar niyay Ca

mYy smaCik RKÜsar Edl søab eTA ehIy edIm,I CYy îar eyabl...> buBV burs Gac CYy nig p¹l dMbUnμan ehIy

man eBl xø¼ dak TNkmμ dl kUn eÏA xøÜn eTot pg buEn¹ TaMg Gs en¼ KW suT§ Et edIm,I RKÜsar bueNÑa¼...>ebI Tuk bI Ca RKÜsar nImYy.@ suT§ Et án Rbwg ERbg CYy xøÜn Ég eday min ÏaM ác Bwg Bak Gñk déT k¾eday k¾

BYkeK enA Et Kit BI îar RbkYt RbECg kñúg sg:m Ca Cag EsVg rk ÔaB Éeîa...> îar RbkYt RbECg rvag RKÜsar ekIt

man eLIg enA kñúg ².RbB&n§ vNÑ£.³ mYy Edl ebIk cMh eFVI [ RKÜsar man kitüanuÔaB Èam zananuRkm Edl man

Et saÎarNmti bueNÑa¼ Ca Gñk îat esckI¹...> Gñk PUmi eFIV îar vinicä&y eday Epðk elI smÔaB én zan£ nig CMhr RKÜsar

eTA Èam Gakb,kiriya rbs smaCik RKÜsar...> RTBü sm,ti¹ kRmit vb,Fm’ zan£ nig kitüanuÔaB k¾ Ca kmμbT

én îar [ témøelI RKÜsar Edr buEn¹ va min Emn Ca kÈþa kMNt Edl eK niym ena¼ eT...>

mnusß kt´ sm:al´ GMBI kMhus nig KuNvibtþi ehIy BYkeK án CECk GMBI erOg hñwg...> mnusß man îar P&y

xøac cMeBa¼ îar esIc cMGknigîar niyay edIm...> dUecñ¼ mnusß RtÚv bgçM citþ EsVgrk zan£ x<g´ x<s´ Et BYk eK k¾

RtÚv cMNay eRcIn Edr...> Ca Biess TMnak´ TMng Ëña eTA vij eTA mk eBl man BiFI buNü rvag RKÜsar nig

shKmn_PUmi KW Ca {îas Edl sb,úrsCn RtÚv Et bgðÜt bgðr edIm,I bBa¢ak BI ÔaB man zan£ rbs BYkxøÜn nigFn

Îan rbs RKÜsar...>

enA eBl eK kt´ eQμa¼ rbs´ ekμg Rbús mñak´ kñúg bBa¢I rbs´ PUmi eK RtÚv Et eFVI BiFI buNü nig CUn CMnUn...>

BiFI buNü sB cMNayGs Rák îas eRcIn Cag en¼ eTA eTot...> RKÜsar Edl FUr Îar cMNay Rákîas yag

eRcIn sn§wk sn§ab´ sRmab´ erobcM BiFI îan´ Tukçnig buNü sB...> GaBah_BiBah_ man ÔaB saM júaM eRcIn nig

Ïay luy k¾ eRcIn Edr...> eBl eKBinitü [ án dit dl´ eTA elI îar erob GaBah_BiBah_ eK rk eXIj y¨ag

106 CMBUk TI .4

eRcIn GMBI vb,Fm’ RbéBNI nigrebob RbRBwt¹ eTA rbs´ sg:mevotNam Ca Biess cMeBa¼ vrCn nigGñk Edl

man mhicäÈa sg:m...>

GaBah_BiBah_

eyIg Gac Tuk îar erob îar fa mun dMbUg Ca îar crÏa nig îar sRmú¼ sRmÜl Ëña rvag RKÜsar BIr...> dUecñ¼ îar eRCIs

erIs KU Rskr KW minEmn eFVI eLIg eday buK:l mñak eT KW ]Buk m¹ay Ca Gñk erIs [ eday Ca erOy.@ man Ïas TuM

enA kñúg RKÜsar CYy pg Edr.¬33¦...> kUn RkmuM eRcIn Et eTA rs´ enA Ca mYy ¦ y¨ag ehac Nas´ k¾ rs´ enA Ek,r

]Buk m¹ay xag b¹I rbs´ nag ehIy nag RtÚv eËarB RbNib&tn_ ]Buk m¹ay ekμk rbs´ xøÜn [ elIs BI ]Buk m¹ay

beg;It xøÜn eTA eTot...> eday sar nag eTA rs´ enA kñúg RKÜsar xag b¹I kñúg nam Ca Gñk eRîA mñak´ dUecñ¼ nag RtÚv

p:ab cit¹ minEmn Rtwm Et b¹I rbs nag Et mñak ena¼ eT KW RKÜsar TaMg mUl ehIy Ca Biess ena¼ KW m¹ay ekμk rbs

nag...>

cMeBa¼ RKÜsar TaMg sg xag Rbîar sMxan´ Edl RtÚv eCo s vag KW îar eFVI [ RKÜsar ák´ mux eday rg nUv

ÔaB Gam¨as´ NamYy dUc Ca Èam ry£ îar RbEkkminRBmTTYlykGaBah_BiBah_ enA kBal hVÚg mnusß mñaCaeRcIn dUecñ¼ ehIy án Ca erOy.@ eK RtÚv eRbI Gñk Ec cUv [ CYy kñúg erOg en¼...> eK man îar Kit KUr lðit lðn´

Nas´ mun nwg seRmc erIs GnaKt KU Rskr Na mñak´ KW eK RtÚv emIl GMBI FnÎan crit suCIvFm’ ekr#¹ eQμa¼

}T§iBl GMNac nig îar rMBwg Tuk Epñk hirBaØvtSú eTA éf¶ xag mux rbs KU Rskr rUb en¼ nig RKÜsar rbs Ëat...>

RbéBNI rbs Gñk Rsúk eRcIn Et eFVI îar eRCIs erIs en¼eTA eday gay.@ (eday îat eÏal RbéBNI sμúK

sμaj Èam Ebb cine Ïal xø¼) Et sg;t F¶nelI BiFI Ô¢ab Bakü...> rebob eRCIs erIs KU Rskr TaMg en¼ eK yk mk

Gnuvt¹ Ca saÎarN£ eTA ehIy nig án îøay Ca TMenom Tmøab rbs CnCati evotNam îan Et c,as nig îan Et

cMNay Rák îas eRcIn...> eK erob cMBiFI Ô¢ab Bakü eLIg Ca lkçN£ bgHaj [ dwg Ca pøÚvîar [ eK TTYl s:al

ehIy man îar elIk CMnUn BI RKÜsar kUn kemøa¼ eTA CUn xag RKÜsar kUn RkmuM...>

BiFI GaBah_BiBah_ eK [ eQμa¼ fa ².erOk yU¨v.³ (r#½c dâu)...> ².erOk.³ mann&y fa ².TTYl.³

².sVaKmn_.³ ².dEgH.³...> ².yUv.³ mann&y BIr KW ².kUnRkmuM (kñúgBiFI mg:lîar).³ nig ².kUnRbsa RsI.³...> Cn

Cati evotNam niyay fa ².ykRbBn§.³ ¦ ².ÈaMgRKÜsar.³ buEn þmin Edl pßar Ô¢ab Ca mYy nwg BiFI GaBah_BiBah_

eLIy...> ehIy eK min Edl | eK niyay fa BiFI erob GaBah_BiBah_ sMedA elI ².îar sVaKmn_ Priya mñak.³ ena¼

Edr...> Ca TUeTA eK EtgEt niyay fa ².sVaKmn_ kUn Rbsa RsI.³...> tYnaTI rbs kUn RkmuM kñúg nam Ca kUnRbsa

Edl kMNt eday sg:mnig vb,Fm’ KW FM Cag tYnaTI fμI rbs nag Ca Priya...> Rbîar Edl sMxan Cage K cMeBa¼ tY

naTI rbs nag KW enA eBl Edl nag RtÚv eTA rs enA Ca smaCik fμI mñak CamYy RKÜsar fμI mYy...> îar Edl nag Gac

eFVI smahrNkmμ cUl eTA kñúg RKÜsar fμI rbs nag ena¼Ég ehIy Ca erOg sMxan xøaMg...>

BiFI GaBah_BiBah_ man îar Bak B&n§ nwg nimit¹ rUbnigtfÔaB én îar bBa¢Ún kUn RkmuM BI eKhdæan rbs nag eTA

îan´ eKhdæan rbs´ kUn kemøa¼...> kUn kemøa¼ eday man mit¹ Pk¹inig sac´ jati RKÜsarEh hm kMdr pg edIr Ca


k,Ün eTA îan pÞ¼ kUn RkmuM edIm,I suM yk rUb nag nig dEgH nag eTA îan pÞ¼ rbs xøÜn...> îar N_en¼ man eBl xø¼ Gac

eFVI rhUt dl qøg îat BI PUmi mYy eTA PUmi mYy eTot pg...> xag narI.@ cUl cit¹ erob îar enA Ca mYy jati PUmi pg rbg

Ca mYy buEn¹ KU GnaKt Edl ski¹ sm nwg nag min Rákd fa Canic©îal Gac rk eXIj enA k ñúg PUmi ena¼ eLIy...>

man îar ray Exß cg sÞak pøÚv k,Ün dEgH en¼ edIm,I suM [ Gñk Edl mk TTYlyk kUn RkmuM bg Rák Camun sin eTIb

GnuBaØat [ eTA...> Gñk Edl cg Exß sÞak yk luy en¼ KW Gñk enA Èam PUmi Rkúm mnusß Èam PUmi tUc.@ nig k¾ man

Rkúm sac jati cUl rYm pg Edr...> enA eBl Edl RKÜsar xag kUnkemøa¼ eTA pÞ¼ xag kUnRkmMu eBl ena¼ Gac man

îar sÞak bBaÄb k,Ün dEgH en¼ m¹g eTot Edl eFVI eLIg eday xag bg bðÚn beg;It xag kUn RkmuM edIm,IsuM luy ².ebIk

mat´TVar rbg.³...> îar ².sÞak´ pøÚv.³ TaMg en¼ bBa¢ak´ GMBI n&y RCal eRCA én Gt¹sBaØaN rYm Edl sm:al´ Rkúm

TaMg en¼...> enA É eKhdæan kUn RkmuM kUn kemøa¼ Rîab fVay bg:M enA cMeBa¼ mux Gasn£ dUn Èa (kEnøg kug m¨a) rbs

RKÜsar kUn RkmuM mun Ïak ecj BI pÞ¼ en¼ eTA eday BiFIen¼ dUc Ëña eTA nwg GVI Edl Ëat án eFVI cMeBa¼ dUnÈa rbs Ëat

G‘Icwg Edr...> cug bBa©b man BiFI Bisa ePsC¢£ ehIy bn¹ic eRîay mk k,Ün en¼ k¾ ecj dMeNIr eTA...>

îar Edl man bg bðÚn mit¹ Pki¹ nig Gñk Edl mk CYy epßg.@ eTot enA B&T§ CMuvij nag KW Ca nimit¹ rUb én îar

îar Bar kUn RkmuM BI exμac bisac enA Èam pøÚv Ca Biess enA eBl Edl BiFI dEgH en¼ eFVI dMeNIr qøg BI PUm i mYy eTA

PUmi mYy...> RKÜsarnig PUmi KW Ca Rkúm Edl beg;It Ca lkçN£ vb,Fm’ Edl Ca Epñk d¾ sMxan én sg:m...> kUn RkmuM

Elg Ca kUn RsI eTot ehIy nig nag k¾ min Tan´ Ca kUn Rbsa ¦ Priya enA eLIy Edr...> enA eBl Edl qøg îat´ BI

RKÜsar mYy eTA RKÜsar mYy eTot ¦ BI PUmi mYy eTA PUmi mYy eTot kUn RkmuM sSit enA eRîA vb,Fm’ KW nag sSit enA

kñúg BiPB FmμCati mYy Edl eBareBj eday eRËa¼ fñak eBal KW nag îøay Ca mnusß mñak Edl Éeîa Ëμan GMNac

nig gay rg eRËa¼...>

enA ÉeKhdæan rbs kUn kemøa¼ nag RtÚv eFVI BiFI eËarB dUn Èa dUc GVI Edl kUn kemøa¼ án eFIV enA pÞ¼ rbs nag...>

enA xN£ ena¼ Ég ehIy Edl kUn RkmuMnig kUn kemøa¼ erobcM eFVI BiFI d¾ xøI mYy Edl eFIV [ BYkeK îøay Ca sVamInig

Priya...> bnÞab mk eTot man BiFI BiFI Cbelog d¾ FM mYyeTA Èam meFüaáy rbs RKÜsar...> bnÞab BI ePJóv Ïak

ecj eTA bþI RbBn§ efμag fμI nwg cUl eTA kñúg bnÞb Edl Ca RËa dMbUg Edl Gñk TaMg BIr Ïab ep¹Im s:al Ëña...> kUn RkmuM fμI

efμag Gacman îar lM ák kñúg îar cUlrYm Eck rMElk [ án eBj elj nUv CIvÔaB menaseBa©tna d¾ sm,Úr Ebb

Edl cgÔ¢ab b¹I ]Buk m¹ay ekμk bg bðÚn éfø nig CI dUn CI Èa xag b¹I m¹ay mIg nig ]Buk ma xag b¹I eTA Ca sm<n§ÔaB Cit

sñiT§ enA kñúg eKhdæan...> enA kñú g pÞ¼ ena¼ Gac man smaCik RKÜsar rs enA CuM Ëña eRcIn Edl eFVI [ nagnig b¹I nag man

ÔaB Ca ÉkCn tic tYc edIm,I beg;It ÔaB sñiT§ sñal Ca lkçN£ b¹I RbBn§ án...>

man Et eBl evla b¨ueNÑa¼ Edl bn¹ic m¹g.@ GaceFVI [ nag bBa©Úl xøÜn xag pøÚv seBa©tna cUl eTA kñúg

RKÜsar fμI en¼ án...> Tal Et Gs cMeNr îal eRcIn ÌñaMknøg put eTA KW Tal Et nag sRmal buRt FIÈa nig ciBa©wm

bI ác BYk va CYy emIl Ef TaM Gñk Edl QW f;at Gac rk Rák án Edl nag Gac CYy rYm cMENk rk RTBü rYm nig

án bgHaj [ eXIj BI BlikmμRBmTaMg Pk¹I ÔaB cMeBa¼ RKÜsar fμI en¼ sin eTIb nag Gac Ïab ep¹Im TTYl án mk vij

nUv TMhM én îar ËaM RT xag Epñk sμartI...> dUc Ëña eTA nwg krNI ykic© rbs´ kUn cMeBa¼ ]Buk m¹ay nig bðÚn.@ cMeBa¼

108 CMBUk TI .4

bg.@ Edr RbBn§KW Ca kUn Rbsa EdlRtÚv ec¼ CYy yk Gasa nig ec¼ s¹ab bg:ab...>

erOg eRBg RbCaRbiy rbs´ Gñk Rsúk evotNam eRcIn bgHaj [ eXIj GMBI KMrU én îar eFIV Blikmμ d¾ FM eFg

rbs´ Priya cMeBa¼ sVamI...> buËn¹ Rbsin ebI Priya pit k,t ¦ min s¹ab bg:ab sVamI enA kñúg erOg eRBg ena¼ nag

Etg Et RtÚv TTYl îar dak´ eTasnig man eRËa¼ mhn¹ ray ekIt eLIg...> ehIy man erOg niTan Ca eRcIn elIk

eLIg GM BI ®sI¹ Edl cecs rwg rUs eRcIn Et naM mk nUv bBaHa min ec¼ cb...> buEn¹ sac erOg min sUv bgHaj [ eXIj

®sI¹ Ëμan smtSÔaB ®sI¹ Ìab´ eCO smIþ eK ¦ gay RsÜl [ eK RtÜt RÈa...> enA kñúg erOg niTan xø¼ KW man ®sI¹ man

RáCJa Qøas év nig BUEk Gt Fμt ec¼ CYy b¹I Edl RbRBwt¹ Ì:aM q:g...>

eday man krNI ykic© kMNt´ eday Rkm én îarRbRBwtþnig KuN témøEdl eK án eron îal enA BI tUc

bgHaj GMBI îar elIk mux elIk mat´ ÔaB emÈþa kruNa Ca saÎarN£ nig zan£ îargar x<s´ Rt Edt dUc Edl man

enA kñúg erOg niTan nig enA kñúg CIvÔaB RbÏaM éf¶ rbs´ Gñk Rsúk evotNam fa burs evotNam hak´ dUc Ca xV¼

CMnaj xag kic©îar esdækic© ebI eRbóbeFob eTA nwg ®sI¹ evotNam...> RKÜsar nImYy.@ KW dUc Ca RbeTs Cati tUc

mYy G‘Icwg...> b¹I KW dUc Ca Rbmux rdæ nig TTYl xus RtÚv xag kic©îar Tak´Tg breTs cMENk É RbBn§ vij KW Ca

rdæm®n¹I RksYg mhaépÞ nig RKb´ RKg luy îak´...> man îar Ebg Eck îargar Ca lkçN£ pøÚvîar ehIy tYnaTI

epßg.@ suT§ man KuN témøeday ELk rbs va...>

®s¹I mYy rUb Edl ².lð.³ KW Ca ®sI¹ Edl ec¼ eFVI Blikmμ xøÜn Ég ec¼ snßM sMéc «sßah_ enA brisuT§ ehIy

Edl ec¼ eFVI Blikmμ x<s´ cMeBa¼ sVamI nag...> nag KW Ca ®sI¹ ².minlð.³ Rbsin ebI nag h‘an smøwg emIl RbúsEt

mñak´ epßg eTot...> Cn Cati evotNam man ÔaB elc eÎøa xøaMg elIs eK xag man s¹g´dar min esμI ÔaB Ëña kñúg îar

vinicä&y eTAelI îar RbRBwt¹ xag emfunkmμ rbs´ bursnig ®sI¹...> CMenO KuN témø }riyabf nig bTdæan Edl

Bak´ B&n§ nwg îar RbRBwtþ emfun TaMg Gs´ en¼ man îar Tak´ Tg Ëña yäg Cit dit eTA nwg eËal KMnit d¾ elIs lb´ én

RKÜsar ehIy RtÚv BRgwg bEnSm eday KuN témøén ².ehov.³...>

îatBVkic© Ca cm,g rbs´ ².ehov.³ KW p¹l´ kUn eÏA Rbús Ca Gñk Ef rkßa bn¹ îar eËarB bUCa dUnÈa...> îar

sgß&y elI îar Ca ]Buk rbs´ kUn kñúg Rîan RKÜ KW Ca îar naM [ man kgVl´ }t «bma ehIy ÔaB Ca m¹ayminEdl

RtÚváneKelIkmkniyay ena¼ eT...> vismÔaB ePTekIt eLIg edayeCos min rYc BI ÔaB xus Ëña én rcna sm<&n§

rvag bursnig RKÜsar rbs Ëat ehIy rvag ®sI¹nig RKÜsar TaMg sg xag rbs nag Edl mYy KW RKÜsar BI kMeNIt

nig mYy eTot CaRKÜsar eRîay eBl erob îar...> tRmÚv îar ÏaM ác´ rbs´ RKÜsar tRmÚv [ TaMg burs TaM g ®sI¹

eFVI îar beRmI büEn¹ tRmÚvîar en¼ man ÔaB xus Ëña xøaMg rvag ePT BIr en¼...> man mnusß tic tYc Nas´ ánsYrnaM

GMBI mUldæan én CIvÔaB sg:m Edl án dak suxumalÔaB rbs RKÜsar FMCag bMNg Ráfña nig îar cg án rbs

buK:l mñak.@...>

buNü tit.½ BiFI buNü RbÏaM ÌñaM rbs´ RKÜsar

îarcUl mk dl én buNü cUl ÌñaM (buNü tit t+t) beg;It Ca nimit¹rUb d¾ eRcIn elIs lb én îar eFVI smahrNkmμ...>


Gñk Rsúk naM Ëña erobcM yagyUr Tuk Ca mun sRmab buNü cUlÌñaM eday briyaîas rMBwg Tuk yag rIk ray ...> enA eBl

éf¶ buNü man buBVburs nwg mk elg ehIy RKÜsar TaMg mUl nwg mk CYb CuM Ëña...> edIm,I sVaKmn_ ÌñaM fμI RKÜsar mYy

dac xat RtÚv erob cM TTYl enA BI mux Gasn£ dUn Èa...> en¼ KW îar RárB§ BiFI mYy yag sMxan rbs RKÜsar Edl enA

rs...> Blrdæ GaemriîaMg man îar lMák nwg yl GMBI fa etI buNü tit man sar£sMxan yag Na ena¼ Nas...>

buNü tit eRbób dUc buNü NUEGl buNü Â¨ak eBl yb´ Qan cUl éf¶ buNü cUlÌñaM buNü Eføg GMNr KuN

RB¼ nig éf¶ TI 4 kk;da (éf¶ xYb îar án ÉkraCü) rbs´ Cn Cati GaemriîaMg TaMgGs´ en¼ KW man rYm kñúg BiFI buNü

Et mYy Kt´...> îar RárB§ BiFI tit Ca mYy Rkúm RKÜsar KW man sar£ sMxan´ xøaMg Nas´ eRBa¼ îar RárB§ en¼ KW Ca

Epñk mYy én ÔaB Ca CnCati evotNam RtLaMg nig Ca mnusß eBj lkçN£...> enA eBl Edl éf¶ cUlÌñaM cUl mk

dl sMeLg lan kg rMBg én sñÚr pÞú¼ pav nig sñÚr CYg | xÞ&r eBj PUmi...> kñúg RbeTs TaMg mUl eK |sUr Et sMeLg

ERsk eh‘a rk Ëña nigeTA îan buBVburs nig BBYk eTvÈa yag sb,ay GWg kg eday semøgeqøIy qøg Ëña nwg bRgÜb

bRgÜm CnCati evotNam [ eTA Ca RbCaCn Et mYy CuMvij sñÚl vb, Fm’ rbs BYkeK...>

PUmizan Ebb buraN rbs´ Cn Cati evotNam

PUmi zan nig RbeTs Cati Gac eRbób dUc Ca RKÜsar FM mYy ehI y RKÜsar KW Ca RbeTs Cati tUc ¦ PUmi zan tUc mYy...>

enA tMbn ÔaK xag eCIgnig evotNam kBal (buEn¹ minEmn enA kñúg tMbn xag t,Úg Edl man RbCa Blrdæ eTIbmk ÈaMg lMenA nig manmnusß rs enA tic Cag xag eCIg) PUmi zan man sÔaB biT Citnig Ca shKmn_ rYm eday

man kRmit s&VyÔaB x<s.¬34¦...> PUmikr TaMg Gs´ enA dac BI PUmi epßg.@ eTot xNEck eday val ERs...> pÞ¼sEm,g kñúg PUmi eRcIn Et enA p¹úM Ëña eday man rbg edIm¬sßI Rîas enA B&T§ CuMvij pÞ¼ TaMg ena¼ Ca lkçN£ rUb vn¹ nig

Ca nimit¹rUb eFVI [ shKmn_ enA dac´ ecj BI tMbn´ Cn bT Edl enA Ek,r ena¼ nig sSit enA dac´ ecj BI shKmn_

déT eTot pg...> enA kñúg tMbn man Gñk Rsúk rs enA eK Gac cUl eTA án Et Èam exøag TVar Edl man tubEtg p;a

PJI Ca exøag TVar Edl rwgmaM sRmab´ îarBar nig exøag TVar Edl Ca nimit¹rUb ehIy exøag TVar en¼ nwg RtÚv biT Ïak´

esa enA eBl yb...> exøag TVar en¼ KW Ca mux mat rbs PUmi Edl bgHaj eTA dl BiPB elak Edl Ca sBaØa xag

eRîA mYy én Gt¹sBaØaN nig bdirUb én îar eËarB xøÜn Ég Ca smUhÔaB...> enA xag kñúg man ².Dij.³ (zình)

Edl Ca eb¼ dUg rbs PUmi...> ².Dij.³ Îøab Ca mCÄmNl erob cM BiFI nig Ca sala PUmi...>kEnøg en¼ ehIy KW Ca TI d¾ Rbtükß én îar pßar bBa©Úl Ëña én neyaáy nig sasnarbs CIvÔaB Gñk PUmi...>

CIvÔaB Ebb sasna enA É ².Dij.³ ekIt eLIg enA CuMvij esckI¹ eËarB én Gñk Èa Ef rkßa PUmi ( Gñk Èa Ïas´Rsúk)

Edl ÏatÈaMg eday RB¼ raCa edIm,I eFVI Ca nimit¹ rUb bgHaj fa shKmn_ en¼ Bit Ca TTYl án nUv zan£ Ca pøÚv îar fa

Ca PUmi mYy KW Gg:ÔaB rdæál Bak´ kBal s&Vy ÔaB...> Gñk Èa án p¹l´ [ nUv beg:al sRmab´ Gt¹sBaØaN PUminig eFIV tMNag Ca nimit¹ rUb én ².Rbvti¹ sa®s¹ RbéBNI eËalîarN_ sIlFm’ Rkm nItüanukUl nig esckI¹ Ráfña

rbs´ PUmi TaMg mUl.³.¬35¦...> ².Dij.³ k¾ Ca kEnøg sRmab´ BiFI buNü Cb´ elog sRmab´ îar eFVI sî;arbUCa Ca

saÎarN£ nig ÉkCn sRmab BiFI buNü saÎarN£ TaMg GsTaMg xag GaNacRk nig pøÚv sasna...>

110 CMBUk TI .4

erogral´ ÌñaM Gñ k PUmi erob cM BiFI Ca eRcIn edIm,I fVay nUv eRKÓg sî;arbUCa eTAdl´ Gñk Èa eday BiFI en¼

erob cM y¨ag {Larik éRk Elg...> BiFI TaMg en¼ shKmn_ Ca Gñk eFVI kñúgnam shKmn_ nig sRmab´shKmn_

eday bBa¢ak nUv KuN témø esckI¹ RtÚv îar nig kgVl rbs Rkúm rYm TaMgGs...> en¼ KW Ca nimit¹rUb d¾ man GtSn&y...>

eday ep¹at xøaMg eTA elI Gñk Èa Ïas Rsúk skmμÔaB én BiFI rbs Gñk PUmi enA É ².Dij.³ eFVI eLIg edIm,I Ca nimit¹rUb

tMNag [ ÔaB Bwg GaRs&y Ëña rbs smaCik TaMgGs rbs PUmi ehIy min Emn RËan Et edIm,I Ëña nwg Ëña ena¼ eT KW

edIm,I kmøaMg xag eRîA pg Edr eBal KW kmøaMg FmμCati kmøaMg GFiFmμCati nig sg:m Edl erob cMnig RtÜtRÈa án

yag eBj elj eday Rkúm smUhÔaB minEmn eday smaCik buK:l Na mñak eLIy...> RbéBNI eËarB Gñk Èa

en¼ qøú¼ bBa©aMg PUmi TaMg mUl sI¹ GMBI mux gar Edl sEm¹g eLIg eday TMenom Tmøab´ buBVburs sRmab´ RKÜsar

evotNam...>

min Emn Gñ kEdl rs enA kñúg PUmi TaMg Gs Edl Ca smaCik rbs PUmi Edl tMNag [ shkrN_ Rsb c,ab

RtwmRtÚv ¦ Ca smaCik rbs ²shFmμÏarI.³ Edl erob cM BiFI eLIg Gñk Èa ena¼ eT...> TaMg Ék siT§i nig îatBV kic© man

îar Bak B&n§ Ëña eTA nwg smaCikÔaB rbs PUmi ehIy smaCikÔaB en¼ minEmn Gñk RKb Ëña TTYl án eday }t Kit

éfø ena¼ eLIy...> ÔaB xusËña d¾ FM mYy enA kñúg PUmi KW man rvag Gñk Edl Ca smaCik nig Gñk Edl minEmn Ca

smaCik...> CapøÚv îar smaCik ÔaB man cMeBa¼ Et burs.@ bueNÑa¼ ehIy burs.@ ena¼ RtÚv Et man edIm kMeNIt

nig FM dwg k¹I enA kñúg PUmi ena¼ eTot pg...>

kñúgnam Ca shkrN_ mYy PUmi KW Ca m©as´ kmμsiT§i dI...> eTa¼ Ca bMENk én dI FøI Edl Ca kmμsiT§irbs´

smUhÔaB Gac man ÔaB xus.@ Ëña y¨ag Na k¾ eday k¾ kmμsiT§irYm Ëña Ebb en¼ KW Ca lkçN£ sMxan mYy én PUmikr

smUhÔaB rbs RbCaCn evotNam buraN...> dI PUmi RtÚv eK Eck saCa fμI erog ral bI ÌñaM m¹g eday p¹l dI [ RKb

RËan dl Gñk RkIRk xøaMgnig sgCMBakTaMgLayEdl án beRmI dl ´ PUmi...> dI FøI mYy cMnYn RtÚv án CYl [ Gñk PUmi

kñúg témøKit KUr mYy edIm,I beg;In Rák´ cMNUl...> RbB&n § Eck dI en¼ CYy eFVI [ man samK:I ÔaB kñúg PUmi...> Ëμan

nrNa mñak Edl enA eRîA PUmi man siT§i îan îab dI FøI PUmi ¦ Rbkb îargar elI dI FøI rbs PUmi án eLIy...> Gñk Rsúk

Gac man îar ExVg KMnit Ëña kñúg cMeNam Gñk Rsúk Ëña ÉgEdr buEn¹ BYkeK man îar samK:I Ëña sðit lμÜt eBl man erOg

Ca mYy Gñk xag eRîA...> PUmi man îarTTYl xus RtÚv rYm kñúg îar bg Bn§ Gakr eTA [ GaCJa Fr fñak elI p¹l Ca kMENn

eyaÎanig Blkmμ dl´ rdæaPiál...> PUmi Rsúk Na Edl án bMeBj RKb´ eTA Èam îatBVkic© TaMg ena¼ PUmi Rsúk

ena¼ nwg minRtÚveK rMxan eT...> Gñk xag eRîA sUm,I Et rdæaPiál kBal RtÚv eda¼ Rsay bBaHa GVI mYy Ca mYy PUmiBuM Emn Ca mYy smaCik Edl Ca buK:l mñak´.@ ena¼ eT...> man Et Èam ry£ PUmi en¼ Ég Edl mnusß mñak´ Gac man

siT§i eBj elj kñúg îar cUlrYm Ca smaCik rbs sg:m...>

sSanÔaB én zananuRkm kñúg PUmi..½ samK:IÔaB nig îar RbkYt RbECg

smaCik PUmi man zan£ eTA Èam zananuRkm twg rwug mYy eday eqøIy tb eTA Èam eQμa¼ zan£ sg:m...> lMdab´ x<s´

Cage K én zananuRkm en¼ man eQμa¼ fa ².Rkúm Rbwkßa Gñk man mux mat.³...> ebI eTa¼ bI Ca zan£nig lkçN£ vinicä&y


kñúg îar p¹l´ zan£ man ÔaB xusËña yäg Na k¾ eday k¾ RKb´ PUmi TaMg Gs´ suT§ Et man zananuRkm zan£ rbs´ xøÜn

ehIy man Rkúm Rbwkßa Gñk man mux mat enA x<s BI elI eK...> enA xag eRîam Rkúm Rbwkßa Gñk man mux mat KW man Ïas

RBwT§aÏarü kñúg PUmi ehIy enA eRîam Ïas TuM TaMg en¼ man mnusß eBj v&y enA kñúg PUmi...> enA kñúg Epñk d¾ FM TUlay

én lMdab fñak man îar EbgEck xus.@ Ëña c,as las Ca eRcIn eTot...> zan£ TaMg en¼ KW Ca tMENg Èam lMdab

ski¹ ehIy ral´ kic© îar TaMg Gs´ enA ².Dij.³ RtÚv Bak´ B&n§ nwg BiFI sar lðit lðn´ eday eËarB Èam lMdab´ zan£

en¼ yäg eTog Tat´ nig man îar sEmþg Ca lkçN£ nimit¹ rUb...> enA kñúg BiFI pøÚvîar minGac man mnusß BIr nak´

Edl manzan£ esμI Ëña án eT...>

enA kñúg bribT Cak´ Es¹g én TMnak´ TMng Canimit¹rUb enA kEnøg ².Dij.³ en¼ ehIy Edl samK:I rbs´ PUmi

RtÚv án eK sEmþg [ eXIj yäg eBj TMhwg ehIy îar RbkYt RbECg Ïab´ ep¹Im man ÔaBRsÜcRsal´ xøaMg...>

zananuRkm rYmnig skmμÔaB pøÚv îar Edl Bak B&n§ Ëña án CYy elIk sÞÜy samKI:ÔaB nig án p¹l nUv GtSn&y én

Gt¹sBaØaN enA kñúg PUmi k¾dUc Ca enA kñúg RKÜsar G‘Icwg Edr...> buEn¹ xus BI enA kñúg RKÜsar zan£ kñúg PUmi RtÚv án

RbKl [ min Emn TTYl án BI kMeNIt ena¼ eT...>

zan£ PUmi min Emn Ca Gg:îar rdæál mYy ena¼ eT...> Rkúm Rbwkßa Gñk man mux mat Ca Gñk RKb RKg îar gar PUmi

büEn¹ min Emn edIr tY Ca Gg:îar nItiRbti bti¹ ena¼ eT...> m®n¹I PUmi Gnuvt¹ ÈambMNg rbs´ Rkúm Rbwkßa...> edIm,I îøay

Ca m®nI¹ PUmi án CaerOy.@ KW Caîar lMák mYy ehIy man bnÞúk TTYl xus RtÚv eRcIn buEn¹ man GMNac Bit Rákd

tic tYcNas´ nig án Rák´ kéRmk¾ s¹Üc es¹Ig Edr...> büEn¹ tMENg Ca m®nþI GnuBaØat [ mnusß Na mñak´ Gac

eLIg zan£ kñúg zananuRkm Edl p¹l´ Ca Rck cUl eTA îan´ Rkúm Rbwkßa Gñk man mux mat´ Edl man GMNac nig

kitüanuÔaB Bit Rákd...>

zananuRkm nig esdækic© ².kitüanuÔaB.³

esdækic© ² kitüanuÔaB ³ mankb´ yäg eRCA enA kñúg zananuRkm Edl án bBa¢ak´ enA kñúg îar eËarB bUCa cMeBa¼

Gñk Èa Ïas Rsúk...> en¼ KW Ca Epñk mYy én rcna sm&<n§ Edl manîar RkkYt RbECgnig twgrwug...> mux tMENg Cak

Es¹g enA kñúg zananuRkm en¼ KW BitCa man sar£ sMxan Nas cMeBa¼ Gñk PUmi...> BYk eK RbkYt RbECg yag xøaMg îøa

edIm,I ².hUbxag elI.³ nig ² Gg:úy BI mux ³ Ëña enA ÉBiFI Cb´ elog enA kñúg Dij...> bnÞab´ BI îar erob eFVI BiFI bUCa

sMxan´.@ rYc ral´ mk nwg man BiFI Cb´ elog d¾ FM mYy Edl eK erob cM eLIg enA É Dij sRmab´ smaCik PUmi TaMg

Gs´...> BiFI Cb´ elog en¼ án kMNt´ TI ÈaMg rbs´ mnusß kñúg PUmi dUc Edl BiFI Esn dUn án kMNt´ TI ÈaMg rbs´

mnusß enA kñúg RKÜsar nig Exß RsLay xag ]Buk nImYy.@...> îarerob cM kEnøg Gg:úy enA kñúg BiFI Cb´ elog nig

îar Eck mHÚb mHa enA kñúg BiFI KW man erob rab´ lMGit [ suI Ëña eTA nwg mux tMENg sMxan´.@ enA kñúg zananuRkm en¼...>

zan£ RtÚv á n eK bgHaj [ eXIj Èam ry£ nrNa Gg:úy enA tuNa burs bunμan nak Edl RtÚv hUb Gahar mYy fas

rYm Ëña án nrNa TTYl án Epñk Na én sac Edl RtÚv Eck...> îarlMGit en¼ man ÔaB xus.@ Ëña buEn¹ RKb PUmi

TaMg Gs suT§ Et man lkçN£ Biess Ebb en¼Edr...>

112 CMBUk TI .4

elak egVón xak evon (Nguy§n Kh_c Vi©n) án Ráb [ dwg fa enA kñúg PUmi rbs Ëat..½

bnÞab BI BiFI eËarB Gñk Èam ÏasRsúk cb eTA k,al cMBu¼ nig TI bMput én k,al rbs man eQμal Edl eK yk

mk bUCa ena¼ eK yk eTA dak´ Tuk sRmab´ Gñk Edl man mux mat´ x<s´ bMput.> sUm eTvÈa CYy Gñk Edl yk

cMENkmYy énsMENn sRmabxøÚn Ég.¿¿¿.! Gñk pg k¾ Îøab | BI Gñk man mux mat Edl án RbRBwt¹ bT elμIs edIm,I

yk TI bMput én k,al man eQμal ena¼...>

min Emn eday sar erOg {Cars Edl burs TaMg Gs ena¼ RbkYt RbECg Ebb RCúl eBkdUecñ¼ena¼eT...>

Gñk man mux mat mñak.@ RbkYt RbECg CamYy Gñk déT edIm,I yk k,al man Edl eK bUCa enA kñúg BiFI en¼ eTA pÞ¼ [

án eRBa¼ enA kñúg RkEs EPñk Priya kUn nig Gñk Cit xag rbs Ëat k,al man KW Ca Ps¹úÈag Edl min Gac RbEkk

án fa Ëat Bit Ca mnusß Edl man kiti¹ys bMput enA kñúg PUmi.¬36¦.>

RbéBNI én Cn Cati evotNam TTYl s:al´ eËalîarN_ zananuRkm sg:m nig yk cit¹ Tuk kdak´ y¨ag

xøaMg GMBI mux mat nig zan£...> îar TamTar edIm,I elI k t em;Ig zan£ NamYy RtÚv Gñk PUmi déT eTotBinitü Gakb,kiriya

nig Èam dan yag epÞóg pÞat...> îar rMelaP bMBan F¶n NamYy eTA nwg Ebb bT smrmü KW Gac nwg bgçÚc kitüa nuÔaB

rbs´ RKÜsar mYy y¨ag xøaMg án...> eRBa¼fa Gñk PUmi tRmÚv [ bg´ ²Bn§³ elI kitüanuÔaB eday BYk eK ec¼ Et

Tam Tar îar CYy «btSmÖ Epñk sg:mkic© nig hirBaØvtSú...> témøén zan£ kitüanuÔaB nig îar eËarB BI sMNak´ Gñk

pg tRmÚv [ án Rbúg Rby&tñ Ca nic© [ Gnuelam eTA Èam bTdæan rbs PUmi nig [ bgðÜt kñúg sb,úris Fm’...> Rbsin

ebI mnusß Na min eFVI [ sm Rsb Èam zan£ Edl xøÜn cg án ena¼ mnusß ena¼ k¾ RtÚv át bg îareËarB BI Gñk déT...>

RKb Rkúm RKÜsar TaMg Gs suT§ Et RtÚv cMNay Rák îas m¹g m;al dUcCa îar cu¼ eQμa¼ kUn enA kñúg bBa¢I pøÚv

îar rbs PUmi BiFI buNü sB GaBah_BiBah_ CaedIm...> RKÜsar nImYy.@ Gac erob cM BiFI dUecñ¼ án eday [ Gs

Rák tic k¾ án ¦ RtÚv cMNay Rák eRcIn k¾ án buEn¹ ral skmμÔaB saÎarN£ nImYy.@ KW Ca esckI¹ Eføg îarN_

mYy Ráb [ dwg GMBI zan£nig kitüanuÔaB rbs RKÜsar xøÜn...> CarYm îar RbRBwtþ Ebb en¼ segçb nUv kitüanuÔaB

rbs buK:l nig Ca Biess rbs Rkúm RKÜsar...> sRmab Gñk Edl man kitüanuÔaB l,I nig man tMENg kñúg sg:m

Edl RtÚv îar Bar ¦ sRmab Gñk Edl kMBug Büayam edIm,I án zan£ enA kñúg zananuRkm BYk eK man CeRmIs tic

Nas...>

eTa¼ bI Ca tMENg eTA Èam zan£ TaMgen¼ RtÚ v án TTYl eday îar xM Rbwg k¾ eday k¾ TMenom Tmøab PUmi enA Et

TamTar [ manîar TTYl s:al BI Gñk pg...> îar eLIg eTA kñúg zananuRkm án KW tRmÚv [ «btSmÖBiFI Cb elog Ca

eRcIn (².eL xav vg.³ “l§ khao v¯ng”)...> ebI smaCik Na mñak eqøIy tb eTA nwg lkçN£ vinicä &y sRmab îar eLIg

zan£ án smaCik ena¼ RtÚv Et erobcM nUv îar RbKl CUn GVI mYy enA É Dij nig erobcM BiFI Cb elog mYy bnÞab mk...>

en¼Gac man n&yfa RtÚv erobcM BiFI Cb elog CUnsmaCik PUmi TaMg mUl eday xøÜn Ëat Et m¹g eBal KW eday Ïay

RTBü sm,tþi rbs Rkúm RKÜsar Ëat Ca Gñk Edl RtÚv cMNay elI BiFI en¼ ...> Rbsin ebI en¼ Ca zan£ mYyx<s ena¼

BiFI en¼ îan Et RtÚv cMNay Rák eRcIn Efm eTot...>

îar xVl´ xVay Tak´ Tg nwg mux mat´ zan£ nig kitüanuÔaB en ¼ Edl eK eXIj kñúg BiFI Esn sMENn BiFI


qøg v&y nig BiFI déT eTot Edl Ca Tmøab Gñk Rsúk án bgHaj [ eXIj BI GPismaÏar Ca TUeTAenA kñúg PUmi Edl

tRmÚv mnusß kñúg PUmi [ man citþTUlay Ca saÎarN£ Et [ man ÔaB Gtþxat Ca Ék Cn.> TMenom Tmøab enA Èam

PUmi Ca eRcIn án bgHaj [ eXIj fa man îar Rbtibti¹ nUv GPismaÏar Ebb en¼...> man îar Bis¹ar xus .@ Ëña Et

eËal îarN_ min xus Ëña eT...> KW Ca tY naTI rbs Gñk Edl man FUrÎar nig cg án muxmat x<s kñúg sg:m [ Eck

Ïay eRcIn Ca g Rkúm RKÜsar déT eTot...> Rkúm RKÜsar yk cit¹ Tukdak´ Nas´ cMeBa¼ GVI Edl Gñk Rsúk Kitnig

niyay GMBI BYkxøÜn...> BYk eK k¾ man CMenO elI sMNag ehIy yl´ fa man citþ TUlay naM mk nUv sMNag lð...>

dUecñ¼ ehIy enA kñúg RkEs EPñk Gñ k PUmi BYk eK cMNay eday }t s¹ay eday ehtu Et TMenom Tmøab´ tRmÚv [

BYk eK eFVI G‘Icwg...>

îar xVl´ xVay GMBI mux mat´ nig kiti¹ys en¼ min Emn tRmÚv Et Gñk Edl man RTBü hUr ehor eT [ yk mYy

Epñk eFVI buNü eFVI Tan büEn¹ man Gñk epßg mYy cMnYn eTot k¾ man îar sÞak´ esÞIr kñúg îar bgHaj [ eK Ég dwg GMBI

ÔaBRkIRk rbs xøÜn Edr...> mnusß min RBm TTYl GMeNay mnusß Fm’ án yäg gay eLIy...> BYkeK xM rs enA

yäg snßM sMéc bMput ebI Gac eFVI án nig xit xM rkßa [ án [eKeXIj GMBI lkçN£ FmμÈa.@.¬37¦...> eK RKb´ Ëña

RtÚv Et Bwg GaRs&y elI xøÜn Ég nig eFVI Blikmμ xøÜnÉg...> Gñk TaMg Lay Na Edl min ec¼ Bwg BakélI xøÜn Ég k¾

RtÚv Gñk Citxag ri¼ Kn´...> eËal îarN_ Edl ENnaM îar RbRBwt¹ rbs´ Rkúm RKÜsar k¾ RtÚv yk Gnuvt¹ Ca mYy PUmi

pg Edr...> dUc Gg:ÔaB smUhÔaB Edl xVl GMBI mux mat rbs BYk xøÜn PUmi TaMg mUl k¾ bgHaj nUv Gakb,kiriya Bwg

GaRs&y elI xøÜn Égnig Blikmμ xøÜn pg Edr...> Gñk PUmi sux cit¹ lMák evTna xøaMg Et min [ ák mux eday sar Et

îar suM CMnYy BI Gñk xag eRîA eLIy.¬38¦...>

bBaHa sMxan én mux mat nig bMNg Ráfña cg án kitüanuÔaB ehIy nig îar cg [ mhaCn TTYl s:al en¼

Edl man îarCab´ Bak´ B&n§ Ëña nwg CMenO Edl fa GMeB Ilð nwg naM mk nUv sMNag lð eFIV [ man yn¹ îar Rbwg ERbg

eday xøÜn Égnig kRmit vin&y xøÜn Ég en¼ eLIg...> Gñk PUmi TaMg Lay Na Edl man RTBü hUr ehor RtÚv bgçM cit¹ [

Eck Ïay mYy Epñk Ca fñÚr nwg kitüanuÔaB rI É Gñk Tal´ Rkvij man îar Biák kñúg îar TTYl yk Tan ehIy sux

citþ TTYl Et kñúg krNI Edl T&l bMput bueNÑa¼...>

eËalîarN_ CamUldæan én îar Eck Fn Îan Edl eK án Gac segçb [ xøI fa Ca ².îarEck rMElk

BIGñkEdlcg´ án mux mat ´ eTA [ Gñk Edl sux citþ ák´mux.³...> TaMg esckI¹ RtÚvîar ÏaM ác´ TaMg lT§ÔaB kñúg

îar cMNay Rák án KW Ca îar Âan RbmaN eday xøÜn Ég Edl kRmit eday îar CMruj BI GMNac pøÚv cit¹...> Cn

Cati evot Nam CaeRcIn gay nwg ekIt esckþI esA hμg eday mti saÎarN£ Edl bgHaj Èamry£ îarniyayxßwb

exßóv îar cMGke mIl gay ¦ îar ti¼edol...>

esdækic©lμm Et b®g:b îar ciBa©wm CIvit

enA kñúg PUmi man Gg:ÔaBnig skmμÔaB Ca eRcIn Edl bgHaj nUv Tmøab´ mYy xus Ëña BI GIV Edl ánerob rab´ xag

elI...> CnCati evotNamburaN KW Ca mnusß Edl cUl cit¹ man KñI Ëña ehI y PUmi TaMg Gs suT§ Et man Rkúm sg:m

114 CMBUk TI .4

xus.@ Ëña...> «TahrN_ man køib nig smaKm sRmab GVI.@ RKb yag Ïab BI îar begHa¼ Exøg rhUt dl îar ciBa©wm

stV [ ec¼ eRcóg køib sRmab Tahan Ïas.@ sRmab mnusß Edl ekIt Ìña M dUc Ëña sRmab sisß Edl man RKÚ dUc

Ëña.¬39¦...> ebI eTa¼ Ca BYk eKman ÔaB xus.@ Ëña yag en¼ kI¹ ehIy îar vas sÞg dMeNIr min RbRktI enA kñúg RbB&n§

Îatu yin manx<s kI¹ k¾ man Rkúm Edl man RbePT xus.@ Ëña Ca eRcIn man crit lkçN£ Biess mYy cMnYn dUc Ëña

Edl eFVI [ BYkeK man Îatuyi n BI FmμCati yag c,as...>

pÞúy Ëña nwg Îatu yuaMg Edl man elIs enA kñúg BiPB RKÜsar nig PUmi Edl sm:al eday ÔaB xus Ëña xag kñúg

nig îar RbkYt RbECg zan£ yäg RsÜc Rsal´ ena¼ Rkúm yin man rcna sm&<n§ FUr rlugnig man smÔaB...> Rkúm

TaMg Gs´ KW Ca Rkúm sμ&RK cit¹nig min pøÚvîar Rkúm TaMgGs´ suT§ Et án bBa¢ak´ BI shRbtibti¹ îar nig samKI: ÔaB

nig Rkúm TaMg Gs man yn¹ îar îat bnSy îar RbkYtRbECg nig min elIk Twkcit¹ [ man Cemøa¼ NamYy ehIy ÔaB

xus Ëña xag kñúg man tic tYc...> ÔaB Ca Gñkdwk naM Ca erOy.@ RtÚv pøas´ b¹Ú r evn Ëña ¦ RtÚv eTA Èam Gñk man bT

BiesaFn_ yUr ÌñaM...> îar cMNay én smaCik Ôa B RtÚv man îar dak bBaØti¹nig esμI Ëña...> Rkúm en¼ pg Edr KW sRmab

®sI¹...> Cacug bBa©b´ enA eBl Edl vis&y yuaMg KW Ca cMNuc beg:al én îar yk cit¹ Tuk dak´ rbs´ rdæ rYm TaMg

Rkm nItüanukUl pg Rkúm yin TaMg en¼ TMng Ca ekIt eLIg eday Ék Ég ehIy rdæGMNac min eGI eBI cMeBa¼ smaKm

TaMg en¼...> Ëμan smaKm NamYy RtÚv án bg:ab eday c,ab ¦ eday vb,Fm’eT...>

Gñk PUmi rs´ enA eday BYk eday Rkúm yäg es¶óm s¶at´ enA kñúg PUmi ehIy enA mat´ Rck cUl én Rkúm TaMg en¼

exøag TVar man sm:al nUv RBM Edn sg:msa®sþ...> Rkúm nImYy.@ suT§ Et man smaCik ÔaB enA kñúg bBa¢I pøÚvîar nig

man RbÎan eá¼ eÌñat eday xøÜn pÞal´ edIm,I beRmI Ca Gñk sRmbsRmÜl rvag Rkúmnig GaCJa Fr PUmi...> Rkúm mYy

cMnYn man bUCnIydæan rbs´ xøÜn pÞal´ sag sg´ eday eRbI Fn Îan pÞal´ xøÜn edIm,I eËarB bUCa Gñk Èa mYy rUb ¦

eTvÈa mYy RB¼ Gg: eTA Èam CMenO Edl xøÜn eRCIs erIs...> Et Rkúm xø¼ min man zan£ Rsb c,ab NamYy eT ehIy

smaCik ÔaB manÔaB ebIk cMh...> nrNamñak´ k¾ Gac cUl kñúg Rkúm Gñk Cit xag Na mYy eday minÏaM ác´ cUl Ca

smaCik PUmi Ca mun eT...> sUm,I cMENk pøÚv edIrenA kñúg tMbn mYy CYnîal RtÚv man bB¢aI smaCikÔaB man RbÎan

rbs´ xøÜn nig kic© RbCuM nig îar RárB§ BiFI buNürbs´ xøÜn...> cMENk pøÚv elIs BI tMbn´ Gñk Cit xag KW Ca Rkúm

tTl´ mux Ëña Edl eK mñak´.@ suT§ Et s:al´ Ëña eTAvij eTA mk yäg c,as´ ehIy îar CYy Ëña eTAvij e TA mk KW Ca

erOg samBaØ mYynig eFVI eTA eday minpøÚv îar...> îarCYy Ëña eTA vij eTA mk eRîA pøÚvîar en¼ KW Ca crit lkçN£ én

esdækic© edIm,I b®g:b îarciBa©wm CIvit Edl Rsb Ëña eTA nwg esdækic© kitüanuÔaB dUcán eBal mk xag elI...>

PUmi esÞIr Et TaMg Gs´ man kEnøg dac´ eday ELk mYy eFVI Ca TIpßar xag eRîA Ca FmμÈa sSit enA xag eRîA

rbg ¬sßI Edl kMNt´ PUmi...> en¼ bgHaj [ eXIj BI zan£ Tab én BaNiC¢kmμ Edl Tuk sRmab´ ®sI¹ nig Cn

breTs...> TIpßar en¼Bak´ B&n§ nwg îarlk´dUr tUc Èac Ca Biess KW îarlk´ bn¹ nUv TMnij kñúg Rsúk...> ®sI¹ rk

Rák´ cMNUl bEnSm sRmab´ RKÜsar Èamry£ îar Tij eRbg ¦ s;r kñúg brimaN tic rYc ehIy lk´ va ecj vij

eday témøx<s Cag en¼ bnþic nig eday îar eFVI cMNI Gahar sRmab lk ¦ lk bEnø bg;a nig Epø eQI BI sYn c,ar

ehIy Èam Fmμ Èa án Rák cMeNj tic Nas...>


RKÜsar swg Et TaMg Gs cUl rYm kñúg îar yk cMeNj BI val ERs Edl enA B&n§ CuM vij PUmi...> Rbsin ebI dMNaM

RsÚv min sUv án pl Gñk PUmi naM Ëña daM dM NaM epßg @ eTot...> Rbsin ebI Gac eFVI án Gñk RKb´ Ëña TaMg Cag Edk

Cag îat´ sk´ suT§Et xitxM eFVI ERs cm;ar...> Rsemal Ga Rkk´ én ÔaB Gt´ Xøan enA lg GenÞal Èam RáN RKb´

naTI...> RsÚv Gg;r eTa¼ man bunμan k¾ min Edl fa man eRcIn hYs Edr ehIy îar eFVI ERs eTa¼ l Mák yag Na k¾

RtÚv Et eFVI Edr...> büEn¹ man RKÜsar Ca eRcIn Edl min Gac ciBa©wm CIvit án BI îar eFVI ERs ehIy man RKÜsar Ca

eRcIn xV¼ xat Rák´ îas min ec¼ cb´...> «sßahkmμ kñúg PUmi p¹l´ nUv meFüaáy mYy [ Gñk PUmi Gac eRbI eBl evla

bEnSm edIm,I rk luy îak bEnSm...> en¼ KW Ca shRËas RKÜsar...> kmøaMg Blkmμ min ác bg luy RKÜsar TaMg

mUl eFVI îar yag ht enOy TaMg Gs Ëña buEn¹ pl kéRm Edl án mk KW man bn¹ic bn¹Üc bueNÑa¼...>

enA kñúg PUmi man ÉkeTs kmμ Edl man kRmit x<sĆa TI bMput.¬40¦...> elIs BI GVI.@ Edl PUmi nImYy.@ man

eday pÞal´ xøÜn dUc Ca Cag Edk mñak´ Cag eQI mñak´ CaedIm ena¼ PUmi nImYy.@ cg´ man ÉkeTs Biess rbs´

xøÜn mYy...> enA kñúg PUmi xø¼ burs eBj kmøaMg man CMnaj Cag Tg Cag îat´ sk´ Cag sMNg´ Ca gCYsCul RKb´

mux ¦ RKÚ fñaM buraN...> PUmi epßg.@ eTot ep¹at elI îar plit Rkdas qRt ÌñaMg sMNaj ¦ mYk...> enA man

CMnaj Biess Cag en¼ eTot kñúg CMnaj Edl án erobrab´ xag elI...> îar plitnUv plitpl GVI Et mYy Ca

erOy.@ Bak´ B&n§ eTAnwg îar gar rbs´ PUmi CaeRcIn PUmi nImYy.@ man îar emÄ p¹ac´ elI îar plit mYy Epñk rUbmn¹

NamYy bec©keTs GVI mYy ¦vtSú Îatu edIm NamY y...> Ca fμI m¹g eTot en¼ KW Ca ehtu nig pl én samK:I ÔaB rbs

PUmi...> sib,kr ¦ Cag Edl cUlrYm kñúg RbePT îarg ar dUc Ëña enA kñúg PUmi Ca erOy.@ Etg Et erobcM Rkúm xøÜn Ca

smaKmGñk man viC¢a CIv£ dUc Ëña mYy (saCIvkmμ)...> saCIvkmμ en¼ Eck rMEl k cMeN¼ dwg enA kñúg Rkúm büEn¹ min

Eck rMElk va CamYy Gñk xag eRîA eT...> saCIvkmμ TaMg en¼ k¾ man mux gar Ca smaKm GBaØmBaØ se®g:a¼ KW CYy

smaCik eTA vij eTA mk Edr...> enA eBl Edl man eRËa¼ Gasnñ GVI mYy ekIt eLIg eK nwg Bwg Bak´ CMnYy rbs´

saCIvkmμ...>

saCIvkmμ KW Ca TRmg smaKm CYy Ëña eTA vij eTA mk mYy kñúg cMeNam smaKm TaMg Lay Edl eXIj man

enA kñúg RbeTs evotNam buraN ...> man smaKm sRmab buNü sBnig kb sB ¦ smaKm Biess déT eTot

sRmab´ CYy kñúg RKb´ îal£ eTs£ bnÞan´ NamYy Edl RtÚvîar ecj Rák´ îas Ôøam.@...> sUm,I Et Rkúm sRmab´

RárB§ BiFI buNü cUlÌñaM fμI k¾ man Edr...> Èam pÞ¼ sEm,g nImYy.@ eK briÏ©aK Rák îas bn¹ic bn¹Üc ral Ex ehIy

enA ral´ dMNac´ ÌñaM eK Tij rbs´ Ì¶aj´ éfø.@ Eck eTA [ smaCik bn¹ic mñak´...> RbePT Gg:ÔaB Edl man ÔaB

samBaØ mYy kñúg mux gar CY y Ëña eTA vij eTA mk en¼ KW [ eQμa¼ fa ².yab.³ (giáp).¬41¦...>...Gg:ÔaB ².yab.³ en¼

RbEhl RtÚv án erob cM eLIg eday Epð kelI Exß Rs Lay ¦ eQμa¼ RtkUl rYm mYy eday smaCik enA kñúg PUmi

pg rbg CamYy Ëña ¦ Rkúm ¦ PUmi tUc.@ îar eËarB bUCa GñkÈa NamYy ¦ cMNg sm<n§ ÔaB rYm epßg eTot...> ².yab.³

KW Ca Gg:ÔaB saCIvkmμ Edl man RTBü sm,ti¹ pÞal rbs xøÜn manîar RáB§ BiFI buNü rbs xøÜn nig smaCik man

zan£ Èam Ebb zananuRkm rbs´ xøÜn...> büEn¹ lMdab´ lMeday zan£ enA kñúg Gg: ÔaB ².yäb.³ Epðk TaMg Rsúg elI

lMdab lM eday rbs eQμa¼ dUc man cu¼ enA elI bBa¢I pøÚvîar rbs PUmi...> ².yab.³ min Kit GM BI RTBü sm,ti¹ ¦ zan£

116 CMBUk TI .4

KW Gñk Edl án cUl smaCikÔaB mun Edl Gac Gg:úy {Ï©asn_ elI eK nig Bisa Gahar mun Gñk TaMg Lay epßg

eTot Edl án cUl Ca smaCik kñúg Gg:ÔaB ².yab.³ eRîay.@ Ëat...> ebI eTa¼ Ca îar cUl rYm Ca smaCik rbs

².yab.³ án n&y fa RtÚv cMNay Rák k¾eday k¾ îar cMNay TaMg en¼ Ca nic©îal man îar RKb RKgnig Eck rMElk

cMnYn esμI Ëña...> Ëμan Bak B&n§ nwg îar át ¦ TTYl án kitüanuÔaB GVI eT dUecñ¼ îar RbkYt RbECg Ëña Gs luy îak´

eRcIn KW Ëμan eT...> Rkúm CYy Ëña eTA vij eTA mk epßg.@ eTot k¾ G‘IcwgEdr...> en¼ KW Ca sÔaB én esdækic© b®g:b

CIvÔaB TaMg mUl nig Ca GVI Edl xJúM ehA fa vis&y yin én CIvÔaB Gñk PUmi...>

esdækic© neyaáy yin yuaMg

esdækic© kitüanuÔaB (Edl man îar Bak B&n§ Ëña CamYy nwg îar eËarB bUCa cMeBa¼ Gñk Èa Ïas Rsúk) ekN ².Bn§.³

elI zan£ nig kitüanuÔaBen¼...> RbB&n§en¼ RtÚvánkMNt ´ eday Tmøabnig îarRbkYt RbECg d¾hYsehtu mYy...>

ÎatupßM rbs RbB&n§ en¼ man sÔaBbiTCit nigTMng Caman îar Ebg Ecg Ëña xøaMg...> îar Rbvas éd Ëña eTA vij eTA

mk minman tulüÔaB eT...> yn¹ îar xus.@ Ëña nigTMenom Tmøab´ kñúg Rsúk ekNykcMeNjBI zan£ nigkitüanuÔaB en¼...> en¼ bg; beg;It án Ca RbB&n§ suxumal ÔaB PUmi eday ecos vag yag RËan ebI min [ man bBaHa

mnusß beBaØI Ekðk...> büEn¹ minman îar GYtGagGMBI ÔaB RkIRkrYm nig ectna cg´ TTYl ánÔaBesIμËña eLIy...>

ÔaBesIμËñaBit Rákd KWRtÚv eK yl´ fa eFIV [ manGsiSrÔaB eRBa ¼va pÞúy Ëña eTA nwg Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati rbs´

BiPB elak...> müägvij eTot muxgar Îana räb´ rgrbs´ PUmi manp¹l´ [ enA kñúg bribT én esdækic© lμm ciBa©wm

CIvit Edl Rsb Ëña nwg muxgar én esdækic© kitüanuÔaB nig bMeBj b®g:b esdækic© kitüanuÔaB en¼...> dUceyI g

án eXIj Rsab ehIy esdækic© lμm ciBa©wm CIvit Bak´B&n§ nwg sSab&n xus.@ Ëña suT§ saF BI esdækic© kitüanuÔaB

ehIy Epðk elI eËalîarN_ xus .@ ËñaCaeRcIneTot...>

eday eFIV îar bn¹ bnÞab´ Ëña esdækic© lμmciBa©wm CIvit nig esdækic© kitüanuÔaB dUc ËñaeTA nwg Îatu yinnig

Îatu yuaMg Edr eBal KW Ca Epñk rYm bBa©Úl Ëñakñúg RbB&n§ sμúK sμaj Et mYy ehIy Gac eFI V[ PUmi man CIvit fit ezr

án eTa¼ zit enAkñúg briyaîas min eTog nig Rbkb eday eRËa¼ fñak´k¾eday...> Èam BiteTA eËalîarN_

Edl pÞúy Ëña îar RbkYt RbECg nig îar shîar zananuRkmnigÔaBesIμ Cemøa¼ nig samK:I ÔaB KW manmuxgar

Ca Epñk bMeBj b®g:b´ én esdækic© neyaáy...> rcna sm&<n§ eÔøa¼ en¼ bgHajBI crit lkçN£ menaKm viC¢a nig

sg:m rbs RbeTs evotNam buraN...>

Epñkyin én sasna kñúg PUmi

îar eËarB bUCa cMeBa¼ dUnÈaenA kñúg RKÜsar nig îar eËarB bUCa cMeBa¼ GñkÈa Ïas´ Rsúk enA kñúg PUmi KW Îatu yuaMg

Edl RKb´ RKg eday mnusß Rbús RtÚvánbBa¢a eday vb,Fm’ man zananuRkm man TRmg´ pøÚvîar nig eRcIn

Et man îar RbkYtRbECg Ëña...> vis&y yin én sasna Bak´ B&n§ Ëña nwg skmμÔaB eRcIn rbs´ ®sI¹ nig man ÔaB

Gac eRCIserIs án man smÔaB eRcIn Cag man ÔaB eRîA pøÚvîar eRcIn Cag man îar shîar Ëña eRcIn Cag nig


man îar RbkYt RbECg Ëña tic Cag vis&y yuaMg...>

Rkúm RKÜsar nImYy.@ bkRsay xøwm sar nigîar RárB§ BiFIbuNü rbs xøÜn eTA Èam îar eBj cit¹ esckI¹

RtÚvîar nig smtSÔaB rbs xøÜn...> pÞ¼ lMenA xø¼ man Gasn£ dUn Èa nig GEg; eRcIn ¦ man tic ¦ k¾Ëμan esa¼...>

eKGac eXIj GEg; eRcIn RbePT xus.@ Ëña enA Èam eKhdæan rbs Gñk Rsúk sRmab eËarB eTvÈa nig Gñk Èa kñúg

sasna Èav BuT§ sasna eTvkfa RbCaRbiy Rbvti¹ sa®s¹ evotNam nig erOg eRBg kñúg Rsúk...> GEg; edIm,I

GgVr sMu CMnYy BI Gñk Èa NamYy eRcIn Et man edIm,I eËal bMNg Cak lak mYy...> eK eCO fa RBlwg rbsem T&B

Edl Eck zan rYc án îøay Ca Gñk Èa xøaMg BUEk sRmab îarBar pÞ¼ sEm,g BI exμac RBay bisac...> eTB FIÈa én

cit¹ emÈþa KW RB¼ nag Kg´ suI G‘Im (îVan Gwm Quan Âm) CYy ®sI¹nig kumar CaBiess ehIy RbÌaMg nwg eRËa¼ fñak´

én îar qøg Tenø...>

man ®sI¹ mYy cMnYn man GarmμN_ fa RtÚv áneK ehAeTA beRmI dl´ eTB FIÈa dUcCa RB¼nag exμA mkBI zan

sYK’TI 9 ¦m©as kßRtIfμ yk rbs BYk GmtCn...> Cm¶W tm;at nig sMNag GaRkk ekIteLIg cMeBa¼ ®sI¹ Edl min

eqøIy t beTA nwg îar eîa¼ ehA en¼...> buEn¹ Rbsin ebI man îar eËarB bUCa án eday esμa¼ sμ&RK vij ena¼ eTBFIÈa¦

yay ETB ena¼ nwg naM mk nUv suxu mal ÔaB lð nwg sMNag lð...> CMenO elI eTvÈa Garkß Gñk Èa eRcIn ekIt man

eLIg enACuMvij átuPUtEbben¼...> îar eËarB bUCa TaMg ena¼ Gac bUk bBa©Úl Ëña rvag RBwt¹iuîarN_ sasna CamYynwg

skmμÔaB sg:m dUcCa BiFI Cb elog RbÏaM ÌñaM.¬42¦...>

RB¼ BuT§sasna KW Ca Epñk mYy Edl elc eLIg c,as én sasna rbs Îatu yin...> vt¹ man enA RKb kEnøg

enA kñúg RbeTs evotNamburaN b¨uEn¹ Ëμan ².shFmμÏarI.³ Bit Rákd eT KW BuM man «ásk eCIg vtþ Bit

Rákd...> Gñk Edl cUl rYm KW eFVI eTA Èam cit¹ nwg cg´ ehIy Gñk man CMenO ÔaK eRcIn min man ÔaB eTog Tat´

cMeBa¼ vtþ Na mYy eday ELk...> RB¼ BuT§ sasna Edl Ca RbB&n§ CMenO nig KMnit yag Caklak mYy man }T§iBl

yag xøaMg nig BI yUr GEgVg enA kñúg RbeTs evotNam buEn¹ sSab&n BuT§ sasna Ca Biess tYnaTInig }T§iBl rbs

KN£ sgÇ m¹g rIk ceRmIn m¹g cu¼ Gn fy Ca hUrEh...> RB¼ sgÇ kñúg zan£ Ca RB¼ sgÇ Ëμan tMENg GVI mYy c,as

las enA kñúg rcna sm&<n§ sg:m én PUmi nig man }T§iBl tic tYc ¦ Ëμan pg enA kñúg kic©îar PUmi ebI eTa¼ bI Ca RB¼ sgÇ

Gg: Na Edl maneTBeîaslünig KuNFm’ Gac man} T§iBl xøaMg yag NakI¹...> vt¹ Garam TTYl îar Ïab GarmμN_

nig TTYl CMnYy «btSmÖ eRcIn BI ®sI¹ cMNas.@ CaerOy.@ KW ®sI¹ emmay...> smaKm ®sI¹ BuT§ sasn ik man esÞIr Et

enA RKb´ PUmi Edl man Gñk dwk naM smaKm en¼ Ìøas´ Ëña erog ral´ ÌñaM...> Rkúm Ca eRcIn TaMg en¼ erobcM BiFI m¹g kñúg

mYy ÌñaM ehIy eRcIn Et Ca BiFI Cb elog.¬43¦...>

îarrYm bBa©Úl kñúg RbeTsCati

esþc TaMg Lay kñúg raCvgß egVón Edl ÏabepþIm eLIg esay raCü enA kñúgÌñaM 1802 man ninñaîar xøaMg cEmøk elI

Îatu yuaMg edIm,I Rbtikmμ tb eTA nwg sSanÔaB Edl ekIt man eLIg mun îarRKb´ RKg rbs´ raCvgß en¼...> esþc

raCvgß egVón sV¼ EsVg sSabna [ man lMdab´ lMeday lð Cag mun [ Rtwm RtÚv Èam c,ab´ [ manîar rYb rYm Ëña Cag

118 CMBUk TI .4

mun nig [ Ca sg:m Edl man îar erob cM twg Etg Cag mun...> esþc raCvgß egVón án seRmc RB¼T&y [ eRbI Ôasa

cin CaÔasapøÚv [ Gnum&t eRbI Rkm nItüa nukUl twgEtg Cagmun Edl án dak tMENg ®sI¹ [ sSit enA Tab Cag BI

eBl Na.@ TaMg Gs´ án rwt t,it sasna RB¼ BuT§ án Rbîas [ eRbI Km<Ir lTi§ xug CW Ebb fμI eTA ÈamrUb ÔaB Ca

eRcIn Edl pßar Ô¢ab TMnak TMng rvag Gñk PUminig m®n¹I [ Rtwm RtÚv eTA Èam tYnaTI TMenom Tmøab Èam KmI<r nig man

samK:I ÔaB sg:m eRcIn Cag muneday Gnuelam eTAÈam ².lI.³ nig ².ego.³...>

es¹c kñúg snþtivgß egVón án sSabna RB¼ raCvaMg enA kñúg tMbn ev (Hu+) Edl yk KMrU ÈamvaMg cin kñúg Rkúg

ebîaMg...> eËalîarN_ zan£ rbs sg:m án bgHaj [ eXIj Èam ry£ rcnabf ni brievN rbs RB¼ raCvaMg...>

sSab tü km μnig îar erobcM TIÈaMg sag sg elIk sÞÜy [ man ÔaB suxdumrmna CamYy nwg Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati eday

îarerob cM Gn¹ rkmμ nig îarerob cM rebob RbRBwtþ kñúg BiFI buNü.¬44¦...> RB¼ raCa evotNam Ca emdwknaM îar eËarB

bUCa bYn y¨ag dUc Ca îar eËarB bUCa cMeBa¼ eTvÈa kñúg zansYK’ îar eËarB bUCa cMeBa¼ RB¼ bitr îar eËarB bUCa

cMeBa¼ elak ÈaxugCW nig îar eËarB bUCa cMeBa¼ ksikmμ...> RB¼ raCnaTI rbs RTg ep¹at elIîar dwknaM BiFI sasna

[ enA BI elI mux gar nIti Rbtibti¹ nig nIti b,BaØtþi...> RB¼ raCskmμÔaB sasna rbs´ RTg´ pßarÔ¢ab´ nig eFVI

smahrNkmμ CamYy RB¼ raC naTI eTV rbs RTg Ca RB¼ raCa rbsGñkRsúk nig Ca GFiraC Ebb cin...>

kñúg ÌñaM 1808 eK án sag sg´ mha RKw¼ Biess mYy eLIg enA xag eRîA raCÎanI ev¨ sRmab´ «TÞis bUCa

dl zan sYK’ nig EpndI...> TIÈaMg sag sg en¼ k¾ yk Èam lMnaM rcna bf enA RbeTs cin Edr eday man TIlan

rag rgVg mUl (Îatu yuaMg) sRmab «TÞis bUCa dl zansYK’ cMENk É TIlan rag bYn RCúg mYy eTot Edl tUc Cag

(Îatu yin) sRmab´ «TÞis bUCa dl´ Epn dI...> manEt RB¼ raCa ¦ tMNag pøÚv îar rbs´ RTg´ b¨ueNÑa¼ Edl Gac

RárB§ BiFI «TÞis bUCa dl zan sYK’ á n eBal KW p¹l Canimit¹rUb én tYnaTI eday ELk rbs RTg enA kñúg sg:m Ca

tMNag Et mYy Kt Edl Gac TAk Tg nwg GBÖÚtehtu FmμCatinig GBÖÚtehtu GPiFmμCati án...>

îar eËarB bUCa cMeBa¼ RB¼ bitr k¾man îar RárB§ yag hμt ct pg Edr kñúg TI Rkúgrbs raCaFiraC...> RB¼raCa

man ÔaB hμt ctyag cEmøk kñúg îar RbNib&t n_ cMeBa¼ RB¼ bitr edIm,I ceRmIn tulüÔaB én îar ánkusl pl buNü

rbs RB¼Gg: Ég nig edIm,I eFVI Ca KMrUnig Ca RKÚ sRmab RbCara®s¹ rbs RTg...> îar eËarB bUCa cMeBa¼ ksikmμ ep¹at

elI TI eËarB bUCa enA xag eRîA Edl man rag bYn RCúg esμI (Îatuyin) Edl eFVI edIm,I «TiÞs bUCa dl RB¼ PUm nig RB¼

éBRsBN_ nig rdUv îal TaMg bYn...> RB¼ raCa pÞal RB¼ Gg: Ca Gñk RárB§ BiFI enA TI en¼ erog ral niTaXrdUv rYc

ehIy bBa¢a [ m®n¹I fñak x<s P¢Ür ras dI mYy CYr edIm,I eFIV Ca nimit¹sBaØa én îar Ïab ep¹Im rdUv îal ksikmμ mYy eTot...>

Rsb eBl Ca mYy Ëña en¼ Edr tMNag rbs RB¼ raCa k¾ eFVI BiFI en¼ enA Èam ext¹ nImYy.@...>

manvihar sasnaxugCW enA kñúg TIRkúg pg nig enA Èam ext¹ pg Edr...> eK Rá rB§ eFIVBiFI xug CW BIr dg kñúg

mYy ÌñaM KW kñúg niTaXrdUv (rdUv søwk eQI las) nig kñúg srTrdUv (rdUv søwk eQI RCú¼)...> RB¼ raCa eFVI Ca raCaFibtI

kñúg BiFI TaMgen¼ enA kñúg raCÎanI ehIy m®nI¹ ext¹ eFVI RÈab´ Èam skmμÔaB rbs´ RTg´ enA TUTaMg RbeTs...> man TI

sî;arbUCa Ebb en¼ enA kñúg XuM Ca eRcIn nig enA kñúg PUmi mYy cMnYn Edl man Gñk RáCJ cmøg nUv k,Ün TaMg en¼...>

RbeTs Cati TaMg mUl man îar erob cM yag lðit lðn eTA Èam lMdab fñak zananuRkm eTA Èam îar cmøg Èam


Tmøab k,Ün dUc Ëña en¼ ehIy Tmøab TaMg en¼ KW Ca îar cmøg BI Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati rbs PB Epn dI...> sTisÔaB én

skmμÔaB Ca nimit¹rUbnig BiFI sasn a naM[ man samKI: ÔaB enA kñúg sg:mnig rvag vNÑ£ nana...> esþc egVón RTg

eQVg yl dwg yag Qøasévfa kUn Rbús Edl yk cit¹ Tukdak nwg krNIykic© rbs xøÜn nwgîøayeTA Ca m®nI¹d¾

esμa¼ Rtg´ kñúg Rsúk...> ehtudU ecñ¼ehIy ánCac,ab´ rbs ´ rdæ dak´ eTas b,BaØti¹ elIîar rM elaP bMBan eTA elI

TMenom Tmøab îanTukç ehIy CUn Ca rgVan dl Rkúm RKÜsar Na Edl GacbRgÜbbRgÜm kUn eÏA RáM CMnan enA eRîam

dM bUl Et mYy án...> îariyal yaFib etyü án yk TMenom Tmøab RKÜsar mk Gnuvt¹ Èam yag hμt ct edIm,I

BRgwg nig eFVI sma hrNkmμ Rkúm RKÜsar eday îar eFIV [ RbesIr eLIg nUv GarmμN_ kñúg cMeNam sma Cik xøÜn [

Kit fa Ca smaCik rbs mha RKÜsar Et mYy...>

bBaj sμúK sμaj Ebb «bma «bemyü én TMnak´ TMng rvag]Buk eTA kUn nig BIbg Rbús eTA bðÚn RbúsbegI;tánCa RbeTs Cati ehIy Îatu pßMTaMg Lay RtÚváncgÔ¢abËñaîøayCaîatBVkic© eTA vij eTA mk...> RKÜsar

nImYy.@ eRbób dUc Ca Cati tUc mYy Edr...> PUmi KW Ca Rkúm RKÜsar FM mYy...> îariyalyaFibetyü Cati RtÚv ánerob

cM kñúg rgVg n imit¹ rUb én RKÜsar en¼ Ég...> rcna sm&<n§ nImYy.@ bgHaj [ eXIj GMBI KMrU ¬s Kl én Îatu yinnigÎatu

yuaMg ehIy rcna sm&<n§ TaMg en¼ man rUb rag eTA Èam ².lI.³ Edl Ca KMrU vb,Fm’ én Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati rbs´

elakÎatu...> enA elI kMBUl én rcnasm&<n§ TaMg en¼ RB¼ raCa îøay Ca bdirUb kmμ én Rkwtü Rkm sIlFm’ enA kñúg

sg:m evotNam eday EpðkelI îar rMlay bBa©Úl Ëña én eTv kfa Cn m©as´ Rsúk CamYy nwg KMnit Èavnig KMnit

xug CW Ebb fμI...> îarTTYl xusRtÚv sMxan bMput rbs RTg KW îar xMRbwg ERbg eRbI ÔaB Ca Gñkdwk naM xag Epñk sμartI

Èamry£ BiFI buNü nig Èamry£ KMrU pÞal RB¼Gg:...>

bnÞúk dEdl én ÔaB Ca Gñk dwknaM xag Epñk sIlFm’ sSit mYy kRmitenA elInamuWn Can´x<s´ elI vrCn PUmi

nig elI emRKÜsar...> eK Kit fa BYkeK KY rEt eRbón RbedAnig dwknaM eday bgHaj nUv «TahrN_ Rbkb eday

KuNFm’ dUc Ca ]Buk ¦ bg Rbús...> em Gg:ÔaB rdæál Na k¾ eday RtÚv Et naM mk nUv ÔaB suxdumrmnanig

vibulÔaB CUn vis&y rbs´ xøÜn Èam meFüaáy én CIvÔaB Rbkb eday KuNFm’ nig GPiálkic© rbs´ xøÜn...>

dUecñ¼ Rsúk mYy ext¹ mYy Ïat Tuk dUc Ca RKÜsar mYy...>

put BI k,Ün GFikGFm nig BiFI Edl KYr [ Tak EPñk nig îar dak ráMg nimit¹rUb Edl biT áMg m®nI¹ Gñk RáCJ

nig RB¼ raCvaMg BI RbCanura®sþ en¼ eTA man RbB&n§ dMeNIr îar }t éføeLIy mYy rvag RB¼ raCa nig RbCa nu ra®s¹

rbs RTg...> rdæ GMNac evotNam seRmc án nUv Rbtibti¹ îar Edl min cMNay eRcIn en¼ eday îar RKb RKg

Èam ².GMNac Binitü epÞóg pÞat nig GMNac b®g;ab Cayfaehtu buEn¹ minEmn GMNac Rbtibti¹ eT.³.¬45¦...> r dæ

en¼ pßBV pßay «tþmKti Èam ry£ meFüaáy CaeRcIn RtÜt Binitü kiriya ma ryaT nig dak´ TNkmμ elI îarRbRBwtþ xus Knøg nig xitxM rkßa [ án nUv ÔaB suxdumrmna CamYy nwg RkwtüRkm FmμCati Èam ry£ skmμ ÔaB

Èam k,ÜnBiFI buNü Ca eTogTat´...> RksYg sMxan´ bMput rbs´ rdæaPiál en¼ minEmn RksYg yuti¹Fm’ RksYg

hirBaØvtSú ¦ RksYg îarBarCati eT...> RksYg en¼ KW CaRksYg rIt# (RksYg BiFI buNü).¬46¦...>

RbB&n§ dMeNIrîarEbb snßM sMéc en¼ Gac man eTA án edaysar Et rdæ miin Bak´ B&n§ eday pÞal´ CamYy

120 CMBUk TI .4

buK:l RKÜsar Exß RsLay Rkúm tUc.@ ¦ Gg:îar kñúg Rsúk NamYy eT...> m®nI¹ îariy aFibetyü rbs rdæ Bak

B&n§ CamYy nwgPUmi cMENk É PUmi xøÜn Ég pÞal´ dwk naM sRmb sRmÜl nig RKb´ RKg îar RbRBwt¹ rbs´ Gñk PUmi...>

ehIy PUmi xøÜn Ég pÞal Bak B&n § CamYy RKÜsar minEmn CamYy buK:l eT...> Rkúm RKÜsar TaMg mUl RtÚv TTYl xus

RtÚv cMeBa¼ îar RbRBwtþ rbs smaCik RKÜsar xøÜn.¬47¦...> buK:l kñúg RKÜsar RtÚv án RKb RKg yag dit dl minEmn

RtwmEt BI sMNak em RKÜsar mñak bueNÑa¼ eT Et BI smaCik RKÜsar TaMg Gs pg Ca Biess BI sMNak Gñk Edl Ca

erom c,g rbs buK:l en¼...> îar RbRBwtþÌ:aM q:g rbs buK:l mñak eFVI [ QW Ïab dl mnusß ral Ëña ehIy eK RKb Ëña

yl dwg GMBI erOg en¼ dUc Ëña en¼ Edr BYk eK ral rUb suT§ Et dwg fa Rkúm RKÜsar TaM gmUl nwg TTYl RbeyaCn_ TaMg

Gs Ëña enA eBl man smaCik RKÜsar Na mñak TTYl án eCaK C&y GVI mYy...>

edaysar Et RKÜsar RKb´ RKg îar RbRBwt¹rbs´ smaCik xøÜn Rkúm RKÜsar dEdl en¼ RtÚv án RKb´ RKg

TaMg BI sMNak emPUmi nig BI mti saÎarNCn RbeyaCn_ bMeBj muxgar Èam meFüa áy mYy Edlbeg;In ÔaB

Gac seRmc pl án nig kitüanuÔaB rbs´ PUmi TaMg mUl...> TaMg RKÜsar TaMg PUmi KW Ca shKmn_ Edl dMeNIr

îar dUc shkrN_ Edl kñúg ena¼ pl Rbeya Cn_ buK:l sSit enA eRîam pl RbeyaCn_ rYm...> kñúg sg:m Ebb en¼

GVI Edl BYk bs©im RbeTs yl fa Ca esrI ÔaB pÞal xøÜn RtÚv án eK b®g;ab yag hμt ct dUc GVI Edl elak BIEyr

h:Ú‘rU (Pierre Gourou) ehA fa ².îar RtÜt RÈa Ebb eÏA hVay nay én mti saÎarN£ eTA elI CIvit ÉkC n rbs buK:l

mñak.@.³...> k¾ buEnþ lkçN£ Ebb en¼ enA án p¹l Ca kmøaMg ruj RÏan nig án dak vin&y elI yn¹îar sSab&n Edl

Bak B&n§ nwg suxumalÔaB nig îarEck rMElk Fn Îan...> BuM sUv man îar bgçit bgçM edIm,I rkßa Tuk RbB&n§ en¼ [ enA

dEdl eT...> sg:m án tRmÚv [ RbCa Cn RbRBwt¹ Èam rebob en¼ ehIy CIvÔaB enA kñúg RKÜsarnig kñúg PUmi man

GtSrs Bn´ RbmaN nig eFVI [ eBj cit¹ eBj eføIm éRk Elg...> RbCaCn evotNam kñúg sg:m buraN RtÚv án

sg:m kMNt´ min [ ts‘U edIm,I ÉkraCÔaB buK:l eT...> BYk eK Bit Ca án eron sURt edIm,I ec¼ RKb´ RKg nig [

témøelI TMnak TMng Edl Ïarwk eday îar ciBa©wm bI ác ÔaB enA kñúg cMNu¼ eK nig îatBV kic© rYm...> ehIy BYk eK

man emaTnÔaB kñúg îar eFVI Èam bBa¢a rbs ².ego.³...>

eCaKC&y nig braC&y én RbB&n§ Ebb buraN

rYm esckþI mk KW Ca Tsßn£ rYm Ca TU eTA rbs BiPB elak nig RbB&n§ én KuN témø Edl eFIV [ RbB&n§ Ebb RbéBNI

mYy en¼ dMeNIr îar eTA án...> TMnak´ TMng RKÜsar îar Gb´ rM kñúg RbB&n§ RbéBNI TMenom Tmøab´ Gñk Rsúk

Gkßrsa®s¹ Èam tMbn Edl lUt las enA cug s¿v¿ TI 18 nig enA s¿v¿ TI 19 Edl án pßBV pßay Bas eBj

épÞ RbeTs BI sMNak´ Gñk niTan erOg Edl edIr RÈac´ cr nig sarB&t’ man Edl eFVI [ man tulü ÔaB Ëña y¨ag lð

rvag cMNUl cit¹ rbs´ RbCaCn nig bBaØti¹ rdæaPiál...> TaMg Gs´ en¼ sMedA eTA rk eËal edA Et mYy KW edIm,I

BRgwg elak Îatu rYm mYy Edl rcna sm&<n§ sg:m TaMg mUl Bwg Epðk eTA elI Tsßn£ RCÜt RCab mYy én Rkwtü Rkm

FmμCati...>

enA cMkBal én Tsßn£ GMBI saklelak en¼ man esckI¹ esñI suM bRgÜm sMxan´ mYy Edl Ecg fa kRmit


Edl eK Gnuelam eTA Èam Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati TaMg Bakü eBcn_ TaMg GMeBI RtÚv Et man pl viák d¾ RCal eRCAnig

min Gac eCos án...> ebI sin Ca man îar Rás Ïa kBI tYnaTI én îar RbRBwtþ Rtwm RtÚv Na mYy ekIt eLIg Rkwtü Rkm

FmμCati RtÚv án rMelaP bMBan dUecñ¼ RtÚv man yn¹ îar b¨¼ bÜv erob cM [ man tulüÔaB eLIg vij Edl Gac Tuk fa

man tfÔaB dUc TMnaj EpndI ¦ BnøW RB¼ c®nÞ Edr...> bg Rbús Edl ekg Rbv&Ba© Priya Edl min s¹ab´ bg:ab´

GaÏarü elaP ln nig Gñk RbRBwt¹ xus Knøg sasna naM mk nUv Gkuslkmμ cMeBa¼ xøÜn Ég...> buEn¹ CYnîal îar

RbRBwt¹ xus q:g Gac naM mk nUv Gkusl dl´ smaCik rYm rbs´ Rkúm TaMg Gs´ d,it GI enA kñú gRkúm en¼ eK RtÚv Eck

rMElk Ëña TaMg îar s¹I benÞas nig îar elIk sresIr pg...> pÞúy mk vij RKÜsar Edl man KuN Fm’ eday rkßa

án Èam Rkwtü Rkm FmμCati Èam ry£ tYnaTI én îar RbRBwtþ Rtwm RtÚv Èamry£ îar eFIV Èam ².ehov.³ nig ².ed.³

Èamry£ ÔaB esμa¼ sμ&RK nig ÔaB sb,úrs k¾ nwg cRmúg ceRmIn nig TTYl án eCaKC&y lð RBm TaMg GMeNay

Edl sm nwg TTYl án BI eTBþa TaMg Lay...>

elak Îatu rYm en¼ eday rYmpßM Ëña CamYy bMNg Ráfña TUeTA edIm,IkitüanuÔaB kgVl cg án mux mat nig

ÔaB Ìab´ rMejac eTA nwg îar ri¼ Kn´ án eFVI [ rebob rs´ enA rbs´ Cn Cati evotNam sSit kñúg Rkb x&NsIlFm’ d¾xøaMg îøa mYy...> mti saÎarNCn eTa¼ Ca eBl xø¼ hak dUc Ca min RKb RËan ¦ min sm Rsb k¾ eday k¾ enA Et án

dak´ kMhit yäg Rbtü kß eTA elI îar Gnuvt¹ GMNac neyaáy nig esdækic©...> eTa¼ bI Ca man krNI buK:l Edl

man mhicäÈa îam tNHa GaÈμaniym Ca eRcIn yäg Na k¾ eday k¾ sg:m Gac rkßaán nUv sm tSÔaB edIm,I Ek

tRmÚv xøÜn Ég KW enA kñúg n&y rbs RbB&n§ mYy Edl ep¹at elI KuN témø îar Ek tRmÚv xøÜn Ég nig îar RKb RKg bBa¢a

xøÜn Ég...>

enA TI bMput RbB&n§ en¼ án braC&y RbEhl Ca edaysar Et Ca Epñkm Yy én îar ep¹at xøaMg RCúl eBk elI Îatu

yuaMg én raCvgß egVón...> îal edImBak´ kBal stvtß r_ TI 19 man ekIt eLIg nUv îar b¼ eá r rbs´ ksikr CaeRcIn...> GMeBI Buk rlYy ÔaB RkIRk nig ÔaB Gyuti¹Fm’ án bgHin begHac RbeTs...> ehIy BYk áraMgEss án

dak´ GaNaniKm elI RbeTs evotNam...> Ca yUr Tsvtßr_ eK niym s¹I benÞas RbB&n§ vb,Fm’ evotNam Ebb

buraN dUc án BiB&N’na xag elI fa Ca ².RbB&n§ ski¹ PUmi.³ ².Gb,iyCMenO.³ nig «bkrN_ mYy Edl BYk vrCn naM

Ëña yk mk eRbI edIm,I ekg Rbv&Ba©Ci¼ Can elI vNÑ£ tUc Tab...> eyIg min KYr [ îar braC&ynig kgV¼ xat Edl }t sgß&y

én RbB&n§ RbéB NI ena¼ eFVI [ eyIg emIl min eXIj nUv GMNac én ÔaB smehtupl rbs RbB&n§ en¼ ¦ visal ÔaB

Edl RbB&n§ en¼ án RCab cUl nig bn¹ man en A kñúg kRmit eRCA bMput én vb,Fm’ evotNam ena¼ eLIy...>

sUm,I Et bc©úb,nñ en¼ Ëμan nrNamñak Gac yl dwg án suI CeRmA GMBI îar RbRBwtþ rbs RbCa Cn evotNam

na eBl sBV éf¶ án eT Rbsin ebI BYk eK min án xit xM Rti¼ ri¼ BiÏarNa eTA elI vb,Fm’ RbCaCn evotNam Ebb

RbéBNI eT ena¼...> Rbsin ebI BYkGaemriîaMg cg yl dwg GMBI esaknadkmμ Edl ekIt man enA RbeTs evotNam

BI Ts vtß r _ ÌñaM 1950 dl 1970 ehIy Edl BYk eK án cUl søúg ena¼ BYk eK RtÚv Et Ïab ep¹Im yl fa RbeTs

evotNam na s¿v¿ TI 20 en¼ man îar RbaÌaMg Ëña rvag Ïas nig fμI rvag Rbtikmμ epßg Ëña cMeBa¼ braC&y én RbB&n§

vb,Fm’ buraN nig îar rkßa án nUv mrtk vb,Fm’ en¼ enA kñúg cit¹ nig pñt KMnitrbs RbCa Cn evotNam rYm TaMg

Gñk TaMg Lay Edl GMBavnav xøaMg [ eá¼ bg RbB&n§ en¼ eÏal pg Edr...^

GtSbT Rsav RCav

Ca nisßit cUl rYm kñúg kmμviFI.. bU¼bBal smSPaBfñak´ «tþm sikßa CMnan TI 1 Edl erobcM eday

mCÄmNl exmrsikßa eRîam îar CYy « btSmÖ BI mUl ni Fi . r¨kçWehVlø&r...>

CMBUkTI.5.

RsavRCav nig niBn§ eday.½ Qat Rs‘ag

Tsßn£ rbs´ExμrcMeBa¼CnCa†ÔaK†cevotNam

esckþI Eføg GMNr KuN..½ îar sikßa en¼ BMu Gac eFVI eTA án Rbsin ebI BMu man îar CYyeRCamERCg nig îar elIk Twk citþ BI sMNakmnusß

mYy cMnYn ena¼...> xJúM sUm Eføg GMNr KuN cMeBa¼ mCÄmNl exmr sikßa Edl án GnuBaØat [ cUlrYm kñúg kmμviFI cMnYnBIr Edl RtÚv dak

CUn nUv GtSbT RsavRCav en¼...> Ca bzm xJúM sUm Eføg GMNr KuN cMeBa¼ elak hVIúlIB< buIîaM (Philippe Peycam) nayk mCÄmNl exmr

sikßa Edl Etg pþlîar elIk Twkcitþ nig îar ËaMRT rhUt mk nig elak Emn QanriT§I RbÎan kmμviFI ksag smtSÔaB s Rmab îar pþl

eyabl nig elIk Twk citþ}t dac...>. TI 2 xJúM sUm sEmþg nUv ktBaØúÈaFm’ cMeBa¼ elak dwgxin mak xarh:Ú (Duncan McCargo) Edl

án pþl nUv KtibBaØa nig eBlevla rbs elak kñúg îar CYy erobcM îar RsavRCav en¼...> TI 3 xJúM k¾ sUm bgHaj nUv îar dwg KuN cMeBa¼

Gñk RsI l&kçFINa GUløIey¨r_ (Tina Ollier) RbÎan kmμviFI RsavRCav sRmab´ yuvCn/ elak PIfWr ec¿ haMmu Wr (Peter J.

Hammer) Gñk RsavRCav Can x<s nig Gñk RsavRCav Canx<s déTeTot enA mCÄmNl Edl án pþl nUv îar ENnaM...> TI 4 xJúM sUm

Eføg GMNr KuN cMeBa¼Gñk RsI Emn DI saMmWurEs:ls_ (Mandy Summerscales) TI Rbwkßa bNÑal&y Edl án pþl dMbUnμan xø¼.@ elI

Epñk Ôasa GgéKøs/ GñkRsI. m¨m vNÑarI bNÑarkß Edl ánpþl´ nUv esvakmμ d¾RbéB nig RBm TaMg buK:lik déT eTot Edl án

pþlńUv îargay RsÜl sRmab´ îar sikßa en¼...> Ca cug eRîay xJúM k¾ sUm Eføg GMNr KuN yäg RCaleRCA dl´ bNÑarkß bNÑal&y

BuT§sasn bNitü Edl án pþl nUv îar GnuBaØat Biess kñúg îar eRbIRás´ Éksar enA T Iena¼...>

mUln&y segçb

GtSbT en¼ man bMNg EsVg rk ¬sKl én îar yl eXIj rbs RbCaCn Exμr cMeBa¼ Cn ÔaKtic evotNam Edl

rs enA kñúg RbeTs km<úCa...> Rákd Nas fa B&t’ man Edl fa CnCati evotNam eFVI GMeBI GaRkk enA kñúg RbeTs

km<úCa nig cMeBa¼ RbCaCn Exμr min man GVI fμI ena¼ eT...> sc©ÔaB eTa¼ yag Na man ÔaB min c,as las...> eday

sar mUlehtu dUecñ¼ ehIy îar RsavRCav en¼ án eRbIRás îar sikßa elI Éksar eá¼Bum< Edl man Rsab TakTg

nwgRbÎanbT sarB&t’man nig îar smÖas Ca mYy nwg mnusß mk BI Rkúm sasn_ TaMg BIr...> îar smÖas eFVI eLIg Ca

mYynwg RbCaCn Exμr 12 nak nig evotNam 9nak ePT Rbús RsI Edl rs enA PñMeBj nig esomrab nig man

Gayu RBm TaMg îargar xus Ëña...> îar sikßa Gac eFVI esckþI snñidæan fa Rbvtþi én TMnak TMng min esμI ÔaB Ëña rvag sasn_

TaMg BIr RBwtþiîarN_ Edl kMBug ekIt man Ca fμI Edl rYm man îar hUr cUl rbs GenþaRbevsn_ evotNam nig îar

rMelaP RBMEdn rYm TaMg braC&y rbs´ rdæaPiál kñúg îar eda¼ Rsay bBaHa TaMg en¼ Bit Ca án edIr tYnaTI yäg

sMxan kñúg îar eFVI [ man ÔaB lðkkkr kñúg GarmμN_ Exμr cMeBa¼ CnCati evotNam...> Cati evotNam Edl eK sðb

CnCati Exμr cUlcitþ eRbI Bakü ².yYn.³ ehIy Bakü en¼ RtÚv án CnCati TaMg BIr Rkúm yl´ Rsb Ëñafa man n&y

eCr Rbmaf Rbkb eday GriÔaB nig min BI era¼ sþab eLIy...>...

CMBUk TI .5Tsßn£ rbsExμrcMeBa¼CnCa†ÔaK†cevotNam

126 CMBUk TI .5

esckþI epþIm

man Bakü cÏam Garam Ca erOy.@ niyay GMBI CnCati evotNam eFVI GMeBI GaRkk kñúg RbeTs km<úCa nig cMeBa¼ Cn

Cati Exμr...> CYn îal eK eÏaT fa CnCati evotNam dak fñaM bMBul kñúg Twk ¦dut bMpøaj CRmk G naFibetyü enA

TI Rkúg PñMeBj Ca edIm (rsμI km<úCa elx 2558 éf¶ TI 22 Ex kBaØa ÌñaM 2001)...> Ca mYy en¼ eK k¾ Etg man

eXasna RbÌaMg nwg evotNam BI sMNak´ Rkúm bkß RbÌaMg pg Edr...> îar eRbIRás´ evaharsa®sþ neyaáy

RbÌaMg nwg evotNam en¼ eFVI eLIg kñúg bMNg TakTaj GarmμN_ RbCaCn Exμr [ yk citþ Tuk dak elI vtþman rbs

Cn Cati evotNam kñúg RbeTs ehIy CYn îal k¾ bBal [ man îar BMu eCO Tuk citþ Ëña GriÔaB GMeBI XatkmμeTot pg...> ehtu dUecñ¼ ehIy eK Gac elIk Ca sMNYr fa ².etI GVI Ca ¬s Kl én «bTÞvehtu sg:m en¼..?.³ Edl

Ca sMNYr nwg RtÚv eqøIy kñúg GtSbT RsavRCav en¼...>

edIm,I eqøIy nwg sMNYr en¼ eK ÏaMác RtÚv RkeLk emIl Rbvtþisa®sþfμI.@ GMBI TMnakTMng rvag RbeTs TaMg

BIr...> eK k¾ RtÚv Ïab GarmμN_ pg Edr elI Rbvtþi én îar eFVI GenþaRbevsn_ nig îar QøanBan RBMEdn Exμr BI sMNak

evotNam ehIy müag eTot elI kgV¼ smtSÔaB rbs KNbkß îan GMNac enA km<úCa kñúg îar eda¼ Rsay bBaHa

resIb TaMg en¼...> cMNuc TaMg en¼ nwg RtÚv elIk yk mk BiÔakßa Ca bnþ bnÞab´...> Epñk TI 1 én GtSbT en¼ nwg

epþat elI RBwtþiîarN_ Rbvtþisa®sþmYycMnYn Edl TakTg eTA nwg TMnakTMng rvag RbeTs TaMg BIr TMnakTMng

Edl Etg bBal [ RbCaCn km<úCa CYb RbT¼ nUv CIvit d¾ lMák evTna nig EdleK min Gac bMePøc án...> ÔaBeRkóm RkM nig Tukçesak TaMg en¼ Edl Etg cmøg BI mYy CMnan eTA mYy CMnan Èam ry£ îar niTan t Ëña ¦ salaeron

EtgEt eFVI [ Cn rYm Cati .rYm Rbvtþisa®sþ nig vb,Fm’ man kMhwg.¬1¦...>

mnÞilsgß&y Edl man kb´ kñúg Rbvtþisa®sþnig vb,Fm’ en¼ RtÚv án eFVI [ îan´ Et rIk FM eLIg eday sar

neyaáy km<úCa Edl edIr tYnaTI yag sMxan kñúg îar bBal [ man Gsnþisux xYrk,al nig Edl Ca RbÎanbTsRmab´ îar BiÔakßa enA kñúg Epñk TI 2...> bBaHa min ec¼ cb´ GMBI erOg RBMEdn îar hUr cUl én GenþaRbevsn_

evotNam nig GsmtSÔaB rbs rdæaPiál kñúg îar rk dMeNa¼Rsay smRsb Edl mnusß mYy cMnYn P&y xøac

GMBI îar át bg nUv GtþsBaØaN Cati xøÜn ena¼ nwg RtÚv elIk yk mk BiÔakßa...> braC&y rbs rdæaPiál en¼ án

pþl´ nUv briyaîas îan´ Et TUlay dl´ KNbkß RbÌaMg kñúg îar eRbI Rás´ evaharsa®sþRbÌaMg nwg evotNam

Ca Epñk d¾ KYr [ Tak Taj mYy kñúg kmμviFI neyaáy rbs eK...> kñúg n&y en¼ RbCaCn Edl man îar sðbex<Im Cab

xøÜn rhUt mk RtÚv án Gñk neyaáy dwknaM [ Qan eTA rk îar eFVI [ lðk´ kkr nUv TMnak´TMng rvag Rkúm CnCati

TaMg BIr eTa¼ Ca Gñk ena¼ cg´ ¦ min cg´ k¾ eday...> bEnSm elI en¼ eTot ÔaB xus Ëña Epñk vb,Fm’ Edl Etg Et

eFVI [ man îar rMxan cMeBa¼ Ëña eTA vij eTA mk nwg RtÚv yk mk sikßa kñúg CMBUk cug eRîay edIm,I rk [ eXIj nUv tY

naTI rbs va kñúg bBaHa en¼....>

Gñk TaMg Lay Na Edl man ExßRsLay Ca evotNam rs´ enA kñúg RbeTs km<úCa min fa Gñk ena¼ man

kMeNIt kñúg RbeTs ¦ eFVI GenþaRbevsn_ mk BINa mk ena¼ eT Etg Et RtÚv án Ïat´ Tuk eday RbCaCn Exμr fa

Tsßn£ rbsÉxμrcMeBa¼CnCa†ÔaK†cevotNam 127

Ca Cn GenþaRbevsn_ evotNam...> îar eFVI cMNat fñak min man ÔaB c,as las ena¼ eT...> .Gñk xø¼ Ebg Eck Cn

Cati evotNam rs enA kñúg RbeTs km<úCa Ca bI Rkúm eday Epðk Ca mUldæan elI ry£ eBl Edl eK rs enA kñúg ena¼

rYm man Gñk rs enA TIen¼ rab CMnan mk ehIy nig Edl Gac niyay Ôasa Exμr án yag lð Gñk Edl mk ÈaMg lMenA

Èam CnCati evotNam Edl vil mk km<úCa vij eRîay ÌñaM 1979 nig Gñk cUl mk kñúg RbeTs km<úCa kñúg bMNg eFVI

CMnYj kñúg ry£ eBl kMNt´ mYy...> Gñk xø¼ eTot RËan´ Et Ebg Eck rvag Gñk rs´ enA yUr nig Gñk eTIb mk dl´ fμI

büeNÑa¼ (Eb‘Rtg´d_ 1996)...> Bakü ².evotNam.³ nig ².GenþaRbevsn_.³ man n&y dUc Ëña kñúg GtSbT en¼

sMedA eTA elI Gñk Edl man ExßRsLay evotNam eRBa¼ fa RbCaCn Exμr min án Ïab GarmμN_ GMBI zan£ xus Ëña

én Cn CatievotNam TaMg ena¼ eT...>

dUecñ¼ CnCati evotNam mYy Na k¾eday Gac Ca eËaledA én îar Rbîan BUCsasn_...> cMNuc sMxan

KW fa îar BMu eCO Tuk citþ nig sðb ex<Im CnCati ÔaKtic evotNam TaMgmUl RtÚv án pßBVpßay yag TUlMTUlay Èam

RbB&n§ pßBVpßay nig RCab cUl kñúg eb¼dUg RbCaCn Exμr...> eday sar mUl ehtu en¼ ehIy sarB&t’man nig bT

smÖas Ca RbPB cm,g BIr sRmab îar sikßa en¼...> bT smÖas RtÚv án eFVI eLIg ÔaK eRcIn Ca Rkúm BiÔakßa eRBa¼

fa îar smÖas mñak Tl mñak BMu án pþl Epøp;a lð sRmab îar sikßa RbePT en¼ eLIy...> Gñk pþl smÖas rYm man

Exμr cMnYn 12 nak´ Edl man Gayu cRmú¼ nig TaMg BIr ePT nig CnCati evotNam cMnYn 9 nak´ EdlÈaMg lMenA

enA PñMeBj nig esomrab...> xJúM k¾ sUm sarÔaB fa îar sikßa en¼ Edl man TMhM FM nig lMák seRmc [ án rYc

ehIy ena¼ án CYb RbT¼ nUv îar lMák mYy cMnYn kñúg îar EsVg rk cemøIy GviC¢man Edl evotNamman cMeBa¼

Cn Cati Exμr eTa¼ Ca Cn GenþaRbevsn_ mYy cMnYn Bit Ca man îar yl eXIj dUecñ¼ k¾eday...> pÞúy eTA vij eyIg

án rk eXIj Ca erOy.@ nUv îar yl´ eXIj GviC¢man rbs´ RbCaCn Exμr cMeBa¼ CnCati evotNam TaMg kñúg kic©

smÖas TaMg kñúg sarB&t’ man...>...

îar min eCO Tuk citþ Edl Rbvtþisa®sþán bnßl Tuk

CMBUk en¼ nwg bgHaj fa etI Rbvtþisa®sþTak´Tg nwg mti Cati niym rbs´ Exμr man }T§iBl yäg Na elI îar yl´

eXIj rbs´ RbCaCn cMeBa¼ Gñk Cit xag evotNam...> GtItîal án knøg put eTA k¾ Bit Emn büEnþRsemal

Gn§îal rbs´ GtItîal en¼ enA Et Èam lg RbCaCn Exμr RKb´ rUb Biess Gñk Edl án TTYl îar sikßa yäg

ehac fñak´ mFüm sikßa kRmit 1 nig Gñk Edl án qøgîat´ pÞal´ nUv ÔaB sahav yg´Xñg Edl evotNam án

RbRBwtþ...> RBwtþi îarN _ Rbvtþisa®sþTaMg en¼ án kMNt nUv KMnit GviC¢man rbs Gñk Catiniym Exμr nig RbCaCn

samBaØ cMeBa¼ Cn Cati evotNam...> Tsßn£rbs Exμr yl eXIj fa eBl evla min edIr hYs put BI vdþ rbs xøÜn

eLIy (em eron rbs´ elak PIfWr haMmWur 18 kk;da 2005)...> kñúg n&y en¼ GtItîal min RËan´ Et knøg put

eTA FmμÈa ena¼ eT buEnþ va Gac Rbtisæan CafμI mþg eTot RKb îal TaMg Gs...>

128 CMBUk TI .5

emeron Edl eK BMu Edl bMePøc

GtItîal KW Bit Ca emeron d¾ lð Edl KYr eronsURt...> RbCaCn RKbrUb Büayam cgÏaM min Rtwm Et ÔaB l,Il,aj

Edl buBV burs rbs´ xøÜn án bnßl´ Tuk ena¼ eT büEnþ Efm TaMg bTBiesaFn_ Rbkb eday TukçevTna TaMg Lay

Edl BYk Ëat án CYb RbT¼ kñúg bMNg ecos vag [ put eTA éf¶ mux...> El,g neyaáy Edl km<úCa Etg Et Ïaj

án eFVI [ b¨¼Bal´ yäg mhima elI îar Kit rbs´ Exμr cMeBa¼ ÔaKI mYy eTot Edl Bak´B&n§...> Gñk Catiniym Edl

án Ïab kMeNIt eLIg yag ehac Nas enA Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1930 nig Edl Qan dl kMBUl enA Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970

án Ïab epþIm beg;It kMhwg kñúg xøÜn RbCaCn Exμr eday eRbIRás evaharsa®sþneyaáy rbs eK Edl TakTg

nwg TMnakTMng BI GtItîal rvag RbCaCati TaMg BIr...> îar sikßa Rbvtþisa®sþ min man bMNg elIk Twkcitþ [ man

îar sðb´ ex<Im ¦ vinicä&y [ eXIj fa GñkNa RtÚv GñkNa xus ena¼ eT Et Ca îar RbwgERbg edIm,I yl´ [îan´ Et

c,as´ GMBI GtItîal büeNÑa¼...> Et eTa¼ yägNa Ca mYy Ëña en¼ va k¾ án beg;It [ man îar yl´ eXIj GviC¢man

elI ÔaKI mçag eTot Edl TTYl C&yCMn¼ nig Edl án eFVI [ exÞcxÞaM nUv GtþsBaØaN Cati nig esckþI éfø fñÚr rbs´

eK dUc elak nYn eXOn ( 1989.£ k ) án G¼Gag fa..½

².KW GMeBI ¦ RBwtþiîarN_ [Rbvtþisa®sþ.] TaMg en¼ ehIy Edl beg;It nUv sm,CBa Ø£ Exμr.> CnCati Exμr sm&y en¼

CalT§pl én GtItîal ¦ Ca lT§pl én sm,CBa Ø£ Exμr n¼ Ég.³.>

enA eBl Ca mYy ena¼ RbCaCn Ïab epþIm Ëas kîay TMnak TMng BI GtItîal rvag RbeTs TaMg BIr eBl

s®g:am RtCak´ eLIg dl´ kRmit kMBUl kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970 edIm,I eFVI [ Gñk esñha Cati TaMg Lay RbúgRby&tñ

cMeBa¼ Gñk Cit xag rbs´ xøÜn...> îar niyay t.@ Ëña GMBI ÔaB eXa eXA rbs´ Tahan evotNam kñúg ry£eBl én

îar BRgIk GMNac rbs´ eK elI km<úCa kñúg stvtßr_ TI 17 nig 18 îan´ Et man sÔaB twgEtg enA eBl man îar

rIk sayÔay rbs kgT&B evotNam mk kñúg Twk dI km<úCa kñúg s®g:am evotNam (K¿s¿ 1945-1975)...> mun

ena¼ RbCaCn Îøab´ rgeRËa¼ BI îar bgçitbgçM yäg sahav éRBépß [ CIk TMnb´ ERBk vij et (ÌaNl&r 2005.£129 ) eday enA eBl ena¼ Tahan yYn án ebIk TVar Twk yag tkRkhl eday BMu án [ dMNwg dl kmμkr Exμr

Ca mun nig bBal [ man îar át bg Civit Ca eRcIn...> elIs BI en¼ eTot yYn eÏaT fa kmμkr Exμr x¢il RcGUsBYk Tahan yYn án kb´ Exμr TaMg rs´ nig yk k,al Exμr mk eFVI Ca kMNl´ eCIgRîan daM Et...> TaMg en¼ suT§ Et Ca

bT BiesaFn_ Edl min Gac bMePøc án ehIy Edl RbCaCn Exμr Etg Büayam niTan t.@ [ Gñk CMnan eRîay sþab

(hiun sIufan Ëμan îalbriecäT TMB&r TI 145-52 ) nig Edl Etg eFVI [ yuvCn man kMhwg...> eBl sYr fa etI

Ëat´ man GarmμN_ yäg Na cMeBa¼ evotNam Gñk rt´ mÜtU mñak´ án niyay fa ².min sðbévotNam eT büEnþ sðb´

yYn Edl bgçM [ RbCaCn Exμr CIk ERBk.³.¬2¦...>

Rbvtþi én îar CIk ERBk en¼ ekIt eLIg kñúg GMLúg day evot (RbeTs yYn) dak GaNaBüaál elI RbeTs

km<úCa Ca elIk dMbUg enA Bak kBal TI 1 én stvtßr_ TI 19...> enA eBl ena¼ eBl RbeTs GNÑam man îar rIkceRmInxøaMg eK k¾ án bnþ îar QøanBan RbeTs Exμr BI Tis bUB’a mk...> kñúg cenøa¼ ÌñaM 1835-1840 Gug eRTÓg


mij yag embBa¢aîar eyaÎa yYn Edl sSit eRîam îar bBa¢a pÞal BI RB¼ eÏA ya Lg enA Rkúg ehV án dwk naM T&B

QøanBan RbeTs Exμr kñúg ebskkmμ mYy Edl eK [ eQμa¼ fa ².ebskkmμ bU¼ bBal GriyFm’.³ ¦ dUc Edlelak ÌaNl&r ehA fa ebskkmμ ².evotNam ÔavUbnIykmμ.³...> yYn min án sþar eLIg vij nUv ehdæarcnasm<&n§Edl exÞcxÞaM eday sa rs®g:am eK vay CamYy esom ena¼ eT ehIy RB¼BuT§ sasna Edl Ca CMenO FM rbs Exμr k¾

eK min xVl nwg yk citþ Tuk dak ksag eLIg vij Edr...> pÞúy eTA vij eK án Ïab epþIm sab eRBa¼ [ man îar Rbtibtþi i

RbéBNI vb,Fm’ yYn...> Ca lT§pl RbCaCn Exμr d¾ eRcIn eRîam îar dwk naM rbs GtIt RB¼sgÇ mYy cMnYn án

eRîak eLIg vayRbÌaMg nwg sRtÚv yYn (ÌaNl&r 2005..£ 129-45)...> îar bMpøic bMpøaj elI sasna nig îarËab sg;t´ GsIlFm’ TaMg en¼ RtÚv án Ïas´.@ CMnan´ mun niTan t.@ Ëña nig Ïar enA kñúg esov eÔA Rbvtþisa®sþ

eTot pg (Rtwg ga 1974..£ 152-153) Edl ekμg CMnan´ eRîay Gac eron sURt nig Eck rMElk Tukç evTna

TaMg ena¼ án...>

eRîay BI ebskkmμ bU¼ bBalGriyFm’ rbs evotNam RbeTs km<úCa án îøay Cak Enøg mYy EdlGaNa niKm áraMgEss man bMNg sab eRBa¼ GriyFm’ rbs eK mþg...> eday sar Et îar seRmc citþ rbs áraMg

kñúg îar dak RbeTs km<úCa kñúg GaNaBüaál rbs eK eRBa¼ fa Rbsin ebI min dUeÏña¼ eT RbEhl Ca BMu man RbeTs

km<úCa sBV éf¶ elI EpnTI BiPBelak sm&y TMenIb en¼ eT...> buEnþ eTa¼ yag Na cMNUl citþ rbs áraMg kñúg îar

eRbIRás kmøaMg Blkmμ evotNam kñúg rdæál rbs eK enA km<úCa ( füúg 1993..£ 230-35) nig esckþI seRmc

citþ kñúg ÌñaM 1949 edIm,I Ô¢ab bBa extþ Exμr ÔaK xag t,Úg TaMg Lay eTA [ RbeTs evotNam min án eFVI [ Exμrsb,ay citþ ena¼ eT...> CnCati Exμr Edl rs´ enA kñúg RbeTs km<úCa bc©úb,nñ nig Gñk rsénA Ca CnCati ÔaKtic

elI TwkdI rbs xøÜn enA kU saMg sIun min án ylRsb nwg îar seRmc Edl man lkçN£ neyaáy ena¼ eT buEnþ

BYk eK BMu manCeRmIs GVI epßg eTot eLIy...> pl lMák én mrtk GaNaniKm TaMg ena¼ enA Et man CIvityäg

Rbtükß rhUt mk dl sBV éf¶ en¼...>

CnCati ÔaKtic Exμr enA evotNam xag t,Úg RtÚv Bu¼Bar RKb´ Ebb yäg sRmab´ îar rsénA rbs´ BYk eK

eRîam esrIÔaB d¾ tUc cegðót kñúg îar Rbtibtþi siT§i nig CMenO sasna...> BYk eK RtÚv sSit eRîam îar RKb´ RKg d¾ twg

ruwg BI sMNak´ m®nþI bkß fñak´ mUl dæan ehIy îar RbmUl pþMú epßg.@ RtÚv man îar GnuBaØat nig RtÜt Binitü yäg hμt´

ct BI sMNak m®nþI bkß.¬3¦...> en¼ minEmn Ca erOg fμI ena¼ eT...> enA sm&y GaNaniKm niym áraMg Exμr eRîam

min RtÚv án GnuBaØat [ Rbtibtþi CMenO dUc Exμr kBal eLIy.¬4¦...> Cak´ Esþg enA cug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1920 kñúgdMeNIr Tsßnkic© rbs RB¼sgÇ Exμr eTA kUsaMg sIun RB¼sgÇ Ca m©as pÞ¼ án esñI esckþI GnuBaØat BI eTsaPiál

kU saMgsIun [ Exμr Rbtibtþi CMenO Ca RbéBNI rbs xøÜn dUc Ca BiFI buNüsB nig skmμÔaB RB¼BuT§sasna epßg.@

dUc Edl Îøab´ man rhUt mk (km<úCsuriya 1929)...> kñúg kic© xit xM RbwgERbg tvä edIm,I esrIÔaB siT§i mnusß

nig sasna RB¼sgÇ CYn îal dut xøÜn Ég Edl Ca skmμÔaB neyaáy l,Il,aj Edl man bnþr hUt mk dl´

eBl fμI.@ en¼...> elak saMg mak sag (1973..£ 1-100) án rMlwk eLIg vij nUv TukçevTna Edl CnCati Exμr

ÔaKtic enAevotNam án eBIbRbT¼...> Ëat sg;t F¶n fa CnCatiÔaKtic Exμr xus BI Rkúm CnCati ÔaKtic déT

130 CMBUk TI .5

RtÚv RbQmmux nwg îar Rbîan´ BUCsasn_ îar eFVI TaruNkmμ nig Ïab´ rMelaP BIsMNak´ evotNam nig dut xøÜn

Ég Ca edIm...> Ca rYm Ëat cg bgHaj Ráb fa yYn Edl Ca sRtÚv Rbvtþisa®sþrbs RbCa Cn Exμr Etg manîar

P&y xøac fa RbeTs km<úCa éf¶ Na mYy nwg yk dI rbs´ xøÜn BI eK mk vij...> ².kU saMg sIun Ca Edn dI Exμr ¿.¿.¿ RtÚv

RbKl´ [ Exμr vij.³ en¼ Ca GVI Edl Ëat´ TTUc nig Edl Ca cMNg eCIg esov eÔA rbs´ Ëat´ eTot pg...> sña éd

rbs elak saMg mak sag min án pþl nUv lT§pl KYr rIkray ena¼ eT buEnþ Ca îar sðb ex<Im cMeBa¼ sRtÚv Ca Cn

Cati evotNam...>

îar átbg TwkdI Exμr kU saMgsIun îal BI éf¶ TI 4 mifuna ÌñaM 1949 RtÚv án eK RárB§ BiFI rMlwk xYb eRkóm

RkM Ca erogral ÌñaM enA Rkúg PñMeBj...> esckþI Tukç evTna rbs Exμr ÔaKtic nig îar rMelaP siT§i mnusß nig sasna

BI sMNak´ evotNam RtÚv án eK Gan dak´ «eKÇasnsBÞ [ lan´ | rMBg kñúg cMeNam Gñk cUl rYm d¾ eRcIn KreËak

Edl cg´ Eck rMElk nUv GarmμN_ keBac kEBg...> GMeBI GmnusßFm’ TaMg Gs´ en¼ eTa¼ yägNa RtÚv ánrdæaPiál evotNam bdiesF nig Ebr Caniyay fa TaMg Gs suT§ Et Ca îar G¼Gag rbs Gñk neyaáy Exμr RCúl-

niym Edl cg naM [ man Gsnþisux nig GriÔaB kñúg RbeTs bueNÑa¼ (km<úCa edlI elx 24 cu¼ éf¶ 13 mifuna

2002)...>...

Tsßn£ rbs Blrdæ Exμr RbÌaMg nwg evotNam eLIg dl kMBUl kñúg GMLúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970 eBlrbb

neyaáy RbÌaMg raCaniym BIr KW saÎarNrdæ Exμr nig km<úCa RbCaFibetyü eLIgîan´ GMNac bnþbnÞab´

Ëña...> GenþaRbevsn_ evotNam enA eBl ena¼ RtÚv án rdæaPiálkm©at yag gay RsÜl eRBa¼ fa CnCati en¼

cUl citþ RbmUl pþMú ÈaMg TIlMenA kñúg PUmi bEBtTwk Èam CMuvij bwg FM.@ nig Tenø (hUet þEs μn 2003..£ 155)...> buEnþeTa¼ yägNa neyaáy RbÌaMg evotNam rbs´ rdæaPiál Exμr cug eRîay en¼ min man Gayuîal Evg eLIy

eRBa¼ îar cUl éd rbs´ evotNam Ca fμI mþgeTot enA kñúg neyaáy rbs´ Exμr...> Gñk xø¼ niyay fa îar Bak´B&n§

rbs´ evotNam KW Ca îar QøanBan (mÜ rIs 1999) cMENk Gñk xø¼ eTot Ebr Ca pþl´ nUv ktBaØúÈaFm’ cMeBa¼

vtþman rbs evotNam...> eTa¼ yagNa îar ExVg KMnit Ëña en¼ hYs BI TMhM én GtSbT en¼...> GVI Edl TMng Ca min

Gac RbEkk án KW fa BI edImTI mk man GMNrKuN cMeBa¼ Tahan evotNam cMeBa¼ kic©shRbtibtþiîar CamYy

GtIt m®nþI Exμr Rkhm mYy îþab tUc kñúg îar pþÜlrMlM rbb bul Bt...> eday ehtu dUecñ¼ ehIy kñúg ry£eBl bunμan

ÌñaM dMbUg én îarksag RbeTs Tsßn£ GviC¢man (GriÔaB) cMeBa¼ evotNam hak dUc Ca BMu man ÔaB c,aslas...>

îar BakB&n§ rbs evotNam îan Et eRCA eTA.@ kñúg neyaáy km<úCa na Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 eTa¼ yag Na

án júaMg [ man îar átbg CMenO yagehac Nas cMeBa¼ Exμr mYy cMnYn...> bkß BYk bkß RbCaCn ánEføg GMNr

KuN yag xøaMg dl evotNam Edl án Tmøak ExμrRkhm ecj BI GMNac nig pþl GMNac dl BYk eK cMENk

Rkúm epßg eTot án ri¼Kn´ rhUt mk nUv îar eRCót ERCk rbs´ evotNam kñúg neyaáy km<úCa nig ri¼Kn´ bkß

RbCaCn Edl {n lMeTan cMeBa¼ evotNam...> îar Bak´B&n§ rbs´ evotNam en¼ án bBal [ man îar hUrcUl rbs´ CnCati evotNam kñúg cMnYn eRcIn elIslb´ Edl min Îøab´ man BI mun TaMg ena¼ rYm man TaMg Gñk Ïak

ecj kñúg sm&y bül Bt nig Gñk cMNUl fμI îan´ Et gay RsÜl (Ebr Rtg´d_ 1996)...> tfÔaB en¼ KW Ca îar


RBÜyármÖ rbs Rkúm Gñk Cati niym TaMg Gs...>

eRîA BI en¼ îar QøanBan Twk dI km<úCa kñúg GMLúg îar RKb´RKg rbs´ eK kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 bEnSm elI

GVI Edl eK Îøab án eFVI kñúg Rbvtþisa®sþknøg eTA án naM [ man îar keRmIk eLIg vij nUv ÔaB Ca sRtÚv...> rdæaPiál

kumμúynIsþ Exμr Edl elIk bnþúb eday evotNam án cu¼ htSelxa elI sn§isBaØa eTVÔaKI mYycMnYn Edl

bBal [ át´bg´ TwkdI y¨ageRcIn (s‘an eb¨g Es 2002..£ 1-124)...> fa etI îarG¼Gag en¼ RtwmRtÚv dl´kRmit Na ena¼ enA TamTar [ man îar sikßa bEnSm eTot...>

².yYn.³ Ca Bakü eCrbenSak dl sRtÚv rbs´ Cati Exμr

GtSn&y edIm nig Epñk evyüakrN_ rbs Bakü ².yYn.³ Edl Exμr Etg eRbI sBVéf¶ sMedA elI rbsRKbsBV Edl

min lð sRmab eK RtÚv án sikßa eday Gñk RsavRCav mYy cMnYn...> RbPB BI Éksar CaÔasa Exμr mYy án G¼Gag

fa Bakü ².yYn.³ RtÚván eRbI BI dMbUg eday CnCatiÏam Edl BI mun rs´ enA kñúg EdndI evotNam kBalbc©úb,n eday sMedA elI Rkúm kulsm<&n§ ²eyO.³ rs enA kñúg tMbn tugkwg ÔaK xag t,Úg RbeTscin nig RtÚv Ca

haNUy sBV éf¶ RbCaCn Exμr án eRbI Bakü en¼ Èam Ïam eday BIdMbUg BMu man n&y erIs eGIg NamYy eLIy buEnþ

îar eRbIRás ena¼ k¾ RtÚván TTYl îar Ïab GarmμN_ xøaMg eLIg BI sMNak skmμCn siT§imnusßnig Gñk neyaáy

mYy cMnYn mun eBl man îar eá¼eÌñat ËaMRT edayGg:îarshRbCaCati na ÌñaM 1993 (Ekv b‘un eFOn 1996..£

50-52)...> bEnSm elI en¼ eTot elak Eskhß_ füúg (1993.£ 225-230) án ylRsb fa Bakü ².yYn.³

en¼ Edl man kMeNIt enA }Na nig yk mk eRbIRás´ eday RbCaCn mYycMnYn enA GasIuGaeKñy_ rab´ bBa©ÚlTaMg Exμr pg ena¼ mann&y edIm min lMeGog eLIyeday sMedA elI ².Cn breTs.³...> GtSbT kñúg TsßnavdþI

km<úCsuriya Edl cu¼ pßay îal BI ÌñaM 1930 (eá¼ Bum< pßay eday RB¼ raCbNÑal&y km<úCa) k¾ man eRbI Bakü

².yYn.³ Ca pøÚv îar sRmab´ sMedA elI Cn Cati evotNam eday BuM man LMeGog GVI eLIy (h¿ Èat 1928 k/

1928 x/ 1929 k/ 1929 x)...> elIs BI en¼ eTot vcnanuRkm Exμr eá¼ Bum< elIk TI 5 îal BI ÌñaM 1967-

1968 (TMB&r TI 955) eday BuT§sasnbNitü man bBa©Úl Et Bakü ².yYn.³ Ca emBakü buEnþ Ebr Ca BuM manbBa©Úl Bakü ².evotNam.³ ¦ ².eyokNam.³ Ca emBakü eTA vij..½

yYn n¿ Cati mnusß Gñk Edn tugk&g/ Edn GNÑam/ Edn kUs&gsuIn.£ yYn tugk&g/ yYn GNÑam/ yYn kUs&gsuIn.À

Bakü samBaØ eRcIn ehA yYn tugk&g fa yYn haNUy/ ehA yYn GNÑam fa yYn ehV/ ehA yYn kUs&gsuIn fa yYn

éRB nKr.>

en¼ s bBa¢ak [ eXIj fa Bakü en¼ man eRbI enA kñúg sg:m Exμr rhUt mk eday BuM TMng Ca man n&y lMeGog

GVI eLIy.¬5¦...> eTa¼ yagNa îar vivtþ én sSanÔaB neyaáy kñúg bunμan Tsvtßr_ en¼ án eFVI [ Bakü en¼ mann&y

BMu c,aslas´ eTA vij...>

sBVéf¶ sRmab´ RbCaCn Exμr Bakü ².yYn.³ nig ².evotNam.³ CaBakü BIr mann&y epßg Ëña eday

².yYn.³ sMedA elI GenþaRbevsn_ evotNam Edl eK mincUlcitþ rI É ².evotNam.³ sMedA elI Gñk Citxag Cati

132 CMBUk TI .5

evotNam Edl eK min man KMnit lMeGog eTArk...> Bakü ².yYn.³ RbEhl Ca min man n&y Ôasasa®sþ c,as

las´ TaMg kñúg Gkßr sa®sþExμr nig evotNam ena¼ eT...> eTa¼ CayägNa Bakü en¼ án pþl´ mk nUv GtSn&y

GviC¢man dl´ RbCaCn Exμr nig evotNam Ca eRcIn enA eBl sBVéf¶ en¼...> eK Etg RbúgRby&tñ eBl CYb CamYy

mitþ Pkiþ evotNam Rbsin ebI min dUeÏña¼eT Bakü ².yYn.³ Edl min mann&y lð ena¼ Gac nwg RtÚv hUr ecj BI

bbUr mat´ rbs´ eK eday écdnü nig Edl nwg eFVI [ ÔaKI evotNam min sb,ay citþ eLIy...> Gñk xø¼ niyay fa

Cn TaMg en¼ min KYr nwg ehA fa ².evotNam.³ eT eRBa¼ fa CnCati en¼ án.QøanBan RbeTskm<úCa BIGtItîal

nig kMBugRtÜtRÈa km<úCaeRîam enAeLIy.¬6¦...>

Bakü ².yYn.³ en¼ RbCaCn Exμr EtgEt yk mk eRbI edIm,I ehA GenþaRbevsn_ evotNam kñúg n&y GviC¢man

ehIy va man n&y pÞúy RsL¼ nwg Bakü ².evotNam.³...> ®sþI evotNam mñak man Gayu Cit 20 ÌñaM nig eFVI îar enA

hag îaehV evotNam mYy enA kñúg RkúgPñMeBj án [ dwg fa nag man îar eRkveRîaF yag xøaMg eBl ePJóv rbs

nag mñak án ehA nag fa ².yYn.³ eRBa¼ fa va Ca Bakü eCrRbmaf.¬7¦...> pÞúy eTA vij Bakü ².evotNam.³ Edl

min man n&y erIseGIg ¦ GriÔaB ena¼ min sUv eBj niym kñúg îar eRbIRás´ ena¼ eT.¬8¦...> RbCaCn Exμr ehA Gñk

TaMg ena¼ fa ².yYn.³ eRBa¼ fa BYk eK min eBj citþ nwg GVI Edl rdæaPiál evotNam eda¼Rsay bBaHa epßg.@

Ca mYy nwg rdæaPiál km<úCa tfÔaB TaMg ena¼ rYmman krNI GenþaRbevsn_ evotNam Ca eRcIn rsénA xus

c,ab´ enA elI TwkdI km<úCa ÔaB yWtyäv ¦ braC&y rbs´ km<úCa kñúg îar eda¼Rsay bBaHa îar QøanBan RBMEdn

BIsMNak´ evotNam GenþaRb evsn_ nig îar GPivDÆ yWt enA km<úCa eFob nwg evotNam...>...

. îar min eCOTukcitþ eRbób dUc Ca KMnit man BI kMeNIt rbs Exμr cMeBa¼ evotNam Edl BYkeK yl fa min

Edl eFVI lð cMeBa¼ Catisasn_ Exμr esa¼ eLIy...> vtþman rbs T&B evotNam rabmWun nak enA RbeTs km<úCa kñúg

Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 án eFVI [ man eK yl´ GMBI yuT§sa®sþT&B rbs evotNam...> RbCaCn Exμr án dak eQμa¼

[ RsemacRkhm müäg (Rsemac ePøIg) Edl Gac Tic [ cuk mYy snÞú¼ fa ².Rsemac yYn.³ Èam yuT§viFI T&B

evotNam Edl rul eTAmux îanÉt eRcIn eBl eXIj mitþ rYm GavuF eK Namñak´ RtÚv án smøab´...> RbCaCn Exμr

sðb´ stV en¼ Nas´ eRBa¼ fa eBl GñkNa edIr Can´ va mYy ¦ sMbuk rbs´ va Rsemac déTeTot min án rt´ ecj

ena¼ eT buEnþ îan Et rt cUl mk sMedA xaM eK.¬9¦...> eTa¼ yagNa Gñk xø¼ G¼Gag epßg BI en¼ fa eQμa¼ Rsemac

en¼ RtÚv án eK dak´ eday eyag elI B&N’Rkhm rbs´ va B&N’ Edl eBj niym enA RbeTs kumμúynIsþ dUc

evotNam en¼.¬10¦...> min xVl fa eQμa¼ Rsemac en¼ man RbPB mk BI Na ena¼ eT BMu man GñkNa cUlcitþ Rsemac

yYn en¼ eLIy...> buËnþ eBl niyay dl´ ².smø m¢Úr yYn.³ eyIg RbEhl Ca BuM Gac fa Bakü en¼ man bg;b´ nUv

GtSn&y lð ¦ GaRkk ena¼ eT...>

BuM man Éksar Na G¼ Gag GMBI Rbvtþi én Bakü ².yYn.³ nig ².evotNam..³ [ án s,as´las´ eT buËnþ

sSanÔaB sBV éf¶ án bgHaj c,asfa Bakü TaMg BIr en¼ BuM Emn Ca sTisn&y nwg Ëña eLIy...> Bakü ².yYn.³ TTYl

án nUv RbCaRbiyÔaB yäg xøaMg eRbI sRmab´ ral´ rbs´ rbr nig TMnij min lð min Fn´ Ca KMnit Edl min Rákd

fa man GMN¼GMNag RKb krNI ena¼...> eBl mnusß mñak Ráb eTA mitþ mñak eTot fa ².QW eFμj.³ cemøIy Gac


fa ².ena¼ k¾eRBa¼ Et Gñk ena¼ man eFμj yYn.³...> ebI QW RkB¼ k¾ eRBa¼ Et RkB¼ ena¼ Ca RkB¼ yYn Edr...> plitpl

xø¼ Edl gay ákEbk min xVl fa plit enA TI Na Rákd eLIy k¾ Gac Ca rbs yYn Edr...> GVI Edl man Bakü

².yYn.³ suT§ Et GaRkk´ ¦ cMGk...> mnusß FmμÈa k¾ yl´ dUecñ¼ É Gñk neyaáy k¾ man îar yl´ eXIj Rsedog

Ëña Edr...>

îar eRbIRás evaharsa®sþRbÌaMg evotNam eday Gñk neyaáy Exμr

CMBUk en¼ nwg sikßa GMBI fa etI evaha r sa®sþ RbÌaMg nwg evotNam rbs Gñk neyaáy Exμr án b¼Bal yagNa

eTA elI RbCaCn Exμr nig CnCatiÔaKtic evotNam Edl RtÚv Cab´ pug Epñk neyaáy nig vb,Fm’ kñúg lMh d¾

tUc cegðót mYy cenøa¼ RbeTs kMeNIt rbs´ eK nig RbeTs Edl eK kMBug rs´ enA...> Gñk neyaáy Exμr Ca

Gñk dwknaM kñúg îar jú¼jg´ [ RbCaCn Edl man sñam GnusßavrIy_ exμA ggwt BYk eK án CYb ¦ eronsURt îanÉt

sðb´ îan´ Et man KMnit GviC¢man cMeBa¼ CnCati evotNam...> bBaHa GenþaRbevsn_ xus c,ab´ nig îar QøanBan

RBM Edn BI sMNak´ evotNam RtÚv án TTYls:al´ TaMg bkß îan´ GMNac nig bkß RbÌaMg büEnþ kgV¼ smtSÔaB

rbs´bkß dwknaM kñúg îar eda¼Rsay bBaHa eîþA KKuk TaMg en¼ án pþl´ nUv briyaîas îan´ Et FMTUlay dl´ bkß

RbÌaMg [ TTYl án nUv îar ËaMRT BI mhaCn...> Gnþr TMnak´TMng rvag bBaHa eîþARkhay TaMg en¼ Edl nwgRtÚv

elIk yk mk BiÔakßa lMGit Ca bnþbnÞab´ xag eRîam nwg Gac rYm cMENk eFVI [ man îaryl´dwg îanÉt c,as´

GMBI ¬ s Kl Edl naMeÌ<a¼ eTA rk Gakb,kiriya cMeBa¼ evotNam Edl Exμr man bc©úb,nñ...>

bBaHa GenþaRbevsn_nig bBaHa RBMEdn Edl min ec¼ cb

bBaHa GenþaRbevsn_ RtÚv án bgHaj yäg c,as´ enA kñúg kmμviFI neyaáy rbs´ KNbkß FMTaMgbI sRmab´ îar

eá¼ eÌñat tMNagra®sþ...> KNbkß nImYy.@ snüafa nwg eda¼Rsay Rbkb eday RbsiT§ÔaBCamYy nwg bBaHa

en¼ eBl Edl Qñ¼ eÌñat (PñMeBjbüsþ# 1998)...> îar eXasna neyaáy en¼ án Tak´Taj îar ËaMRT BI

mhaCn yäg eRcIn Gñk TaMg ena¼ ÔaKeRcIn dwg xøÜn eRîay mk fa xøÜn RtÚv án eK eák Rás´...> dUecñ¼ ehIy

bBaHa Edl min Tan eda¼Rsay en¼ enA Et Ca îar RBÜyármÖ rbs RbCaCn Exμr CaeRcIn Edl yleXIj fa va

BMu Emn Ca Cm¶W FmμÈa ena¼ eT...>...

RbCaCn Exμr min Edl eCO elI Gakb,kiriya rmna rbs´ ÔaKI evotNam ena¼ eT eRBa¼ fa eK án eron nUv

emeron CUrct yag eRcIn BIRbvtþisa®sþ...> GenþaRbevsn_ evotNam mk rs enA TIen¼ eday s¶bs¶at Et dMbUg

bueNÑa¼ dl yUr eTA eK nwg îøay Ca eRËa¼fñak dl GtþsBaØaN Exμr (nYn eXOn 1989..£ 1-26)...> Cak Esþg

enA stvtßr_TI 17 Ïab´ BI eBl man TMnak´TMng lð CamYy Ëña mk evotNam RtÚv án RB¼raCa Exμr RB¼raCTan

[ ÈaMglMenA kñúg dI mYy kEnøg TMhM smlμm eday dak´ kic©snüa fa nwg RbKl´ dI mk [ Exμr vij enAeBl Na

Edl kßRt dEdl ena¼ RtÚv îar...> sMNag GaRkk evotNam BMu Edl án RbKl dI ena¼ RtLb [ Exμr vij eLIy

eday G¼Gag fa BYk eK án ÈaMg lMenA TIena¼ yUryar Nas mk ehIy...> eTa¼ rhUt mk dl }LÚv en¼ GtItîal

134 CMBUk TI .5

en¼ enA Et b¨¼Bal´ yäg xøaMg dl´ îar Kit rbs´ Exμr mYy cMnYn...> eBl sYr fa ehtuGVI ánCa evotNam cUlcitþ

mk rsénA kñúg TwkdI Exμr Ca «TahrN_ ®sþI Gayu 29 ÌñaM mñak´ mk BI extþ kMBg´Ïam án eqøIy fa eK Ëμan Ïab´

GarmμN_ GVI eRîA BI dI rbs Exμr eLIy.¬11¦...>

mnusß Exμr TUeTA cg [ man îar eda¼Rsay cMeBa¼ Cemøa¼ TwkdI nig GenþaRbevsn_ Edl ena¼ k¾ Ca Epñk sMxan

mYy én eËal neyaáy rbs KNbkß neyaáyEdr..> Bakü ².yYn.³ RtÚv án eK bnøW eLIg Ca erOy.@ Èam

sunÞrkfa rbs´ Gñk neyaáy mk BI KNbkß RbÌaMg kñúg GMLúg eXasna eá¼ eÌñat...>. eTa¼ bI evahar sa®sþ

RbÌaMg evotNam en¼ RtÚv án Rkúm siT§imnusß nig rdæaPiál evotNam ri¼Kn eday G¼Gag fa va min Rsb eTA

nwg eËal îarN_ siT§i mnusß sakl nig kic©RBmeRBóg eTV ÔaKI rvag evotNam nig km<úCa Bakü eCrRbeTc cMeBa¼

GenþaRbevsn_ evotNam enA Et RtÚv án eK Eck pßay yäg TUlay Èam RbB&n§ pßBVpßay eBl eXasna...>

enA kñúg PUmi mYy eRîA RkúgPñMeBj semþc RkúmRB¼ RB¼RbÎan KNbkß h‘Vúnsuinbiuc.¬12¦ Eføg Èam «eKÇasnsBÞ

xøaMg.@ eTA îan Gñk ËaMRT rbs RB¼Gg: fa...½

Rbsin ebIeyIg eá¼eÌñat [ RtÚv KNbkß yYn nwg Ïakecj. büEnþ RbsinebI eyIg eRCIserIs KNbkß xus

yYn nwg man îan Et eRcIn (PñMeBjbüsþ# 17-23 kk;da 1998 ).>

GVI Edl sMxan´ dUc Ëña en¼ Edr KW bBaHa RBMEdn sBVéf¶ en¼...>...bBaHa en¼ TMng Ca min Gac eTA rYc ena¼ eT

sRmab RbCa Cn Exμr [ bMePøc eÏal nUv îar átbg TwkdI Ca bnþbnÞab rab stvtßr_ mk ehIy ena¼...> GtItîal

d¾ yUr lg RtÚv án rMlwk eLIg vij nig eFVI [ îan Et Èan twg eLIg eday RBwtþiîarN_ Edl kMBug ekIt man bc©úb,nñ...>

îar rMelaP RBMEdn RtÚv án rayîarN_ Ca erOy.@ eday RkúmRbÌaMg Edl mnusß Ca eRcIn Kit fa Ca Gñk yk

citþ Tuk dak GMBI TwkdI km<úCa...> menaseBa©tna en¼ min Rákd fa R tÚv TaMgGs ena¼ eT eRBa¼ fa bkß îanGMNac

k¾ ykcitþTuk dak´ elI bBaHa RBMEdn ena¼ Edr dUc Edl man Ecg enA kñúg kmμviFIn eyaáy rbs´ eK (eyag dUc

xag elI) buEnþ Rtgfa îar snüa ena¼ RtÚv án eKyk eTA Gnuvtþ ¦ Gt ena¼ KW Ca erOg mYy epßg eTot...>

RbCaCn Exμr Etg Ca Gñk Ïaj eTAehIy...> BYk eK RtÚv Ïakecj BIdI rbs xøÜn sRmab snþisux nig suvtSiÔaB

pÞal xøÜn...> RbCaCn Exμr rs enA Èam RBMEdn Etg xkcitþ nwg GVI Edl rdæaPiál evotNam nig km<úCa eda¼Rsay

GMBI bBaHa RBMEdn sBVéf¶ en¼...> eBl man Cemøa¼ dIFøI Ca mYy evotNam Edl Ca Gñk Cit xag ¦ Gñk mk BI TI Ì¶ay kñúg

RbeTs evotNam RbCaCn Exμr BMudwg fa eFVI GVI ena¼ eT eRîA BI Ïakecj BIdI rbs´ xøÜn...> burs Exμr Gayu 66

ÌñaM mYy rUb Edl Etg daM du¼ elIdI rbs Ëat nig Îøab TaMg bg Bn§dI eTA [ rbb sg:mra®sþniym (K¿s¿ 1954-

1969) RtÚv án CnCati evotNam bgçM [ Ïakecj BI dI ena¼...> en¼ RËan´ Et Ca krNI mYy kñúg cMeNam krNI

yag eRcIn sn§wksn§ab Edl rdæaPiál Exμr min man smtSÔaB eda¼Rsay ( eyag dUc xag elI )...>

RbCaCn Exμr Ca eRcIn eTot k¾ Eck rMElk nUv Tukç eRkómRkM dUc Ëña en¼ Edr...> eK min Edl man KMnit cg [

man îar átbg GtþsBaØaN rbs eK bnþic Na eLIy GarmμN_ TUeTA Edl bkß RbÌaMg Etg elIk yk mk sEmþg

nig ËaMRT...> RbCaCn Etg man bItiesamnsß nwg sunÞrkfa neyaáy Catiniym...> eBl semþc Rkúm RB¼

neratþm rN¬T§i Rbîas fa ².eá¼eÌñat [ hVú‘nsIunbiuc KW dUc Ca eá¼eÌñat edIm,I eda¼RsaybBaHa TwkdI.³ ksikr


Gayu 25 ÌñaM mñak´ Edl manîar ebþCJacitþ dUc Ëña en¼ án bnøW tb vij fa ².cg´ án dI Edl át´bg´ mkvij.³

(PñMeBj busþ# 1998 îar eá¼ eÌñat)...> enA man krNI Ca eRcIn eTot Edl RbCaCn km<úCa Etg Ïaj eK krNI

TaMgen¼ rdæaPiál RbeTs TaMg BIr RtÚv TTYl xusRtÚv...>

GsmtSÔaB rbs´ rdæaPiál km<úCa kñúg îar eda¼Rsay ral´ bBaHa xag elI

rdæaPiál km<úCa min Edl man smtSÔaB eda¼ Rsay bBaHa GenþaRbevsn_ nig Cemøa¼ RBMEdn Ca mYy evotNam ena¼

eT...> kgV¼ eËal neyaáy rbs´ rdæaPiál nig GMeBI BukrlYy enA RBMEdn án eFVI [ cMnYn Genþa Rbevsn_

evotNam Edl min án cu¼ bBa¢I ekIneLIg (migs&nB_ nig eDar 2003.£ 233-34)...> eBl Edl bBaHa îan

Et eFVI [ man sÔaB twgEtg eday îar erobGaBah_BiBah_ qøgsasn_ nig kgV¼ îar Ïab´ GarmμN_ BI rdæaPiál

Genþa Rbevsn_ KW Bit Ca îar RBÜyármÖ rbs´ Gñk neyaáy mYy cMnYn Edl xøac át´bg´ GtþsBaØaN Cati...>

elak sun q&y Gñk tMNag ra®sþ mk BI bkßsmrgßúI Ca « TahrN_ án Eføg fa..½

RbsinebI Ëμan viÎanîar twgEtg BI rdæaPiál eT ena¼ km<úCa kñúg eBl Ìab.@ xag mux nwg Qan eTA rk bBaHa mYy

îan Et F¶n.> eyIg nwg îøay Ca CnCatiÔaKtic elI TwkdI pÞal rbs xøÜn (km<úCa edlI 6-7 kk;da 2002).>

Bit Nas fa KN£ kmμaFiîar Cati mYy dwknaM eday elak va Kwmhug smaCik KNbkß RbCaCn km<úCa RtÚv

án beg;It eLIg kñúg bMNg eda¼Rsay bBaHa RBMEdn CamYy RbeTs Citxag...> eTa¼ Ca yag Na RbCaCn Ca eRcIn

nig bkß RbÌaMg min eRtk Gr nwg GVI Edl sSab&n en¼ án nig kMBug eFVI ena¼ eT...> niyay BI Epñk neyaáy KN£

kmμaFiîar en¼ Ca erOy.@ RbÌaMg nwg esckþI esñI epßg.@ BI bkß RbÌaMg cMENk bkßRbÌaMg k¾ BMu Tukcitþ vij Edr eTa¼

Ca man tfÔaB neyaáy en¼ KN£kmμaFiîar Etg sÞakesÞIr kñúg îar ebþCJacitþ eÌ<a¼ eTArk plRbeyaCn_ Cati...>

eK minEdl TTYl yk sMeNI rbs´ bkß RbÌaMg eTA BiÏarNa ena¼ eT Cak´Esþg sMeNI sMu [ eFVI nirakrN_ nUv

sn§isBaØa nig GnusBaØa eTVÔaKI TaMgLay Edl eFVI eLIg kñúgry£eBl RKbRKg rbs evotNam kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM

1980 (s‘an ebg Es 2002 nig 2003) Edl án eFVI [ átbg TwkdI rbs Exμr yag eRcIn ena¼...>

kgV¼ smtSÔaB rbs rdæaPiál km<úCa îar átbg TwkdI kñúg bunμan Tsvtßr_ knøg eTA nig îar rMelaP min ec¼cb BI

sMNak´ evotNam elI GFibetyü nig bUrNÔaBkm<úCa minelIkTwkcitþ[RbCaCn Exμr man TMnak´ TMng eday

emRtIÔaBCamYyevotNameLIy...> «TahrN_ kñúgcenøa¼ÌñaM 1998 nig 2002 nisßit mhaviTüal&yyageRcIn

EtgcUlrYmeFVIátukmμGhigßa nigdut kgLan enA mux saklviTüal&y ¦kEnøg déT eTot eBl RbtiPU evotNam

mk PñM eBj...> eTa¼CanisßitTaMgen¼ RtÚváneKs:al´edaysarclna RbÌaMgevotNam BYk eK min Edl

eBj citþnwg dMeNa¼ Rsayrbs´raCrdæaPiáleLIy...> pÞúy eTA vij BYkeKRtÚvánTTYlTNkmμ BI m®nþIsakl viTüal&y Caîar eqøIytb nwgîar BakB&n§ nwg neyaáy rbseK Edl Ca mnusß man bMNg eda¼ Rsay

ÔaB xßwkxßÜl Cati bueNÑa¼ ena¼...> clna dUc Ëñaen¼ min RtÚv án eK GnuBaØat [manena¼eT ÏabBI man kubkmμ

RbÌaMgéfenAedImÌñaM 2003 mk.¬13¦...>

elIs BI en¼ eTot rdæaPiál km<úCa min án RBegIy kenþIy ena¼eT buEnþ minman sucänÞ£nig smtSÔaB kñúg

136 CMBUk TI .5

îar eda¼ Rsay Tukç evTna rbs RbCaCn Edl átbg dIeTA xag evotNam îar hUr cUl Genþa Rbevsn_xus c,ab

evotNam nig ÔaB keBac kEBg én îar át´bg´ GtþsBaØaN ena¼...> eTa¼Ca man îar beg;It KN£ kmμîarCati TTYl bnÞúk Epñk RBMEdn TwkdI km<úCa enA RtÚv án RbeTs Cit xag rMelaP minec¼ Qb´...> va hak´ bI dUc Ca

BYk eK man esckþI lMeGog ¦ sSit eRîam }T§iBl rbs´ evotNam...> ebI min dUeÏña¼ eT îar BRgwg c,ab´ min RtÚv

án eK bMeBj enA kñúg rbb en¼ eLIy...> «TahrN_ Gñk ensaT evotNam 43 nak´ nig TUkensaT cMnYn

15 eRKÓg Edl cUl ensaT xus c,ab´ kñúg Edn Twkkm<úCa RtÚváneda¼ElgeTAvij...> eRîayBIîarbgçaMg

Tuk mYy ry£ eBl xøImk BI eRBa¼ nKrál Kit fa BYk eK TaMg ena¼ RËan Et mk rk îþam xüg bueNÑa¼ (km<úCa edlI

k,al 20 elx 62 éf¶ BuF TI 9 «sÔa 2001)...> kñúg bBaHa en¼ GñkensaTExμrmñakánniyayeday tUc

citþ nwg rdæa Piál fa..½

FmμÈa nava nig TUk ensaT evotNam Gac cUl kñúg EdnTwk km<úCa án büEnþ Rbsin nava km<úCa cUl eTA xag evot-

Nam vij Etg man erOg FMCa drab (km<úCaedlI k,al 24 elx 53 éf¶ TI 15 sIha ÌñaM 2002).>

kgV¼ smtSÔaB en¼ án eFVI[ RbCaCn man GarmμN_ xkcit nwg rdæaPiál rbs´xøÜn nig sðb´Gñk Citxag

Edl Gac qk{îas en¼ mk eFVICa RbeyaCn_ án...>.

eRîABIkgV¼ smtSÔaB en¼ KNbkß îanGMNac minEdl án bMeBj îar snüa rbsxøÜn eFVIeLIg ralmun

eBl îar eá¼eÌñat kñúgerOg eda¼Rsay bBaHa GenþaRbevsn_...> rhUtmk RksYg mhaépÞ án eîa¼ RbCMu GPiál

extþ mk BiÔakßa erOg Cn Genþa Rbevsn_ rskñúg EdndI km<úCa buEnþ kic© RbCMu elIk TI 3 enA edIm Ex kk;da 2002

min án pþl´ Epø p;a eLIy...> vaEbr Ca naM [ man îar eq¼ dMusðb´ ex<Im eTAvij...> enA eBl ena¼ elak s‘U PirinÞ

Edl Ca GPiál extþkMBgÌñaMg ánmanRbsasn_fa..½

².xJúMsðb Cn Genþa Rbevsn_ Edl rs enA elI pÞ¼ bEBt Twk Èam bwg Tenøsab eRBa¼ fa BYk eKán bMpøaj brisSan dUecñ¼

eyIg Büayam eda¼ Rsay bBaHa en¼ [Ëatman Rbsasn_ sMedA elI CnCati evotNam Edl rs Èam dg sÞwg] cg

[ Genþa Rbevsn_ breTs TaMgGs eËarB c,ab Genþa Rbevsn_ rbseyIg.³ (km<úCa edlI k,al 24 elx

26 éf¶ TI 9 kk;da 2002).>

suxumalÔaB rbs´ RbCaCn RtÚv Et Ca îatBVkic© cm,g rbs´ rdæaPiál nImYy.@ büEnþ RbEhl Ca tictYc

büeNÑa¼ sRmab´ rdæaPiál km<úCa...> KeRmag sg´ TMnb´ varIGK:isnI yälI kñúg ÌñaM 1993 nig essan 3 kñúg ÌñaM

2002 eday BMu án sikßa Ca mun BI pl b¨¼Bal´ GviC¢man án eFVI [ RbCaCn km<úCa rsénA eRîam Exß Twk CYb

pl lMák Ca eRcIn...> RbCaCn nig stV Bahn£ RtÚv qøgeraK Ca eRcIn RbePT Twk bwg RtÚv bMBul RtIsøab´ nig

TwkCMnn CaedIm...> îar sikßa mYy cMnYn rbs Gg:îar eRîA rdæaPiál án bgHaj fa..½

TMnb essan 3 sðI eK ena¼ án TTYl îar RbÌaMg yag xøaMg BI sMNak Gg:îar eRîA rdæaPiál nig Gñk PUmi enA extþ

sÞwgERtg nig rtnKirI eday Gñk TaMg ena¼ án G¼Gag fa TMnb mYy eTot enA Èamdg Tenø essan eRtIy xag evot-

Nam án eFVI [ man Twk CMnn nig eFVI [ xUc KuNÔaB Twk (km<úCa edlI k,al 24 elx 28 éf¶ TI 11 kk;da

2002 ).>


pl lMák Edl án mk BI KeRmag sagsg TMnb varIGK:isnI en¼ Bit Ca Gnupl én kic© RBmeRBóg eTVÔaKI

én rdæaPiál TaMg BIr Edl RtÚv TTYl xus RtÚv cMeBa¼ Cn rg eRËa¼ km<úCa...>

îar EsVg rk RbCaRbiyÔaBnig GMNac neyaáy

KNbkß RbÌaMg Ìøat lμm nwg Gac sg;t´F¶n´ elI kgV¼ smtSÔaB rbs´ rdæaPiál nig îar KMram kMEhg Edl Ca

lT§plcMeBa¼ bUrNÔaB nig GFibetyü Cati...> RbCaCn RKb rUb Èam bBaM rbs Rkúm RbÌaMg KYrRtÚv dwg nigykcitþ Tuk dak elI TMnakTMng rbs Rkúm bkß îan GMNac Ca mYy evotNam nig vtþ man rbs CnCati evotNam elI

Twk dIExμr...> eTa¼ bI 10 ÌñaM eRîay BI îar dk T&B evotNam ecj BI km<úCa naykrdæm®nþI Exμr elak h‘un Esn

enA Et eRbI Gg:rkß evotNam dEdl...> îar hUr cUl îan´ Et ekIn eLIg én Tahan evotNam Gac nwg man n&y

fa s®g:am nwg ekIt eLIg kñúg RbeTs rvag Exμr nig yYn Edl nwg ebIk îar vay Rbhar edIm,I elb yk Twk dI Exμr

Èam ry£ h‘un Esn (KMnit kUn Exμr k,al 2 elx 51 éf¶ TI 9-10 mifuna dkRsgkñúg kBa©k sg:m éf¶

TI 8-14 mifuna 1997)...> mYy Ex eRîay BI îar cu¼ pßay mk s®g:am án ekIteLIg Bit EmnEt min Emn rvag

RbCaCati TaMg BIr ena¼ eT KW rvag Exμr nwg Exμr bueNÑa¼...>

mYy ÌñaM bnÞab BI Cemøa¼ RbdabGavuF man îar erobcM îar eá¼eÌñat sakl Ca elIk TI 2 Edl RKb KNbkß

neyaáy TaMgGs RtÚv rYcral edIm,I eXasna...> CYn îal Gñk neyaáy RËan Et cg sþIbenÞas [ rdæaPiál

kñúg îar braC&y yk c,ab´ GenþaRbevsn_ eTA Gnuvtþ büEnþ Ebr Ca án eFVI [ man îar keRmIk BI Gñk Edl min cUl

citþ sþab Bakü ².yYn.³ eTA vij...> Èam skmμCn siT§imnusß xø¼ îar eRbIRás Bakü eCrRbmaf en¼ Gac bM Pit

bMP&y Gñk Edl man RsLay evotNam...> elak sm rgßúI RbÎan KNbkß RbÌaMg án bdiesF fa elak

min án bnøac Gñk man Cab Exß RsLay yYn TaMg ena¼ eday man Rbsasn_ fa..½

man bMNg sMedA elI Et rdæaPiál bc©úb,nñ bueNÑa¼ Edl xkxan min îarBar ÉkraCü GFibetyü nig bUrNÔaB

TwkdI.> min man bMNg sMedA cMeBa¼ RbeTs Na ¦ buK:l Na ena¼ eLIy (PñMeBjbüsþ# éf¶ 17-23 kk;da

1998).>

sUm,I eRîay BI îar eá¼eÌñat CnCati evotNam Edl min dwg GVI esa¼ kñúg dMeNIr îar rab´ snøwk eÌñatena¼

RtÚv TTYl rg eRËa¼ eday sar Gñk neyaáy nig RkúmátukrmYycMnYn...> átukmμ en¼ án TakTaj mnusß Ca

eRcIn [ cUl rYm Edl enA eBl Ca mYy ena¼ evotNam RtÚv án eK eÏaTRbîan fa án bMBul Twk nig RtÚv án

vay smøab RBm TaMg eCr RbeTc nwg Bakü ².yYn.³ eTot pg...> átukr xø¼ ehA elak h‘un Esn fa ².Gayg

yYn.³ cMENk Gñk xø¼eTot ERsk fa ².év yYn.@.³...> eTa¼ Ca evotNam minman GVI BakB&n§ kñúg erOg en¼ k¾eday

eK án TTYl nUvîar eCr Rbmaf yäg xøaMg...> elIs BI en¼ eTot sþÚbmitþÔaB km<úCa evotNam.¬14¦ enA PñMeBj

RtÚv án vay bMEbk xø¼ nig dut kñúg bMNg sgswk nwg îar RKbRKg rbs evotNam BI GtItîal...> átukr án

Kit fa elak h‘un Esn Ca Gñk lYc bnøM kñúg îar eá¼eÌñat nig RtÚv cu¼ecj BI tMENg nig RBm TaMg án eÏaT

Rbîan fa..½

138 CMBUk TI .5

h‘un Esn kMBug nwg sgKuN yYn.> min cg [ breTs [evotNam ] rs enA kñúg RbeTs eday Ëμan c,ab eLIy

(eyag dUc xag elI ).>

minRtwmEt CnCati evotNam büeNÑa¼ eT Edl RtÚv rg eRËa¼ eday neyaáy km<úCa ena¼ RbCaCn Exμr

xøÜn Ég mYy KreËak k¾ RtÚv án Gñk neyaáy eRbIRás edIm,I bg; [ man îar P&yxøac nig kMhwg...> kMhwg Edl

man kñúg pñt KMnit RbCaCn rYc eRsc eTA ehIy Gac RtÚv bBa¢a án yag gay eday evahar sa®sþn eyaáyEdl

Gñk neyaáy yl´ eXIj fa sMxan´ kñúg ebskkmμ EsVg rk RbCaRbiyÔaB nig GMNac rbs´ xøÜn...> GMBI bBaHa

en¼ elak cUGil ÌarnI (Joel Charny) Gñk ÈaMg lMenA enA RbeTs km<úCa yUr ÌñaM mk ehIy án G¼Gag fa v b,Fm’

neyaáy kñúg RbeTs en¼ KW GMBI higßa ehIy Gñk neyaáy Etg eRbIRás´ RbCaCn sRmab´ esckþI elμaP

GMNac neyaáy RCúl rbs xøÜn eday man Rbsasn_fa..½

ÔaB Èan twg rvag RbCaCn km<úCa ÔaK eRcIn nwg shKmn_ CnCati ÔaKtic enA BMuTan´ án eda¼RsayenA eLIy.>

îar cg ÏaM rbs´ Exμr GMBI îar RtÜtRÈa rbs´ evotNam Gac bgHaj Èamry£ îar îab´ smøab´ Rbîan´ BUCsasn_ Ca

erOy.@ Edl Etg elIk Twkcitþ eday evahar sa®sþrbs Gñk neyaáy Exμr kñúg îar EsVg rk RbCaRbiyÔaB nig

GMNac rbs´ xøÜn (PñMeBjbüsþ# 18 kBaØa - 1 tula 1998 )..>

lkçN£ sm:alxø¼ rbs´ evotNam enA km<úCa

ÔaB xus Ëña Epñk vb,Fm’ KW Ca kÈþa mYy kñúg cMeNam kÈþaCa eRcIn Edl bNþal [ man îar ylRcLM rvag mnusß...>

CMBUk en¼ sikßa elI fa etI ÔaB xus bI yag Epñk Ôasa îar esøókBak rUbragîay nig îar rs enA Edl eK eXIj

c,as´ rvag evotNam nig Exμr b¨¼Bal´ yägNa elI Gnþrkm μ RbÏaM éf¶ rvag RbCaCn Exμr Ca RkúmÔaK eRcIn nig

CnCat i ÔaKtic evotNam...>

Ôasa

Ôasa evotNam Edl man sMenog (semøg eLIg cu¼) minán eFVI [ Rtecok Exμr RsNukRsÜl ena¼ eT...>

evotNamk¾ man GamμN_ dUc Ëña Edr eBl sþabńig eRbI Ôasa Exμr...> min rab´ bBa© Úl nUv ÔaB xus Ëña Epñk

evyüakrN_ nig Ôasasa®sþ el,Ón én Ôasa niyay rvag Ôasa TaMg BIr xus Ëña yag xøaMg...> ®sIþ evotNam mñak

man Gayu RbmaNCag 40 ÌñaM Edl Ca QμÜj exaGav CCu¼ qøg Edn Gac niyay Exμr án xø¼ Ca «TahrN_ án

Ráb [ dwg fa Ëat enOy ht nwg niyay Exμr Nas eRBa¼ fa va yWt eBk eRbóbeFob nwg Ôasa evotNam.¬15¦...>

dUc Ëña en¼ Edr RbCaCn Exμr ÔaK eRcIn man GarmμN_ dUc Ëña eBl sþab evotNam niyay Ôasa rbseK...> kgV¼

îar Gt {n [ Ëña eTA vij eTA mk Gac nwg naM mk nUv lT§pl GaRkk yag gay...>

îar ec¼ niyay Ôasa kñúg Rsúk RbEhl Ca Tun mYy yag RbesIr sRmab Cn GenþaRbevsn_ kñúg îar bBa©Úl

xøÜn eTA kñúg nig Rbkb rbrciBa©wm CIvit kñúg RbeTs mYy eTot...> CnCati evotNam kñúg RbeTs Exμr k¾ min Ca

krNI elIkElg Edr...> GenþaRbevsn_ evotNam Edl Ïakecj BI RbeTs kMeNIt xøÜn kñúg bMNg EsVgrk


pl RbeyaCn_ esdækic© KYreronÔasa Gñk Rsúk ebI min dUeÏña¼ eT BYk eK min man {îas eRcIn nig TTYl s:al´

BI sMNak´ Rkúm ÔaK eRcIn ena¼ eT (Eb‘rRtg´d_ 1996)...> CYn îal RbsinebI eK Gac man lT§ÔaB p:t´p:g´ án

eK Gac yk cMeNj kñúg îar rksIu min RtwmEt CamYy smaCik TaMg Lay rbs´ Rkúm ÔaKtic rbs´ eK b¨ueNÑa¼ eT

buEnþ Ca mYy RbCaCn Gñk Rsúk Gay pg Edr...> CnCati evotNam mYy cMnYn RtÚv CYb «bsK: Epñk vb,Fm’ nigÔasa

kñúg îarrsenArbs xøÜnenAkñúgsg:mmYyfμI (km<úCaedlI éf¶TI 6-7 kk;da 2002)...>

eRîA BI bNþal [ man îar xkxan kñúg îar eFVI smahrNkmμ CnCati ÔaKtic eTA kñúg sg:m ÔaB xus Ëña Epñk

Ôasa kgV¼îar Gt´{n nig KMnit cg´ x<s´ elIs eK KW Ca kÈþa mYy cMnYn Edl án naM eÌ<a¼ eTA rk CIvit min man

suxdum rmna kñúg ÔaB Ca Gñk Cit xag nwg Ëña...> min man RbCaCn Exμr eRcIn eT Edl cg ÈaMg lM enA Cit shKmn_

Cn Cati evotNam ehIy îar rs enA kñúg pÞ¼ Ca mYy Ëña îan Et min Gac eTA rYc eTot...> eBl Edl sYr fa etI Ëat

Gac rs´ enA CamYy evotNam kñúg pÞ¼ CamYy Ëña án eT ®sþI Exμr mñak´ eqøIy fa ena¼ Ca erOg Edl min Gac eTA rYc

ena¼ eT eRBa¼ fa Ôasa evotNam rejréj nig dMbI dMá.¬16¦ (Bakü evotNam Edl man n&yfa ².q;Üt.³)...> dUc

Ëña en¼ Edr evotNam k¾ min Rákd Ca man ÔaB RsNuk RsÜl Ca mYy BaküeBcn_ Ca Ôasa Exμr ena¼ pg eT dUc

Edl ®sþI evotNam mñak [ dwg fa...½

Exμr min sb,ay citþ nwg BYk evotNam niyay Ôasa evotNam Edl Ca Ôasa eK min yl.> BYk eKcg dwg nUv GVI.@ Edl

evotNam niyay Ëña nig xøac evotNam niyay GaRkk´ BI xøÜn.> BYk Exμr cg´ [ eyIgeron nig niyay Exμr cu¼ ehtuGVI án

Ca Exμr min eron evotNam vij eTA.?.¬17¦.>

BMu man îar elIk Twkcitþ Na mYy sRmab´ [ Gñk Rsúk eron Ôasa evotNam ena¼ eT b¨uEnþ evotNam Edl

rs enAkñúg RbeTs km<úCa eron Ôasa Exμr Ca krNI pÞúy RsL¼ BI ena¼...>

îar Rbkb rbr ciBa©wm CIvit

xus BI Ôasa ÔaB xus Ëña kñúg îar Rbkb rbr ciBa©wm CIvit rvag CnCati evotNam nig Exμr min Gac Eck dac BI Ëña RsL¼ án

eT buEnþ Ca erOy.@ eK Gac sm:al án...> Ca Cn GenþaRbevsn_ Rsb c,ab ¦ min Rsbc,ab nig Ca evotNam

ekIt enA km<úCa BYk eKkRm erIseGIg îargar Nas...> îargar rbs eK sRmab burs Gac man BI îarrk sIu CMnYj

fñak mFüm nig sRmab ®sþI BI ®sþI eBsüa dl eTA îar erIs sMram sRmab mnusß TaMg BIr ePT en¼ min niyay dl

Gñk CMnYj FM.@ TaMgLay Edl man Exß RsLay Ca mYy Gñk neyaáy Exμr Can´ x<s´ ¦ Gñk ebIk shRËas FM.@

eLIy...> ehIy en¼ k¾ min man n&y fa BMu man Exμr Na mñak Rbkb rbr dUc eBal mk xag elI en¼ Edr...>

CMnYj xñat tUc mYy cMnYn kñúg cMeNam ena¼. RtÚv án TTYl îar emIl rMlg eday RbCaCn Exμr eRBa¼ eK Kit

fa eK BMu Gac rk án luy eRcIn ¦ Gñk déT Gac emIl gay eK eday sar CMnYj en¼...> pÞúy eTA vij CnCati

evotNamRbkb rbr ciBa©wm CIvit BI mux rbr tUcÈac TaMg en¼ án RbesIr Cag Gñk Rsúk...> îargar TaMg en¼ rYm

man îar erIs eGtÏay îar edIr lk TMnij bnþic bnþÜc Èam pøÚv eFVI kUn esa Èam tUb ¦Îak kg sMGat Es,k eCIg

eFVI Rkck éd Rkck eCIg nig edr Es,k eCIg Ca edIm...> va min Gac eTA rYc ena¼ eT sRmab RbCaCn Exμr yag eRcIn

140 CMBUk TI .5

[ Rbkb rbr KYr xμaseGon TaMg en¼.¬18¦...>

CMnYj mYy cMnYn eTot RtÚv án dMeNIr îar ÔaK eRcIn kñúg shKmn_ evotNam Et CYnîal k¾ kñúg cMeNam

shKmn_ Exμr pg Edr...> skmμÔaB CMnYj RbÏaM éf¶ Gac gay emIl eXIj nigsm:al´ án rYm man dUc Ca lk´

semøókbMBak EpøeQI nig îaehV cMENk xø¼ eTot eFVICa CageQI kmμkr sMNg nig Cag masIun Ca edIm...>

plit pl rbs´ BYk eK eTa¼ KuNÔaB y¨agNa k¾ eday man sÔaB eRîA sðat Tak´ EPñk ehIy Etg man témø

efak Cag TMnij Exμr...> esvakmμ KW Bit Ca RtÚv án Gñk Cit xag nig GtifiCn Exμr sresIr Rákd Emn ehIy

CYnîal RcENn nwg ÔaB buinRbsb rbs evotNam TaMg ena¼ pg.¬19¦...> CnCati evotNam enA TI Rkúg cUl citþ

Rbkb rbr xag elI en¼ sRmab ciBa©wm CIvit Edl ÔaK eRcIn xus BI evotNam Edl rs enA Èam CnbT...>

RbPB mYy eTot Edl eBj niym sRmab´ [ GenþaRbevsn_ evotNam enA CnbT rk luy ciBa©wm CIvit

KW îar ensaT enA Èam dg bwg Tenøsab...> Catisasn_ en¼ Edl bBa©Úl xøÜn Ca mYy vb,Fm’ Ïam man CMnaj eFVI

îar enA kñúg Twk xus BI RbCaCn Exμr Edl cUlcitþ îargar elI eËakeRcIn Cag (îar beRgón rbs elak DIhVLÚf

Ex kk;da 2005 enA mCÄmNl exmrsikßa esomrab)...> Gñk TaMg ena¼ rs enA Èam PUmi bEBt Twk Edl eFVI[ xUc brisSan nig bMBul Twk [ kxVk´...> îar en¼ Gac TaMg pþl´ {îas lð [ GaCJaFr mUldæan Ëab sg;t´ yk luy

BI RbCaCn bEBt Twk TaMg ena¼ pg (km<úCa edlI 6-7 kk;da 2002)...>

kñúg krNI en¼ vb,Fm’ xøac ák´ mux rbs´ Exμr (emeron rbs´ elak PIfWr haMmWur 18 kk;da 2005 enA

mCÄmNl exmrsikßa esomrab) Èam ry£ îar bMeBj îargar nig Rbkbrbr tUc Èac KYr [ xμas eK TaMg en¼ áneFVI [ man îar emIl gayelI RbCaCn evotNam Edl Rbkb rbr ciBa©wm CIvit eday mux CMnYj en¼...> Èam Bit eTA

CnCati ÔaKtic evotNam KYr RtÚv án GbGrsaTr nig CUn rgVan CaGarmμN_ sñiT§sñal cMeBa¼ eTBeîaslüEdl

eK man...> evotNam TaMg en¼ Biess ®sþI nig ekμg RsI min TaMg lak´ bMáMg nUv GtþsBaØaN rbs´ eK edIm,I

be®Ba¢ót xøÜn îan´ Et RsÜl cUl eTA kñúg sg:m fμI pg...> BYk eK enA Et bnþ rs´ enA Ca CnCatievotNam enA kñúg

RbeTs km<úCa...>

GVI Edl îan Et KYr [ Ïab GarmμN_ eTot ena¼ KW fa RbCaCn Exμr mYy cMnYn Bit Ca benSak témø vb,Fm’ rbs

evotNam eday eFVI îar snñidæan CaTUeTA fa ekμg RsI evotNam dl´ Gayu 15 ÌñaM Etg rk sIu ciBa©wm CIvit ¦

ciBa©wm RKÜsar eday eFVI Ca RsI eBsüa.¬20¦...> KMnit en¼ eTa¼ yagNa min RtÚv án ËaMRT eday RbCaCn Exμr ÔaK

eRcIn ena¼ eT dUc Edl RB¼sgÇ mYy Gg: BiÔakßa Ca mYy ena¼ Edr án RbÌaMg fa..½

îar G¼Gag en¼ eFVI eLIg eday min man PsþúÈag GVI TaMgGs´.> minEmn ekμgRsI evotNam Gayu elIsBI 15 ÌñaM

TaMg Gs ciBa©wm CIvit eday eFVICa RsI eBsüa ena¼ eT.> îar Bit KW fa Etg man mUlehtu Ca eRcIn enA BI eRîay Edl

án bgçM eK [ eTA rk sIu enA bneBsüaÏar dUc Ca RsIExμr mYy cMnYn Edr.¬21¦.>

eyabl en¼ án bgHaj yagc,as nUv îar yl eXIj GviC¢man cMeBa¼ ekμg RsI evotNam Edl cUlcitþ

esøók semøók bMBak´ edk mü¨ag eday snñidæan fa BYk eK Ca RsI beRmI pøÚvePT...> man Exμr mYy cMnYn eRbI Bakü


².RsI eBsüa.³ RbdUc nwg RsI evotNam (km<úCa edlI éf¶ TI 6-7 kk;da 2002)...>...

semøók bMBaknig rUbrag xag eRîA

kñúg BiPBelak Edl man îar pøas bþÚr yag elOn en¼ rk ÔaB xus Ëña rvag Exμr nig evotNam Epñk semøók bMBak

nig sMbk eRîA min Emn Ca îar gay RsÜl eT eday ehtu fa vb,Fm’ rbs sasn_ TaMg BIr en¼ án C¼ }T§iBl [

Ëña eTA vij eTA mk rab stvtßr_ mk ehIy...> Gnþr}T§iBl Epñk vb,Fm’ en¼ BMu Gac bdiesF án eLIy eRBa¼ fa

îar eFVI dMeNIr rbs´ vb,Fm’qøgîat´ TVIb ekIt man rab´ stvtßr_ mun eTA eTot (îar beRgón rbs´GñkRsI FINa

GUløIeyr_ enA mCÄ mNl exmrsikßa esomrab 2005)...> Exμr nig evotNam k¾ qøg Ëña Edr...> semøókbMBakkñúg krNI en¼ Edl Ca plitpl én BiPBelak Edl man TMnak TMng Epñk «sßahkmμ îan Et xøaMg Rákd Ca

minEmn Ca sBaØaN lð mYy edIm,I G¼Gag fa Gñk Bak va Ca GñkNa ena¼ eT...> ehIy va îan Et lMák elIs en¼ eTA

eTot kñúg îar rk ÔaB xus Ëña rvag Rkúm Catisasn_ TaMg BIr eday sMbk eRîA ena¼...> elIs BI en¼ eTot va îan´

Et lMák eTV eLIg eTot sRmab´ [ mnusß mñak´ pþac´ ecj TaMgRsúg BI ¬sKl´ rbs´ xøÜn ¦BI GtþsBaØaN pÞal´

rbs xøÜn...>...

®sþI evot Nam ÔaK eRcIn RKb´ Rkúm Gayu TaMgGs´ Edl rs´ enA kñúg RbeTs km<úCa hak´bI dUc Ca man

emaTnÔaB nwg GtþsBaØaN rbs xøÜn kñúg îar Bak semøók bMBak RbéBNI rbs eK kñúg TIsaÎarN£ Edl Gac

eFVI [ xus Ebøk BI Gñk Rsúk TUeTA...> ®sþI evotNam mñak´ eCO fa RsI.@ evotNam cUlcitþ Qut eKg ena¼ min fa

plit enA km<úCa ¦ naM cUl mk BI evotNam ena¼ eT eRBa¼ fa va Ca semøókbMBak´ RbéBNI evotNam Edl yk

KMrU Èam cin.¬22¦...>..

eTa¼ Ca evotNam mYy cMnYn Gac niyay Exμr yag sÞatdUc Exμr k¾ eday BYk eK CYn îal enA Et RtÚv RbCaCn

Exμr sðbex<Im dEdl eBl Edl esøókBak semøókbMBak RbéBNI ena¼...> ®sþI evotNam mñak enA PñMeBj esøók

Qut eKg RtÚv án Gñk lk´ RtI Exμr eCr fa ².emyYn.¬23¦.³ eBl sYr éfø ehIy minTij...> eRîay BI ena¼ eTot

Ëat RtÚv án Gñk rt mUtU Dub Exμr mñak dwk eTA dak bus#þnKrál eRBa¼ Gñk mUtUDub eXIj esøókBak Qut edk sμan

fa Ca evotNam rs enA xus c,ab.¬24¦...>

KMnit Edl fa kMNt GtþsBaØaN evotNam eday sMbk eRîA gay RsÜl ena¼ min Rákd fa RtÚv TaMg Gs

ena¼ eT...> CYn îal eKGacs:al evotNam án Èam ry£ mux Rtbk EPñk nig sm,úr.¬25¦...> Rbús evotNam k¾

sSit kñúgbuK:lik lkçN£ dUc Ëña en¼ Edr RBm Ca mYy sBaØa Biess mYy cMnYn eTot enA elIsk...> eK cUl citþ Tuk

sk Evg eday min tRmg ¦ sit ena¼ eLIy Edl Ca mUt mYy Edl RbEhl Ca Tuk [ sm nwg l&kçx&Nîar gar rbseK...> ehIy Rbsin ebI eK îat´xøI CYnîal man m¨Ut tRmwm eCIg Ebb evotNam.¬26¦...> srub esck´þI mk eTa¼

yag Na eK TTYl s:al Ca sakl fa buK:lik lkçN£ TaMg en¼ min Gac yk eTA eRbI cMeBa¼ RKb buK:l TaMgGs

Ca evotNam ena¼ eT eRBa¼ fa BYk eK man Exß CIvit xus Ëña nig ÈaMg enA kñúg sSanÔaB xus Ëña eTot pg...> eTa¼ Ca

142 CMBUk TI .5

man îar lMák kñúg îar kMNt´ GtþsBaØaN ÔaB xus Ëña Epñk vb,Fm’ KW Bit Ca ¬sKl´ mYy kñúg cMeNam ¬s Kl´

Ca eRcInEdl naM mk nUv GarmμN_ min cUl citþ Ëña (füúg 1993.£ 225-235)...>

Îatu bI kñúg cMeNam Îatu Ca eRcIn Edl beg;It [ man ÔaB xus Ëña Epñk vb,Fm’ rvag Cn ÔaKtic evotNam

nig CnÔaK eRcIn Exμr bueNÑa¼ RtÚv elIk yk mk BiÔakßa enA TI en¼...> Ôasa Gac Ïat Tuk Ca sBaØa sm:al cm,g

bMput sRmab´ CnCati evotNam cMENk Îatu BIr eTot man îar Rbkb rbr ciBa©wm CIvit nig sMbk xag eRîA man

tYnaTI bnÞab...> elIs BI en¼ eTot tYnaTI Edl kÈþa epßg eTot dUcCa sasna nig ceRmóg ePøg Ca edIm Gac

man kñúg bBaHa GriÔaB rvag Ëñaen¼ Gac Ca RbÎanbT RsavRCav mYy eday ELk eTot...>

esckþI snñidæan

GVI Edl KYr [ ÔJak epðIl ena¼ KW fa Gnþr TMnakTMng rvagRbCaCn Exμrnig evotNam rs enA kñúg RbeTs km<úCa nig

hYs BI en¼ RtÚv {n lMeTan eTA Èam îar bk Rsay Rbvtþisa®sþ én TMnak´TMng rvag RkúmGMbUr Cati sasn_ TaMg

BIr...> kñúg bBaHa en¼ Exμr Rbîan´ y¨ag x¢ab´ fa evotNam RtÚv TTYl xus RtÚv y¨ag ehac Nas´ nUv Epñk Na mYy

sRmab îar Îøak cu¼ rbs GaNacRk Exμr nasm&y Gg:r rhUt mk ( rsμI km<úCa 2001) nig îar Ô¢ab EdndI ÔaK xag

t,Úg én GtItGaNacRk en¼ eTA eRîam îar RKbRKg rbs xøÜn rhUt mk dl sBV éf¶ en¼...> GVI Edl RbCa Cn Exμr

án eron sURt Èam Rbvtþisa®sþ rhUt mk min gay nwg rlub át´ BI eb¼dUg eTA vij ena¼ eT elIk Elg Et Rkúm

Cati sasn_ TaMg BIr RBm rYm Ëña eda¼Rsay GriÔaB Edl man rab stvtßr_ mk ehIy en¼...>

TMnak´TMng nig Cemøa¼ yUr GEgVg mk ehIy ena¼ án pþl´ Ca lT§pl dl´ evotNam nUv GMeNay mYy d¾

Gesac man eQμa¼ fa ².yYn.³...> eTa¼ bI Ca Bakü en¼ RtÚv án eK eRbIRás´ BI dMbUg eday man n&y min lMeGog

sMedA Rtwm elI CnCati breTs ¦ Rkúm mnusß éRB PñM enA tMbn´ tugkwg k¾ eday k¾ }LÚv en¼ n&y ena¼ án Rás

Ïak sÔaB edIm rbs´ xøÜn Gs´ eTA ehIy...> eBl Na Edl eK eRbI Bakü yYn en¼ RKb´ Ëña Etg yl´ nUv n&y eCr

Rbmaf rbs va ehIy briyaîas min sb,ay rIkray nwg elc eLIg yag RkELt cMeBa¼ TaMg Exμr TaMg evotNam...>

dUecñ¼ Rbsin NaebI man smaCik Na mñak´ ecj BI Rkúm GMbUr Exμr cg´ rab´ Gan Ca mYy Rkúm CnCati evotNam eK

RtÚv Rby&tñ xøac ERkg Bakü GBmg:l en¼ hUr ecj Ég.@ BI bbUrmat rbs eK Edl nwg Gac eFVI [ xUc mitþÔaB rbs

eK Cayfaehtu...>...

eTa¼ yag Na mitþÔaB rvag Ëña qøgsasn_ min gay RsÜl nwg man ena¼ eT eRBa¼ fa va min GaRs&y TaMg Rsúg

elI kic© xit xM Rbwg ERbg rbs buK:l bueNÑa¼ eT buEnþ k¾ GaRs&y elI kÈþa sg:m neyaáy pg Edr...> sSanÔaB îan

Et man sÔaB F¶n eday bBaHa mYy cMnYn kMBug bnþ nig Edl min án eda¼ Rsay kñúg ena¼ rYm man GenþaRbevsn_

evotNam îar rMelaP RBM Edn BI sMNak evotNam nig neyaáy kñúg Rsúk rbs km<úCa Edl Ca lT§pl én

bBaHa TaMg BIr xag edIm...> eday ehtu fa bkß îan´ GMNac min TMng Ca man îar ebþCJa citþ mut maM nwg eda¼Rsay

bBaHa ExVg KMnit TaMg en¼ Ìab.@ bkß RbÌaMg bnþ TTYl án briyaîas îan Et FM edIm,I bMBg sMeLg evahar sa®sþ


RbÌaMg nwg evotNam sRmab bMNg neyaáy rbs eK...> Ca lT§pl smaCik én Rkúm GMbUr TaMg BIr nwg lMák

rk [ eXIj nUv meFüaáy RbesIr edIm,I rwt cg TMnak TMng rbs BYk eK Edl Ca Rbîar mYy RtÚv rdæaPiál TaMg

BIr TTYl xus RtÚv...>

rdæaPiál Ca Ôñak´ gar Et mYyKt´ Edl man meFüaáy Ktiyutþ nig GaCJaFr RKb´RËan´ sRmab´ km©at´ bg;

nUv.bBaHa sg:m TaMg en¼...> c,as´ Nas´ fa îar eRbIRás´ Rbvtþisa®sþsRmabńeyaáylMák nwgRsém fa

Ca mUlehtu cm,g Edl eRbób dUc îar yk eQI Ïak´ dMeÁ Ïas´ én ÔaB min eCOCak´ nig îar sðb´ ex<Im Edl Rb-

CaCn Exμr man Camrtk rhUt mk buEnþ en¼ Ca îar Bit...> eTa¼ yagNa GtSbT en¼ min man bMNg bnþú¼ bgðab [

bMePøc Rbvtþisa®sþ ena¼ eT ehIy elIk sresIr [ man îar eRbIRás´ Rbvtþisa®sþ GaRkk´.@ Èam GMeBI citþ kñúg

Ìak neyaáy ena¼ k¾ eT Edr...> rdæaPiál enA Et Ca mK:úeTÞsk_ FM bMput kñúg îar eda¼Rsay Rbkb eday RbsiT§ÔaB

GMBI bBaHa RBMEdnnig GenþaRbevsn_ xus c,ab Edl Ca bBaHa Ëμan rdæ NamYy beBay [ enA eRîA c,ab ena¼ eT...>RbsinebI bBaHa Edl ekIt eLIg mþg ehIy mþg eTot en¼ RtÚv án eda¼Rsay RtwmRtÚv Gñk neyaáy Rákd

Ca nwg Elg man {îas beBa©j îareXasna Cati sasn_niym edIm,I eÏaT Rbîan rdæaPiál án eTot ehIy...>

Rbvtþisa®sþ án bgHaj nUv PsþúÈag RKb´RËan´ fa Gñk neyaáy Ca kÈþa cm,g GuC Gal [ man GriÔaB dUc Edl

elak Ìag sug rdæm®nþI RksYg B&t’man kñúg rbb ln nl (K¿s¿ 1970-1975) án man Rbsasn_ fa..½

eK RtÚv sþI benÞas Gñk neyaáy [ eRcIn Cag Rbvtþisa®sþ eRBa¼ fa Gñk dwk naM Exμr Ca eRcIn án elIkTwkcitþ Exμr [

sðb Gñk Cit xag d¾ FM rbs´ xøÜn [evotNam] (PñMeBjbüsþ# éf¶TI 12-17 kBaØa 1998).>

niyay müägeTot dMeNa¼Rsay Rsbc,ab´ Rtwm RtÚv mYy elI bBaHa evotNam rs´ enA km<úCa nig RBMEdn

mann&y fa Ca îar pþl yutþiFm’ dl TaMg Gñkkñúg Rsúk dl TaMg Gñk cMNUl Rsúk Ca evotNam pgEdr...>

elIs BI en¼ eTot eK k¾ RtÚv yk citþ Tukdak eda¼Rsay ÔaB xus Ëña Epñk vb,Fm’ pg Edr eRBa¼ fa va k¾ Bit

Ca án edIr tYnaTI mYy kñúg îar eFVI [ ÔaB sux dum rmna RtÚv reg:a¼ reg:I pg Edr...> Ôasa semøók bMBak´ nigsMbk

eRîA ehIy nig îar ciBa©wm CIvit cMNuc bI kñúg cMeNam ÔaB xus Ëña Ca eRcIn Edl eK Gac rk eXIj Bit Ca án pþl

nUv emeron lð.@ [ yl BI tYnaTI Edl vb,Fm’ man kñúg bBaHa en¼...> edIm,I [ cMNg rvag Ëña nwg Ëña man suxdum rmna

Biess Gñk rs enA kñúgRbeTs km<úCa xus c,ab ¦Rsb c,ab min Emn Ca bBaHa îab smøab Rkúm GMbUrsasn_ déT

dUc Edl Rbvtþisa®sþ án beRgón ena¼ eT Et Ca îar xit xM RbwgERbg EsVg rkm eFüaáy pøÚv c,ab´ edIm,I eFVI

smahrNkmμ Gñk man siT§ i RKbRËan kñúg îar rsenA nig dMeNa¼Rsay îarTUt sRmab Gñk déT eTot...^

kMNt cMNaM 145

Ÿ .xWsHEmn/ ecnñIhVWr (Cushman, Jennifer) nig vag KugG ‘U (Wang Gungwu) (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿ 1988 Changing Identities of

the Southeast Asian Chinese since World War Two [bERm bRmÜl GtþsBaØaN rbsĆn Ca† cinenA GasIuGaeKñy_

ÏabÈaMgBI sm&ys®g:amelak elIk TI 2] hugkug...>

Ÿ.dUNWr/ rIÌad (Doner, Richard) K¿s¿ 1991 “Approaches to the Politics of Economic Growth in Southeast Asia”

².[dMeNa¼ Rsay cMeBa¼ neyaáy kMeNIn esdækic© enA kñúg tMbn GasIu GaeKñy_].³ Journal of Asian Studies [RBw†þbRt sikßa GasIu]

50/4 (vicäiîaK¿s¿ 1991) T¿ 818-849...>

Ÿ.Eb‘lLÚ/ vledn (Bello, Walden) nig rUhßinehVld_ esþhVanI (Rosenfeld, Stephanie ) K¿s¿ 1990 Dragons in Distress:

Asia’s Miracle Economies in Crisis [BYk naKenA kñúgeRËa¼fñak´.½ GBÖÚtehtu esdækic© rbs´ GasIu enA kñúg ÔaB man

•b†þ ]. san´®hVan´sIus;Ú..>

Ÿ.eÁGWr/ cUeGnñ (Bauer, Joanne) nig Eb‘lø edenol (Bell, Daniel) (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿ 1999 The East Asian Challenge for

Human Rights [îar RbQm rbs´ GasIu bUB’aedIm,I siT§i mnusß] exmRb‘Ídhß_ (Cambridge)...>

Ÿ.RbÚ‘k/ TImUFI (Brook, Timothy) nig elOg van huI (Luong Van Hy) (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿ 1999 Culture and Capitalism: The

Shaping of Capitalism in Eastern Asia [vb,Fm’ nig mUlFn niym.½ îar kekIt eT,Ig nUv rbb mUlFn niym enA tMbn

GasIu bUB’a] Ganñ Garb‘r (Ann Arbor)...>

Ÿ.mäkvuI/ rUF (McVey, Ruth) K¿s¿ 1992 Southeast Asian Capitalists [CnmUlFnniymGasIuGaeKñy_] GIufaîa...>

Ÿ.yÜsIuharä KunIGU (Yoshihara Kunio) K¿s¿ 1988 The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in Southeast Asiaîar k ekIt eLIg nUv

rbb mUlFnniym KuNÔaB efak Tab kñúgtMbnGasIuGaeKñy_] sigHburI...>

Ÿ.ehl/ RKIsþÚhVWr (Hale, Christopher) K¿s¿ 2001 “Indonesia’s National Car Project Revisited: The History of Kia

Timor Motors and Its Aftermath” ².[îarBiÏarNa eLIgvij GMBIKeRmag plit rfynþ fñak Cati rbs RbeTs }QensIu..½ Rbvtþi nig

plseRmcrbs´Rkúmh‘unplitrfynþeko TIm&rmU¨tUrs_].³ Asian Survey [RBw†þbRt Geg;t GasIu] 41¿4 (kk;da-sIhaK¿s¿

2001) T¿ 629-649...>

Ÿ.h:ÚdWmgt_/ ®hVgs‘&r (Godement, François) K¿s¿ 1999 The Downsizing of Asia [îar bnSy cMnYn buK:lik rbs Gg:ÔaB

GaCIvkmμ én tMbn GasIu] jÚy¨k..>

Ÿ.h:ÚsøúIg / PIfWr (Gosling, Peter) nig lIm lIBa (Lim, Linda) (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿ 1987 The Chinese in Southeast Asia [Cn

Ca† cin enA GasIu GaeKñy_] Ganñ Garb‘r...>

Ÿ.®h:IdWr/ vieløóm (Greider, William) K¿s¿ 1998 One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Magic of Global Capitalism [BiPB

elak EtmYy eRtómrYcCa eRsc ehIy ¦ enA.½ evT mnþ d¾ mma jwk én rbbmUlFnniym BiPB elak] jÚy¨k..>

Ÿ.Gug/ éGh_va (Ong, Aihwa) nig NUnInI dUNald_. (Nonini Donald) (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿ 1997 Ungrounded Empires: The

Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism [cRkPB Ëμan P&sþúÈag.½ neyaáy vb,Fm’ én GnþrGenþa-

Rbevsn_ rbs´ Cn Ca† cin sm&y TMenIb] jÚy¨k...^

GMNan epßg eTot Edl Tak Tg nwg RbÎanbT en¼

CMBUkTI.1.½ «sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl

146 kMNt cMNaM

Ÿ.eRÂ‘ad/ rUb‘Ín (Broad, Robin) K¿s¿ 1993 Plundering Paradise: The Struggle for the Environment in the Philippines [îar

bøn zan sYK’.½ îar t s‘U edIm,I brisSan enA kñúg RbeTs hVúIlIBIn] bWreXøy_...>

Ÿ.Bineqs/ ém¨xwl (Pinches, Michael) (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿ 1999 Culture and Privilege in Capitalist Asia [vb,Fm’ nig

buBVsiT§i énbBaRbeTsmUlFnniymGasIu] LúgRd#...>

Ÿ..rUedn/ eh:r_rI (Rodan, Garry)/ ehvIsun exvIn (Hewison Kevin) nig rIÌad rUb‘inßún (Robison Richard) (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿

1997 The Political Economy of South-East Asia: An Introduction [esdækic© neyaáy én tMbn GasIu GaeKñy_.½ îar

bgHaj [ s:al] muilb‘n (Melbourne)...>

Ÿ.rUb‘inßún/ rIÌad (Robinson, Richard) nig h:‘ÚdEmn edvId eGs¿ ehß¿ (Goodman David S. G.) (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿ 1996 The

New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, McDonald’s and Middle-Class Revolution [BYk Gñk man fμI enAGasIu.½ bdivtþn_

TUrs&B Þ cl&t mak dUNald_ nig vNÑ£ fñak kBal] LúgRd#...>

Ÿ..vUlhV_/ dayeGn (Wolf, Diane) K¿s¿ 1992 Factory Daughters: Gender, Household Dynamics, and Rural Industrial-

ization in Java [kUn RsI kñúg erag cRk.½ eynD&r famBl fñak RKÜsar nig «sßa hUbnIykmμ enA tMbn CnbT enA

kñúg eîa¼CVa] bWreXøy_...>

Ÿ.s;útþ/ ecms_ es¿ (Scott, James C.) K¿s¿ 1995 Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance [GavuF

rbs´ GñkTnexßay.½ TRmg´ RbÌaMg tb t erog ral éf¶ rbs´ ksikr] jÚehvuin (New Haven)...>

Ÿ.sþinßún/ émxWl (Stenson, Michael) K¿s¿ 1980 Class, Race and Colonialism in West Malaysia [vNÑ£ BUC sasn_ nig

GaNaniKmniym enA maLayä xag lic] sint_ lUeso (St. Lucia) XVIns_eLnd_ (Queensland)...>

Ÿ.hWsF_/ hVúIlIB (Hurst, Philip) K¿s¿ 1990 Rainforest Politics: Ecological Destruction in South-East Asia [eËal

neyaáy éRB sþúk.½ îarbMpøicbMpøajRbB&n§eGkUT,ÚsIuenA GasIuGaeKñy_] LúgRd#...>

Ÿ..ehßnþún/ mäero RKisÞINa bøg´k_ (Szanton, Maria Cristina Blanc) K¿s¿ 1972 A Right to Survive: Subsistence Market-

ing in a Lowland Philippine Town [siT§ikñúg îar rs´ ran man CI•t.½ îar Rbkb rbr rk suI ciBa©wm eBa¼ enAkñúg Rkúg dI

TMnab mYy enA RbeTs hVIúlIBIn] yUnIvWusIFI pak rdæ EBnsuIlvanI..>

Ÿ..Gug/ éGh_vä (Ong, Aihwa) K¿s¿ 1987 Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Factory Women in Malaysia

[sμartI én îar t s‘U Gt´ Fμt´ nig •n&y kñúg rbb mUlFnniym.½ kmμkr ®sþI erag cRk enA kñúg RbeTs mäeLsIu]

GalánI...>

Ÿ.G‘U eyOnlI (Wu, Yuan-li) nig Qun sIuG‘U (Chun-Hsi Wu) K¿s¿ 1980 Economic Development in Southeast Asia: The

Chinese Dimension [îar GPivDÆ esdækic© enA kñúg tMbn GasIu GaeKñy_.½ •salÔaBr rbs´ Cn Ca† cin] esþn hVd...>

Ÿ.GUsIuma/ har_rI et¿ (Oshima, Harry T.) K¿s¿ 1987 Economic Growth in Monsoon Asia [kMeNIn esdækic© enA kñúg tMbn

GasIu xül rdUv] tUküÚ...^

GMNan epßg eTot Edl Tak Tg nwg RbÎanbT en¼

CMBUkTI.2.½ }T§iBl én.².GBÖÚtehtu.³.esdækic©eTAelImnusß

kMNt cMNaM 147

(1)...eRbm tiNsUlannÞ (eprm tiNsUlanndà Prem Tinsulanond) ¦ eRbm tilsUlannÞ (eprm tilsUlanndà)

(GkçraviruT§ TI 2 en¼ min sm RsbÈam GkçraviruT§ Ca pøÚv îar) Èam Ôasa esom fa /eRbm Tin-sU‘LaNun/ ¦ /eRbm Tin-

L£sU‘LaNun/...>

(2)...TkßiN Cinv&Rt (d&k$iN jinv&tr Thaksin Shinawatra) Èam Ôasa esom fa /faksuin Qin-N£vät/...>

(3)...neyaáy éf án pøas bþÚr eTA rk ÔaB ebIk cMh eRcIn Cag mun eday sar Et man îar b¼ eár dwk na M eday nisßit

RbÌaMg nwg rdæaPiáleyaÎa na éf¶ 14 tula ÌñaM 1973...> îar ebIk cMh neyaáy enA ry£ eBl ena¼ RtÚv án

bBa©b eday sar Et man îar b®g;ab yag yg Xñg eTA elI clna nisßit na éf¶ TI 6 tula ÌñaM 1976...> sRmab B&t’man

lMGit sUm rk emIl mUer¨lø (Morell) nig C&y Gn&nþ (K¿s¿ 1981)...>

(4)...fñm kitþix©r (TnGm kittiKcr Thanom Kittikachorn) Èam Ôasa esom fa /f£Nm Xit-Tix£cn/...>

(5)...RbÔas ÏaruesSór (¦ ÏarusSir) (prABas caruesTIyr Praphas Charusathien) Èam Ôasa esom fa /Rb£pat

Ïarus£efon/...>

(6)...RB¼ ram TI 5 KW Ca RB¼ eÏA cuLalg;rN_ Edl án TTYl RB¼ brmnam kñúg raCü fa RB¼ áT semþc RB¼ culøcm

eîøA eÏA yU hY ¿¿¿...> RB¼ Gg: án esay raCü BI K¿s¿ 1869 dl K¿s¿ 1910...> eK TTYl s:alRB¼Gg: fa Ca esþc

d¾ Gs©arü bMput rbs RbeTs éf ehIy k¾ Ca KMrU sRmab RB¼ eÏA PUmiBl (RB¼ ram TI 9)...>

(7)...evC¢bNit Rbevs v£sI (prAevS vAsI Prawase Wasi Èam Ôasa esom fa /Rb£evt v£suI/) KW Ca mnusß Edl

KYr [ kt sm:al mñak....> eQμa¼ rbs elak l,I xÞr xÞar enA kñúg cMeNam rdæbursTaMgLay...> elak CaevC¢bNit nigCa Gñk Rsav RCav Edl TTYl án emday ².mäKésés (Magsaysay).³ ehIy k¾ zit enA lMdab´ x<s´ kñúg bBajsSab&n eRîA rdæaPiál nig sSab&n îariyal yaFibetyü...> elak Efm Ca mnusß d¾ sMxan CMruj BI eRîay nUv îar begI;t

rdæFmμnuBaØ ÌñaM 1997....>

(8)...Gan&nÞ b&nüarCun (Gan&ndà p&nyarjun Anand Panyarachun Èam Ôasa esom fa /GaNan Âan ya r£ Qun/)..Ca

GtIt ÉkGK:raCTUt éf RbÏaM enA shrdæ Gaemrik nig Gg:îar shRbCaCati...> elak îøay Ca naykrdæm®nIþ min Èam

ry£ îar eá¼ eÌñat cMnYn BIr dg kñúg GMLúg eBl man vibtþi ÌñaM 1991-1992...> eRîay mk elak Gan&nÞ eFIV Ca RbÎan

KN£ kmμîar RBag rdæFmμnuBaØ na ÌñaM 1996-1997 ehIy án eFIV îar enA kñúg Rkúm îar gar GnþrCati dwk naM eday elak

kUhIúV GaNan edIm,I esIñ suM [ man îar Ek TRmg Gg:;îar shRbCaCati kñúgÌñaM 2004...>

(9)...sŒsþ# Fn£r&Ct_ (s®$tiä DnAr&jzà Sarit Thanarat) Èam Ôasa esom fa / s£rit f£N£rät/...>

(10)...Îani®nÞ Rk&yvieCor (Danindrà kr&yviejIyr Thanin Kraivixian) Èam Ôasa esom fa /fanin éRkvieQon/...>

(11)...cmøg RsIemOg (cMalGg SrIemWGg Chamlong Srimuang) Èam Ôasa esom fa /ÏaMLg suIemOg/...>

(12)...cMNuc en¼ án mk BI esoveÔA Cit ecj pßay rbs´ elak bÜl Ehnd_ely_ (Paul Handley) sIþ GMBI RB¼

mhakßRt éf Edl nwg eá¼ Bum< eday erag Bum< saklviTüal&y eyl...>...xJMú rIk ray Nas eday án TTYl îar GnuBaØat

[ eyag eTA esov eÔA en¼...>

CMBUkTI.3.½raCaFibetyüGaRs&ybBaj nig vibtþiÔaBRsbc,abenAkñúgRbeTséf

kMNt cMNaM

148 kMNt cMNaM

(13)...kñúg esoveÔA rbs elak Ehnd_ely_...>

(14)...C&y Gn&nþ smuTÞ vNiC¢ (j&yGn&ntà smudvNij Chai-Anan Samudavanija) Èam Ôasa esom fa /éq G£Nan´

s£mut-v¨£nit/...>

(15)...sa®sþaÏarü kbekO (2003.£ 257) Epðk elI kMNt cMNaM dk ecj BI TI Ôñak gar B&t’man áraMg (Ga¿ EG‘hV¿ eb

Agence France Presse) 26 viciäîa ÌñaM 1984...>

(16)...BiC&y r&tþkul (bij&y r&ttkul Pichai Ratakul) Èam Ôasa esom fa /Piéq ratt£Kun/...>

(17)...enA kñúg esoveÔA Edl nwg ecj pßay Ìab.@ rbs elak Ehnd_ely_...>

(18)...dEdl...>

(19)...CatiCay CuNH£v&N (jatijay juNhAv&N Chatchai Choonhawan) Èam Ôasa esom fa /Ìat-Ìa y Qun-h£van/...>


(21)...sucinþa RËaRbyUr (sucinza qraprAyUr Suchinda Kraprayoon) Èam Ôasa esom fa /su‘CiBa RxaRb£yUn/...>

(22)...GMeBI higßa án ekIt eLIg enA kñúg raRtI éf¶ TI 17 «sÔa buEnþ raCvaMg minán eîa¼ ehA Gñkbg; erOg rhUt dl éf¶

TI 20 «sÔa...>


(24)...QYn lIkP&y (jvn hlIkB&y Chuan Leekpai) Èam Ôasa esom fa /QYn lIk-ép/)...>

(25)...dk Rsg ecj BI îar kt RÈa rbs xJúM (Gñk niBn§) BI îar pßay sunÞrkfa bnþ pÞal Èam TUrTsßn_ elx 7 na éf¶ TI 2

kBaØa ÌñaM 1992...> man îar sgß&y mYy cMnYn cMeBa¼ GMN¼ GMNag rbs elak QYn Edl fa îar TakTg rbs Ëat

án bBal [ man îar GnþraKmn_ eday pÞal BI raCvaMg enA éf¶ TI 20 «sÔa...> BI eRBa¼ elak QYn min Emn Ca mnusßEt mñak Kt ´ Edl ËaM RT GnþraKmn_ ena¼ eT..>

(26)...Bans&kþi viBaØr&tn_ (b&n S&kziä viYYr&tnà Pansak Vinyarat) Èam Ôasa esom fa /pan sak´ vin-y¨£rat/...>

(27)...Cvlit yugécyuT§ (jvlit yg%cyudD Chavalit Yongchaiyudh) Èam Ôasa esom fa /q£v£lit yug-écyut/...>

(28)...KNbkß ².kIþsgÇwm fIμ.³ hak´ dUc CasgÇwm begI;t [ man îar eá¼ eÌñat Ca TU eTA mYy Edl kñúg ena¼ KNbkß

xøÜn Gac nwg Qñ¼..>

(29)...sñan´ x©rRbsasn_ (sn&§n KcrprASasnà Sanan Kachornprasat) Èam Ôasa esom fa /s£Nan´ x£cn-

Rb£sat/...>

(30)...sUm Gan îaEst eNÌan su‘t sÂþah_ (enj&§n suz s&pzahà Nation Weekend eNÌan cug sÂþah_). GtSbT rbs

elak KCsIh_ GMBI îar viÔaK Edl sMedAsnμtfa Ca GnþraKmn_ rbselak eRbm...> elak sñan án bBa¢ak Ca

mYy rUb xMJú fa Ëat min Edl án BiÔakßa CamYynwg elak QYn GMBI clna en¼ eT...>

(31)...elak Cvlit KW Ca GtIt Gñk dwk naM Rkúm eyaÎa mYy ehA fa ².Tahan RbCaFibetyü.³..> raCvaMg án ÏatTuk

Rkúm en¼ fa Ca Gñk eTar Tn eTA îan rbb saÎarNrdæ...>

(32)...b&nHar sil,GaCa (xrrhar SilpGaja Banharn Silp-archa) Èam Ôasa esom fa /ánhan siun-L£-b£ Ga Ìa/..>

(33)...Ca îarN_ hak´ dUc Ca c,as´ Nas´ fa raCvaMg Bak´ B&n§ kñúg îar beBj elak CatiCay (1991) nig elakCvlit (1997)...> va dUc eTA nwg krNI elak b&nHar (1996)..> Gñk xø¼ eTot eCO fa raCvaMg k¾ ËaM RT îar dk elak

QYn kñúg ÌñaM 1995 Edr eTa¼ bI Ca krNI en¼ xMJú min yl Rsb k¾ eday..>

kMNt cMNaM 149

(34)...vIrBgß ramag;Úr (vIrbg$à ramagkUr Virabongsa Ramangkura) Èam Ôasa esom fa /vIr£pug ramag:Ún/...>

(35)...sRmab B&t’man lMGit sUmGanGtSbT “PM pulled back from the brink?” ².nayk rdæ m®nþIRtÚv eK Taj ecj

Ì¶ay BI RÏaMg ¦.?.³ îaEst ágkk busþ# cu¼ éf¶ TI 22 tula ÌñaM 1997...> émxwl vaTIKIyUTIs (Michael Vitikio-

tis) “Democracy first” ².cUr man RbCaFibetyü muneK.³ TsßnavdþI hVarGuIesÞIn eGkUNUmic rI=yU (Far Eastern

Economic Review) cu¼ éf¶ TI 6 viciäîa ÌñaM 1997...>

(36)...suryuT§ culøannÞ (suryudDà culanndà Surayud Chulanont) Èam Ôasa esom fa /su‘r£yut CuLaNun/...>

(37)...Bakü smIþen¼ KYr [ Ïab´ GarmμN_ Emn ETn Ca Biess enA eBl bc©úb,nñ en¼...> Bakü en¼ án eFIV [ elak

suryuT§ eLIg tMENg Ca bnþ bnÞab´ eTA Ca em bBa¢aîar kg T&B nig eRîay mk eTot Ca smaCik Rkúm Rbwkßa RB¼

mhakßRt (KN£ Gg: m®nþI) na eBl elak suryuT§ cUl nivtþn_...> .KYr[sþayNas´Edlelak C&y Gn&nþ pþl´

îar segçb Tsßn£ rbsËat Et mYy Xøae nA kñúg kic© smÖas ehIyminánpþlesckIþeyageLIy..>

(38)...xJMúáncUlrYmkñúgBIFIEføgsunÞrkfaen¼edaypÞalenATIRkúgágkk naéf¶TI 2 viciäîa ÌñaM 1995...>

(39)...ekßm vDÆnC&y (ek$m v&Onj&y Kasem Watanachai) Èam Ôasa esom fa /k£esm vatf£N£éq/...>

(40)...Blakr suvNÑrdæ (blakr suvrrNr&™ Palakorn Suwanarat) Èam Ôasa esom fa /p£L£kn su‘van N£ rat/...>

(41)...kMNt bNÑaFiîar..½ GtSbT en¼ sresr eLIg kñúg ÌñaM 2005...> enA RbeTs éf sSanÔaB min sux RsÜl...> elak

TkßiN man RbCaRbiyÔaB kñúg tMbnCnbT ÔaK eRcIn Et Ca TI smðb rbsRbCaCn îan sasna G‘isøam enA ÔaK xag t,Úg

nig Gñk ágkk mYy cMnYn (vNÑ£ kBal min Tuk citþ Ëat eLIy)...> enA Ex kumÖ£ ÌñaM 2006 elak TkßiN án rMlayrdæsÔa ehIy man îar eRCIs erIs eá¼ eÌñat eFVI eLIg enA Ex emsa Et KNbkß RbCaFib&tü KNbkß Cati éf nig

KNbkß mhaCn min RBm cUl rYm...> KNbkß éf rak éf (éf RsLaj éf) dwk naM eday elak TkßiN án Qñ¼ îar

eá¼ eÌñat...> enA Ex «sÔa tulaîar rdæFmμnuBaØ án Rbîas fa îar eá¼ eÌñat eRCIs erIs tMNag ra®sþ Ex kumÖ£ mun

en¼ min Rsb c,ab ehIy eK án eRËag Tuk [ man îar eá¼ eÌñat sa Ca fμI enA Ex tula...> Et enA éf¶ TI 19 Ex kBaØa

ÌñaM 2006 kg T&B éf dwk naM eday «tþmesnIy sn§i buBaØyr&tklin (snDi xuYyr&tklin Sonthi Boonyaratkalin)

án eFVI rdæRbhar...> Gñk eFVI rdæRbhar en¼ án beg;It ².KN£ bdirUb îar RKb RKg kñúg RbCaFibetyü Edl man RB¼

mhakßRt RTg Ca Rbmux.³ eRîay mk ehA fa ².KN£ m®nþI ÔaB zit efr rbsCati.³...> enA eBl ekIt rdæRbhar elak

TkßiN sSit enA Rkúg jÚyk s¿r¿Ga¿ eRîay mk án eTA ePos xøÜn enA TI Rkúg LúgRd# RbeTs GgeKøs..> enA

éf¶ TI 1 Ex tula Gñk eFVI rdæRbhar án dak elak suryuT§ culøannÞ Ca naykrdæm®nþI sþI TI...> enA cug ÌñaM 2006 nig

enA ÌñaM 2007 man GMeBI ePrvkmμ Ca eRcIn án ekIt eLIg eday man RËab Ebk pÞú¼ eRcIn kEnøg...> enA Ex sIha ÌñaM

2007 RbCaCn éf án ylRBm nwg rdæFmμnuBaØ fμI mYy Èam ry£ RbCamti Ca elIk dMbUg kñúg Rbvtþisa®sþ éf...>

ÉksarBieRËa¼

Ÿ.kbekO suvNÑTtþ-eBor (kGxekWèG suvrrNd&t-ebIyr Kobkua Suwannathat-Pian) K¿s¿ 2002 “The monarchy and

constitutional change since 1972” ².[raCaFibetyü nig îar pøas bþÚr rdæFmμnuBaØ ÈaMg BI ÌñaM 1972].³ dwgxin makxarh:Ú (bNÑaFiîar)

Reforming Thai Politics [îarEk TRmg neyaáy éf] kUeBnhak RKw¼ sSan eá¼ Bum< Gin¿ éG¿ eG¿ eGs¿ (NIAS Press) T¿ 57-

71..>

150 kMNt cMNaM

Ÿ.kbekO suvNÑTtþ-eBor K¿s¿ 2003 Kings, Country and Constitution: Thailand’s Political Development 1993-2000

[RB¼ mhakßRt RbeTs nig rd æ FmμnuBaØ.½ îarGPivDÆ neyaáy éf K¿s¿ 1993-2000] LúgRd#. rUtLidhß_..>.

Ÿ.îarTIey¨r_-eRbsßúg/ hßg´ (Cartier-Bresson, Jean) K¿s¿ 1997 “Corruption networks, transaction security and il-

legal social exchange” ².[bBajBukrlYy/ suvtSiÔaB kñúg kic©îar CMnYj nig îar bþÚr Epñk sg:m xusc,ab].³ Political Studies [îar

sikßa neyaáy] elx 45 T¿ 463-76..>

Ÿ..kWrsHv_/ rU¨hßWr (Kershaw, Roger) K¿s¿ 2001 Monarchy in South-East Asia [raCaFibetyü enAkñúgtMbn´ GasIu

GaeKñy_] LúgRd# rUtLidhß_..>

Ÿ.kuNÑÚrs_/ ém¨xWl ex¿ (Connors, Michael K.) K¿s¿ 1999 “Political Reform and the state in Thailand”

².[kMENTRmgńeyaáynig rdækñúgRbeTséf].³ Journal of Contemporary Asia [RBw†þbRt GasIu bc©úb,nñ] elx 29 (4) T¿

202-26..>

Ÿ.kuNÑÚrs_/ ém¨xWl ex¿ K¿s¿ 2003 Democracy and National Identity in Thailand [RbCaFib etyü nigGtþsBaØaN

Ca† enA RbeTséf] LúgRd#..rUtLidhß_ (Routledge) xWrhßún (Curzon)...>

Ÿ.Rkúm vibtþi GnþrCati (International Crisis Group) .K¿s¿ 2005 Southern Thailand: Insurgency, Not Jihad [RbeTs éf

ÔaK xag t,Úg.½ îar b¼ eár min Emn Ca Cihad (s®g:amsasna) eT] ráy îarN_ GasIu elx 98 cu¼ éf¶ TI 18 «sÔa

yk ecj mk BI..www.crisisgroup.org...>

Ÿ..xav Piest (Kéav bieS$ [dMNwg Biess]) cu¼éf¶TI 25 kBaØa dléf¶TI 1. tula ÌñaM 1992...>

Ÿ.Exøn/ ecms_ r¿ (Klein, James R.) .K¿s¿ 2003 “The battle for rule of law in Thailand: the role of the constitu-

tional Court” ².[cm,aMg edIm,I RtÜtRÈaelIc,ab´ enA kñúg RbeTs éf..½ tY naTI rbs´ tulaîar rdæFmμnuBaØ éf].³ Gmr rkßas&tü (Gmr

r&k$as&tyà Amara Raksasataya) nig ecms_ r¿ Exøn (bNÑaFiîar) Constitutional Court of Thailand: The provisions and

Working of the Court [tulaîarFmμnuBaØ rbs RbeTs éf.½ îar Ïat Ecg nig îar eFIV îar gar rbs tulaîar] ágkk

rdæFmμnuBaØsRmab´ sg:m RbCa Blrdæ T¿ 34-90..>

Ÿ.KCsIh_ Edg daM (qjsIhà EzgzMa) (rhsßnam) K¿s¿ 1994. « pÖaeK(a ma n(a esIyx ebW§G jati » (Âä exA mä Na esob ePO Ìat)

[².Âa cUl mk BU esot dIm,I Cati.³] (elak eRbm eK eRcIn dak eQμa¼ fa ².Âa eRbm.³ É elak CatiCay CuNH£v&N eK ehA fa ².BU Cati.³/

².Na.³ Ôasa esom man n&y fa BU ¦ mIg xag mþay) sarB&t’man eNÌansu‘t sÂþah_ [eNÌancug sÂþah_] 16-22 FñÚ..>

Ÿ.RK&ssg´t_/. GUErl (Croissant, Aurel) K¿s¿ 2005 “Unrest in South Thailand: Contours, causes and conse-

quences” ².[claclenAÔaKxagt,ÚgRbeTséf..½...mUlehtu nig plviák].³ Strategic Insights [îar yl dwg Èam yuT§sa®sþ]

elx 4 ÔaK TI 2..>

Ÿ.C&y Gn&nþ smuTÞ vNiC¢ (j&yGn&ntà smudvNij Chai-Anan Samudavanija) K¿s¿ 1990 “Educating Thai Democracy”

².[îar Gb´rM RbCaFibetyü éf].³ Journal of Democracy [RBw†þbRtR bCaFibetyü] 1 (4) T¿ 104-15..>

Ÿ.C&y Gn&nþ smuTÞ vNiC¢ K¿s¿ 1997 “Old soldiers never die: they are just bypassed” ².[TahanÏas´.@ minEdlsøab´.½

BYk eK RËan´ Et RtÚv emIl rMlg].³ enA kñúg esoveÔA cgRkgeday exvin ehvIsun (Kevin Hewison) Political change in Thailand:

Democracy and Participation [îarpøas´bþÚrneyaáykñúgRbe Tséf.½ RbCaFibetyü nigîar cUlrYm] LúgRd# rUt-

Lidhß_ (Routledge) T¿ 42-57..>

Ÿ.dahø/ rU¨bWt eG¿ (Dahl, Robert A.) K¿s¿ 1971 Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition [rdæaPiálBhu bkß.½ îar

kMNt cMNaM 151

cUl rYm nig îar RbÌaMg] jÚehvuin rdæ kuNÑiTixwt RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< saklviTüal&y ey¨l..>

Ÿ.dahø/ rU¨bWt eG¿ K¿s¿ 1982 Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy vs Control [eTVbTén rbb RbCa Fibetyü

Bhubkß.½ s&VyÔaB Tl nwg îar RtÜt RÈa] jÚehvuin rdæ kuNÑiTixwt RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< saklviTüal&y ey¨l..>

Ÿ.Nk/ edvId (Knoke, David) K¿s¿ 1994 Political Network: The Structural Perspective [bBaj neyaáy.½

Tsßn •s&y Ebb rcna sm&<n§] . exmRb‘idhß_ RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< sakl viTüal&y exmRb‘idhß_...>

Ÿ.Nilßún/ émxWl G&s¿ (Nelson, Michael H.) K¿s¿ 2002 “Thailand’s house elections of 6 January 2001: Thaksin’s

Landslide victory and lucky escape” ².[îar eá¼ eÌñat Cati enA RbeTs éf na éf¶ TI 6 mkra ÌñaM 2001..½ fμ ákrbs TkßiN nig îar

eKc xøÜn Rbkb eday sMNag].³ kñúg esoveÔA cg Rkg eday émxWl G&s¿ Nilßún (bNÑaFiîar) Thailand’s New Politics: KPI Year-

book 2001 [neyaáyfIμrbsRbeTséf.½ esoveÔA RbÏaM ÌñaM 2001 GMBI snÞsßn_ sBaØa Knøw¼ sRmab lT§pl]

ágkk vayt_ LÚtws T¿ 283-441..>

Ÿ.T&kß eqøImetorN (d&k$à eClimetIyrN Thak Chaloemtiarana) K¿s¿ 1979 Thailand: The politics of Despotic Paternalism

[RbeTs éf.½ neyaáy biÈa niym pþac îar] ágkk smaKm viTüa sa®sþ sg:m én RbeTs éf nig viTüasSan éf kþI...>

Ÿ.bUvI/ îafWrIn eG¿ (Bowie, Katherin A.) K¿s¿ 1997 Rituals of the national Loyalty: An Antropology of the State and the

Village Scout Movement in Thailand [BiFI ebþCJa ÔaB esμa¼ Rtg´ cMeBa¼ Ca†.½ îar sikßa GMBI sÔaB én rdæ nig clna

îay ¬T§i Èam PUmi kñúg RbeTs éf] jÚy¨k RKw¼ sSan eá¼ Bum< saklviTüal&y kULúM ebo..>

Ÿ.biNic/ Ernhadþ (Bendix, Reinhardt) K¿s¿ 1978 Kings or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule [esþc ¦ RbCaCn.½

GMNac nig GaN†þ edIm,I RKb RKg] b‘ÅreXøy_ RKw¼ sSan eá¼Bum< sakl viTüal&y îalIhV‘ja...>

Ÿ.ebxWr/ RKis (Baker, Chris) nig pasuk BgßéBciRt (Pasuk Phongpaichit) K¿s¿ 2005 A History of Thailand

[Rbv†þsa®sþ RbeTs éf] exmRb‘idhß_ RKw¼ sSan eá¼Bum< sakl viTüal&y exmRb‘idhß_...>

Ÿ..ebeLC¢I/ emAritsuIyU¨ (Peleggi, Maurizio) K¿s¿ 2002 Lords of Things [m©as rbs vtSú TaMg Lay] hUNUlUlU rdæ haév

.RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< saklviTüal&y haév...>

Ÿ..Rbevs v£sI (prAevS vAsI Prawase Wasi) K¿s¿ 2002 “An overview of Political reform” ².[ÔaB TU eTA én kMEN TRmg

neyaáy].³ enA kñúg esoveÔA cgRkg eday dwgxin makxarh:Ú (bNÑaFiîar) Reforming Thai Politics [îar Ek TRmg neyaáy

éf] kUeBnhak RKw¼ sSan eá¼ Bum< Gin¿ éG¿ eG¿ eGs¿ (NIAS Press) T¿ 21-35..>

Ÿ.RBIehßó/ rU¨sß (Prizzia, Ross) K¿s¿ 1985 “Thailand in transition: the role of oppositional forces” ².[RbeTs éf enA

kñúg Gnþrîal..½ tY naTI rbs´ kmøaMg RbÌaMg Ëñ].³ mCÄmNl sikßa GasIu nig ÂäsIuhiVúk én sakl•Tüal&y haév¨ elx 32

hUNUlUlU RKw¼sSan eá¼Bum< pßay saklviTüal&yhaév¨...>

Ÿ..RBwT§isaN CuM Bl (b®dDisaN jumbl Prudhisan Jumbala) K¿s¿ 1998 “Constitutional reform amidst economic

crisis” ².[kMEN TRmg´ rdæFmμnuBaØ enA kBal vibtþiesdækic©].³ Southeast Asian Affairs [kic©îar GasIu GaeKñy_] sigHburI sSab&n

sikßa tMbn´ GasIu GaeKñy_ T¿ 265-91...>

Ÿ.mäk´xarh:Ú/ dwgxin (McCargo, Duncan) K¿s¿ 1997 Chamlong Srimuang and the new Thai politics [elak cmøg

RsIemOg nig neyaáyfIμrbs´éf] LúgRd# hwsþ (Hurst)...>

Ÿ..mäk´xarh:Ú/ dwgxin K¿s¿ 2001 “Populism and reformism in contemporary Thailand” ².[RbCaniym nig kMEN TRmg ´

niym kñúgRbeTséfbc©úb,nñ].³ South East Asia Research [RBw†þbRt Rsav RCav tMbn GasI uGaeKñy_] elx 9 (1) T¿ 89-107...>

152 kMNt cMNaM

Ÿ..makxarh:Ú/ dwgxin (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿ 2002 Reforming Thai Politics [kMEN TRmg neyaáy éf] kUeBnhak RKw¼ sSan

eá¼ Bum< Gin¿ éG¿ eG¿ eGs¿ (NIAS Press)...>

Ÿ.mäk´xarh:Ú/ dwgxin K¿s¿ 2006 “Thaksin and the resurgence of violence in the Thai South” ².[TkßiN nig îar k ekIt

GMeBI higßa enA ÔaK xag t,Úg én RbeTs éf³.] Critical Asian Studies [îar sikßa GasIu Rbkb eday K†•evcna] elx 38 (1)

ecj Ex mIna ÌñaM 2006 min Tan´ dwg TMB&r...>

Ÿ..mäk´xarh:Ú/ dwgxin nig «Rkwsþ b&Tμan&nÞ (Guk®$Rà p&dman&ndà Ukrist Pathmanand) K¿s¿ 2005 The Thaksinization of

Thailand .[TkßiNUbnIy kmμrbs´RbeTs éf] kUeBnhak RKw¼ sSan eá¼ Bum< Gin¿ éG¿ eG¿ eGs¿...>

Ÿ.mÜer¨lø/ edvId (Morell, David) nig C&y Gn&nþ smuTÞ vNiC¢ (Chai-Anan Samudavanija) K¿s¿ 1981 Political Conflict in

Thailand: Reform, Reaction, Revolution [GFikrN_ neyaáyenAkñúg Rb eTséf.½ îar Ek TRmg ´ Rb†kmμ ehIy

nig bdivtþn_].exmRb‘idhß_ rdæ EmsßW QUsuitß GUleh:sÌøahW:r/ h:wnñ EGnd_ Ehn (Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain)...>

Ÿ.ray gan ENv Na (ray gan Env hn(a) (ráy îarN_ ENv Na) K¿s¿ 1993 « jvn hlIkB&y : r¡ag drg pÖa eprm ? » ²..QYn

lIkP&y..½ sñg rUbÂä eRbm.?.³ .ENv Na (Env hn(a) [CYr mux] éf¶TI 17 Ex kBaØa...>

Ÿ.rIK:s_/ ®hVid dab´bwlyU¿ (Riggs, Fred W.) K¿s¿ 1966 Thailand: the modernization of a bureaucratic polity [RbeTs

éf.½ TMenIbnIykmμénGg:îariyalyaFibetyü] hUNUlUlU rdæhaév RKw¼ sSanpßay mCÄmNl bUB’a-bs©im...>

Ÿ.ruINuldß_/ E®hVgk_ (Raynolds, Frank) K¿s¿ 1978 “Sacral kingship and national development: the case of Thai-

land ².[raCaFiberyü Bisidæ nig îar GPivDÆ Cati..½ krNI RbeTs éf].³ kñúg esoveÔA cg Rkg eday áredVlø Gil¿. sμiúF (Bardwell L.

Smith) (bNÑaFiîar) Religion and Legitimation of Power in Thailand, Laos and Burma [sasna nig FmμanurUbkmμ én

GMNac kñúgRbeTséf lav nig PUma] ÌaMbWrs,Wk rdæ hVúILaEdlehvo GanImä (ANIMA) T¿ 100-110..>

Ÿ.libman-bøÚ‘Emn/hßúIn (Lipman-Blumen, Jean) K¿s¿ 2005 The Allure of Toxic Leaders [seRmIbrbs em dwk naM RkBul

mux] jÚy¨k RKw¼sSan eá¼Bum< sakl viTüa l&y GkßhVd...>

Ÿ.sureFor c&k;FrannÞ (sureDIyr c&kDranndà) K¿s¿ 2003 nadI dI§ eplI§yn prAv&tiSastrà (NaFI FI ebøón Rb£*ät´Tisat)

[mYy naTI Edl pøas bþÚr Rbv†þsa®sþ] ágkk mtiCn (mtijn)...>

Ÿ.suri®nÞ éhμRsIRKt (surindrà ùhmSrIqrGz Surin Maisrikrod) K¿s¿ 1992 Thailand’s two General elections in 1992:

Democracy Sustained [îar eá¼ eÌñat TUeTA BIr dg kñúg ÌñaM 1992 enA RbeTs éf.½ îar RT RTg lTi§ RbCa Fib etyü]

sigHburI sSab&n sikßa tMbn´ GasIu GaeKñy_ kMNt´ cMNaM îar Rsav RCav nig GtSbT BiÔakßa elx 75...>

Ÿ.e®sþkhVwsß/ edvId. GW¿ (Streckfuss, David E.) K¿s¿ 1998 “The poetics of subversion: civil liberty and lèse-majesté in

the modern Thai state” ².[kvIniBnV én viT§gßna.½ esrIÔaB rbs´ Blrdæ nig îar Rbmaf RB¼ ecsþa enA kñúg rdæ éf TMenIb].³ niekçbbT fñak´

bNit min Tan´ eá¼ Bum< pßay sakl viTüal&y vis;únßúin mäDIhßún...>

Ÿ.ehvisun/ exvin (Hewison, Kevin) K¿s¿ 1996 “Political Oppositions and regime change in Thailand” ².[KNbkß

RbÌaMg nig îar pøas bþÚr rbb enA kñúg RbeTs éf].³ kñúg esoveÔA cg Rkg eday h:arI rUdan (Garry Rodan) (bNÑaFiîar) Political Op-

positions in Industrialising Asia [KNbkßRbÌaMgenAkñúgGasIuEdlkMBug eFVI «sßahUbnIykmμ] LúgRd# rUtLidhß_ T¿

72-94...>

Ÿ.ehvisun/ exvin K¿s¿ ÌñaM..1997 “The monarchy and democratization” ².[raCaFibetyünig RbCaFib etyüÚb nIykmμ].³ kñúg

esoveÔA cg Rkg eday exvin ehvisun (bNÑaFiîar) Political Change in Thailand: Democracy and Participation [îar pøas´

kMNt cMNaM 153

(1)..kMNt´ bNÑaFiîar..½ enA ÌñaM 2007 RbeTs evotNamsSit enA lMdab´ TI 13 kñúg cMeNam RbeTs man

cMnYn RbCaBl rdæ eRcIn Cage K enA kñúg BiPB elak...>

(2)..kMNt bNÑaFiîar..½ enA ÌñaM 2007 RbeTs evotNam man RbCaCn eRcIn Cag 85 lan nak...>

(3)..ruaMbU (Rambo) K¿s¿ 1973 pþl îar briyay yag ek,a¼ k,ay GMBI ÔaB xus ËñaxagbrisSan FmμCati nig îar

C¼ }Ti§Bl Edl bBal [ man ÔaB xus Ëña Ca eRcIn enA kñúg îar erob cM sg:m...>(4)..Epñken¼ KW îar segçb yäg eRcIn nig îar Ek ERb bnþic bnþÜc nUv GtSbT rbs´ elak ecmihßún (Jamieson)

K¿s¿ 1981 k T¿ 37-159 bniþc bnþÜc...> sUm Gan vitm&r (Whitmore) K¿s¿ 1986 GMBI Rbvtþisa®sþevot-

Namsegçb pg Edr...>

(5)..Gs,‘n (Osborne) K¿s¿ 1984 T¿ 120...> pam Dwk eyOg (Phƒm ZËc D#jng) K¿s¿ 1982...>

(6)..sUm Gan ecmihßún K¿s¿ 1981 x...>

(7)..sUm Gan ecrimI edviDsun (Jeremy Davidson) K¿s¿ 1975 nig egVón xak´ evon (Nguy§n Kh_c Viên)

(Ëμan îalbriecäT)...>

(8)..sUm Gan fIl&r (Taylor) K¿s¿ 1983 edIm,Iyl Rbvtþisa®sþ evotNam edIm sm&ylMGit...>

(9)..sUm Gan fIl&r K¿s¿ 1988...>

(10)..sRmab´ «TahrN_ GMBI kMNaBü bk ERb en¼ sUm Gan egVón g¨k´ b‘ic (Nguy§n Ng¯c Bích) K¿s¿ 1985

T¿ 80-83.À egVón g¨k´ b‘ic K¿s¿ 1975 T¿ 4-10..À hV‘ij saj´ fug (Huønh Sanh Thông) K¿s¿ 1979

CMBUkTI.4.½ rebobEdlCnCatievotNamsmøwgemIlBiPBelak

kMNt cMNaM

bþÚr neyaáy enA kñúg RbeTs éf.½ RbCaFibetyünigîarcUlrYmμ] LúgRd# rUtLidhß_ T¿ 58-74..>

Ÿ.Gulßún/ EmnxWr (Olson, Mancur) K¿s¿ 2000 Power and Prosperity [GMNacnigÔaBrugerOg] jÚyk EbsIuk bu‘kß (Basic

Books)...>

Ÿ.hßak´sun/ PIfWr (Jackson, Peter) K¿s¿ 1999 “Royal Spirits, Chinese gods and magic monk; Thailand’s boom-

time religions of prosperity” ².[raCGñk Èa eTvÈa cin nig RB¼ sgÇ Rbkb eday ármI..½. sasna TaMg Lay enA RbeTs éf na sm&y

rIk ceRmIn xa g esdækic© yäg sm,Úr sb,ay].³ South East Asia Research [îar Rsav RCav GasIuGaeKñy_] elx 7 ÔaK TI 3 T¿

245-300...>

Ÿ.EGBWrsun/ ebeNDikt_ (Anderson, Benedict) K¿s¿ 1978 “Studies of the Thai State: the state of Thai studies”

².[îar sikßa GMBI rdæ éf..½ sÔaB én îar sikßa GMBI éf].³ kñúg esoveÔA cg Rkg eday eGlIhßIúey¨r_ b‘I¿ Gayäl (Elizier B. Ayal)

(bNÑaFiîar) The study of Thailand [îarsikßaGMBIRbeTs éf] GaETn rdæ eG‘aéheya mCÄmNl sikßa GnþrCati sakl

viTüal&y eG‘aéheya kmμviFI sikßa tMbn´ GasIu GaeKñy_ T¿ 193-247...^

154 kMNt cMNaM

T¿ 18-20...> erhVwl (Reffel) K¿s¿ 1968 k¾pþlvK: îarbkERbmYy cMnYnEdr (T¿ 21-23) buEnþ man kMhus

kñúg esckIþ Bnül´ xø¼...>

(11)..sUmGan vitm&r (Whitmore) K¿s¿ 1985 GMBI îarBiÔakßalMGitGMBIry£eBlen¼...>

(12)...GMBI «TahrN_ sþI BIGkßrsil,_ en¼ sUmGan egVón g¨k´ b‘ic K¿s¿ 1975 T¿ 92-116..À hV‘ij saj´

fug K¿s¿ 1979 T¿ 105-15 nig 157-69...>

(13)..sUm Gan vUdsayd_ (Woodside) K¿s¿ 1971 nig K¿s¿ 1973 GMBI îar BiÔakßa lMGit GMBI RbeTs

evotNam na cug s¿v¿ TI 18 nig s¿v¿ TI 19...>

(14)..hU Èay ehV twm (Hô Tài Huê Tâm) K¿s¿ 1985 T¿ 25-26..À ruaMbU K¿s¿ 1982 T¿ 407..À egVón

gk b‘ic K¿s¿ 1975 T¿ 24..À hIuKI (Hickey) K¿s¿ 1964 T¿ 55-56...>

(15)..GñkRáCJ bc©úb,nñmYycMnYn RbEhl Ca yl´ fa RbeyaK mYy en¼ sresr bMepIøs n&y...> vitm&r ( K¿s¿

1987 T¿ 16) EdlCaRbvtþiviTU Edlman Tsßn£ pÞúy BI en¼ án seg;t eXIj fa ².man Kmøat yäg FM rvag

RbvtiþviTU Rsav RCav GMBI mun sm&yTMenIb (dUc Ca rUb xMJú pÞal) Edl yk Èam îar vivDÆ én lTi§ xug CW edIm dMbUg Edl

min sUv man }T§iBl eRcIn bu¨nμan eT nig BYk nisßit Edl Rsav RCav GMBI s¿v¿ TI 20 Ca Biess BYk Gñk nrviTüa

Edl án rk eXIj îar Ïak´ ¬s yäg eRCA rbs´ lTi§xugCW enAkñúg sg:mevotNam sm&y TMenIb...>.³ Ëat´ nig

xJúMyl Rsb fa bBaHa sMxan Edl man enA eBl bc©úb,nñ en¼ KW fa ².etI sg:m evotNam îøay Ca sg:m Edl îan

lTi§ xug CW án eday rebob Na..? ehIy Ïab´ ÈaMg B IeBl Na mk..?.³...> sRmab´ Cn Cati evotNam Edl án

TTYl îar Gb´ rM ehIy án rs´ enA kñúg Bak´ kBal TI 1 én s¿v¿ TI 20 án emIl eXIj mrtk RbéBNI rbséK Ca lTi§ xug CW Ebb fIμ ehIy ekIt man enAkñúg rC¢îal esþc eL faj fug (K¿s¿ 1460-1497)...> xJMú eCO Cak

fa îar yl eXIj en¼ KW min Gac CECk [ án Bit Rákd eLIy...> cMeBa¼ CMBUk en¼ xMJú Ïab GarmμN_ Ca Biess

cMeBa¼ Tsßn£ yl eXIj TUeTA Edl man ².ÔaB Bit Rákd.³ enA kñúg Rbvtþisa®sþ na Tsvtßr_ ÌaMñ 1920/ 1930

nig 1940...>

(16)..Bakü ².¬ s Kl én Tsßn£.³ án yk mk BI sña éd rbs elak vikTr fWrNWr (Victor Turner) (K¿s¿ 1969

nig 1974)...> elak räb,äB&rt_ (Rappaport) (K¿s¿ 1979 T¿ 97-144 CaBiess T¿ 124/ 127/

130) BiÔakßa GMBIRbB&n§KMnitEdlfa GIV.@ KW Ca rUb Èag én GIVepßgeTot...>

(17)..elak gU¨ Dwk Fij (Ngô ZËc Th*nh) (K¿s¿ 1989) BiÔakßa GMBI Tsßn£ rbs´ Gñk Rsúk GMBI rbb mHÚb nig

suxÔaB kñúg bribT Îatu yin nig Îatu yuaMg en¼...> elak hIuKI (K¿s¿ 1964 T¿ 7) BiÔakßa Ca TUeTA GMBI eËal

KMnit én ÔaB sux RsÜl enA kñúg k,Ün eBTü rbs Gñk Rsúk evotNam...>

(18)..sUm Gan ecmihßún K¿s¿ 1981 k T¿ 18-29..À ecmihßún K¿s¿ 1984 T¿ 322-28...>

(19)..îar yl eXIj nig îar eRbI RTwsþI niynþsa®sþ rbs xJúM KW eday sar Et án TTYl n}Ti§Bl rbs elak bItßún

(Bateson) (K¿s¿ 1972 nig 1980) nig elak îal dWcs_ (Karl Deutsch) (K¿s¿ 1966)...> LasøÚ (Las-

zlo) (K¿s¿ 1972)/ bWKøI (Buckely) (K¿s¿ 1967)/ nig Eb‘rÈaLan´hI‘V (Bertalanffy) K¿s¿ (1968) k¾ án

bEnSm eTA elI îar yl´ eXIj en¼...> Et rebob Edl xJúM yk KMnit rbs´ BYk Ëat´ mk eRbI KW man Et xJúM Edl TTYl

îar xus RtÚv TaMg Rsúg...>

(20)..cMeBa¼ cMNuc en¼ sUmGan bItßún K¿s¿ 1980 T¿ 47...>

kMNt cMNaM 155

(21)..bItßún K¿s¿ 1972 T¿ 470-71...> sUm emIl bItßún nig bItßún K¿s¿ 1988 T¿ 37-42 pg

Edr...>

(22)..bItßún K¿s¿ 1972 T¿ 476...>

(23)..en¼ KW Ca Tsßn£ rbs elak bUl mus (Paul Mus) Edl án C¼ }Ti§Bl yag xøaMg eTA elI Gñk RáCJ Gaem-

riîaMg Ca eRcIn enA kñúg GMLúg T svtßr_ ÌñaM 1950 nig 1960 ehIy án eFIV[ eK s:al´ eRcIn enA kñúg TRmg´ Ebb

samBaØ rbs ®hVnßúis h‘VithßWrald_ (Frances Fitzgerald) enA kñúg GtSbT Edl man cMNg eCIg fa ².ePøIg enA

kñúg bwg.³...>

(24)..Tsßn£ yl eXIj en¼ man ¬s Kl BI îar Rbwg ERbg edIm,I Ek ERb Tsßnniym Et mçag Edl Ca lkçN£

rbs´ GtSbT Ca eRcIn Edl sresr GMBI Rbvtþisa®sþ evotNam nig sñaéd rbs´ Gñk RáCJ áraMgEss Ca eRcIn

Edl min sUv [ témø eTA elI sar£ sMxan én vb,Fm’ edIm nig vb,Fm’ evotNam Edl min yk mkBI lTi§ xugCW ena¼...>

ehtupl man lkçN£ neyaáy Ca Cag man lkçN£ Caîar sikßa Rsav RCav ehIy îarpøas´ bþÚr án Ïak ecj

eTA Èam Tis mYy eTot Ca Biess KW enA kñúg 15 ÌñaM knøgeTA...>

(25)..sUm Gan hIu van elOg (Hy V@n L#jng) K¿s¿ 1984 T¿ 742-44..À hIu van elOg K¿s¿ 1989 T¿

742/ 749/ 752 nig 754..À Ehns_ (Haines) K¿s¿ 1984 T¿ 312-13..À Ehns_ K¿s¿ 1986 T¿

208..À egVón TW CI (Nguy§n T) Chi) (Ëμan îalbriecäT) T¿ 36-37/ 69-71/ 80-89/ 115-16 nig 118

cMeBa¼ îar BiÔakßa fIμ.@ GMBI ÔaB zit efr én eËal îarN_ Rbkb eday ÔaB pÞúy Ëña yag sm ehtu pl TaMg en¼ buEnþ

Ca eËal îarN_ bMeBj b®g:b Ëña Edl eKán eFVI enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ fIμ.@ en¼ Ca Biess cMeBa¼ bBaHa îar erob cM

Exß RsLay nig RKÜsar...>

(26)..eL FI ekV (Lê Th* Qu+) K¿s¿ 1976 T¿ 115...>

(27)..sHalIygd_ (Chaliand) K¿s¿ 1969 T¿ 60...>

(28)..eL FI ekV K¿s¿ 1976 T¿ 115...> sUmGan evOg ya FVI (V#jng Gia ThÇy) K¿s¿ 1976 T¿ 29 pg

Edr...>

(29)..hV‘ij saj´ fug (Huønh Sanh Thông) K¿s¿ 1979 T¿ 41...> GMBI cMNuc en¼ sUm Gan Èa v¨an´ Èay

(Tƒ V@n Tài) K¿s¿ 1988 T¿ 147-48 pg Edr...>

(30)..esþnbWK (Steinberg) K¿s¿ 1971 T¿ 38..À ecmihßún K¿s¿ 1981 k T¿ 84-87/ 98-104...>

(31)..sUm Gan ecmihßún K¿s¿ 1986 x/ K¿s¿ 1981 k T¿ 206-68..À eL FI ekV K¿s¿ 1976/ K¿s¿

1986..À nig eckßún (Jackson) K¿s¿ 1987 cMeBa¼ îar GFib,ay GMBI KMrU én RKÜsar buraN en¼ Edl man TaMg

«TahrN_ bgHaj Ca eRcIn nig Éksar bEnSm...>

(32)..eL FI ekV K¿s¿ 1976 T¿ 59...>

(33)..RbEhl man îar ERb RbÜl Edl TakTg nig esrIÔaB rbs CnCati evotNam ekμg.@ kñúg îar eRCIs erIs

KU Rskr GaRs&y eTA elI eBl evla tMbn vNÑ£ nig RbéBNI RKÜsar...> sUmGan Èa van Èay (Tƒ V@n Tài)

K¿s¿ 1988 T¿ 214-15 nig huIKI K¿s¿ 1964 T¿ 100...>

(34)..cMeBa¼ îarGFib,ay bEnSm «TahrN_bgHaj nig ÉksarbEnSm sUmGan ecmihßún K¿s¿ 1981 k

T¿ 261-85..À ecmihßún K¿s¿ 1985..À nig ecmihßún K¿s¿ 1986 k...>

156 kMNt cMNaM

(35)..dav yVI Gaj (Zào Duy Anh) K¿s¿ 1951 T¿ 128...>

(36)..egVón xak evon (Nguy§n Kh_c Viên) K¿s¿ 1974 T¿ 39/ 167...>

(37)..erOg Rbelam elak evotNam sm&y TMenIb Ca eRcIn BiB&N’ na GMBI lkçN£ en¼...> sUmGan erOg xIø rbs

elak xay huwg (Khái H#ng) K¿s¿ 1936..½ Qut Ìak BIr én îar Îøak cu¼ (hay îaj RTVI Lak Hai c…nh trÇy

lƒc) ¦ erOg rbs´ elak fac´ Lam (Thƒch Lam) K¿s¿ 1939..½ RKÜsar rbs´ Gñk mþayeL (jä Em eL Nhà

m› Lê)...>

(38)..vUDsayd_ K¿s¿ 1971 T¿ 154...>

(39)..sUmGan h:Ú‘rU (Gourou) K¿s¿ 1975 T¿ 217...>

(40)..Epñk en¼ Epðk yag sMxan eTA elI sña éd rbs elak h:Ú‘rU...> sUmGan h:Ú‘rU K¿s¿ 1955 T¿ 540-83..À

h:Ú‘rU K¿s¿ 1975 T¿ 127 nig 154...>

(41)..FmμCatién ².yab.³ KW sμúKsμaj ehIyERbRbÜl...> cMeBa¼ îar KUs bBa¢ak epßg eTot sUmGan Tn Gaj

(Toan Ánh) K¿s¿ 1968 T¿ 142-47..À dav yVI Gaj K¿s¿ 1951 T¿ 128..À nig Ca Biess egVón TW CI

(Ëμan îalbriecäT) T¿ 44-59/ 68-69/ 71/ 81 nig 97-119...>

(42)..Epðk eTA elI îar cu¼ Rsav RCav pÞal K¿s¿ 1967...> sUmGan ecmihßún K¿s¿ 1981 k T¿ 237-38..À

dav yVI Gaj´ K¿s¿ 1951 T¿ 218-21..À Duyr¨g´d_ (Durand) K¿s¿ 1959..À sIumu¨g (Simon) nig sIumu ¨g

árUh_ (Simon-Barouh) K¿s¿ 1973..À egVón xak xam (Nguy§n Kh_c Kham) K¿s¿ 1983 T¿ 28..À KUeLt_

(Coulet) K¿s¿ 1929 T¿ 19-21...>

(43)..sUmGan pan ek b‘ij (Phan K+ Bính) K¿s¿ 1970 T¿ 178-80..À egVón TW CI (Ëμan îalbriecäT) T¿

87...>

(44)..vUDsayd_ K¿s¿ 1971 T¿ 130-32...>

(45)..mak GalIs&Þr (McAlister) nig mus (Mus) K¿s¿ 1970 T¿ 31-32...>

(46)..ruaMbU K¿s¿ 1982...>

(47)..sUmGan Èa vän Èay K¿s¿ 1988 T¿ 41/ 93-94/ 217-18...>

Ÿ..KUeLt_ hß‘k (Coulet, Georges) K¿s¿ 1929 (?) Cultes et Religions de I’Indochine Annamite [îar bUCa nig sasna enA

GNÑam kñúg }Qcin] éRB nKrr erag Bum< BaniC¢kmμ es¿ GardaMg...>

Ÿ..gU¨ Dwk Fij (Ngô ZËc Th*nh) K¿s¿ 1989 “Truy£n th³ng @n v¯ng Vi©t Nam v½i d#ûng sinh và tr* b©nh” ².[Tmøab

brieÔaK Gahar rbs evotNam buraN kñúg n&y rbb Gahar nig îar Büaál].³ enA kñúg Phong V* Vi©t Nam [{Cars evotNam]

Dij yä xaj´ (Zinh Gia Khánh) (bNÑaFiîar) T¿ 181-85 haNUy kug TI sVwt án dUy gVäy (Công Ty Xu‡t B…n Z³i

Ngoƒi)...>

ÉksarBieRËa¼

kMNt cMNaM 157

Ÿ..egVón xak xam (Nguy§n Kh_c Kham) K¿s¿ 1967 An Introduction to Vietnamese Culture [lMnaMedIm GMBI vb,Fm’ evot-

Nam] éRB nKr Rkúm Rbwkßa evotNam GMBI TMnakTMng GnþrCati...>

Ÿ..egVón xak xam K¿s¿ 1983 “Vietnamese Spirit Mediumship: A Tentative Reinterpretation of Its Basic Terminol-

ogy” ².[ÔaB Ca sñg rUb evotNam.½ îar sak l,g bk Rsay eLIg vij nUvbec©ksBÞ mUldæan].³ Vietnam Forum [evTiîa evot-

Nam] elx 1 T¿ 24-30...>

Ÿ..egVón xak´evon (Nguy§n Kh_c Viên) K¿s¿ 1974 Tradition and Revolution in Vietnam [RbéBNI nig bdivtþn_ enA

evotNam] bWreXøy_ (rdæ xalIhV‘reno) mCÄmNl FnÎan }Qcin (Indochina Resource Center)...>

Ÿ..egVón xak´evon (Ëμan îalbriecäT) Traditional Vietnam: Some Historical Stages [evotNam buraN.½ dMNak´ îal

Rbv†þsa®sþ xø¼..@] îar sikßa GMBI evotNam (kRmg) haNUy...>

Ÿ..egVón g¨k´ b‘ic (Nguy§n Ng¯c Bích) K¿s¿ 1975 A Thousand Years of Vietnamese Poetry [kMNaBü evotNam ry£

eBl mYy Ban ÌñaM] jÚy¨k Gal®hVid eG¿ xñúbhV_ (Alfred A. Knopf)...>

Ÿ..egVón gk b‘ic K¿s¿ 1985 “Vietnamese Poetry: The Classical Tradition” ².[kMNaBü evotNam.½ RbéBNI tnþI].³ enAkñúg In

Vietnam: Essays on History, Culture, and Society [evotNam.½ GtSbT sak l,g GMBI Rbv†þsa®sþ vb,Fm’

nigsg:m] T¿ 79-99 smaKmGasIu (Asia Society)...>

Ÿ..egVón TW CI (Nguy§n T) Chi) Ëμan îalbroecäT “The Traditional Vietnamese Village in B_c B»: Its Organizational

Structure and Problems” ².[PUmi evotNam buraN enA ák´ bU..½ rcna sm&<n§ erob cM nig bBaHa].³ enAkúñg The Traditional Viet-

namese Village [PUmievotNamburaN] Epñk TI 1 haNUy îar sikßa evotNam (Vietnamese Studies) elx 61...>

Ÿ..eckßún/ Gic¿ emrilø (Jackson, H. Merril) K¿s¿ 1987 “Vietnamese Social Relationships: Hierarchy, Structure, In-

timacy and Equality” ².[TMnakTMng sg:m rbs Cn Cati evotNam..½ zananuRkm rcna sm&<n§ ÔaB sñiT§ sñan nig smÔaB].³ Inter-

culture [Gnþrvb,Fm’] 20 (1) (elx 94) T¿ 2-17...>

Ÿ..ecmihßún/ nIl Gil¿ (Jamieson, Neil L.) K¿s¿ 1981 k Vietnam: A Study of Continuity and Change in a Sociocultural

System [evotNam.½ îar sikßa GMBI nirnþrÔaB nig kar pøas´bþÚr enA kñúg RbB&n§ sg:m vb,Fm’] niekçbbT fñak´ bNit

hUNUlUlU sakl viTüal&y haév...>

Ÿ..ecmihßún/ nIl Gil¿ K¿s¿ 1981 x “A Perspective on Vietnamese Prehistory Based on the Relationship between

Geological and Archeological Date: Summary of an Article by Nguy§n ZËc Tâm” ².[îar yl´ eXIj BI sm&y buer-

Rbvtþi evotNam eday Epðk elI TMnak´ TMng rvag Tinñn&y FrNIviTüa nig buraN viTüa..½ segçb rbs´ GtSbT mYy eday egVón Dwk twm].³

Asian Perspectives [Tsßn•s&y GasIu] elx 24 (2)...>

Ÿ..ecmihßún/ nIl Gil¿ K¿s¿ 1984 “Toward a Paradigm for Paradox: Observations on the Study of Social Organ-

ization in Southeast Asia” ².[GMBI KMrU én brmti..½ îar seg;t GMBI îar sikßa îar erob cM sg:m enA GasIu GaeKñy_].³ Journal of South-

east Asian Studies [TsßnvdþI sikßaGasIuGaeKñy_] elx 15 (2) ExkBaØa...>

Ÿ..ecmihßún/ nIl Gil¿ K¿s¿ 1985 “The Traditional Vietnamese Village” ².[PUmi evotNam buraN].³ Interculture

[Gnþrvb,Fm’] elx 83 emsa-«sÔa...>

Ÿ..ecmihßún/ nIl Gil¿ K¿s¿ 1986 k “The Traditional Family in Vietnam” ².[RKÜsar evotNam Ebb buraN].³ Vietnam

Forum [evTiîa evotNam] elx 8 vsßanrdUv-srTrdUv...>

158 kMNt cMNaM

Ÿ..ecmihßún/ nIl Gil¿ K¿s¿ 1986 x “The Traditional Vietnamese Village” ².[PUmi evotNam buraN].³ Vietnam Forum

[evTiîa evotNam] elx 7 sisirrdUv-niTaXrdUv...>

Ÿ..dav yVI Gaj (Zào Duy Anh) K¿s¿ 1951 Vi©t Nam v@n hóa sÏ c#jng [eËal sMxan én vb,Fm’ evotNam] haNUy

bUn epOg (B³n Ph#jng) eá¼ Bum< elIk dMbUg K¿s¿ 1938...>

Ÿ..dWcs_/ îal dabwlyU¿ (Deutsch, Karl W.) K¿s¿ 1966 The Nerves of Government: Models of Political Communication

and Control[srés RbsaT rbs´rdæaPiál.½ KMrU KmnaKmn_ nig îar RtÜt RÈa neyaáy] jÚy¨k mäkmiløän´...>

Ÿ..edviDsun/ ecer¨mI Gic¿ suI¿ Gis¿ K¿s¿ 1975 “Recent Archeological Activity in Vietnam” ².[skmμÔaB buraNviTüa kñúg

eBl fμI.@ en¼ enA RbeTs evotNam].³ Journal of the Hong Kong Archeological Society [TsßnavdþI smaKm buraN•Tüa

hug kug] elx 6 T¿ 80-99...>

Ÿ..Duyrgd_/ mUrIs (Durand, Maurice) K¿s¿ 1959 Technique et panthéon des médiums vietnamiens (Zµng) [bec©keTs

nig eTvÈa r bs´ sñg rUb evotNam (dug)] ÂärIs îar pßay rbs sala áraMg cug bUB’a RbeTs ÔaK TI 45...>

Ÿ..Èa vän´ Èay (Tƒ V@n Tài) K¿s¿ 1988 The Vietnamese Tradition of Human Rights [RbéBNI evotNam elI siTi§

mnusß] bÅreXøy_ viTüa sSan sikßa GasIu xagekIt sakl viTüal&y xalIhV‘reno Ékelxna Rsav RCav GMBI }Qcin (Indochina Re-

search Monograph)...>

Ÿ..fIl&r/ exF (Taylor, Keith) K¿s¿ 1983 The Birth of Vietnam [edIm kMeNIt evotNam] bÅreXøy_ RKw¼ sSan eá¼ Bum<

sakl viTüal&y xalIhV‘reno...>

Ÿ..fIl&r/ exF K¿s¿ 1988 “Authority and Legitimacy in Eleventh-Century Vietnam” ².[GCJaFr nig ÔaB Rsbc,ab´ enA

evotNam na stvtßr_ TI 11].³ Vietnam Forum [evTiîaevotNam] elx 12 T¿ 2 0-59 (eá¼ Bum< elIk dMbUg kñúg Southeast

Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries [GasuI GaeKñy_ BI stvtßr_ TI 9 dl TI 14] bNÑaFîar..½ edviD CI¿ mar (David G. Marr)

nig eG¿ suI¿ milñ&r (A. C. Milner)...>

Ÿ..fWrNWr/ vikTr (Turner, Victor) K¿s¿ 1969 The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure [dMeNIr îar kñúg BiFI.½

rcnasm<&n§ nigbdircnasm<&n§] Qiîaeh:a G‘lédn_ (Aldine)...>

Ÿ..fWrNWr/ vikTr K¿s¿ 1974 Dramas, Fields and Metaphors [•nadkmμ TI ÈaMg nig Bakü eRbób] GuIfaîa RKw¼ sSan eá¼

Bum< sakl viTüal&y xalIXrEnlø...>

Ÿ..Tn Gaj (Toan Ánh) K¿s¿ 1967 N+p Cæ: tín ng#ûng Vi©t-Nam [rebobÏas´.½ CMenOevotNam] éRB nKr Nam-

CI Tug FU (Nam-Chi Tùng Thú)...>

Ÿ..Tn Gaj K¿s¿ 1968 N+p Cæ: làng xóm Vi©t-Nam [rebobÏas´.½ PUmievotNam] éRB nKr Nam-CI Tug FU...>

Ÿ..bItßún/ e®h:h:ÚrI (Bateson, Gregory) K¿s¿ 1972 Steps to Ecology of Mind [CMhan eTA îan eGkULÚsIu éncitþ] jÚy¨k

Eblø¨n´éfn_ (Ballantine)...>

Ÿ..bItßún/ e®h:h:ÚrI K¿s¿ 1980 Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity [citþ ehIy nig FmμCa†.½ ÉkÈa d¾ ÏaM ác mYy] jÚ

y¨k EbnþaM bu‘ks_ (Bantam Books)...>

Ÿ..bWeKøy_/ vallfWr (Buckley, Walter) K¿s¿ 1967 Sociology and Modern Systems Theory [sg:m•Tüa nig RTwsIþ RbB&n§

TMenIb] eGgh:wlvUd XøIhVs_ (Englewood Cliffs) Gin¿ ec¿ Rbin§is -hlø (N.J. Prentice-Hall)...>

Ÿ..Eb‘rÈaLanhI‘V/ ludvIK (vun) (Bertalanffy, Ludwig von) K¿s¿ 1968 General System Theory [RTwsIþRbB&n§TUeTA] jÚyk

kMNt cMNaM 159

dabwl dI (Doubleday)...>

Ÿ..pan ek b‘ij (Phan K+ Bính) K¿s¿ 1970 Vi©t-Nam Phong TÇc [TMenom Tmøab´ evotNam] éRB nKr pg´ RÈav v¨an´ hVa

(Phong Trào V@n Hóa)...>..

Ÿ..pam Dwk eyOg (Phƒm ZËc D#jng) K¿s¿ 1982 “The Original of Wet Rice Socio-Cultural Model of the Viets

Through Linguistic Data” ².[RbPB edIm én TRmg ´vb,Fm’ sg:m eFIV ERs vsßa rbs ´ BYk evot Èam ry£ Tinñn&y ÔasaviTüa].³ enAkúñg

Environment and Human Life: Studies on History and Culture of Southeast Asia [brisSan nig CI•tmnusß.½ îar

sikßa GMBI Rbv†þsa®sþ nig vb,Fm’én tMbn´ GasIu GaeKñy_] haNUy Epñk sikßa GasIu GaeKñy_/ KN£kmμaFi îarviTüasa®sþ

sg:mrbs´ evotNam...>

Ÿ..mak GasIsÞ&r/ cn FI¿ (McAlister, John T.) nig mus/ bUl (Mus, Paul) K¿s¿ 1970 The Vietnamese and Their Revolution

[Cn Ca† evotNam nig bdivtþn_ rbs´ BYk eK] jÚy¨k harpWr EGnd_ erav_ (Harper and Row)...>

Ÿ..rab,aB&rt_/ ry (Rappaport, Roy) K¿s¿ 1979 Ecology, Meaning, Religion [eGkULÚsuI/ GtSn&y/ sasna] bÅreXøy_

(xalIhV‘reno) nrF_ GatøgTik bu‘ks_ (North Atlantic Books)...>

Ÿ..r¨aehVl/ bWrtun (Raffel, Burton) (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿ 1968 From the Vietnamese; Ten Centuries of Poetry [BICn Ca†

evotNam.½ k=niBn§n_ ry£ eBl db´ stvtßr_] jÚy¨k Guk eÎabWr ehAs_ (October House)...>

Ÿ..ruaMbU/ eG¿ efrI (Rambo, A. Terry) K¿s¿ 1973 A Comparison of Peasant Social Systems of Northern and Southern Viet-

nam [îar eRbóbeFob RbB&n§ sg:m ksikr enA evotNam xag eCIg nig xag t,Úg] xarbunEDl mCÄmNl sikßa evot-

Nam enA sakl viTüal&y Giløinys_ xagt,Úg...>

Ÿ..ruaMbU/ eG¿ efrI K¿s¿ 1982 “Vietnam: Searching for Integration” ².[evotNam..½ EsVg rk smahrNkmμ].³ CMBUk TI 12

enAkúñg Religion and Societies: Asia and the Middle East [sasna nig sg:m.½ GasIu nig mCÄimbUB’a] îarLÚ îaldarULa

(Carlo Caldarola) (bNÑaFiîar) T¿ 407-44 bWrlIn mUtug (Mouton)...>

Ÿ..ruaMbU/ eG¿ efrI nig ecmihßún/ nIl Gil¿ enl Gil (Jamieson, Neil L.) K¿s¿ 1973 “Cultural Change in Rural Vietnam”

².[îar ERbRbÜl xag vb,Fm’ enACnbTénRbeTs evotNam].³ jÚyk GtSbT rbs ².Rkúm {vaT GPivDÆn_ GasIu GaeKñy_.³ (SEADAG)

GMBIGasIu...>

Ÿ..vItm&r/ cn ex¿ (Whitmore, John K.) K¿s¿ 1985 Vietnam, Hµ Quý Ly, and the Ming (1371-1421) [evotNam esþc

hU KVI lI nig raCvgß mig (K¿s¿ 1371-1421)]jÚehvuin mCÄmNl eyl edIm,I îar sikßa GnþrCati nig tMbn RkúmRbwkßa

îar sikßa GasuI GaeKñy_ smuc©&y Lak-evot elx 2...>

Ÿ..vItm&r/ cn ex¿ K¿s¿ 1986 “An Outline of Vietnamese History Before French Conquest” ².[eËal sMxan én Rbvtþisa®sþ

evotNam mun eBl áraMgEss mk c,aMg deBIm].³ Vietnam Forum [evTiîaevotNam] elx 8 (vsßanrdUv-srTrdUv) T¿ 1-

9...>

Ÿ..vitm&r/ cn ex¿ K¿s¿ 1987 “Foreign Influences and the Vietnamese Cultural Core: A Discussion of the Premod-

ern Period” ².[}Ti§BlbreTsnig sñÚl vb,Fm’ evotNam..½ îar BiÔakßa GMBI sm&y îal mun sm&y TMenIb].³ enAkñúg Borrowings

and Adaptations in Vietnamese Culture [km©I nig ÔaB btEbn enA kñúg vb,Fm’ evotNam] eRTÓg b‘wv Lwm (Truong Buu

Lam) (bNÑaFiîar) T¿ 1-21...>

Ÿ..vUDsayd_/ GaLicsg´dWr (Woodside, Alexander) K¿s¿ 1971 Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study

160 kMNt cMNaM

of Nguy§n and Ch’ing Civil Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century [evotNam nig KMrU cin.½ îar

sikßa eRbób eFob rdæaPiál sIu•l raCvgß egVón nig raCvgß Qig kñúg Bak´ kBal TI mYy én stvtßr_ TI 19]

exmRb‘idhß_ (rdæ mäsßWQUsitß) RKw¼sSan eá¼ Bum< s akl viTüal&y harvad (Harvard University Press)...>

Ÿ..vUDsayd_/ GaLicsgdWr K¿s¿ 1973 “The Historical Background” ².[épÞ xag eRîay én Rbvtþisa®sþ].³ enAkñúg The Tale

of Ki£u [erOg eRBg GMBInag ekov] hV‘ij saj´ fug (Huønh Sanh Thông) (bNÑaFiîar) ...>

Ÿ..evOg yä FVI (V#jng Gia ThÇy) K¿s¿ 1976 Getting to know the Vietnamese and their Culture [rebob s:alCn Ca†

evotNam nig vb,Fm’ rbs´ BYk eK] jÚy¨k Gwgh:Wr (Unger)...>

Ÿ..sIumug/ BIEyr hßúI¿ (Simon, Pierre J.) nig sIumug-árUh_/ GuIda (Simon-Barouh, Ida) K¿s¿ 1973 H‰u Bóng: un culte viet-

namien de possession transplanté en France [hUv bg´..½ BiFI cUl rUb rbsévotNam 1 yäg Edl eK án naM eTA

RbeTs áraMgEss] ÂärIs mUtug...>

Ÿ esþnbWK/ edvID cUeGl (Steinberg, David Joel) (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿ 1971 In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History

[îarEsVgrktMbnGasIuGaeKñy_.½ Rbv†þsa®sþ sm&y TMenIb] kULa LaMBYr RKw¼ sSan eá¼ Bum< saklviTüal&yGkßhVd...>

Ÿ..sHalIygd_/ ehßrard_ (Chaliand, Gérard) K¿s¿ 1969 The Peasants of North Vietnam [kiskr RbeTs evotNamxag

eCIg] álTIm&r pinKVin (Penguin)...>

Ÿ..hIu van´ elOg (Hy V@n L#jng) K¿s¿ 1984 “ ‘Brother’ and ‘Uncle’: Rules, Structural Contradictions, and Mean-

ing in Vietnamese Kinship” ².[“bg bðÚn” nig “]Buk ma ]Buk FM”..½ viÎanîar eËal îarN_ rcnasm<&n§ nig GtSn&y kñúg Exß RsLay

evotNam].³ American Anthropologist [nr•TU GaemriîaMg] elx 86 T¿ 290-315/ 705...>

Ÿ..hIu van elOg K¿s¿ 1989 “Vietnamese Kinship: Structural Principles and the Socialist Transformation in North-

ern Vietnam” ².[Exß RsLay Cn Cati evotNam..½ eËal îarN_ rcna sm&<n§ nig îar pøas´ bþÚr Ebb sg:mniym enA evotNam xag

eCIg].³ Journal of Asian Studies [RBw†þbRtsikßaBIGasIu] elx 48 (4) T¿ 741-56...>

Ÿ..hIuKI/ ecrald_ sIu (Hickey, Gerald C.) K¿s¿ 1964 Village in Vietnam [PUmienAevotNam] jÚehviun RKw¼ sSan eá¼ Bum<

sakl viTüal&y ey¨l...>

Ÿ..hU ét ehV twm (Hô Tài Huê Tâm) K¿s¿ 1985 “Religion in Vietnam: A World of Gods and Spirits” ².[sasna enA

RbeTs evotNam..½ BiPB én eTvÈa nig Gñk Èa].³ kñúg Vietnam: Essays on History, Culture, and Society [evotNam.½ GtSbT

sak l;g GMBI Rbv†þsa®sþ vb,Fm’ nig sg:m] jÚy¨k smaKm GasIu (Asia Society)...>

Ÿ..Ehns_/ edvID dabwlyU (Haines, David W.) K¿s¿ 1984 “Reflection of kinship and Society under Vietnam’s Lê

Dynasty“ ².[îar qøú¼ bBa©aMg BI Exß RsLay nig sg:m eRîam rC¢ îal raCvgß eL rbs evotNam].³ Journal of Southeast Asian Stud-

ies [RBw†þbRt sikßa GasIuGaeKñy_] elx 15 (2) T¿ 307-14...>

Ÿ..Ehns_/ edvID dabwlyU K¿s¿ 1986 “Vietnam Kinship, Gender Roles, and Societal Diversity: Some Lessons from

Survey Research on Refugees“ ².[Exß RsLay evotNam tYnaTIrbs ePT nImYy.@ nig ÔaB Ebøk Ëña xag sg:m..½ emeron xø¼ GMBI îar

RsavRCav Ebb esuIb Geg;t GMBI Cn ePos xøÜn].³ Vietnam Forum [evTiîa evotNam] elx 8 T¿ 204-17...>

Ÿ..h:Ú‘rU/ BIEyr (Gourou, Pierre) K¿s¿ 1955 Peasants of the Tonkin Delta: A Study of Human geography [ksikr enA

tMbn dI sBtugkwg.½ îar sikßa GMBI PUmisa®sþ mnusß] (GtSbT bk ERb BI Ôasa áraMg (Les Paysans du delta Tonkinois:

étude de geographie humaine) ÂärIs K¿s¿ 1936) jÚehviun sMNuM erOg vis&y TMnak TMngmnusß...>

kMNt cMNaM 161

CMBUkTI.5.½ îar byl´ eXIj rbs´ExμrcMeBa¼CnCatiÔaKticevotNam

kMNt cMNaM

Ÿ..h:Ú‘rU/ BIEyr K¿s¿ 1975 Man and Land in the Far East [mnusß nigdIenA cug bUB’aRbeTs] jÚyk LúgEmn (Longman)...>

Ÿ..hV‘ij saj´ fug (Huønh Sanh Thông) (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿ 1973 The Tale of Ki£u [erOg eRBg GMBInag ekov] jÚy¨k

raUm ehAs _ (Random House)...>

Ÿ..hV‘ij saj fug K¿s¿ 1979 The Heritage of Vietnamese Poetry [ekr dMENl k=niBn§n_ evotNam] jÚehvuin RKw¼ sSan

eá¼ Bum< saklviTüal&y eyl...>

Ÿ..LasøÚ/ GWrvin (Laszlo, Ervin) K¿s¿ 1972 The Systems View of the World: The Natural Philosophy of the New Devel-

opments in the Sciences [Tsßn£ Ca RbB&n§ én BiPB elak.½ Tsßn•C¢a FmμCa† én îar GPivDÆ fIμ k ñúg •Tüasa®sþ] jÚ

y¨k eRbsIulø&r (Braziller)...>

Ÿ..eL FI ekV (Lê Th* Qu+) K¿s¿ 1976 “Changing Structure of the Vietnamese Family from 1925 to 1975” ².[îarpøas

bþÚr rcna sm&<n§ én RKÜsar evotNam BI K¿s¿ 1925 dl´ 1975].³ GtSbT min Tan´ eá¼Bum< pßay hUNUlUlU viTüasSanRbCasa®sþ

mCÄmNlbUB’a-bs©im (East-West Center)...>

Ÿ..eL FI ekV K¿s¿ 1986 “The Vietnamese Family Yesterday and Today” ².[RKÜsar evotNam mßil mij nig sBV éf¶ en¼].³

Interculture [Gnþrvb,Fm’] elx 92 (vsßanrdUv./.kk;da 1986) T¿ 1-38...>

Ÿ..Gs,‘n/ milþún (Osborne, Milton) K¿s¿ 1984 History of Vietnam” ².[Rbvtþisa®s þ evotNam].³ Encyclopedia Britan-

nica [vcna Fib,ay Rb‘IÈa nIîa] îar pßay elIk TI 15 ÔaK TI 19 T¿ 120-31...^

(1) smÖasn_ Ca mYy nwg nisßit Exμr mñak enA TI Rkúg PñM eBj ÌñaM 2005...>

(2) smÖasn_ Ca mYy nwg Gñk rt´ m¨UtU Dub mñak´ enA PñM eBj ÌñaM 2005...> KYr bBa¢ak´ pg Edr fa Ëat´ Ca Gñk cMNak

Rsúk mk BI extþ éRB Evg Edl enA Cab RBMEdn evotNam nig man Gayu RbmaN Ca 40 esþIg...>

(3) kmμ sikßa eTA evotNam xag t,Úg dwk naM eday sa®sþaÏarü mak xarh:Ú kñúg Ex mifuna ÌñaM 2005...>

(4) ².Exμr eRîam.³ ².Exμr kBal.³ nig ².Exμr elI.³ Ca Bakü bI Edl RbCaCn GMbUr Exμr enA RbeTs evotNamxag t,Úg nig enA RbeTs éf xag ekIt eRbI sRmab Ebg Eck rvag Exμr TaMg Gs Edl kñúg ena¼ Exμr eRîam Ca Exμr

rs enA evotNam Exμr kBal enA RbeTs km<úCa bc©úb,nñ nig Exμr elI enA RbeTs éf...>(5) mrtk en¼ enA Et man Ca rUb rag enA kñúg îar eRbI Rás rbs RbCaCn Exμr enA É nay smuRT enA eLIy...> sUm,I

Et Cn Cati evot Nam Edl ekIt enA RbeTs Exμr nig ec¼ niyay Ôasa Exμr ruil eRîay BI rt´ ePos xøÜn eTA enA

É RbeTs TI bI (elak xag lic) mun ¦ kñúg sm&y Exμr Rkhm k¾ eday k¾ enA Et eRbI Bakü fa ².yYn.³ Edr îal Na

niyay Ca Ôasa Exμr edIm,I sMedA elI mHÚb TMenom Tmøab nig Catisasn_ rbs xøÜn eday BuM man n&y lMeGog Tal

Et esa¼...> sSanÔaB en¼ xus BI sSanÔaB bc©úb,nñ enA RbeTs km<úCa (TMnak TMng ÉkCn Ca mYy elak fac Edt

162 kMNt cMNaM

nig elak mIEsHl ¬T§I GgEtlμ Ex sIha ÌñaM 2007)...>

(6) kic© BiÔakßa CamYynwg mitþ Pkiþ Exμr ÌñaM 2005...>

(7) kic©BiÔakßa CamYynwg ®sþI evotNam mñak enA Rkúg PñMeBj ÌñaM 2005...>

(8) kic© smÖas Ca mYynwg Exμr BIr nak ni g RB¼ sgÇ mYy Gg:enA PñMeBj ÌñaM 2005...>

(9) kic© BiÔakßa CamYy nwg Gñk PUmi sanKr extþ kMBg FM ÌñaM 2005...>

(10) îar CECk Ca mYy nwg burs Exμr BIr nak enA esomrab ÌñaM 2005...>

(11) smÖasCa mYy nwg ®sþI Exμr mñak enA PñMeBj ÌñaM 2005...>

(12) ².h‘Vúnsuinbiuc.³ Ca Bakü îat´ Èam Ôasa áraMg [ KNbkß ².rNsirß rYb rYm Cati edIm,I km<úCa ÉkraCü

GBüaRkwt snþiÔaB nig sh Rbtibtþiîar.³...>

(13) bTBiesaFn _ nig îar seg;t pÞal xøÜn îal eron enA mha viTüal&y nig eRîay mk eTot...>

(14) sþÚb mitþÔaB en¼ eK án ksag enA RKb extþ Rkúg kñúg RbeTs km<úCa edIm,I rMlwk nUv shRbti btþiîar eyaÎa

Rbkb eday eCaK C&y rvag RbeTs TaMg BIr kñúg îar pþÜl rMlM rbb bul Bt buEnþ mYy cMnYn RtÚv án bMpøaj eday

mUl ehtu epßg.@ eTAehIy...>

(15) smÖasn_ C amYynwg ®sþI evotNam enA PñMeBj ÌñaM 2005...>

(16) smÖasn_ CamYynwg®sþI Exμr mñak enA esomrab ÌñaM 2005...>

(17) smÖasn_C amYy nwg®sþI evotNam enA PñMeBj ÌñaM 2005...>

(18) smÖasn_CamYynwgyuvnarIExμrmñakenAPñMeBj ÌñaM 2005...>

(19) smÖasn_ Ca mYy nwg yuvnarIdEdl...>

(20) smÖasn_ CamYy nwg Gñk rt mUtU Dub mñak enA PñMeBj ÌñaM 2005 Rkú m BiÔakßa CamYy nwg RB¼ sgÇ...>

(21) smÖasn_ CamYy nwg RB¼ sgÇmYy Gg: enA PñMeBj ÌñaM 2005 Ca m Yy nwgRkúm xag elI...>

(22) smÖasn_CamYy nwg®sþI evotNam mñak enA esomrab ÌñaM 2005...>

(23) en¼ swg Et Ca erOg FmμÈa eTA ehIy man Gñk lk mYy cMnYn min sb,ay citþ nwg Gñk mk sYr témø ehIy min

Tij min fa Gñk ena¼ Ca Exμr ¦ evotNam ena¼ eT eRBa¼ fa va Ca RbpñÚl naM mk nUv ÔaB Gkusl sRmab CMnYj rbs´

eK...>

(24) smÖasn_ Ca mYy nwg ®sþI evotNam bI nak xø¼ esøók Bak Qut eKg ena¼ Ca Rkú m enA PñMeBj ÌñaM 2005...>

(25) smÖasn_ Ca mYy burs Ca Gñk mUtU Dub mñak enA PñMeBj ÌñaM 2005...>

(26) Exμr ÔaK eRcIn snñidæan Ca TUeTA dUecñ¼ buEnþ enA TI en¼ xJMúú min án sikßa lMGit eTA elI mUt sk TaMg Gs ena¼

eT...>

kMNt cMNaM 163

ÉksarBieRËa¼

1-..bT smÖasn_

Exμr 12 nak nig evotNam 9 nak TaMg BIr ePT nig man Gayu xus Ëña rs enA TIRkúg PñMeBjnig esomrab CYn îal îar smÖas eFVI eLIg mñak

Tl mñak CYn îal rYm bBa©Úl Gñk pþl smÖasn_ rhUtdl´eTA b Inak eday GaRs&y elI îal£ eTs£ Edl GMeNay pl...>

2-..sarB&t’ man

km<úCa edlI kBa©k sg:m PñMeBjb¨usþ# nig rsμIkm<úCa...>

3-..Éksar eá¼Bum<

Ÿ..Ekv b‘un eFOn K¿s¿ 1996 Rbv†þ xø¼ elI RBMEdn xag ekIt Ca† TwkdI nig Rbv†þsa®sþ mugerGal erag Bum<Gbß ra (eá¼

Bum< elIk TI 1)...>

Ÿ..ÌaNl&r/ edviD K¿s¿ 2005 Rbv†þsa®sþ Exμr bkERb eday Cin cnña/ Rák suNÑara/ mm vNÑarI/ nig esg esat esomrab

mCÄmNl exmrsikßa...>

Ÿ..Rtwg ga K¿s¿ 1974 Rbv†þsa®sþ Exμr. PñMeBj 2 ÔaK...>

Ÿ..füúg/ Es‘khß_ K¿s¿ 1993 Watching Cambodia: Ten Paths to Enter the Cambodian Tangle [Tsßna km<úCa.½ Ts•fI

eÌ<a¼ eTA îan bBaHa Ïak eRs¼ rbs´ km<úCa] ág kk évt_ LÚtws (White Lotus)...>

Ÿ..nYn eXOn K¿s¿ 1989 dMeNIr eÌ<a¼ eTA Tis xag lic nig }Qcin kñúg ÌñaM 2000 (sak l,g) ec¿eGs¿Gar¿DI¿ Xit

eá¼Bum< elIk TI 3 (eá¼Bum< elIk TI 1 PñM eBj K¿s¿ 1971..À eá¼Bum< elIk TI 2 ÂarIs mCÄmNl Éksar Rsav RCav GarüFm’ Exμr K¿s¿

1983)...>

Ÿ..Eb‘rRtg´d_/ DIDIey¨ (Bertrand, Didier) K¿s¿ 1996 Les Vietnamiens au Cambodge : Relations avec les Khmers et élabora-

tion d’une identité — étude des modes d’interculturation [Cn Ca† evotNam enAkm<úCa..½ TMnakTMng Ca mYy Cn

Ca† Exμr nig îar beg;It GtþsBaØaN — îar sikßa GMBI Ebb Epn Gnþrvb,Fm’kmμ] PñMeBj mCÄmNl sRmab´ îar

sikßa Rsav RCav Can´x<s www.cascambodia.org/Vietnamese_cam.htm rk B&t’man enA éf¶ TI 12 Ex FñÚ ÌñaM 2005...>

Ÿ..BuT§sasnbNitü B¿s¿ 2511-2512 K¿s¿ 1967-68 vcnanuRkm Exμr PñM eBj îar pßay rbs´ BuT§sasnbNitü 2 ÔaK

eá¼ Bum< RËa TI 5...>

Ÿ..migs&nB_ xavsðat (mi§gsrrbà Kav sAGaz Mingsarn Kaosa-ard) nig eDar/ cn (Dore, John) (bNÑaFiîar) K¿s¿ 2003

Social Challenges for the Mekong Region [îar RbQmmux Epñk sg:m sRmab´ tMbn´ emKg:] eQog ém¨ saklviTüal&y

eQogém¨...>

Ÿ..mUrIs esþhVin C¿ (Morris, Stephen J.) K¿s¿ 1999 Why Vietnam Invated Cambodia: Political Culture and the Causes of

War [ehtuGVI evotNam QøanBan km<úCa..½ vb,Fm’ neyaáy nig buBVehtu én s®g:am] xalI hV‘reno RKw¼ sSan eá¼

164 kMNt cMNaM

Bum< saklviTüal&y EsþnhVd (Stanford University Press)...>

Ÿ..s‘an ebgEs K¿s¿ 2002 RBMEdnkm<úCanig x<grab Edn smuRT ÂärIs KN£ kmμaFiîar RBMEdn km<úCa.>

Ÿ..s‘an eb¨g Es K¿s¿ 2003 RBMEdndI nig smuRT én RbeTs km<úCa ÌñaM 2000 ÂärIs KN£kmμaFiîar RBMEdn km<úCa

eá¼Bum< elIk TI 2...>

Ÿ..saMg mäksag K¿s¿ 1973.(?) .kU saMg sIun Ca Edn dI Exμr RtÚv RbKl [ Exμr •j PñMeBj...>

Ÿ..h¿ Èat (RB¼ RKÚsMX viC¢a) K¿s¿ 1928 k B¿s¿ 2471 k ².ray îar GMBI dMeNIr eTA Binitü vtþ exμr kñúg extþ kUsaMgsuIn RB¼ RKÚsMX

viC¢a h¿ Èat GaÏarü beRgón Ôasa sM®s;it enA sala áLI Can´ x<s´ GFib,ay.³ km<úCsuriya ÌñaM KMrb´ BIr Exß 7 RB¼ raCbNÑal&y

km<úCa Rkúg PñM eBj erag Bum< raCîar KUEvreNWm¨gþ RKi¿ ÌñaM 1928 Bu¿s¿ 2471 T¿ 67-99...>

Ÿ..h¿ Èat (RB¼ RKÚsMX viC¢a) K¿s¿ 1928 x B¿s¿ 2471 x ².esckþI ray îar GMBI dMeNIr eTA kñúg Edn kUsaMgsuIn cMeBa¼ extþ Edl man

vtþ elak sMX exμr RB¼ RKÚsMX viC¢a h¿ Èat GaÏarü beRgón Ôasa sM®s;it enA sala áLI Can´ x<s´ erob erog (tr).³ km<úCsuriya

ÌñaM KMrb´ BIr Exß 8 RB¼ raCbNÑal&y km<úCa Rkúg PñM eBj erag Bum< raCîar KUEvreNWm¨gþ RKi¿ ÌñaM 1928 Bu¿s¿ 2471 T¿ 37-62...>

Ÿ..h¿ Èat (RB¼ RKÚsMX viC¢a) K¿s¿ 1929 k B¿s¿ 2471 K ².esckþI ray îar GMBI dMeNIr eTA kñúg Edn kUsaMgsuIn cMeBa¼ extþ Edr man

vtþ elak sMX exμr RB¼ RKÚsMX viC¢a h¿ Èat GaÏarü beRgón Ôasa sM®s;it nA sala áLI Can x<s erob erog (tr).³ km<úCsuriya ÌñaM

KMrb´ BIr Exß 9 RB¼ raCbNÑal&y km<úCa Rkúg PñM eBj erag Bum< raCîar KUEvreNWm¨gþ RKi¿ 1929 Bu¿s¿ 2471 T¿ 61-93...>

Ÿ..h¿ Èat (RB¼ RKÚsMX viC¢a) K¿s¿ 1929 x B¿s¿ 2471 X ².esckþI ray îar GMBI dMeNIr eTA kñúg Edn kUsaMgsuIn cMeBa¼ extþ Edr man

vtþ elak sMX exμr RB¼ RKÚsMX viC¢a h¿ Èat GaÏarü beRgón Ôasa sM®s;it nA sala áLI Can x<s GFib,ay (tr cb).³ km<úCsuriya

ÌñaM KMrb´ BIr Exß 10 RB¼ raCbNÑal&y km<úCa Rkúg PñM eBj erag Bum< raCîar KUEvreNWm¨gþ RKi¿ 1929 Bu¿s¿ 2471 T¿ 61-93...>

Ÿ..hiun sIufan (Ëμan îalbriecäT ) kRmg Éksar sMxan sþI BI RbeTs km<úCa ( Ëμan k Enøg eá¼Bum<)...>

Ÿ..h;ÚetþEsμn/ eGvan (Gottesman, Evan) K¿s¿ 2003 Cambodia after the Khmer Rouge: Inside the Politics of Nation Buil-

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface 07

Chapter 1: Industrialization and Its Implications 09

The challenge of postwar development 11

Models, East and West 17

The contribution of Southeast Asian Chinese 24

The price of an industrial revolution 28

The economic crisis of 1997 and Its Aftermath 30

The ASEAN success story 32

Chapter 2 Human Consequences of the economic “Miracle” 35

On the bright side 37

The dark side of development 40

Ecological devastation 46

Coping with modernity: Attitudes and Analyses 47

Coping with Modernity: Action 50

Chapter 3: Network monarchy and legitimacy crises in Thailand 53

Introduction 55

Defining Thai polities 56

The development of Network monarchy 60

Network monarchy and legitimacy crises since 1992 69

Prem and the legitimacy crisis of 1997 70

Prem and the Constitutional court crisis of 2001 73

The monarchy and the South 75

Conclusion: Transforming network monarchy 78

Chapter 4: How the Vietnamese see the World 81

The land of Vietnam: Ecology as history 85

The peoples of Vietnam 87

166 kMNt cMNaM

The traditional Vietnamese view of the world 92

Vietnamese society as a system of Yin and Yang 93

Traditional Vietnamese values and institutions 95

Reasons 97

Filial Piety and moral debt 97

The relationship between brothers 97

Gender roles 98

The righteous path 99

Spontaneity and feeling 100

Relative versus absolute harmony 101

Abstention versus participation 102

The power of the natural order 103

The family: The natural order in microcosm 103

Marriage 106

TET: The annual family ritual of renewal 108

The traditional Vietnamese village 109

The village status hierarchy: Solidarity and competition 110

Status hierarchy and the “Prestige” economy 111

The subsistence economy 113

The political economy of YIN and YANG 116

The YIN dimension of religion in the Village 116

National Integration 117

The success and failure of the traditional system 120

Note 145

sikßa tmbn ´ga siugaek ñy - center for khmer studies

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