eukaryotic microbes supplemental instruction designed by pyeongsug kim ©2010...
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Eukaryotic Eukaryotic MicrobesMicrobes
Supplemental instruction
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]
Picture from http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/12/21_microbes.shtml http://sustainabledesignupdate.com/?p=409 http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/gallery/hyaline_moulds/?template=print
Fall 2010
For Dr. Wright’s Bio 7/27 Class
Updated: Tuesday, July 6, 2010
Eukaryotic microbesEukaryotic microbes: Eukaryotic microbes: we considered unique features of each, their niche in the environment, and whether they might cause disease.Algae: as photosynthetic organisms, why are they so important in the environment? What features of algae
are considered when classifying them? What are some potentially harmful effects of algae?Fungi: what features of fungi make them so unique that they are grouped in their own kingdom? How do
fungi reproduce? Fungi are placed into groups according to what feature? What is the major contribution of fungi to ecosystems? What are some differences between yeasts and molds? What is a dimorphic organism? What are some potentially harmful effects of fungi? How can fungi cause disease?
Protozoa: In what kingdom are protozoans found? What is the distinguishing feature of Mastigophora, Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa? How do they reproduce? Why is their complex life cycle a challenge in treating (or preventing) disease caused by protozoans?
What is a parasite? What is a saprophyte? Which type of the above organisms can be parasitic? Which types can be saprophytes?
Helminths: what are the three major types of worms that we discussed in class? Be able to give examples of each, the disease they cause, and explain how they are transmitted to the host?
What do we mean by primary and secondary host? Which is which?Vector: what is the difference between a mechanical vector and a biological vector? Give examples of each.
What do we mean by “vector control” and how is it achieved? Why might this help reduce the spread of certain diseases?
-From Study guide Dr. Wright Bio27 Fall 2009
1) Mutalism (both beneficial) love each other.
• ___________ = fungi +plant roots fungi~ nitrogen fixation plant~ provide sugars
•Lichen = ____________ algae or cyanobacteria – provide sugars fungi – provide by retaining water
•Cellulose-digesting symbiosis Herbivores + _________________ Help to digest cellulose
• Bacteria in the large intestine Help to digest Vitamin K and B.
SymbiosisSymbiosis - living together; love each other ; can be single love.; one side hates the other.
http://plantbio.berkeley.edu/~bruns/tour/fungi2.html
mycorrhizae
Algae or cyanobacteria+fungi
*Cellulose –undigestible carbohydrate.
bacteria or protozoans
www.naturfoto.cz
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1) Commensalism (one beneficial; no harmful) Bacteria living on the skin to get food and others. the host (human) – to get nothing; no harmful
Single love
2) Parasitism (one beneficial; the other harmful) Parasites bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi, and helminths that cause disease
one side hates the other.
http://www.polconsultant.com/conteduc/immunology/invaders.htm
http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nelsons/kava/algae2.jpg
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SaprophytesSaprophytes
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-any organism living upon dead or decaying organic matter.-obtain nutrients from dead organic matter.-Most fungi in eukaryotes some bacteria in prokaryiotes
Mycobateria
Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprotroph
___________ are organisms that live and feed onfeed on dead organic matter. -Most fungi and some bacteria.
___________ are organisms that breakdownbreakdown complex organic (dead or decaying organisms) intointo simpler mineral components. -Fungi, bacteria, and protozoa.
Saprophytes
Decomposers
What is the difference saprophytes from decomposers?
ProtozoaProtozoa (Kingdom protista)
-Only unicellular-Not photosynthetic but, Euglena?-Sexual ~fusion of gametes, conjugation..
Asexual ~ binary fission or multiple fissions
-Motile(flagellates, cilia)-Lack cell wall-some are decomposers
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Protozoa Protozoa (cont’d)
•Classified by…Classified by… - mean of movement: cilia, flagella, peudopodia or nonmotile Mastigophora, Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Apicomplexa
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-Sarcomastigophora (Mastigophora) by flagella; pathogen
-Ciliophora by cilia; free-living
-Apicomplexa by pseudopodia; parasitize other hosts
•ReproductionReproduction - polymorphic ___________ ~ Vegetative or feeding form Favorable environment ___________ ~ Resting form, also can reproduce Adverse conditions Protective cyst wall within the cytoplasm. Lack of nutrient, moisture or oxygen, toxic.. For dispersal and survival. - Sexual syngamy- gametes from different individuals. autogamy- gametes are formed and then fuse. Conjugation - Asexual ~ Binary fission; Budding; Schizogony (multiple fission)
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ProtozoaProtozoa (Kingdom protista)
trophozoite
cyst
Algae Algae (Kingdom protista)
-uni- or multicellular-Photosynthetic (chlorophylls and other photosynthetic pigments)
-sexual ~ conjugation, fusion of Gametes,…
asexual ~ binary fission.-No vascular system-Some motile-Rigid Cell wall ;cellulose a/w pectin; silica(diatoms)
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•EnvironmentalEnvironmental -Photosynthetic; produce O2
-Primary producer: food source -Most live in fresh or salt water but, live nearly everywhere.-Lichen (symbiosis: Mutualism)
Algae Algae (Con’td)
•Classified by…Classified by… - photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, carotenes…) Brown algae, green algae, red algae
- storage molecules (starch, fats, oils)
- habitat: fresh or salt water
•Potential harmPotential harm -”Bloom”; red tide by dinoflagellates - Toxin shellfish poisoning *Caution in the Lab - AIDS.
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Euglena?Euglena?-Kingdom protista-Photosynthetic-eye spot-motile: flagella-Alage? Protozoa?
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Controversial!
FungiFungi(Kingdom fungi)
-uni-(yeast) or multicellular -NOT photosynthetic: “saprophytes -Sexual ~ zygospore, asci, basidiospores
Asexual ~ budding, binary fission
-Dimorphic -Non-motile -Cell wall: Chitin -some decomposers, some saprophytes some parasites -Food production: bread, cheese
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Infectious athletes foot!
Picture from http://knol.google.com/k/will-johnson/athlete-s-foot-tinea-pedis/4hmquk6fx4gu/227
HelminthsHelminths(Kingdom animalia)
-multicellular-Sexual-nematodes (roundworms) trematodes (flukes) cestodes (tapeworms)-parasites
Arthropods Arthropods (Kingdom animalia)
-multicellular-Sexual-insects, ticks, fleas, lice, mites-some parasites
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trophozoite
cyst
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FungiFungi(Kingdom fungi)
-uni- or multicellular -NOT photosynthetic: “saprophytes -Sexual ~ zygospore, asci, basidiospores
Asexual ~ budding, binary fission
-Dimorphic (mold or yeast form) -Non-motile -Cell wall: Chitin -Antibiotics, Vaccines
•Classified by…Classified by… -means of sexual reproduction. Zygomycetes ~ Zygospores
Basidomycetes ~ Basidiospores
Ascomycota ~ Ascus
Deuteromycetes ~ budding, absent or unknown.
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•YeastYeast - single-celled - Asexual binary fission or budding
•MoldMold - Multicellular - Hypae (collectively mycellium)
___________- can exist as mold/hyphal/filamentous form or as yeast. Fungi grow … as mycelia(mold) in soil or spores in the air. as yeast-like cells in the body.
Dimorphic
*Yeast infection *Food spoilage
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___________- can exist as mold/hyphal/filamentous form or as yeast. in fungi Spores in the air are inhaled develop into yeast-form in the lungs disease
Dimorphic
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HelminthsHelminths(Kingdom animalia)
-multicellular-nematodes (roundworms)
trematodes (flukes)
cestodes (tapeworms)
-Sexual-Parasites
•Cause disease through…-Primary/secondary host-Ingesting infected food (beef, pork..)-Swimming infected water (penetrating skin).
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Arthropods Arthropods (Kingdom animalia)
-multicellular -sexual -insects, ticks, fleas, lice, mites -allergens -carry cysts of protozoa
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•_________ vector -transfer contaminated food from one location to other. - Flies
______ ______ - transmit microorganisms or viruses to human.Vector
Mechanical
•_________ vector - act as a host for a pathogen before it is transmited to another organism. - Mosquitoes
Biological
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_________:an organism that harbors a virus or parasite, or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter.
_______________-a host in which the parasite reaches maturity-reproduces sexually. trophozoite-usually human, big animals but not always.
Host
Primary host
________________-host is a host that harbors the parasite only for a short transition period.-Mosquito, fly harbors cysts.
Secondary host
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•Vector controlVector controlMedicationVaccinationGenetic engineering?
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