si session respiratory system spring 2010 for dr. wright’s bio 6 class designed by pyeongsug kim...
TRANSCRIPT
SI SessionSI Session
Respiratory system
Spring 2010
For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 ClassDesigned by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]
Picture from http://www.wellsphere.com/quit-smoking-article/interesting-anti-smoking-ads/729297 http://www.ucalgary.ca/asthma/smokingcessation
Major of the respiratory system____________ movement of air in and out of lungs for blood gas
exchange (external).
____________ is passive and occurs between blood and tissues
(internal).
_______________ is energy-liberating reactions of cell respiration
(internal).
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010
A:B:C:D:E:F:G:H:
Conducting zoneRespiratory zoneTracheaBronchusBronchial treeBronchiolesAlveolar sacsAlveolus(Alveoli)
Gas exchange
Ventilation
Oxygen utilization
___________Ventilation
___________Gas exchange
_______________Oxygen utilization
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010
Asthma-Produced by an obstruction of air flow through the bronchioles.-(Restrictive/Obstructive) disorders.-FEV(forced expiratory volume) is (normal/reduced).-Vital capacity is (normal/reduced).
Glucocorticoids-inhibit ___________.
The obstruction is caused by inflammation, mucous secretion, and ________________.bronchconstriction
inflammation
Bronchodilators-__________ stimulate (beta1/beta2)-receptors in the bronchioles. promotes _____________.
Epinephrine
Bronchodilation
Beta1 receptor in the heart
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010
A:B:
C:
D:E:F:
Tidal volume(TV)Inspiratory ReserveVolume(IRV)Expiratory Reserve volume(ERV)Residual volume(RV)Vital capacity(VC)Total lung capacity
Total lung capacity = ________________ + ________________
= ________________ + _______________ + ________________
+ ________________
Vital capacity(VC) Residual volume(RV)Inspiratory ReserveVolume(IRV)
Expiratory Reserve volume(ERV)
Residual volume(RV)
Tidal volume(TV)
______________ is amount of air expired/breath in quiet breathing.Tidal volume(TV)
______________ is amount of air that can be forcefully exhaledafter a maximum inhalation.Vital capacity(VC)
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010
Respiration Rate(RR)
The unconscious rhythmic control of breathing is influenced by sensory feedback from ______________ sensitive to the PCO2, pH and PO2 of arterial blood.
Chemoreceptors
Breathing(ventilation)-in the regulation, PCO2 and pH in the blood are (greater/less)
importance than PO2.-Usually adjusted to metabolic rate to maintain normal ____ levels.-Hypoventilation(↓RR) (low/high) CO2 in the blood; (low/high) pH. Try to breath out CO2 (↓/↑) Respiration rate-Hyperventilation (low/high) CO2 in the blood; ; (low/high) pH Try to hold CO2 (↓/↑) Respiration rate
CO2
CO2 is removed by ____________.breathing
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010
Hyperventilation (Overbreathing)Hyperventilation (Overbreathing)-the state of breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary -More O2 in; More CO2 out High O2, Low CO2Low CO2 in the body
Hypoventilation (RHypoventilation (Respiratory depressionespiratory depression))-Ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange. Or the state of breathing slower and/or lighter. -Less O2 in; Less CO2 out Low O2, High CO2High CO2 in the body
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010
Chemoreceptor is more sensitive to (PCO2/PO2).
ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors-Monitor PCO2, PO2, and __.
-within the _______, heart, and arteries.
-influence automatic breathing(ventilation).
pH
medulla
*PCO2 – the CO2 concentration of arterial blood plasma.
Hyperventilation causes (low/high) CO2
(low/high)pH.Hypoventilation causes (low/high) CO2
(low/high)pH.Low blood pH due to High PCO2
High blood pH due to low PCO2
Detected by _____________Chemoreceptor!
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010
Low blood pH-stimulates chemoreceptor in ____________________.-(increase/decrease) ventilation.
Hypoventilation-Increased PCO2
(increases/decrease) [H+]; lower pH
-stimulates chemoreceptor in _______.
-(increases/decreases) ventilation.
Hyperventilation-Decreased PCO2
Decrease [H+]; (rise/lower) pH
-stimulates chemoreceptor in _______.
-(increase/decrease) ventilation.
medulla
medulla
aortic and carotid bodies
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010
Hemoglobin (Hb)Hemoglobin (Hb)
-_______ polypeptide chains
_____________that bind O2
4 globin 4 heme groups
Loading of Hb with O2 occurs in ______; unloading in ______.
lungstissues
Each heme has a ferrous ion that can bind __ O2 Therefore, each Hb can carry __O2s
14
O2-carrying capacity of blood depends on its ____ levels Hb
Hb production is controlled by ________________The EPO Production stimulated by ________ in kidneys
erythropoietin (EPO)low PO2
2,3-DPG(2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid) in RBCs-makes “deoxyhemoglobin” :↑2,3-DPG ↓Affinity O2 ↑ O2 Unloading
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010
What are PCO2, PO2 anyway?
PCO2 : partial pressure of CO2
Pgas : partial pressure of that gas
PO2 : partial pressure of O2
When we say ….“High PO2” – “Low PO2” –
indicates that more oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.indicates that less oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.
PO2 (does/does not) contain oxygen in Hb.
Most O2 in the blood is located in the (plasma/RBCs).
PO2 (does/does not) provide a measurement of the total oxygen content of “whole” blood.
O2 must first dissolve in the plasma before it can diffuse to the tissue cells increasing PO2.
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010
Increase in ventilation-(more/less) air brought to _____ (more/less/unchanged) PO2 in blood; (more/less/unchanged) PCO2 Sense in _____________. (↓/↑/-) Respiration rate
Breathing pure O2(100% O2) (more/less/unchanged) PO2 in blood; (more/less/unchanged) CO2 (↓/↑/-) Respiration rate later, (↓/↑/-) Respiration rate.
At High attitude-(Decreased/increased) PO2
-To increase oxygenation Ventilation is (increased/decreased) (More/Less) RBCs are synthesized
alveoli
chemoreceptors
Anemia-RBCs or Hb levels are (below/above) normal. (↓/↑/-) O2-carrying capacity of blood (↓/↑/-) O2 level.
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010
AnemiaAnemia-RBCs or Hb levels are (below/above) normal.
(increase/decrease) delivery of O2 from lungs to the body
Oxygen level drops ↑2,3-DPG ↓Affinity O2 ↑O2 unloading
to compensate decreased PO2 so, may deliver adequate O2 to tissues.
Later, inadequate O2 to tissues.
2,3-DPG(2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid) in RBCs-makes “deoxyhemoglobin” :↑2,3-DPG ↓Affinity O2 ↑O2 Unloading
When oxygen level dropsWhen oxygen level drops(↓PO2) in normal situation↑2,3-DPG ↓Affinity O2 ↑O2 unloading to increase PO2 so, deliver adequate O2 to tissues. (for compensation)
RBCs are O2 transporter!!!
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010
At High altitudeAt High altitude
1) ↑ Ventilation
-92% - 93% O2 at high altitude.
(↓/↑/-) PO2, (↓/↑/-) O2 in Hb, (↓/↑/-)PCO2
(Hyperventilation/Hypoventilation)
2) ↓ Affinity of Hb for O2
-(↓/↑/-) PO2 at high altitude
(↓/↑/-)2,3-DPG (↓/↑/-) affinity of Hb for O2
(↓/↑/-)unloading O2
3) ↑ Hb and RBC production
- (↓/↑/-) PO2
stimulates ___________________ in the kidneys
increase production of ___ and _____.
erythropoietin (EPO)Hb RBC
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010