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- 2 -

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- 3 -

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- 4 -


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a&TOa'gif;

21.10.61

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a&TOa'gif;

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- 8 -


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- 9 -

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- 10 -


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- 11 -

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- 12 -


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- 13 -

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oDv&Sifausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqH&bl;jcif; wcsufaMumifh uREkfyf\ obm0wGif ql;uav;

ESpfacsmif; aygufvmcJUavNyD/ þonfrSm yxrqkH;aom ql;ESpfacsmif;jzpfav&m a&SutzkdU

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av;ig;ESpfom; t&G,füyif uREkffyfonf uav;tcsif;csif;tay:ü cspfcifpdwf ayghavsmh

vmcJUaomfvnf; uREkfyf\rdbrsm;ESifh ywfoufírlum; uREkfyfuvnf; tvGefcspfí 4if;wkdU\

cspfjcif;udkvnf; ,kHrSm;oHo, r&Sdacs/ uREfkyf\ ESruav;tay:ü uREkfyfMuifemjcif;udk

txufwGif t>rufrQazmfjycJU&m 4if;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyf\pdwfü xdckdufcJUbl;ykHudk azmfjy&

ayOD;rnf/ tcsKdUuav;rsm;onf i,fpOfu tvGefaumif;í BuD;jyif;vmrS qkd;wwfykH?

- 14 -


tcsKdUrSmvnf; i,fpOfu tvGefqdk;wwfMuí BuD;umrSaumif;wwfykHwkdUudk vlBuD;rsm; ajymavh

&SdMu\/ ESruav;rSm BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgü tvGefaumif;aomfvnf; i,fpOfurl tvGef

qkd;vS\/ (uG,fvGef&SmonfrSm ESpfaygif;(30)ausmfNyD/) ESruav;onf nwdkif;wGif apmapm

tdyfwwfí oef;acgifausmfaomtcsdefwGif tdyfa&;0onfhvu©PmESifh wusnfusnf ylqm

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teD;rS&yfum ]]rwdwfbl;vm;? wdwfrSzGifhay;r,f} [kajym&m uav;url ]csrf;vSygNyD? zGifhay;yg?

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zGifhray;yJ ]]wdwfav? rwdwfbl;vm;? rcsrf;bl;vm;} [k ar;vsuf&Sd&m uREfkyfrSm tdrfjyifü

ESruav;\ csrf;at;&SmvSrnfh tjzpfudk oem;vSojzifh apmifNcKHxJü wdwfwqdwf Budwfum

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(,ckwkdifvnf; ,kHrSm;jcif;r&Sdyg/) trdtzrsm;tm; ESruav;tm; nSOf;qJESdyfpufMuonf

[laomtxif uyfa&mufvmojzifh uREfkyfrSm pdwfxJwGif tvGefraumif;vmyJ wwd,

ql;wacsmif; aygufvm&jyefygonf/

,ckrS zGif hajymjcif;

þodkU a&;om;jcif;twGufaMumifh rdbrsm;tay:ü uREkfyfpdwfxm;ykHudk pmzwfolwdkU txif

vGJrnf pdk;ojzifh &Sif;vif;azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf txufyg tjzpftysufudk rdcifzcif

wkdUtm;vnf;aumif;? uG,fvGefoltm;vnf;aumif;? ,ck&Sdaeaom nDwa,muftm; vnf;

aumif;? tjcm;ol wpkHwa,muftm; vnf;aumif; woufywfvkH; wBudrfwcg wcGef;wyg'rQ

zGifhajymjybl;jcif; r&Sdonfum; rSefygonf/ woufvkH;rajymyJ jrKHxm;cJUygvsuf ,ckrS xnfhí

a&;&jcif;rSm uREkfyf\ pdwfajymif;vJykH tjcif;t&mrsm;udk jynfhpkHatmif azmfjyrnf[k azmfxkwf

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yJcl;NrdKUivsifBuD;wGif uREkfyfwkdU\ tdrfom;tm;vkH;onf (rdcifvnf;ygonf) tdrfay:rS

qif;ajy;Muí vrf;rBuD;ay: av;bufaxmufolaxmuf? 0rf;vsm;arSmufolarSmuf &SdaeMupOf

uREkfyfonf vIdif;rsm;ozG,f tvdyfvdyfxvsuf&Sdaom ajrBuD;udkjrif&í tm;ri,fpbl; i,frd

onf/ tm;i,fjcif;um; tcdkiftrmqkH;[lí pdwfcs,kHMunfxm;onfh r[myx0DajrBuD; udk,fü

- 15 -

a&TOa'gif;

u þuJUodkUvIyfcgaevsif igonftb,frSm aep&m&dSawmhtHUenf; [laom pdwful;0ifvmjcif;

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(uREkfyf\txift&) &ufpufpGmjyKrljcif;udk rsufpdESifh udk,fwkdifjrif&aomtcg &ifxJüqdkUí

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aMumifh uREkfyf\obm0ü ql;wacsmif;xyfí aygufvmjcif;um; trSefjzpfygonf/

pdwfwkdpjyKjcif;

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jrifMuí tHUtm;oifhum wa,mufrsufESmudk wa,muf MunfhaeMu\/ vludkaomf

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yxrtBudrfjzpfonf[k rdcifuajymí ]]Muufuav;aomufvdkU b,favmufukefoGm;rSmvJ

om;&,f}} [k qdk\/ uREkfyfjyKvkdufjcif;rSm rdcifxifonfhtwdkif; EGm;EdkUudk EsajrmaomaMumifh

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odkUwnf;r[kwf xdktaMumif;ESpf&yf aygif;pyfjcif;aMumifhayavm rajymEdkifatmif&Sdygonf/

rJtdk;wef;&yfuGuf

- 16 -


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tvkyfjzifh toufarG;Muí 4if;&yfuGufrSmvnf; rJtdk;wef;[k ac:wGifjcif; jzpfavonf/

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vkyfudkifonfudk rawGUcJU&ay/)

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rdcifrSm [uf[ufyufyuf &,farmavonf/ (4if;t&yfü trJ0rf;wGif;om;udk ]]bkd;odk;

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udk&if? uav;awG urf;jzLpum; ajymukefMuawmhrSmyJ}} [k ajymavonf/

atmufjynfqif;Mujcif;

waeUoü uREkfyf\zcifonf yJcl;NrdKUe,f wm0blwm usKdufy'dkif&Gm&Sd ol\ baxG;wa,muf

xHrS pmwapmif&&Sd\/ (4if;baxG;rSm rdcif\Zmwdjzpfonfh a&Tbdke,frefusnf;wkH&GmrS

- 17 -

a&TOa'gif;

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rdbrsm;onf &SdpkrJUpkuav;rsm;udkxkcGJí a&Txnfvuf0wfvufpm;rsm;0,f,lum om;trd

om;tzav;a,muf atmufjynfodkUqif;oGm;Mu\/ usKdufy'dkif&GmokdU a&mufMuaomtcg

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jyKvkyfMu&mwGif rdcifrSm tonf;zdkvSonfESifh uefUuGufaomfvnf; olwkdUnDtpfudk

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rodaom tajctaeü&Sdae&m uREkfyfrSm rdcif\'ku©rsm;udkjrif&í uREkfyf\obm0wGif

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wGif Mum;od&\/ rdcifzcifrsm;rSm tvGef ]&dk;} olrsm;jzpfí 4if;wkdU\woufwmwGif

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aemuf bkd;av;vifr,m;onf uREkfyfwkdUom;tz av;a,muftm; auR;xm;&jcif;twGuf

0efav;aomaMumifhayavm? udk,fhwludk udk,fvdrf&jcif;twGuf rsufESmylaomaMumifhayavm

rqkdEdkif/ uREkfyfwkdUtay:wGif rsufESmxm;wrsKd;jyifvmjcif;udk uREkfyfyifod\/ rdbrsm;rSmrlum;

qdkzG,f&mr&Sdacs/ rEÅav;odkUjyef&eftwGuf p&dwftenf;i,f&Sdaomfvnf; zcif\ rusef;rmjcif;

twGufaMumifh tcufBuD;BuKHaeMu&onf/

- 18 -


þtawmtwGif;ü bkd;av;\om;ESpfa,mufu uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrtm; usD;pm;vkdufMuonf

rsm;rSm ,cifuxufyif ydkíqdk;avonf/ rdcifu "m;ESifhckwfrnf BuHpnfrdaMumif;ESifh

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rdciftm; uREkfyfuajymjy&mwGif rdcifrSm rsuf&nfrsm;0dkif;vmonfhtxJrS &,farmvsuf

]]ighom;ES,f rSwfrdvdkufwmygvm;uG,f? tarvJ pdwf&IyfvGef;vdkUa[h}} [kajymojzifh uREkfyf

- 19 -

a&TOa'gif;

uvnf; ]]uRefawmfu tarhudkpdwfremygbl;? avmuBuD;[m w,fNyD;*Gusyguvm;vdkU pdwf&Iyf

rdwmygyJ tar&JU}} [k ajym&bl;avonf/

zcifa&mufvmjcif;

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jyefra&mufrD uREkfyfwkdUom;trdokH;a,mufonf tnHHUqHk;aom [if;rsm;udkom pm;Mu&aomf

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ponfrsm;udkvnf; awmif;wdkif;0,fauR;onf/ xdkUxuf ta&;BuD;onfrSmum; uREkfyftm;

vnf; ([dkaumifESifh aygif;jcif;rSwyg;) vGwfvyfjcif;ay;xm;í t&yfxJwGif vnfcsifwkdif;

vnfywfcGifh&onf/ oDv&Sifausmif;rSvnf; EkwfvdkufNyDjzpfí uREkfyfrSwfrdorQ uav;b0wGif

taysmfqkH;aom umvtpdwftydkif;wck jzpfavonf/ zcifjyefa&mufvmaom tcgürlum;

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0rf;omjcif;r&SdaMumif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/

tvkyf&k Ha&GUjcif;

rsm;rMumrD zcifonf tvkyform;rsm;udkjyefpkí ydef;wef;zdeyftvkyfudk jyefaumuf\/

odkU&mwGif rJtdk;wef;t&yfrSm aps;csKdESifhtawmfvSrf;í tjcm;aomzdeyfaxmifq&mrsm;vnf;

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rvmvdkMuyJ jzpfaeMuojzifh ta&mif;yg;vS\/ okdUjzpfí zcifonf aps;csKdtaemufbufü

&Sdaom yJykyfwef;&yfuGufwGif tdrfcef;uav;iSm;í tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvkyf&kHuav;

zGifhav\/ tdrfcef;uav;rSm cyfusOf;usOf;jzpfí rJtdk;wef;aetdrfü tdyf&pm;&NyD; yJykyfwef;

tdrfcef;rSm tvkyf&kHtwGufoufouf jzpfavonf/ zcifESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf xrif;udk

- 20 -


eHeufapmapm pm;oGm;Muí ae0ifvkeD;umrS rJtdk;wef;aetdrfodkU jyefvmMu\/ tvkyform;

okH;av;a,mufwkdUrSm rJtdk;wef;&yfuGufwGif aeMuolrsm;jzpfavonf/

vlausmif;odkUa&mufjcif;

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uREkfyf\rsufpdü waeUwjcm;BuD;íBuD;í oGm;ykHudkvnf; azmfjyygrnf/) uREkfyfwkdUaetdrfodkU

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jyifqifí ausmif;okdUtyfMuavonf/ rJtdk;wef;ESifh tdrfawmf&mbk&m;rSm ig;ESpfom;

- 21 -

a&TOa'gif;

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- 22 -


pdwf0ifpm;aomtcsuf

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- 23 -

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tm;ray;yJ rEÅav;NrdKUodkUqif;í oDaygbk&if\ vTwf&kH;wGif pma&;uav;tjzpfESifh trIxrf;

- 24 -


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- 25 -

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- 26 -


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- 27 -

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- 28 -


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- 29 -

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- 30 -


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- 31 -

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rrSwfrd? ol\ta<u; ESpfjym;rQwifoGm;avNyD/ okdUqdkvQif aeUpOf ESpfjym;ay;qyfonfhtxJrS

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owif;aygufMum;jyefí zcifu a<u;qyf&jyefav&m xdkodkUaomtBudrfrsKd;rSm av;ig;Budrf

xuf enf;rnfrxifay/ yxrü zcifonf uREkfyf\ i,fvGef;aomtjzpfaMumifh MunfjzLpGm

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jcif;rsm;onf roufomvSjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/

]cspfwD;}jzpfbl;avoavm

uREkfyfrSm wausmif;vkH;wGif pmtawmfqkH;aom ausmif;om;uav;wa,muf jzpfaomfvnf;

uREkffyfuJUokdU pdwfqif;&Jaom ausmif;om;onf þausmif;wGifvnf;aumif;? tjcm;ausmif;

rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; wa,mufrQ&Sdvdrfhrnfrxifay/ ausmif;üvnf;aumif;? tdrfüvnf;

aumif; pdwfcsvufcs at;at;aq;aq; ae&onf[lí wem&DrQr&SdcJUacs/ ausmif;ü&SdpOf

a<u;&Sifausmif;om;\ rsufESmudkMunfhae&\/ olpdwfrxifvQif ¤if;aeUtzdkU ydkufqHESpfjym;

ay;qyfNyD;onfhtxJrSyif a<u;a[mif;awmif;NyD; uREkfyf\pmtkyfuav;rsm;udk qJGívkwwf\/

þtjzpfudk q&mawmfodrnfh ta&;twGufvnf; uREfkyfyifylyef&\/ tdrfü&SdpOfwGifvnf;

- 32 -


a<u;wifjcif;taMumif;udk rdbrsm;\em;okdU aygufMum;rnfudkvnf; uREkfyfyif ylyef&onf/

uREkfyfuJUokdU pdwfyl&aomausmif;om;onf ]þausmif;xdkausmif;wGif omru þacwf

a&S;acwfrsm;wGifvnf; &Sdygavrnfavm} [k atmufarhrdonf/ 1956 ckESpfwGif zqyv

tpdk;&u uREkfyftm; axmifodkUydkU&kHru axmifxJü ]wdkufydwf} cH&onfhtcg ]ighrSm vufiif;

tjypfr&Sdaomfvnf; i,fpOfu pmuav;arG;cJUbl;onfh tjypfaMumifh jzpfwef&monf} [k

pOf;pm;rdbl;&m xdkausmif;om;taMumif;udk ,ckowd&aomtcgü ]igonf b0ü cspfwD;

jzpfcJUbl;avoavm} [k awG;awmrdygawmhonf/ xdkausmif;om;onf þpma&;aom tcsdef

wGif touf&Sifvsufyif&Sdao;í ¤if;tm; wcgw&H awGUjrif&aomtcgrsm;wGif tmCmw

xm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; ]ig\obm0wGif ql;BuD;wacsmif;aygufvmatmif zefwD;olum;

olyifjzpfonf} [k owdr&yJ raeEdkifatmif &Sdygawmhonf/

Nrdwfq&mawmf

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qdkvdkuf&m wausmif;vkH; 0dkif;í&,fvkdufMu\/ uREkfyfvnf; tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl

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pum;xpfvmawmhonf[k rSwfrdonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ]rul;} yJ uREkfyf wa,muf

wnf;udkom ul;&jcif;rSmum; ([kwfr[kwftyxm;í) uREkfyf\xifjrifcsufudk oufqkdif&m

ae&mwGif azmfjyygrnf/

xl;jcm;aomq&mawmf

Nrdwfausmif; (]bdwfausmif;} ac:Muonf/) \ pnfum;jcif;taMumif;&if;rSm q&mawmf

OD;eE´onf Nrdwfe,fom;jzpfí t*FvdyfvufatmufodkU tvsifqkH;usa&mufcJUonfh e,fjzpf

onfhtavsmuf rEÅav;NrdKUwGif acwftrSDqkH;aom &[ef;wyg;jzpf\/ acwfrSDykHum; bkef;BuD;

- 33 -

a&TOa'gif;

ausmif;om;wkdif;onf &[ef;jyKMurnfr[kwfyJ vlUtjzpfESifh 0rf;pm&SmrSD;Mu&rnf jzpfaom

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Nrdwfq&mawmfudk ]MuOf} Muav\/

]pmjzL} oif&awmhrnf

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q&mawmf\ausmif;ESifh tHusjzpfaeawmhonf/ tjcm;aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;rSm *Pef;

ocsmFudkrQ oifay;zkdU oabmrwlyJ&Sd&m t*Fvdyfpm (pmjzL)rlum; vufcHzdkUa0;ao;\/ þwGif

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t0ifjzpf\/ vuf&Sdausmif;om;aygif; 60ausmfteuf ]pmjzL} oifawmhrnfqkdojzifh tcsKdU

vnf; EkwfxGufí tcsKdUvnf; wkd;vmav&m EkwfxGufoGm;onfh ausmif;om;rsm;teuf

uREkfyf\ ]cspfwD;} vnf; ygoGm;NyDjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyftzdkUrSm 0efxkyfBuD;wck uscJUayNyD/

aps;csKdawmf yxrrD;

- 34 -


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wmwGif rD;tBuD;tus,favmifjcif;udk yxrtBudrf ]*&if;pwif;} rS Munfh&jcif;jzpfonf/

wnOfhywfvkH; avmifjcif;udk wnOfhywfvkH;vdkyif w&yfvkH; xkdifMunfhMu\/ a&pufrsm;

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aiG&Tifaom&ufydkif;

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tqkH;ü wusyf ESpfusyf ig;usyfwefrsm;udk vlwdkif;vdk&í 50dwef 100dwef wdkifatmif &Muol

rsm;vnf; &SdMuavonf/ tcsKdUrSm a&TqdkifaiGqdkifwef;rS a&TcJaiGcJrsm;udkyif &&SdMuonfqdk\/

jymykHxJrSm &Smí&Muaom ypönf;rsm;udk apmifhí0,f,lMuonfh vmbfjrifolrsm;vnf; &efukef

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tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifhtwl vkdufí jymykHudkarTjcif;jzifh waeUvQif okH;yJav;yJrQ &&Sd

av&m rkefUzdk;ESpfjym;om&aom oli,fwa,muftzdkUü vmbfoyfyum&TifvSí vGefpGm auseyf

cJUav\/

- 35 -

a&TOa'gif;

]aps;orm;} jzpfvmMujcif;

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ykHyif jzpfavonf/ aps;csKdawmfBuD; jymykHjzpfpOfu okH;yJwrwf okH;Edkifaom ausmif;om;rsm;

onf jymykHay:wGif qdkifwef;rsm; jzpfvmaomtcgü ydkufqH0ifayguf r&SdMuawmhojzifh

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cGufuav; wyJ? cGufBuD;wrl;? pD;u&uf wjym; av;vdyf? ]zifqDpGyf} okH;vdyf &aomacwf

jzpfaomaMumifh okH;yJwrwfqdkvQif oaX;om;rsKd;ozG,f okH;EdkifMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdUausmif;ü

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aps;csKdjymykH (pm;usuf) uG,faysmufí wJwef;qdkifrsm; ay:aygufvm&mwGif (vdkufpifydwfvdkuf

aom ukefonfBuD;rsm;uJUodkU) pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;awG awGUBuKH&av\/ þwGif

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ukefpkHa&mif;aom usLvD,mqdkifrsm;rSm ¤if;wkdUusufpm;&maomXmejzpf\/ ausmif;om;

cyfBuD;BuD; av;ig;a,mufwkdUonf ausmif;tm;csdefwGif aps;csKdodkUoGm;í jyefvmaomtcgü

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ürl uREkfyf\ tzGJUom;rsm;u ypönf;rsm;0,fcsifjyKí aps;qpfvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfonf

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aomfvnf; cg;ydkufxJodkU xnfhNyD;onfhwdkifatmif qdkif&Sifu rjrifaomaMumifh ]w,f[kwfwJU

tvkyfygwum;} [k ESpfodrfhrd\/ xdkcPü tjcm;qdkifrS usLvD,mukvm;wa,muf ajy;vmí

uREkfyf\cg;ydkufudk EIdufprf;onfwGif zvfa*:vDBuD;udk awGUoGm;\/ þwGif qdkif&Sifqif;vmí

- 36 -


uREkfyf\eo,fudk wcsufESpfcsufykwfNyD; *gwfwJodkUydkU&ef qJGac:av&m uREkfyf\tzGJUom;rsm;

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olwyg;\ ypönf;udkvnf; rEIduf0HUawmhyJ oifcef;pm&cJUygonf/ xdktacgufwGif atmifjrif

ygu b,frQavmufMumatmif EIdufaeOD;rnf rqdkEdkifay/

Bum;&cJaom t*FvdyfpmoH

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wa,muf jrifroGm;&&Sm[k ,ckowd&rdao;onf/

tm*kHaqmifaomacwf

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t*Fvdyfpum;ajymonfh pdef hyDwm ausmif;olrsm; ajymoHudk Mum;&onfwGif tvGefajymcsifí

- 37 -

a&TOa'gif;

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tenf;enf;aqmhjcif;

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&Smí wbuftzsm;udk 0g;jcrf;wck\ xdyfücsnfum tjcm;buftzsm;wGif ESrf;aphyrmP&Sdonfh

- 38 -


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a&qdyfwdkif;ü tjcm;oli,fuav;rsm; aysmf&TifpGma&csKd;Mujcif;udk jrif&jcif;? wbGrf;bGrf;

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- 39 -

a&TOa'gif;

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- 40 -


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- 41 -

a&TOa'gif;

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ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf uREkfyf\vufxJrS vk,lMuonfcsnf; BuKH&\/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfrSm

- 42 -


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vSygonf/)

- 43 -

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- 44 -


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- 46 -


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- 48 -


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uREkfyfu ajymjy&m olwkdUuvnf; þenf;ESifhjzpfbl;aMumif; jyefajymMu\/ uREkfyfwkdUu

q&mqdkonfrSm &dkufydkifonf[lívnf;aumif;? OD;yOöif;jzpfaomaMumifh omí&dkufydkifonf [lí

vnf;aumif; em;vnfMuí (&dkufvGef;onf[k xifMuapumrl) q&mOD;xGef;0if;tay:ü

qefUusifaompdwfrsKd; r&SdMujcif; pdk;pOf;rQrSefaomfvnf; i,fpOfu aMumufcJU&jcif; twGuf

aMumifh taMumufrajyEdkifonfESifh rsufESmcsif;rqdkifvdkMujcif;yif jzpfygonf/ þacwf q&m

wynfhrsm;url &,fcsifaumif; &,fcsifMuayvdrfhrnf/

usDpm;vGefjcif;

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wdkif;onf uREkfyf\zdeyfuav;udk ikHUMunhfMu\/ Munhfvnf;Munfhoifh\/ waeUoü

OD;wdavmuonf aysmfbG,fNrdKUodkU tvnf<uoGm;í jyefvnf<ua&mufvm&mwGif q&mrsm;

a&m? ausmif;om;rsm;yg wausmif;vkH;BudKqdkMuzkdU pDpOfxm;\/ xdkaeUwGif ausmif;om;wdkif;

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ausmif;rSm ESpfxyfwdkufjzpfí atmufxyfwGif zdeyfpD;&aomfvnf; tay:xyfwGif zdeyfcRwf

Mu&\/ uREkfyfrSm tay:xyfodkU udpöwckESifhwufoGm;í avSum;wGif zdeyfqef;uav;udk

cRwfxm;cJU&m jyefqif;vmaomtcgü rawGU&awmhacs/ zdeyfuav;rSm rnfol\ zdeyfESifhrQ

rwlaomaMumifh rSm;Edkifp&mr&Sd? wrifwum aemufajymifí 0Sufxm;onfjzpfap ckd;xm;

onfjzpfap jzpf&ayrnf/ zdeyfaysmufaom udpörQavmufESifh q&mrsm;tm; wdkif&ef xkH;pH

r&SdaomaMumifh udk,fhzmom&Sm&\/ rawGUacs/

'ku©a0'em

pmydkU&xm;onf rEÅav;blwm&kHokdU aeUv,fwem&DwGif qdkufrnfjzpfí ausmif;om;rsm;onf

12 em&DwdwdwGif qdkif;wef;ausmif;rS pDwef;um xGufMu&efjzpf\/ &moDrSm waygif;vjzpfí

jcpfjcpfpvefatmif yljyif;vsuf&SdavNyD/ uREkfyfü zddeyfaysmufjcif;udk q&mrsm;tm; rajym0HU

- 50 -


onfESifh tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl pDwef;í vdkuf&\/ ylvSonfhajrBuD;rSm ',ftkd;uif;

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tusifh &Sdonfjzpfí olwyg;wdkUxuf (vlBuD;vli,fra&G;) cHEdkif&nf&Sdoljzpf\/ ajcz0g;rsm;

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cH&rnf[k odaomaMumifh rajy;0HUyJ tHBudwfcH,if; ]tvdkav; tr,fav;} [k nnf;csifvm\/

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rsuf&nfrsm; ,dkusvmawmhonf/ þwGif uREkfyfonf ]ausmif;om;wa,mufa,muf\

npfywfjcif;aMumifh igcH&avjcif;} [k atmufarhum ]ql;wacsmif;} aygufvm&jyefygawmh

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rxdef;odrf;Edkif&oavm[laom tjrifrsKd;om&Sdwwfí tawmfaMumufzdkUaumif;avonf/

rnfol\tjypfay;enf;

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0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om vufcHav\/ tdrfokdUa&mufí rdbrsm;tm; ajymjyaomtcg rdcifu

cGifhjyKaomfvnf; zcifurl taMumuftuef uefUuGufav\/ okdUuefUuGuf&mwGif rnfonfh

taMumif;rS rjyEdkifyJ oludk,fwdkifrygaom vrf;c&D;wGif uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; ygonf/

OD;yOöif;udk vkdufydkUonfhyGJuawmh wtdrfvkH;vnf;ygMuonf/ þtxJrSyif uREkfyf\ vkHNcKHa&;

twGuf pdwfrcsaomaMumifh bk&m;yJGodkU rxnfhvkdufEdkifqdkkjcif;rSm (OD;yOöif;udk,fEIdufuyif)

vGefvGef;onf[k ,lqaeavNyD/ okdUaomf OD;yOöif;onf zciftm; rnfokdUrQrajym? ]]rifhzmom

Munhfvkyfav}} [k uREkfyftm; vTJxm;\/ uREkfyfum; 11 ESpfom;t&G,f&SdavNyD/ a&Tpm&H

- 51 -

a&TOa'gif;

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ravmuf jzpfaeavNyD/ uREkfyfvnf; xdkt&G,fodkUwkdifatmif zcifpum;udk rjrifuG,f&mü

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vkH;wGif zcif\ rMunf&TifaomrsufESmudkom jrifvsuf&SdaomaMumifh arQmfvifhoavmuf

raysmfcJU&ay/)

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vkyfaeav&m uREkfyfuvnf; rdrdrSefonf[kxifum cyfwef;wef;yif wkHUjyefrdonf/ þtjzpf

tysufrSm rnfol\ tjypfjzpfonf[k uREkfyf rqkH;jzwfvkdaomfvnf; xdktcsdefrSpí uREkfyfwkdU

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tvkyfvufrJU Akdvfujym;wa,muf ponfjzifh ESpfvwBudrfcefU tajymif;tvJ jzpfae\/

twef;om;rsm;onf t*FvdyfbmomwGif awmfMuaomfvnf; topfpufpuf bmom&yfwck

jzpfaom ]*JMoarBwD} ü tcuftcJawGUMu\/ xdkpOfurl ],luvpf} [kac:Muí tvGefcuf

onfhtaejzifh ],luvpfvlrjzpf} [k ausmif;om;rsm;ajymMu\/ þtawmtwGif; ausmif;u

vnf; qdkif;wef;&yfrS rvGefaq;&dk;0if;okdU a&TUajymif;&jyefav&m q&mrsm;u ],luvpf} udk

vli,frsm; oabmaygufatmif roifjywwfonfh twGufaMumifh pmar;yJGwGif ausmif;om;BuD;

av;a,mufrQom atmifjrifí (uREkfyftygt0if) ausmif;om;uav; ajcmufa,muf us&IH;Mu

- 52 -


avonf/ þwGif tus&IH;rsm;vGef;onfqdkum uREkfyfrSwyg; us&IH;aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf

tjcm;ausmif;rsm;odkU ajymif;a&TUoGm;Muav\/ uREkfyf\rdbrsm;url q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;

wnfaxmifcJUaom Ak'¨bmomausmif;[lí opöm&Sdonfh vu©PmESifh uREkfyftm; ajymif;a&TUjcif;

rjyKay/

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rsm;okdU ajymif;a&TUí qufvufoifMum;Mu\/ atmifjrifaom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh twl

ratmifjrifaom ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; txufygtaMumif;aMumifh ajymif;a&TUoGm;Mu

ojzifh twef;wl ausmif;om;a[mif;qdkí uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; usef&pfavawmhonf/ tjcm;

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ausmif;om;uav;rsm;tm; vufa0SUwdkufay;onfh ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;teufwGif wa,muf

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uREkfyf&dyfrdcJUonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u uREkfyfxuf tenf;i,fBuD;aom ausmif;om;

ESifh ]buf} ay;rnfjyKaomf udkxGef;vSu ]rvkyfygeJUuG? 'Duav;u tdrfta0;BuD;vm&&Smwm}

[kajymí nDwlrS uREkfyfESifhwGJay;\/ ]cspfwD;} u uREkfyftm; ]ypönf;0g;&rf;zrf;} aom tcgrsm;

wGifvnf; udkxGef;vSuyif u,fq,fcJUojzifh uREkfyfrkefUpm;&\/ udkxGef;vSonf uREkfyfxuf

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usifhrnf jyKjcif;udkyif olodygu uREkfyfbufrSvdkuf\/ olwkdUnDtpfudkonf tcsif;csif;

pum;rajym/ udkxGef;vSonf uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;udkom ta&mw0if&Sdí olUnDxufyif

uREkfyfudk cspfonf[kyif xifrd\/ [kwfr[kwfum; rajymwwf/ uREkfyfurl 4if;txifaMumifh

udkxGef;vStm; wkd;ícspfrd&m? udkxGef;vSuvnf; þtwGufaMumifh wdk;íMuifemykH&onf/

þokdUjzifh uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufrSm wESpfxufwESpf cifrifvmMuí &G,fwlr[kwfaomfvnf;

wyl;wGJwGJ &SdMuav\/

- 53 -

a&TOa'gif;

tawmfqkH;vlwa,muf

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ausmif;om;rsm;xuf udk,fum,tm;jzifhom OD;acgif;wvkH; jrifhonfr[kwf/ rSwfOmPf

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ívnf; tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;xuf OD;acgif;wvkH;jrifhonf[k uREkfyfqdkcsif\/ 0w¦KxJrS

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tBudrf jzpfygonf/)

ausmif;ajymif;a&TU&jcif;

- 54 -


5wef;ü 'kwd,ESpfaeí twef;om;opfrsm;txJwGif AkdvfpJG&aomfvnf; 0rf;omvSonfr&Sd?

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wa,muf a&mufvmonfESifh cufvSonfxifcJUaom ],luvpf}udk uREkfyfoabmaygufatmif

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ausmif;BuD;\t&Sdef

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- 55 -

a&TOa'gif;

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or®ma'oewf

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ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;u rkwfqdwfarG;BuD;wzGm;zGm;ESifh pifjrifhay:üxdkifvsuf&SdpOf 300 cefUrQ

- 56 -


aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf ESpfa,mufwJGxdkif&aom ckHrsm;ay:wGif NidrfoufpGm xdkifvsuf&Sd

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- 57 -

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- 58 -


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- 59 -

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- 60 -


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- 61 -

a&TOa'gif;

upm;rkef;aomzcif

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- 62 -


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- 63 -

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- 64 -


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Mu&ef oabmwlMuav\/

- 65 -

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- 66 -


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rGwfodyfvsuf &SdMuavNyD/ ydkufqHvnf; wjym;rSrusefawmhacs/ þwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf

refusnf;yifay:odkUwufí refusnf;oD; (r'efoD;)rsm; cl;Mu&m cg;ydkufwvkH;pD&cJUí qif;vm

Mu\/ wHwdkif;udkrSDvsuf pm;Murnfjyifaomtcg wawmifhrQpD pm;NyD;onfhaemuf qm;ryg

ojzifh rpm;EdkifyJjzpfaeMu\/ teD;tyg;ü tdrfrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; todr[kwfaomaMumifh

rawmif;0HUMuacs/ xdktcg oli,fcsif;u ]]aetkH;uG}} [kqdkum olaomufNyD;íypfxm;aom

uGrf;oD;zufaq;vdyfESpfwkdESifh refusnf;udkif;tajcmufrsm;udk vdkufíaumufNyD;aemuf pkykHí

rD;&IdUav\/ aemufqkH;ü rD;Nidrf;í jymykHuav;usef&pf&mwGif olonf cg;ydkufxJrS refusnf;oD;

rsm;udk xkwfí jymESifhwdkUpm;&if; uREkfyftm; acgif;ndwfac:avonf/ uREkfyfonf olvkyfovdk

vkyfí jrnf;Munfh&m? qm;ESifhwkdUpm;&jcif;xufyif aumif;ao;í cyfcsKdcsKdt&omwrsKd;

0ifvmonf[kyif xifrd\/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap? uREkfyfwkdUonf refusnf;oD;wcg;ydkufpDudk

þenf;jzifh cRwfvkdufMuí rGwfodyfjcif;ajyaysmufMuavNyD/

tajcmufwdkufyDwdjzpfyk H

ausmif;qif;csdefwkdif a&mufaomtcg uREkfyfwkdU\ rdef;uav;ESpfa,mufonf ausmif;xJrS

twlwGJum xGufvmMuí tdrfbufodkUjyefMupOf aemufodkU rMumrMumvSnfhMunfhMu\/

odkU&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUurl tjcm;ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; jrifMurnfpdk;onfESifh cyfvSrf;vSrf;

- 67 -

a&TOa'gif;

rSyif vdkufvmMuí ausmif;ESifh tawmfBuD;a0;aomtcgrS csOf;uyfMuavonf/ a&SUavQmufürl

olwkdU rdef;uav;ESpfa,mufuwwGJ? uRekfyfwkdU a,musmf;uav;ESpfa,mufu wwGJ

awmifa&mufajrmufa&muf axG&mav;yg; pum;rsKd;awGudkajym,if; avQmufvmMuavonf/

þrQavmufqdkvQif bmrsm; rufarmavmufp&m &Sdygoenf;/ uREkfyf\ rdef;uav;u ]]a[h

armifazodef;? rifhtdrfuodoGm;,if t&dkufcHae&r,faemf? rif;wkdUtazBuD;u &dkufwwfygbd

oeJU}} [laom pum;wvkH;onfomvQif udk,fa&;udk,fwmyg&Sdav&m? usefaompum;rsm;rSm

awmifpOfa&r& tv[ópum;rsKd;om jzpfavonf/ okdUESifhvnf; uREkfyfrSm xdkpOfu yDwd

tBuD;tus,fjzpfcJU&avonf/ (xdkpOfu yDwdjzpfrdjcif;udk aumif;aumif;BuD;rSwfrdíom

a&;vkduf&onf/) rjzpfpavmufuav;twGuf yDwdjzpfcUJ&aomfvnf; cHp&m&Sdaomtcgü

epfepfemem cHvdkuf&ykHudk azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/

owif;aygufMum;avNyD

uREkfyf tdrfodkUjyefa&mufaomtcg zcifa&mrdcifyg rsufESmxm;wrsKd; jzpfaeMujcif;udk jrifvkduf

&ojzifh &ifxJü'dwfueJjzpfoGm;\/ igvkyforQawGudk odoGm;ukefavNyD[k &dyfrdaomfvnf;

b,frQavmufodMuonf? b,fuJUodkUodxm;Muonf qdkjcif;udkrlum; csufcsif; uREkfyf rod&

ao;/ aemifwGifrS od&jcif;jzpfonf/ rdzrsm;odMuykHum; þokdUwnf;/ uREkfyfausmif;aNy;onf

qdkvQif rMumrwif rdbrsm;odapzdkU zefwD;wwfonfh xkH;pHtwkdif; zcifonf ausmif;odkU

0ifrMunfhonfrSm MumvSNyDjzpfygvsuf xdkaeUwGifrS (bmowif; Mum;&onfrod) 7wef;

ausmif;cef;odkU 0ifMunfh&m? uREkfyfausmif;ajy;aMumif;od&í tdrfodkUjyefvmNyD;vQif uREkfyf

taMumif;udk pkHprf;av\/ þwGif rdbrsm;Mum;od&onfrSmum; uREkfyfonf aemfref

ausmif;oluav;wa,mufESifh pmay;pm,lvkyfaeaMumif; (pifppfrSm aw;xyfwyk'fpDom

ay;Mubl;ygonf/) xdkrdef;uav;onf uREkfyfudk cspfBudKufonfr[kwf? uRekfyfESifhtwl

ausmif;ajy;aom oli,fcsif;ESifh orD;&nf;pm;jzpfaMumif;? 4if;wkdUESpfa,mufvkH;onf uRefkyfudk

tumtuG,f,lNyD; BudKufaeMuí uREkfyftm; ]vSdrfh} xm;Mujcif;jzpfaMumif; ponfrsm;jzifh

owif;&&Sdxm;Mu\/ 4if;owif;twkdif; [kwfr[kwfudkrl uREkfyf ,aeUwdkif rajymEdkifyJ

&Sdygawmhonf/

t&SufBuD;uJG&jcif;

- 68 -


uREkfyfonf rdbrsm;\rsufESmxm; r[efjcif;udk jrif&í &ifzdkvIdufvsuf tdrfay:odkUwufNyD;vQif

pmtkyfuav;rsm;udk pm;yGJay:okdU ypfwifqJwGif rdcifa&mzcifyg vdkufvmMuí uRekfyf\

t0wftpm;rsm;udk qJGcRwfMuav\/ uREkfyfu Nidrf0yfpGmrcHyJ &kef;uefonfwGif tvkyform;

2a,muf 3a,mufwkdUudkac:í 4if;wkdUtultnDjzifh uREkfyftuFsDrsm;a&m vkHcsnfrsm;udkyg

wudk,fvkH; wkH;vkH;cRwfMu\/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyftm; tdrfay:xyfrS atmufokdU qGJcsvmMuí

tdrfa&SUokdU qGJac:Mu\/ uREkfyfwkdU\tdrfaU&SUü a&wGif;&Sdav&m wkH;vkH;jzpfaeaom uREkfyftm;

a&wGif;wdkifü wkyfcsnfxm;Muav\/ þenf;jzifh em&D0ufcefU (uREkfyf\txifrSm wESpf

avmufMuonf/) wkH;vkH;ypfxm;av&m? t&yfxJrS uav;vlBuD;rsm;onf cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS

Munfhí NyKH;Mu&,fMuavonf/ tvGef&Sufvsuf&Sdaom uREkfyfurl cyfeD;eD;csOf;uyfí Munfh

aomvlrsm;udk qJívTwfrdygonf/ csnfwkyfxm;&mrS BudK;ajzNyD; t0wfrsm;0wf&aomtcgwGif

qHyifnSyfukvm;wa,mufudkac:í uREkfyf\AkdvfauudkjzwfNyD; acgif;wkH;&dwfapygonf/

EkHjcif;onf vdrfrmjcif;r[kwf

uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\rdkufrJjcif;udk usyfjynfhwif;jynfh0efcHygonf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\tjypfrSm

rdbtm; rav;rpm;jyKjcif;vnf;r[kwf? apmfum;armfum; ajymrdjcif;vnf;r[kwf? r&dkrao

jyKjcif;vnf;r[kwf/ &l;rdkufrdjcif; oufoufrQomjzpfygonf/ þrQavmufaomjypfcsufESifh

þrQavmuf pdwfudkxdcdkufatmif 'Pfay;qkH;rjcif;rSm rsm;vGef;onf[k xifygonf/ uREkfyf\

rdbrsm; em;rvnf&SmMuaomtcsufrSm om;orD;udk t&SufcJGaomenf;jzifh qkH;rjcif;onf

aumif;onf? vdrfrmaponf? aemifMuOfonf[k xifrSwf&SmMujcif;yif jzpfonf/ ]aemiffMuOf

onf} qdkjcif;um; [kwfavrnfavmrqdkEdkif? cH&aom om;orD;\pdwfudk EkH&SmoGm;apjcif;

udkrlum; cH&bl;aomuREkfyfodygonf/ vl[lonfrSm olUt&G,fuav;ESifhol olUukd,fudk,fudk

av;pm;rI (self-respect) &SdMu&rnf? &Sdatmif BudK;pm;Mu&rnfjzpf&m? rdbrsm;\ qkH;rykHrlum;

uREkfyf\pdwfudk tnGefUcsKd;vdkufbdouJUodkU jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfonf t&yfxJü

vnf;aumif;? ausmif;üvnf;aumif; (ausmif;okdUvnf; owif;aygufMum;onf/) uav;

vlBuD;rsm;\ rsufESmudk &J&JrMunfh0HUatmif jzpf&ygonf/ (uREkfyfwGif oufom&m&apaom

tcsufwckrSm 15ESpfom; qkdaomfvnf; BuD;xGm;rIaemufusí BuD;aumifr0ifao;jcif;yif

jzpfonf/ okdUr[kwfygu 4if;'Pfwacsmif; ay:aygufvm&kHrQru? EkHaompdwf"mwf

(Inferiority Complex) 0ifvmjcif;udkvnf; owdjyKrday&m? BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGif

taemufwdkif;rS pmaumif;ayaumif;BuD;rsm;udk zwf&Ium qifjcifokH;oyfcGifh&aomtcgrS

tawmftwef avsmhyg;oGm;onf[k xifrdygonf/ em;rvnf&SmMuí apwemaumif;ESifh

- 69 -

a&TOa'gif;

(vdrfrmatmif) qkH;rMuaomobm0udk awGU&onfhtcgwkdif; txufygtjzpftysufudk

owd&í ]ig\uHraumif;jcif;aywnf;} [k atmif;arhrdygawmhonf/

&Sufwwfí omqdk;onf

aemfrefausmif;oluav;ESifh ywfoufí rdbrsm;\ xifjrifcsufonf [kwf r[kwf? rSef rrSef

udkvnf; uREkfyf pkHprf;&eftvdkr&Sdawmh? rdbrsm;u rdrdwkdUom;udk þrQavmuf tonf;EkHonf

[k txifa&mufMujcif;onfyifvQif udk,fhudk,fudk&SufvSí xkdrdef;uav;udk b,ftcgrS vSrf;

rMunfhawmhyg/ wvcefUtwGif;ü uREkfyfonf tdrfeD;csif; t&yfolt&yfom;uav;rsm;ESifh

vnf; rupm;? vlolav;yg;jrifatmifyif rxdkifawmh? ausmif;oGm;ausmif;jyefrsm;wGif ajrBuD;

odkUikHUum rsufESmudkatmufcsvsuf ajcukefokwfíoGm;ygonf/ wu,fht&G,f ra&mufao;ol

jzpfí &SufaMumufaompdwfonf Mum&SnfpGmrjzpfyJ wvausmfcefU&Sdaomtcg oufom&m&í

aysmufrwwf&Sdaomfvnf; udk,fhudk,fudk EkHonfxifaom pdwfrlum; þrQavmuf azsmufzsufzdkU

rvG,fulojzifh toufav;ig;q,f t&G,fwdkifatmif tpGef;xifvsuf&Sdygawmhonf/ xdktcsdef

rSpí uREkfyfrSm tenf;i,fpum;xpfcJU&mrS udkd,fhudk,fudk ydkíowdjyKrdonfhtwGuf (More Selfconscious) ydkíqdk;vmygonf/ a&S;OD;pGm pum;xpfjcif; ul;pufcJUykHtaMumif;udk

txufwGif azmfjycJUbl;&m uREkfyfrSm e*dkuwnf;u tjcm;vlrsm;xuf udk,fhudk,fudk vSnfhMunfh

rdwwfaom tavhtusifh&Sdoljzpfí twlwl&,frdMujcif;jzpfygvsuf uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;

udkom ul;pufcJUjcif; jzpf[efwl\/ udk,fwkH;vkH;jyvdkuf&onfhaemufürl omíqdk;vmonf[k

uREkfyf owdjyKrdygonf/ (þudpörsKd;ü uREkfyftvGef&Sufwwfí a&csKd;cef;xJüyif a&vJydkif;ygrS

a&csKd;wwfoljzpf&m bkd;BuD;tdkjzpfvmaomtcgrS oufom&m&awmhonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf;

rdbrsm;\ 'Pfay;jcif;onf uREkfyf\pdwfudk omíxdcdkufapcJUonf/

yxrOD; rdwfaqGrsm;

4if;ESpf 7wef;pmar;yJGwGif rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd ausmif;wkdif;yif tust&IH;rsm;Muaomfvnf; tar&duef

ausmif;rS paumvm;&Spf0ifzkdU a&G;cs,fxm;onfh uREkfyfwkdU ausmif;om;av;a,mufvkH;yif

atmifjrifMuonf/ tcsKdUausmif;rsm;ürl awmfvSygonfqdkí paumvm;&SpfoGif;zdkU a&G;cs,f

xm;onfh ausmif;om;rsm;yif us&IH;Mu\/ xkdpOfu xkH;pHrSm 7wef;ausmif;om;rsm;onf &dk;&dk;

pmar;yGJudk ajzqdkatmifjrifNyD;rS paumvm;&Spfpmar;yGJwGif ajzqdk&í 4if;udk atmifjrifaom

- 70 -


tcgwGif 8wef;ESifh 9wef;oif&eftwGuf wv 16usyf&\/ (16usyf[laom aiGrSmvnf;

xkdpOfu renf;vS? ykvdyftrIxrf;wa,muf\ vcrSm 11usyf? 10yJrQom jzpfavonf/)

uREkfyftzkdU&mürl paumvm;&Spfpmar;yGJudk ratmifjrifaomfvnf; 4if;pmar;yJGudk taMumif;jyKí

tvGefcspfcifMuifemaom twef;wl oli,fcsif;okH;a,muf wNydKifwnf; yxrtBudrf &&Sdjcif;

aMumifh xl;jcm;aomESpfjzpfonf[k rSwfwrf;wif&onf/ at?bD?trf ausmif;odkU a&mufu

wnf;u uREkfyfrSm cifrifaomoli,fcsif;[lír&Sd? todrdwfaqGzGJUrnfholvnf;r&Sd? twef;xJ

rSma&m ausmif;xJüyg ]]waumif<uuf wrsufESm}} qdkovdk ukyfukyfuav; aecJU&onfjzpf&m

paumvm;&Spfpmar;yGJ 0ifcgeD;wGifrS ausmif;om;av;a,mufaygif; pnf;vkH;rdMuí tvGefw&m

cifrif&if;ESD;aomtjzpfodkU a&mufcJU&onf/ rdwfaqGwa,mufrQ r&SdcJUbl;ojzifh b,folUtm;rQ

rcspfcJU&aom uREkfyfrSm wNydKifeufwnf; okH;OD;BuD; &aomtcgü aysmfvdkufykHrSm (wcgw&H

olwkdUtaMumif;awGudk pOf;pm;&jcif;aMumifh) tdyfraysmfEdkifatmif &Sdbl;ygonf/

&wemykHqdkufaomESpf

8wef;odkU wuf&aomESpf (1905ckESpf)onf uREkfyftzkdU&mü ausmif;om;b0wGif ]]&wemykH

qdkuf}} aomESpf [lí qdkoifh\/ tvGefcspfcifaom twef;om; okH;a,mufwNydKifeufwnf;

&&Sdonfhjyif [dlvlonfvlrsm;uvnf; ac:csifajymcsif&SdMuonf/ ausmif;okdUa&mufonfrSm 2ESpf

jynfhcJUNyDjzpfí rkwfqdwfzGm;BuD;ESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;udkvnf; rvefUawmh/ rkd;xkd;onf[k

xifcJUrdaom ]wm0g} tcRefBuD;udkvnf; aMumufp&mrxifawmh/ (ausmif;om;wa,mufESifh

wdwfwqdwf wufíyif MunfhNyD;cJUavNyD/) ausmif;om;jriforQonf uREkfyfudk ]us,f} vdrfhrnf

[lívnf; rpdk;&drfawmh/ þausmif;onf igwkdUausmif;jzpfonf[k ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif oabmxm;Edkif

cJUavNyD/ uREkfyfonf i,fpOfuwnf;u twdwfudk jyefajymif;owd&í vuf&SdtajctaeESifh

EIdif;,SOfMunfhwwfaom tavh&Sdolwa,mufjzpfav&m 8wef;odkU wuf&NyD;onfhaemuf 6wef;

ausmif;om;uav;tjzpfESifh a&S;OD;pGm ausmif;wuf&aom eHeufudk owd&rdwkdif; awmifay:rS

awmifajcokdU jyefMunfh&onfhES,f tajctaeuGmjcm;ykHudk NyKH;rdygonf/

Mumavaumif;avjzpfvmjcif;

at?bD?trf ausmif;ü uREkfyfwkdU\ 7wef;q&mESifh 8wef;q&mwdkUrSm tdrfeD;csif; jzpfMuonfh

tavsmuf 8wef;odkU uREkfyfwkdU wufoGm;Muaomtcg 8wef;q&monf twef;om;opf

- 71 -

a&TOa'gif;

rsm;teuf rnfolrnf0gwkdU awmfonfqdkjcif;udk odESifhNyD;avNyD/ xdkpOfu 7wef;q&mESifh

8wef;q&mwkdUonf t*Fvdyfpmudk txl;tav;ay;Muolrsm;jzpfí uREkfyfwkdU paumvm;&Spf

ajzcJUolav;a,mufudk 8wef;q&mu tav;ay;NyD; zdíoifjyav&m 4if;wkdUteufwGif

uREkfyfrSm t*FvdyfbmomawmfvsufESifh ausmif;ajy;wwfaom aumifuav;[k odxm;onfESifh

txl;wvnfzdí oifjyayonf/ xkdUaMumifh uREkfyfpmrusufvQifvnf; q&muodí pmusuf

vQifvnf; wwef;vkH;odatmif aMumfjimay;ouJUokdU xif&Sm;aponf/ þwGif uREkfyfrSm

pmrBudK;pm;yJaeí rjzpfaom tajcodkU a&mufaeavawmhonf/ uREkfyftzdkU&mü aumif;jcif;

w&yfyif/

ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ ]vufcsm}

uREkfyfrSm ausmif;oufwwavQmufvkH;wGif (udkxGef;vSwa,mufrSwyg;) cifrif&if;EDS;ol r&SdcJU

bl;ojzifh 8wef;odkUa&mufcgrS okH;a,mufyl;wNydKifeuf &&Sdjcif;twGuf yDwdjzpf&ykHudk razmfjyyJ

raeEdkifatmif &Sdygawmhonf/ uREkfyfwkdU av;a,mufteuf udkazqdkolrSm uREkfyfwkdUxuf

av;ESpfcefUBuD;í usefESpfa,mufrSm uREkfyfESifh &G,fwlrsm;jzpfMu\/ pifppftm;jzifh udkazonf

acgifolBuD;jzpfxdkufaomfvnf; okH;a,mufvkH;onf uREkfyftm; tcspfqkH;jzpfí uREkfyf\ tqkH;

tjzwfudk em,lMuonf/ uREkfyfum; udkxGef;vSuJUodkU obm0acgif;aqmifwa,muf (Born Leader) r[kwfygyJvsuf arwÅmtavsmuf wifajrSmufMujcif;jzpf&m uREkfyfurl txdkuf

tavsmuf yg;&nfeyf&nf&SdonfESifh udkaz\tvdkudkMunfhí tqkH;tjzwfay;wwfavonf/

&G,fwlESpfa,mufteuf wa,mufrSm puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;OD;&D;jzpfvmí tjcm;wa,mufrSm

w&kwfujym;uav; pufacGqdkoljzpf\/ uREkfyfwkdUav;a,mufonf ausmif;rwufrD em&D0uf

cefU apmapma&mufí ]tpnf;ta0;} xdkifjcif;? aeUvnftm;vyfcsdef wem&Dteuf em&D0ufcefU

opfyif&dyfatmufwGif twlxdkifMujcif;jzifh rSefrSefBuD; tcsdefjzKef;Mu\/ 4if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ü

udkazonf &nf;pm;xm;jcif;tvkyfESifh ywfoufí vufawGUrsm;vSol wa,mufjzpfonfh

tavsmuf tNrJwrf; ]vufcsm} ay;avh&Sd&m wcgw&HwGif tjcm;ausmif;om;uav;rsm;vnf;

Mum;emMuí tcsKdUausmif;om;BuD;rsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkU\ tawGUtBuKHrsm;udk pGufzuf ajymjy

avh&SdMu\/ vufcsmq&mrsm;teuf udkzkd;0kdufqdkol\ vufcsmwyk'fudk uREkfyfrSwfrdygao;

onf/

vlacsm udkzd k;0d kuf

- 72 -


udkzdk;0dkufum; ausmif;om;b0rSpí uREkfyfawGUbl;orQ jrifbl;orQaom a,musfm;rsm;

(Zmwfrif;om; tygt0if) teufwGif tacsmqkH;? tvSqkH; vlwa,mufjzpf\/ olESifh

,SOfEdkifolrSm emrnfBuD;vSonfh rEÅav;NrdKUom; ]]abmif,maqmif'if armifBuD;}} wa,mufom

&Sdonfxif\/ udkarmifBuD;\ acsmjcif;rSm rsufESmxm;csKdjcif;ESifh 0wfykHpm;ykH udk,faeudk,f[ef

*dkufqdkufaumif;jcif;wkdUu taxmuftuljyKvsuf&Sd&m rsufESmoufoufudk Munfhrnf qdkyg

rlum; udkzkd;0dkufudk rSDaoma,musfm;[lí uREkfyfwoufvkH; rawGU&bl;acs/ tvGefMunfvifí

tpOfNyHK;vsuf&Sdaom rsufvkH;rsm;? xif&Sm;í jywfom;aomrsufckef;? &Snfvsm;í aumhvefvsuf

&Sdaom rsufawmifarG;rsm;? us,fjyefUnDnmaom r[mezl;? ajzmifhpif;aomESmwH? jzLpifí

nDnmaom oGm;rsm;? tpGef;ESpfbufü txufodkU ysHwufonfxif&aomyg;pyf? cyfoG,foG,f

&Sdaom rsufESm\tqkH;ü rcRef;vGef;rjym;vGef;yJ taeawmf&kH&Sdonfh ar;aphwdkUjzifh wcsuf

jrifvkduf&vQif aemufxyfírMunfhyJ raeEdkifonfh ]tvefUwMum;} acsmvSaom rsufESmrsKd;

&Sdoljzpf\/ txl;ojzifh rSwfrdavmufaom tjcif;t&monfum; ol\tom;yifjzpf\/

jrefrmvlrsKd;onf tom;jzLESifh tom;0gwkdUteuf tom;0gudk ydkíESpfoufwwfMuonfjzpf&m

udkzkd;0dkuf\ tom;0gykHrsKd;rSm azsmhawmhaom0gjcif;rsKd;r[kwf? &J&Jwif;wif; xdefxdefvif;vsuf

a&Ta&mif0if;onf[k xif&avmufaom 0gjcif;rsKd;jzpf&onfhtxJwGif nufanmacsmarGUvdkufyHk

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- 73 -

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uREkfyf\rsufvkH;rsm;ESifh wyfueJqdkifvdkufrd\/ xdktcdkufü rdef;uav;\rsufESmonf vqef;

12&uf vrif;ESifh yPm&vsuf&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyftm; olu xif&Sm;pGm jrifaumif;rSjrifrnf/

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uREkfyfurl olUrsufESmudk xif;xif;BuD; jrifae&onf/ (uREkfyfrSm vlacsmuav;wa,muf

r[kwfaomfvnf; ywf0ef;usif&yfuGufrsm;wGif t&G,fESifhrvdkufatmif twef;tjrifhqkH;aom

t*Fvdyf ausmif;om;uav;tjzpfESifh w&yfvkH;u pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdMujcif;udk uREkfyf&dyfrdí

*kPfvnf;,lrdonf/) uREkfyfonf rdef;uav;ESifh rsufvkH;csif;qdkifrdonfESifh wNydKifeuf ESvkH;

om;onf &ifbwfudk ]'def;} ueJjrnfrwwf wcsufaqmifhvdkufjcif;udk odvdkuf&onf/ ,if;okdU

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woufwmwGif taysmfqkH;aomyJG

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qdkif&onfh MunfEl;p&mtjzpfrsKd;tjyif tjcm;aom aysmfp&mBuD;wckESifhvnf; BuKHcJUayonf/

4if;rSmum; a&Tpm&Hbk&m;yJGodkU oGm;&aom tjcif;t&maywnf;/ uREkfyf 5wef;ü&SdpOfu

]ro'¨g&nfo'¨g&nf} oGm;cJU&jcif;aMumifh xifoavmuf raysmfcJU&ojzifh t>rufrQavmufom

azmfjycJU&m þwacgufürl rdk;rjrifavrjrif qdk&ravmuf aysmf&TifcJU&onfhtwdkif; a&S;acwf

a&Tpm&Hbk&m;yJGESifh þacwfbk&m;yJGwkdU\ jcm;em;ykHudk rrSDvkdufolrsm; em;vnfpdrhfaomiSm

a&;om; azmfjyvdkuf&ayOD;rnf/

- 79 -

a&TOa'gif;

yGJxGufMuNyD

ausmif;ydwf&ufwumwkdUwGif t&SnfqkH;jzpfí (xdkacwfu 45&uf ydwfonf/) ausmif;ol

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onf ajcaxmufESifhajrBuD; xd&onfrxifyJ avay:ü 0JysHvm&onfhES,f ausmif;rStdrfodkU

ajcukefokwfum jyefvmcJU\/ ESpfwdkif;vnf; þ&ufwGif aysmfyg\/ þESpfrlum; txl;wvnf

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aMumifhaywnf;/

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iSm;&rf;jcif;? ypönf;rsm;jyifqifMujcif; ponfwkdUudkjrif&onfrSm uREkfyftzdkU&mü NidrfNidrfxdkif

raeEdkifyJ aqGUaqGUckefrQ aysmfvSygawmhonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaomolonf uREkfyftm;

ewfjynfokdU tvnftywf vdkufrnfavm[k ar;jim;tHU/ uREkfyfu a&Tpm&HujyefrS vdkufrnf[k

ajymvdrfhrnfxifonf/ waygif;vjynfhausmf 5&uf n 9em&D tcsdefcefU (vxGufcsdef)wGif

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Edkifol[k ac:&rnfxifonf/

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wyg; jrif;&xm;? jrif;vSnf;? rdkwmum;? a'gufuwf? buf*Dpaom ,mOfrsKd;ryg/ aygif;rdk;ESifh

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ta&SUawmif&dk;rS pD;usvmaom rdk;a&rsm;udk wm&dk;jzifhqD;umxm;jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh ]wbuf

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vkyfudkifvkdufMu&m bmrQMumao;onfrxif&rD 0if&dk;wacsmif; ckwfNyD;acsmNyD;oGif;NyD; jzpfí

qufvuf xGufEdkifMuavNyD/

aysmf&rSauseyfaomvlrsKd;

- 81 -

a&TOa'gif;

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acgif;udk ajrSmufupm;csifaom vlrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh xef;&nfaomufjcif; rQavmuftwGuf

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oif&ef rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ waMumif;rSmvnf; uREkfyfonf zcifudkaMumufo

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vSnf;ay:rSqif;í oGm;Munfhrdatmif MunfhcJUygao;onf/ acs;ykHBuD;udk jrif&aomtcgü

raMumufwwfonfr[kwf? aMumufcJU&yg\/ okdU&mwGif aMumuf&jcif;onfyifvQif t&om

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þbk&m;yJGokdU vm&jcif;rSm pGefUpm;cef;BuD;wck (Great Adventure) taejzifh trSwf

xifvsuf &Sdygawmhonf/

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tvkyfudk,fpDESif h

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cP owd&vsuf &SdayaomaMumifhwnf;/

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onf/ uREkfyfrSm cyfi,fi,fuwnf;uyif pdwful;,Oform;wa,mufjzpfí tu,fwEÅK

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a&TOa'gif;

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aemufqkH;aysmfenf;wck

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apmifhí MunfhMuaom y&dowfuvnf; &,farmMuav\/

þokdUjzifh vSnf;wpD;vQif wacgufrQ 'vdefUacgufauG; jyefusvmNyD;rS aemufwBudrf twuf

wGif xdyfodkUa&mufatmif wGef;wifvkdufavonf/ Avaumif;aom EGm;BuD;rsm;vnf; rouf

omacs/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf oefpGrf;vSaom EGm;BuD;rsm;udk urf;yg;xdyfodkU a&mufvkqJqJ

wGif vTwfay;vkduf&kHESifhrNyD;yJ vufvTwfcgeD;ü rodromESifh jyefí qGJcsvkdufMuaomaMumifh

jzpfavonf/ tvGeftrif;oefpGef;aom EGm;rsm;ESifh yg;eyfaom vSnf;orm;rsm;rSwyg;

',D;',dkifESifh aemufjyefvdrfhusMujcif;tm;jzifh y&dowftm; wBudrfjzpfap azsmfajzoGm;Mu&

onf csnf;jzpfavonf/

yJGoGm;aMumhaMumh yGJjyefarmfharmfh

- 84 -


em;awmif;usacsmif; twufvrf;\ xpfaighrIaMumifh tjyefc&D;wGif vSnf;rsm;onf tvmc&D;

rSmuJUodkU woDwwef;BuD; rarmif;MuawmhyJ udk,fh&yfuGufESifh udk,fhtkyfpkrQavmufom tazmf

vkyfEdkifMuawmh\/ þbk&m;yJGwGif rdrdudk,fudk taysmfqkH;wa,muftaejzifh oabmxm;rdaom

uREkfyfyifvQif aw;csif;oDqdkcsifpdwf r&SdawmhyJ tvkyform;wa,mufa,muf\ aygifay:wGif

OD;acgif;wifí rSdef;csifcJUavNyD/ jzpfvnf; jzpfoifhonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf uREkfyfrSm

okH;nvkH;pkaygif;ygrS 10em&DrQyif rtdyfcJUojzifh rsufawmifrsm; pif;aeNyD jzpfaomaMumifh

aywnf;/ vdifoabmryg&SdyJ vli,fhobm0oufoufjzifh tl&TifjrL;wl;cJU&jcif;rsm;wGif

ppfudkif;awmif&dk;okdU yxrtBudrf a&muf&bl;aomwacgufESifh þwyJGonf pdwfxJwGif

]pm;NrKHUjyef} í rNyD;qkH;Edkifonfh tjcif;t&mESpfckaywnf;/ ae&Sdeftawmfjyif;vmaomtcg

uREkfyfwkdU&yfuGufrS vSnf;av;ig;pD;wdkUonf t&kPfwufrS xícsufcJUMuonfh xrif;[if;

rsm;udk opfyif&dyfaumif;aumif;wGif &yfem;&if; pm;aomufMuavonf/ a&SUtzdkUwGif

aeuvnf; yljyif;vmojzifh tl&Tifcef;NyD;qkH;í 0rf;AdkufawmifhawmifhESifh acGMuolwkdUom rsm;

awmh\/ tjyefc&D;ü uREkfyftrSwf&aom tjcif;t&mwckrSm uREkfyfwkdU\vnfyif;ü

]a&Tpm&HykwD;} [kac:onfh xef;&GufykwD;0grsm;pGyfvsuf jyefvmMupOf atmifyifv,fuef&dk;&Sd

atmifyifv,f&Gmü usif;yonfh ]ay:awmfrl} bk&m;yJGtNyD;ESifh qkHpnf;í 4if;bk&m;yJGjyefrsm;

onfvnf; rEÅav;okdU uREkfyfwkdUESifhtwl a&maESmum jyefvmMu\/ 4if;yJGjyefrsm;\ vnfyif;

wGifvnf; uREkfyfwkdUenf;wl xef;&GufykwD;rsm; pGyfxm;Muav&m xdkolwkdUonf a&Tpm&Hbk&m;odkU

a&mufatmifoGm;&ef rwwfEdkifojzifh ]aeUcsif;jyef} jzpfEdkifaom þbk&m;yJGokdU vma&mufum

]a&Tpm&Hjyefrsm;} taejzifh rEÅav;NrdKUokdU 0ifMujcif;jzpfonf[k od&avonf/ (uREkfyfwdkU

vlrsKd;um; BuHBuHzefzef [efaqmifcsifaom vlrsKd;aywnf;[k atmufarhcJUrdonf/)

acwfpm;aomaw;wyk'f

8 wef;ü&SdpOf uREkfyftm; txufwef;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifh ESD;ESD;&if;&if; jzpfaponfh tjcif;

t&mwck ay:aygufcJUjcif;udk rSwfrdygao;\/ xdkacwfu ausmif;om;rsm;\ xkH;pHwckrSm

atmufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;onf txufwef;BuD;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk MunfndKpGmESifh

armfhMunfhMuí txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;url atmufwef; ausmif;om;uav;rsm;tm;

]]zkwfavwJUig;yd &Sdonf[krrSwf}} qdkaom pum;uJUokdU vlzwfrxifwwfMuay/ waeUoü

uREkfyfonf aeUausmif;wufcgeD; 15 rdepfcefU vdkao;aomtcsdefwGif 8 wef;oifaom

ausmif;cef;xJü py,foufBuD;qdkonfh ]ywÅjrm;rSef*l} oDcsif;udk wD;wdk;oDqdkjyovsuf&SdpOf

tcef;tjyifbufrS avQmufoGm;Muonfh udkxGef;vStygt0if 9 wef;ausmif;om;wpk Mum;

onfESifh 0ifvmMuí udkxGef;vSu ]]a[hazodef;? 'DoDcsif;udk rif;tptqkH;&ovm;}} [k

- 85 -

a&TOa'gif;

ar;ojzifh uREkfyfu &aMumif;jyefajym\/ þwGif 9 wef; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf uREkfyftm;

ausmoyf&ifoyfvkyfMuí pm&GufESifhcJwHrsm; xkwfMuav\/

cufcJpGmul;&jcif;

þae&mü 4if;aw;csif;\ vlBudKufrsm;ykHESifh cJ,Of;pGm uREkfyf&ykHudk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ rEÅav;

NrdKUwGif xdkacwfu &kyfao;rif;om; rif;orD;rsm; oDqdkonfh aw;csif;rsm;onf tvGef

acwfpm;\/ Zmwfrif;om; OD;zdk;pdefBuD;rSm xdktcsdefwGif ay:aygufNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; þaemuf

(uREkfyftxift&) 2 ESpf avmufMumrS ol\oDcsif;rsm;udk umvom;rsm; vrf;avQmufqdkaom

tjzpfodkU a&mufvmonf/ xdkpOfu txl;emrnfBuD;í ,aeUwdkif tpm;xdk;&ef (okdUr[kwf

EIdif;,SOfíajym&ef) ray:aygufao;onfh &kyfao;rif;orD;ESifh rif;om;rsm;um; q&myk?

udkbausmh? py,foufBuD;? udkpdefcdk? udkzl;ndKwdkU jzpf\/ 4if;wkdU\yg;pyfrS aw;csif;

tqef;rsm;onf umvom;rsm;\ yg;pyfodkU a&mufonfhtcg 4if;wkdUonf bm*sm? Aswfapmif;

paom wl&d,mrsm;ESifh wGJum ntcsdefrsm;wGif vrf;rsm;ay:üavQmufí oDqdkwwfMuavonf/

tcsKdUaomvrf;rsm;rSm xdkuJUokdUaom wD;0dkif;rsKd; w0dkif;NyD;w0dkif; avQmufvmwwfojzifh

vrf;eHab;rS tdrfrsm;rSm þacwfa&'D,dkrsm;ozG,f tqufrjywfvkbeef; em;axmif&

avonf/ uREkfyf&xm;aom py,foufBuD;\ ]ywÅjrm;rSef*l} aw;csif;rSm ay:cgpvnf;jzpfí

umvom;rsm;vnf; r&ao;? useatmif oDqdkwwfolvnf; r&Sdao;yJ tvGefvnf; vlBudKuf

rsm;onfESifh wefzdk;&SdvSaom aw;csif;wyk'fjzpfay\/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; udkxGef;vStrSL;&Sdaom

ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf uRekfyfxHylqmjcif; jzpfavonf/

uREkfyfrsufESmyGif hvdkufykH

þaw;csif;udk uREkfyf&ykHum; þokdUwnf;/ &kyfao;rif;om; py,foufBuD;\ rif;orD;

udkatmifomü r,m;i,fwa,muf&Sd&m rif;om;rif;orD;wkdU rnfonfrSm 4if;wkdU\ aw;csif;

opfrsm;udk t&yfom;rsm;okdU ay;avhr&Sdaomfvnf; rif;orD; udkatmifomrlum; r,m;i,f\

ylqmjcif;aMumifh ay;&\/ uREkfyfwkdUtdrfrS tvkyform;acgif;aqmif udkawmufxGef;onf

xdkrdef;rESifh cifrif&if;ESD;rI&Sdí 4if;aw;csif;udk qdkykHqdkenf;ESifhwuG awmif;,lvmcJU&m uREkfyfrSm

4if;wkdUxHrS &Sdckd;OD;wif oif,l&jcif;jzpfavonf/ okdUjzpf&um; udkxGef;vSwdkU vlpktay:ü

uREkfyf rsufESmyGifhvdkufykHrSm ajymzG,f&mr&Sd? ]]rif;uav;w,fedyfouGm}} [k cPcP ausmoyf

- 86 -


&ifoyf csD;usL;Mubl;avonf/ uREkfyfuvnf; aw;csif;udk cJcJ,Of;,Of; ,lcJU&onfhtjzpfESifh

wuG ajymjyí useatmifqdkjypOf olwkdUvlpkvnf; vdkufí ul;Muavonf/ uREkfyf\

aw;csif;rSm cspfcef;BudKufcef;ESifh ywfoufonfh ]opöm} xm; aw;csif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ tavmif;

awmf q'´efqifrif;tm; aomEkw¦dK&frkqdk;u cJ,Of;pGmoGm;NyD; tpG,fudk jzwf,ljcif; taMumif;

jzpfí rsm;pGmaom umvay:aw;csif;rsm;uJUokdU ruG,faysmufyJ ESpfaygif;twefMum oDqdkvsuf

usef&pfcJUavonf/ uREkfyfrSm þaw;csif;twGufaMumifh txufwef;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifh

oduRrf;&kHru? cifrifMuifemjcif;udk cH,l&&Sdav&m þodkUaomtjcif;t&monf uREkfyftzdkUü

olaX;om;rsm;ESifh cifrif&jcif;xufyif 0rf;yef;womESifh *kPf,lcJUrdygonf/ aemuf rsm;rMum

rDyif udkxGef;vS uG,fvGef&Smonf/

*kPfj'yfBuD;cJUaom 9 wef;

1905 ckESpfukefwGif 8 wef;atmifí 1906 ckESpfwGif 9 wef;odkU wuf&av&m þtwef;rSm

wuúokdvf0if (Entrance) twef;jzpfí ausmifwGif tjrifhqkH;jzpf\/ xdkpOfu jrefrmjynfwGif

,leDAmpDwD r&Sdao;ojzifh wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yJGudk umvuwÅm;,leDAmpDwDrS ppfaq;&ay&m

þ tjcif;t&monfyif 9 wef; ausmif;om;rsm; ajczsm;axmufp&m jzpfcJUavonf/

taMumif;rlum; 9 wef;pmar;yGJrSm tuf(zf)at? bDat pmar;yGJrsm;enf;wl b*Fvm;pmar;yGJ[k

ac:aomaMumifhaywnf;/ uREkfyfwdkU ausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmjynfü oD;oefU,leDAmpDwD

r&Sdjcif;aMumifh *kPfi,fonf[lí em;rvnfMu? b*Fvm;udk txifBuD;Muwkef;jzpfí b*Fvm;

pmar;yGJ 0if&jcif;onfyif *kPfj'yfBuD;wck[lí rSwfxifcJUMuavonf/ ausmif;om;wdkU

rnfonf pmar;yGJatmifí twef;wuf&onfqdkvQif 0rf;omMuNrJ jzpfaomfvnf; wuúodkvf

0ifac: 9 wef;okdU wuf&jcif;uJUokdU 0rf;omjcif;? *kPf,lrdjcif;um; rBuKHcJU&bl;yg/ uREkfyf

tzdkUrSmrl aetdrfywf0ef;usift&yfrsm;ü 9 wef;orm;[lí xdkpOfuvnf;r&Sd? ,cifuvnf;

r&SdcJUbl;onfhtwGufaMumifh tawmfb0ifjrifhcJUrdyg\/ þtwGufaMumifh uREkfyftay:ü

remvdkolrsm; &SdMuaomfvnf; uREkfyftm; ynm&Sduav;wa,mufozG,f av;pm;Muonfh

twef;uav;orm;rsm;vnf; ajrmufjrm;pGm&SdMuayonf/ tcsKdUrdbrsm;onf 4if;wkdU\

av;ig;wef; ausmif;om;uav;rsm;udk uREkfyfESifhtwl pmusufygapqdkum uREkfyfwkdU\

aetdrfokdU ydkUxm;jcif;rsm;&Sd\/ xdkvlwkdU\pdwfü ]y@dwmeOöao0em} qdkonfh r*Fvm

w&m;awmftwdkif; ynm&Sduav;wOD;xH qnf;uyfygap[laom oabmESifh ydkUMuavoavm

rqdkEdkifay/ uREkfyf\zcifum; tawmf*kPf,lykH&onf/

- 87 -

a&TOa'gif;

]&ifbwf} rdwfaqG&jcif;

8 wef;okdU wuf&uwnf;u tvGefcifrifaom oli,fcsif;okH;a,muf&Sdjcif;udk azmfjycJUNyD;

jzpf&m 4if;wkdUteufwGif udkazrSm tdrfcsif;uvnf; eD;onfESifh txl;ojzifh cifrif&if;ESD;aom

rdwfaqGwa,mufjzpfvmí uREkfyf\woufwmwGif yxrOD;qkH;aom rdwfaqG&if; (Bosom Friend) wa,muf jzpfacsonf/ þt*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rSm ]&ifbwfrdwfaqG} [k t"dyÜg,f

&Sdav&m tvGefwdusay:vGifaom tokH;tEIH;jzpf\/ taMumif;rlum; &ifbwfxJü&Sdaom

tjcif;t&mtm;vkH;udk (taumif;a&mtqdk;yg) zGifh[wdkifyifí tBuHOmPfawmif;Edkifaom

rdwfaqGrsKd; jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ þrdwfaqGrsKd;onf wa,mufESifhwa,muf [efvkyfjcif;?

<um;0gjcif;? *kPfNydKifjcif; r&Sd/ wa,muf'ku©a&mufonfqdkvQif wa,mufu yg;pyfzsm;

uav;jzifh ]]0rf;enf;w,fAsm}} [k avmu0wfpum;ajymjcif;r[kwf? pdwfü wu,fxdcdkuf

atmif vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ 0rf;enf;í aumif;pm;vQifvnf; t[kwfwu,f 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om

(rk'dwmpdwf) jzpfEdkifonfh rdwfaqGrsKd;udk qdkvdkayonf/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;ü xdkokdUaom

rdwfaqGrsKd; b,fESpfa,mufpD &SdMuonfrqdkEdkif? uRekfyftzdkU&müum; (udkaztygt0if)

woufwmvkH;ü okH;av;ig;a,mufrQom BuKH&bl;ygonf/ (þokdUaom rdwfaqGrsKd;rSm

b0a&pufvnf; ygOD;rS awGUEdkif[ef wlayonf/)

wefzdk;&S dvSaom Mo0g'

9 wef;okdUwufí aEG&moD ausmif;ydwfrnfhaeUwGif jrefrmpmoifjyonfh q&ma&TrSefonf

uREkfyftzdkU&mü woufywfvkH; tokH;0ifonfh Mo0g'wck ay;bl;\/ (q&ma&TrSefrSm uREkfyf

wdkU\ 8 wef;q&mjzpfcJU&m 9 wef;okdU uREkfyfwdkUwufMuaomtcg 9 wef;jyq&monf

ukvm;vlrsKd; q&mwpfa,mufjzpfí jrefrmpmrwwfonfESifh q&ma&TrSefu uREkfyfwdkUtm;

jrefrmpmoifay;í ukvm;q&mopfu 8 wef;udk t*Fvdyfbmom oifay;jcif;jzifh tvJtvS,f

vkyfMuonf/) ausmif;ydwfrnfhnaeü q&ma&TrSefonf uREkfyfwdkUtm; t*Fvdyf0w¦Krsm; zwfjcif;

tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfbmom aumif;aumif;wwfatmif BudK;pm;MuzdkU a[majymNyD;aemuf ausmif;

qif;aomtcgwGif t*Fvdyf0w¦Kpmtkyf iSm;vdkolrsm;tm; ol\tdrfodkU vdkufcJU&ef ac:oGm;

av&m uREkfyfESifh tjcm;ausmif;om; av;ig;a,muf vkdufoGm;Mu\/ usefvlrsm;um; ,D;wD;

,m;wm;vkyfum rvdkufyJ csefae&pfcJUMuavonf/ vkdufoGm;olrsm;teufwGif udkaz?

armif&DESifh pufacGwdkU yg0ifMuonf/ pifppfrSm uREkfyfESifh þoli,fcsif;okH;a,mufonf

t*FvdyfbmomwGif tm;usrcH tNydKiftqdkif BudK;pm;Muolrsm; jzpfavonf/ þtaMumif;udk

jyefvnfokH;oyfonfhtcg uREkfyfwdkUav;a,muftm; cifrif&if;ESD;atmif csnfaESmifay;aom

- 88 -


tjcif;t&monfum; t*Fvdyfbmom&yfü pdwf0ifpm;onfh txkHtavhcsif; wlnDrIyif jzpfwef

&macsonf/

(jrif;orm;tcsif;csif;? *Dworm;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;wwfMuouJUokdUyif/)

aumif;vdkufonfhpmtkyf

uREkfyf,lcJUrdaom pmtkyfrSm csm;vfpf'pfuif;a&;onfh bmebD&wfcs (Burnaby Rudge) pmtkyfjzpfav&m uREkfyfonf 4if;0w¦Kudk BudK;pm;í zwfygaomfvnf; t&om cHEdkif

avmufatmif jynfhpkHpGm em;rvnfonf waMumif;? 0w¦Ktqifhtwef;uvnf; (uREkfyf\

t&G,fESifh rvkdufatmif) jrifhvGef;onfwaMumif;aMumifh 4if;0w¦Kpmtkyfudk csxm;í udkazxHrS

yoDykHjyif0w¦Kudk iSm;&rf;zwf&Iavonf/ yoDykHjyif0w¦K aumif;vkdufykHum; ajymrukefEdkif atmif

&Sdygawmh\/ vGefyJGü qkHcJUbl;aom rdef;uav;ESifh orD;&nf;pm; r[kwfjim;aomfvnf; pdwfxJü

cspfBudKufí aeU&SdorQ rsufvkH;csif;qkdifvsuf &SdMuNyDjzpf&m yoDykHjyifxJüygonfh 0w¦Kaygif;

rsm;pGmwkdUrS (Zmwfvdkuf) rif;orD;rsm;onf xdkrdef;uav;\ &kyfqif;oP²meftwdkif;csnf;jzpfí

rif;om;uav;rSmvnf; uREkfyfudk,fwdkifcsnf; jzpfaeavawmhonf/ vlysKdayguf t&G,fvnf;

jzpfjyef? pdwfxJü BudKufxm;olvnf;&Sdjyef? pdwful;,Ofwwfaom tavhtxkHuvnf;&Sdjyef?

ausmif;ydwfxm;onfh tm;vyfcsdefvnf; jzpfjyefav&um; uREkfyfrSm pmtkyfudkzwfvdkuf?

csxm;NyD; pdwful;vkduf? wzef aumufzwfvdkuf? ESpfNcdKufaom pmydk'frsm;udk ul;,lvkduf

ponfjzifh (tdyfcsdefpm;csdefrSwyg;) tcsdef&SdorQ zwfavawmhonf/ þtwGufaMumifh tjrwf

wck ay:xGufonfrSm zcifonf uREkfyftm; tvGefpmBudK;pm;onfqdkí bm*smwvkH; 0,fay;

ayonf/ (zcifonf wD;rIwfoHudk tvGef&GHUrkef;olwa,muf jzpf&um; 4if;tjyKtrlrSm

uREkfyftm; tpGrf;ukeftvdkvdkuf&Smjcif; jzpfavonf/)

wefzkd;&S daom t*Fvdyfpmacwf

yoDykHjyif0w¦Kudk bmomjyefxm;onfh t*Fvdyfpum; tokH;tEIef;rSm tvGefaumif;onf[k

q&mhq&mrsm; ajymoHMum;bl;ay&m uREkfyfrSm ausmif; 45 &uf ydwfonfhtwGif;ü 0w¦K

Zmwfvrf;\ t&omudk cHpm;&kHomru t*Fvdyfpm a&;ykHa&;enf;udkvnf; usufrSwfxm;onf

ESifh ausmif;zGifhí pmpDpmukH;wyk'f a&;om;Mu&onfwGif twef;q&mu uREkfyf\ ta&;

- 89 -

a&TOa'gif;

tom;rSm wjznf;jznf;r[kwfyJ ckefvTm;íwufoGm;aMumif; (By leaps and bounds) csD;usL;ajymqdkbl;avonf/ [kwfykHvnf;&onf/ pmwESpfoifí wwef;wufaomtcgü

wkd;wufjcif; xuf xdk 45 &uf tqkH;ü wkd;wufjcif;onf ydkonf[k udk,fh[mudk,fvnf;

xifrdygonf/ xdkacwfü t*Fvdyfbmom tom;,laomacwfjzpfí awmfonfqdkvQif

wausmif;rSwausmif;okdUvnf;aumif;? w&kH;rSw&kH;okdUvnf;aumif;? tpdk;&XmewckrS wckodkU

vnf;aumif; owif;ysHUESHUwwfaom acwfjzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonf þtaMumif;udk

Mum;bl;jcif;aMumifh BudK;pm;csifaompdwf jzpfay:jcif;vnf; [kwfEdkifygonf/

toHxGufrSefuefatmifBudK;pm;oifhjcif;

t*Fvdyfbmom&yfESifh ywfoufí uREkfyftzdkU uHaumif;aom tjcif;t&mwckvnf; azmfjy

vdkygonf/ 9wef;q&m ukvm;vlrsKd; rpöwmtif;*vpfpf (Mr.Inglis) qdkolrSm uREkfyf

awGUbl;onfh (t*Fvdyfr[kwfaom) vlrsKd;uGJrsm;teufwGif t*Fvdyfpum;ajym taumif;

qkH;xJu wa,mufjzpfonf[k uREkfyf,lqyg\/ uREkfyfonf emrnfBuD;vSaom OD;aratmif?

a'gufwmbarmfpaom jrefrm0wfvkHrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? ukvm;0wfvkHrsm;udk vnf;aumif;

em;axmif&bl;yg\/ xdkvlrsm;onf uREkfyf\q&mESifh wlvQifomwl&rnf? omonf[k

uREkfyfrxifyg/ q&mtif;*vpfpfonf t*FvefokdUvnf; a&mufbl;í t*Fvdyfpum; toHxGuf

wGif wdusrSefuefvdkufykHrSm tcsKdUt*Fvdyfrsm;xufyif omao;onfxif\/ uREkfyfrSm

aemufydkif;wGif t*Fvdyfa&m jrefrmpum;yg ajymcsifaompdwf r&Sdavmufatmif jzpfcJU&aomf

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jcif;udk awGU&\/ (þacwfü wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf t*FvdyftoHxGuf tvGef

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Edkif[k oabmxm;MuaomaMumifhayavm? ausmif;q&mrsm;udk,fEIdufuvnf; þtwdkif;yif

,lqMuavoavm rajymwwfay/ okdUqdkvQif tvGefrSm;aom t,ltqjzpfonf[k qdkcsif

onf/ þudpörsKd;ESifhywfoufí t*Fvdyfpum;ykHwckrSm enf;,lxdkuf\/ ]vkyfoifh onfqdkí

vkyfaom tvkyfwckudk (awmftdavsmftd oabmrxm;yJ) aumif;aumif;jzpfatmif vkyf&rnf}

- 90 -


[k qdkavonf/ vlrsKd;uJG\ pmqdkí roifcsifvnf;aeMuap? oifrdvQifvnf; aumif;aumif;

wwfatmif oifxdkufayonf/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;onf oifwdkif;vnf; tcReftrGef rjzpfEdkifjcif;

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bmom&yfwckjzpf&m EdkifiHjcm;om;ESifh tquftoG,frsm;vSaom þacwfwGif e,fcsJUcJUbl;

onfh 0oDaMumifh vlrsKd;udk tmCmwxm;NyD; olwkdU\ bmompum;udk rxDav;pm;jyKrdygu

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e,fydkif0efaxmuf wa,mufonf uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl 9wef;ü oifvsuf&Sdaom 4if;\om;xHodkU

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[laom t*FvdyfvuFmwyk'fudk oifjyvsuf&Sd&m? ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh 0efaxmufBuD;wdkU 0ifvm

Muí ausmif;tkyfBuD;u q&mtm; ]]oifomoifyg}} [k ajymjyNyD; ckHvGwfwckwGif 0ifxdkifMu\/

q&mtif;*vpfpfvnf; qufvufí oifjyav&m vuFmxJrS cufcJaom pmydk'frsm;udk twef;

om;rsm; em;vnfatmif &Sif;vif;ajymjyjcif;tvkyfü olrwlatmif oGufvufjcif;? jywfom;

jcif;? pdwfygvufyg&Sdjcif;? pum;tokH;tEIef; wdusrSefuefjcif;wnf;[laom t*Fgrsm;aMumifh

ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh 0efaxmufBuD;wdkUonf wa,mufrsufESmudkwa,muf cPcP vSrf;Munfh

Mujcif;udk uREkfyfwkdU jrif&\/ aemufqkH;ü 0efaxmufBuD;ESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;wkdUonf auseyf

tm;&aom trlt&mESifh xoGm;Muaomtcg q&mtif;*vpfpfonf pmtkyfudkydwfí wbufodkU

vSnfhcdkufwGif uREkfyfwkdU ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;vnf; þrQavmufaumif;aom oifjyjcif;udk

- 91 -

a&TOa'gif;

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rdMuav\/ wu,foifawmh wu,fawmfonfh q&mwa,mufaywnf;/

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- 92 -


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pum;&nfvkyGJrsm;ü vnf;aumif; q&mtif;*vpfpfonf armif&DESifhuREkfyftm; tNrJwrf;

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pum;&nfvkyJGwck tqkH;wGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;u pum;ajymolrsm;taMumif;udk a0zefygonf/

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tm;ay;rIaMumifh yg0ifjcif;jzpfygonf/

- 93 -

a&TOa'gif;

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ygonf/ wNrdKUvkH;rlum; þpum;udk ,kHMunfcJUonfrSm tawmfuav;MumcJUavNyD/ waeUoü

- 94 -


uREkfyfwkdU 9wef;wGif c&pf,efusrf;pmoifjyonfh omoemjyK q&mrBuD;u ]]yvdyfa&m*gydk;rsm;

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vsuf&Sdaom NrdKUBuD;wGif txufyg tjcif;t&mrsKd;wkdUudk awGUjrif&onfhtcg tb,folonf

rwkefvIyfracsmufcsm;yJ &SdEdkifygrnfenf;/

wdrf;a&SmifcGif h&jcif;

uREkfyfrSm tawmfacsmufcsm;vsuf&SdNyDjzpfí rdbrsm;tm; wdrf;a&SmifMuzdkUylqm\/ okdU&mwGif

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yvdyfa&m*gudk wrifvkyfonfqdkjcif;udk r,kHMunfonfESifh yvdyfa&m*g\ ul;pufwwfjcif;

- 95 -

a&TOa'gif;

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udkom zcif\a'oodkU ydkUxm;avonf/

awmtvkduf aysmfwwfjcif;

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pyg;avSUjcif;? vSnf;armif;jcif;? jrif;pD;jcif; ponfh "avh[lorQwGif tvGefpdwf0ifpm;í

aysmf&TifpGm ulnDaqmif&Gufay;wwfavNyD/ ntcsdef vomomwGif aumufvIdif;ykHBuD;ay:ü

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vSnfhvsuf ][dkEGm; u&dk? 'DEGm; u&dk} ponfrsm;jzifh atmfaigufum pyg;e,f&jcif;tvkyfonf

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roifcJU&aomfvnf; BuD;vmaomtcgü wwfatmifoifcJUao;onf/ uREkfyfonf awmifol

v,form;rsm; vkyfaeus tvkyfrsKd;[lorQwGif 0goemygvSí aysmf&GifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifonf

jzpfaomaMumifh ]igonf NrdKUay:ü vljzpf&jcif;um; rSm;avonf} [k xifrdvmygawmhonf/

uREkfyfonf 4if;a'oü ESpfvokH;vcefUMumí okH;av;&GmrQ vSnfhvnfaexdkifvsuf&Sd\/

zcifonf wacgufwav tvnfa&mufvm&mwGif ]]armifBuD;&JUom;u awmifolbm0 aysmfykH

&w,f? tpfudkBuD;&JUom;u EGm;aumif;aumif; armif;wwfaeNyD}} ponfjzifh aqGrsKd;rsm;u

tm;yg;w& ajymMuonfhtcg tazonf oabmus[efrwlacs/ (EGm;armif;wwfonf qdkjcif;

rSm ]EGm;ajy;? EGm;vkduf} armif;wwfjcif;udk qdkvdkí awmifolwkdif;rwwfonfh ynm&yfwck

jzpfonf/)

- 96 -


zcifurl rdrdudkd,fEIdufu tEkyfpkwf*kwfpkwf þtvkyfrsKd;udk rBudKufaomaMumihf NrdKUwufNyD;

aeEdkifatmif BudK;pm;ygvsuf om;wa,mufu aus;&Gm"avhjzpfonfh awmifol,mckwf

tvkyfudk ESpfouf&ygrnfavm[k rausreyfyif jzpfykH&onf/ uREkfyfvnf; zcif\oabmudk

&dyfrdonfESifh uREkfyf\ ]ynm} rsm;udk rjy0HUawmhyJ zkH;zdíxm;vkduf&ygawmhonf/ aemufaemif

wGifvnf; zcifonf þtvkyfrsKd;ü uREkfyf0goemygjcif;udk rsufESmomray;acs/ rEÅav;NrdKUü

yvdyfa&m*gNyD;oGm;í uREkfyfjyef&aomtcg rl;BuD;&GmESifh refusnf;wkH&GmtMum;ü a&uav;

wpyfpyf &Sdaeonfh oJacsmif;uav;taMumif;udk refusnf;wkH&Gmom; a&S;pmqdkawmf

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pmar;yGJus&IH;jcif;

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vrf;rsm;\/ (Mum&Snf vkyfcsifvdrfhrnfawmh rxifyg/) 9wef;pmar;yJGwGif uREkfyfonf

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bmom&yfuJUodkU ajcmufaoGUNiD;aiGUí pdwf0ifpm;rIenf;yg;aom bmom&yfonf r&Sdacs/

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tHUzG,fwck jzpfawmhonf/

r[mt&SufuJG&ykH

- 97 -

a&TOa'gif;

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&SdavNyD/ þwGifrS q&mBuD;u ]]wckawmh&Sdyg&JU? rif;u &mZ0ifawmh enfenf;awmfw,f?

- 98 -


yx0D0iftwGuf trSwfudk &mZ0ifeJU&atmif vkyf,layawmh? 'gyJ&SdwmyJ}} [k ajymav\/

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twdkif; &mZ0ifudkom zdíBudK;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh 9wef; atmifcJU&ygawmhonf/

ynmpkHoifjyaom udkaz

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pma&;q&mwa,muf\ b0udk tdyfrufrQyif rrufcJUay/ xdktcsdefwGif BuD;yGm;xGef;um;

- 99 -

a&TOa'gif;

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- 100 -


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þtwdkif;yif rSwfxifMuavoavm rajymwwfay/

_______

- 101 -

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[lícsnf;ac:Mu\/ rdbq&morm;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; ]armif} wyfíac:ol &Sm;yg;vS

onf/ 9wef;atmifí ausmif;rSxGufonfwGif rdbrsm;udk,fwdkifu ]armifazodef;} [k jyifqif

ac:iifjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrday&m xdktcsdefrSpí vlwdkif;uyif ]azodef;} rac:awmhyJ

armifazodef; jzpfvmavNyD/ xdkUaemuf touf 30 eD;vmí (ol&d,wdkufodkUa&mufí)

tcsif;csif;u ]udkazodef;} ac:Muonfh t&G,fokdU a&mufvm&jyefonf/ 50ausmft&G,frS pírl

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armifazodef; jzpfvmcJUygavNyD/

taMumif;BuD;av;&yf

]armifazodef;} jzpfvmaom þu@wGif uRekfyfonf vGefcJUNyD;aom azodef;b0ESifh

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tjcif;t&mrsm;rSm pmayusrf;*efrsm;rS awGU&Sdjcif;vnf;r[kwf? taemufwdkif;ynm&Sdrsm;xHrS

vufcH&&Sdjcif;vnf;r[kwf? uREkfyf\ tawGUtBuKHrsm;t& tajccHí jzpfay:vmonfh uREkfyf\

tawG;tac: oufoufrQom jzpfygaomaMumifh BudKufrSvnf; vufcHEdkifonf/ rBudKufvQif

y,fEdkifMuygonf/ uREkfyf\wifjycsufrSm vlowÅ0gonf av;ckaomtaMumif;wkdUaMumifh

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jzpfvmMuonf[k qdkvdkygonf/ xdkav;ckwdkUum; (1)rdcifxHrS&aom t&nftcsif;rsm;?

(2)zcifxHrSqufcH&&Sdonfh aumif;qdk;t&nftcsif;rsm;? (3)owÅ0gudk,fEIdufu b0tpOf

tquf vdkufygvmonfh 0goemaumif;qdk;rsm;? (4)ywf0ef;usif\ jyKjyifrIaMumifh jzpf&onfh

aumif;qdk; tcsuftvufrsm; [lí&dS&m tqdkygav;ck\ a&maESmaygif;pyfrIonf ]azodef;}

- 102 -


wnf;[laomt&G,f (ausmif;xGufcsdeftxd) vluav;wa,muf jzpfvm&onf[k qdkvdk\/

þtaMumif;w&m; av;ckwdkUonf ]azodef;} wnf;[laom t&G,ftwGif;ü uREkfyf\ a&G;cs,frI

ryg/ a&G;cs,fcGifh aumif;pGmr&&SdyJ twdwfuHu ypfcsvdkufonfhtwdkif; jzpfvm&awmhonf[k

qdkvdkygonf/ odkU&mwGif þtaMumif;udk a&SUtzdkUwGifrS qufvuf&Sif;jyrnfjzpfí þae&mü

þrQESifhom jzwfxm;&ygOD;rnf/

zcifxHrS&aomtarG

(1)zcifxHrS qufcH&&Sdonf[k uREkfyf,lqonfh aumif;qdk;tjcif;t&mrSm (u)aMumufwwf

jcif;? (c)ESajrmwwfjcif;? (*)&dk;jcif; (Simpleness) wdkUjzpf\/ (u)aMumufwwfjcif;rSm

zcifxHrS qufcH&&Sdonf qdkaomfvnf; uREkfyfonf rdrd\ aMumufwwfjcif;twGuf auseyfrI

r&Sd? zcifurl ]aMumufwwf0efuif;} qdkaom pum;twdkif; auseyfpGmvufcH\/ okdUjzpfí

uREkffyftzdkUrSm 0rf;xJü aMumufwwfaomfvnf; xdktjcif;t&mudk rBudKufaomaMumifh

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pGefUpm;NyD;oGm;\/ aoewfrudkifwwfyJ rkqdk;rsm;ESifh awmvdkufvnf\/ þonfwkdUrSm

pGefUpm;cef;0w¦Krsm; zwfjcif;? a&;jcif;wkdUaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhpdwf"mwf jzpfayonf/

(c)ESajrmwwfjcif;wckrSm Mumavqdk;avjzpfvmonfudk awGU&\/ bdk;BuD;tdkjzpfvmaom

þtcsdefwGif pD;yGm;pkzdkUr[kwfaomfvnf; tdkcgrS vufrUJjzpfNyD; qif;&Jrnfudk aMumufonfESifh

i,fpOfuxuf vufwGefUvsuf&Sd\/ (*)&dk;jcif;[lonfrSm ]&dk;om;jcif;} ESifh wjcm;pDjzpf\/

zciftzdkUrSm &dk;jcif;a&m &dk;om;jcif;yg &Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyfrlum; &dk;jcif;udkomqufcHí

&dk;om;jcif;rlum; tvkyform;rsm;ESifh zufvSJwuif;aecJU&jcif;aMumifh zcif\tqifhtwef;udk

rrSDawmhyg/ okdU&mwGif olvdkigvdk vlwa,mufavmufawmh &dk;om;ygao;onf/ þonfrSm

vnf; tvkyform;rsm;xHrS ul;pufvmjcif;rsm;udk 0w¦Kaumif;rsm;jzifh wkdufzsufEdkifaomaMumifh

jzpfygonf/ zcifuJUokdU ]&dk;jcif;} rSmvnf; uREkfyf\ tvkyfoabmjzifh wdkufzsufcJUygNyD/

pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&mwa,muftaejzifh ]vl&dk;} vkyfaeírjzpf? ]&dk;om;jcif;} um;

jzpfEdkifygonf/ em;vnfMuapvdkonfrSm ]&dk;om;jcif;} onf csD;rGrf;xdkufoavmuf ]&dk;jcif;}

onf EkH&m t&ma&mufawmhonf/

rdcifxHrS &aomtarG

- 103 -

a&TOa'gif;

(2) rdcifxHrS qufcH&&SdcJUonfh qdk;aumif;tarGrsm;rSmum; (u)pdwfqufí jzpfrdvQif

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jzpfavonf/ ]azodef;} t&G,fwGif 4if;tcsif;t&mrsm;onf uREkfyfü tjynfht0&Sdí BuD;jyif;

vmaomtcgürl? aemufxyfawGU&onfh tjzpftysufwdkUaMumifh twdk;tavsmh&Sdvmygonf/

(C)a'goESifhywfoufírl avQmhvQifaumif;onf[k em;vnfvmojzifh (wu,favQmhjcif;

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&Sdygonf/

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jyKjyifzdkU BudK;pm;aomfvnf; atmifjrifrIenf;vSonf/ (c)bmrqdkodcsifí pl;prf;csifwwfaom

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,kHMunfcsuftwdkif; usifhBuHwwfjcif;rSm tcsKdUu ]acgif;rmonf} [k qdkMurnfjzpfaomfvnf;

udk,fh[mudk,fawmh auseyfvsuf&Sdygonf/ udk,fh,kHMunfcsuftwdkif; usifhBuHrdjcif;aMumifh

'ku©awGU&onfjzpfap? vluJU&JUcH&onfjzpfap cH&eftoifh&Sdygonf/ ,aeUwdkifvnf; aemifw

r&yg/

- 104 -


ywf0ef;usif\jyKjyifrIESpfrsK d;

(4) ywf0ef;usif\ jyKjyifrIqdkonfudkrl ESpfydkif;cJGí azmfjyvdk\/ (u)rdrdu a&G;cs,fcGifhr&SdyJ

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uREkfyftm; ]pdwfcsOf} aygufap\/ tvkyform;rsm;\ npfcsif? ESyfcsif? avmif;upm;csifaom

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jrpfaMumif;wGif a&pD;tvdkufarsmyg&onfh azmifESifhwlygonf/

awmfvSefEd kifavmufonfh ywf0ef;usif

(c) ausmif;xGufí armifazodef;t&G,fodkU a&mufvmaomtcgrl jrpfaMumif;wGif a&pD;tvdkuf

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onf/ xdkt&G,fürl tvkyform;rsm;tv,fü ypfcscH&jcif;rsKd; r[kwfyJ taygif;toif;udk

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rdrdudk,fudk tjypfrqdkcsifaomfvnf; armifazodef;t&G,frSpí woufwmvkH;\ trSm;rsm;

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wa,muf jzpfvmawmhonf[k ajymqdkvdkonf rxifMuygavESifh/ BuD;us,faom trSm;BuD;

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vl\obm0udk uREkfyfem;vnfovdk &Sif;vif;atmif wifjyvdkaomaMumifhrQom jzpfyg\/

okdU&mwGif i,fpOfuaygufcJUonfh ql;rsm;twGufrlum; uREkfyfbmrQrwwfEkdif/ ]]rsufESmcsKd

uav;ESifh EIwfvQmcsKdí oabmaumif;vSygonf}} qkdaom vlwa,mufjzpfzdkUrlum; rnfonfh

enf;ESifhrQ uREkfyfrwwfEdkifawmhNyD/ (jzLaumifonf ,kefuav; jzpfrvmEkdifouJUodkUyif/)

- 105 -

a&TOa'gif;

odkU&mwGif pmtkyfaumif;rsm; zwf&jcif;aMumifh aemufydkif;ü topfxyfrH&&Sdonfh vlUobm0

oabmw&m;rsm;udkrl oufqdkif&mtydkif;wGifrS azmfjyygOD;rnf/

acwfynmwwf &Sm;aomacwf

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b*Fvm;pmar;yJGac: 9 wef;atmifol tvGef&Sm;ao;\/ tar&duefausmif;rS ESpfpOf 9 wef;

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a,muf atmifaomESpfjzpfí ausmif;tkyfBuD; vufyef;aygufcwfcsifrwwfjzpfonf[k

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jzpfEdkifMuay&m ta&;ydkif&kH;rsm;üyif 7wef;atmifaom pma&;BuD;rsm; rif;rlEdkifaom acwfjzpf

avonf/ a&S;OD;pGm aiGpm&if;rif;BuD;jzpfí xdkaemufü &efukef aumfydka&;&Sif;rif;BuD;

jzpfvmonfh OD;qufrSm yxrOD;pGm bDatatmifaom txufjrefrmjynfom;qdkí NAdwdoQ

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atmifoljzpfí 9 wef; atmifvufrSwfudk bk&ifcHudk,fwdkifu tcrf;tem;ESifh tyfESif;onf[k

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rnf xifonf/)

rD;yGif hatmif vnfjcif;

uRekfyf 9 wef; atmifaomtcsdefü rdbrsm;onf zdeyfaxmifq&mtvkyfudk pGefUvTwfí rEÅav;rS

0ufvufodkU ajymif;a&TUNyD;vQif ]csdwfukefwkdufukef} yGJpm;tvkyfudk vkkyfudkifvsuf&SdMuavNyD/

rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; &efukefaumvdyfausmif;okdU ydkU&ef pdwful;&Sdbl;aomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;

tajctae raumif;ojzifh rwwfEdkifyJ&SdcJU\/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfonf ausmif;xGufaom

tcsdefrSmyif tpDtpOfr&SdyJ 0ufvufodkUrvdkufrlí rEÅav;NrdKUwGif zcif\ nD0rf;uJG

wa,muf\tdrfü wnf;cdkum Ak'¨bmomausmif;wGif ausmif;q&muav; 0ifívkyf\/

- 106 -


vcokH;q,frQ&aomfvnf; tawmfuav; okH;avmufaomacwfjzpfí BudKufovdk vnfEdkif

ywfEdkif\/ rdbrsm;uvnf; pmar;yJGatmifaomaMumifh bdkifpu,ftopfwpD; 0,fay;cJU&m

uREkfyfrSm zcif\ usyfwnf;aomxdef;odrf;jcif;rS vGwfajrmufonfwaMumif;? waeUvQif

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bdkifpu,fpD;Edkifonfr[kwf? þacwf *spfum;pD;Edkifjcif;xuf rsufESm&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwdkU

t&yfxJwGif &kH;pma&; oli,fcsif;wa,mufrSwyg; uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;om bkdifpu,f

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&Sdvdrfhrnfrxifay/

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uav;rsm;? ydkufqH&Sdaom rdbrsm;\ om;awavuav;rsm; ponfwkdUESifh tuRrf;w0if

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oifbl;Muol enf;yg;vSaomaMumifh xdkolwkdUonf uREkfyftm; ]vlawmf} uav;wa,muf

taeESifh vufcHMuí 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om rdwfzGJUMu\/ ]jrm} jyóemrsKd;rSwyg; t&yf&yf

A[kokwESifh qdkif&mwGif uREkfyf\pum;udk em,lMu\/ MunfhvdkufMuonfh ZmwfyJG? &kyfao;yJG?

tNidrfh? &kHyJG qdkonfrsm;rSmvnf; wnrQrvkyfoavmuf jzpf\/ woufvkH; pdwfcsvufcs

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py,fouf? udkpdefcdk? udkzl;ndK? udkzkef;rdk; wnf;[laom &kyfao;rsm;? pdefokH;BuD;? 'kwd,pdefokH?

bdvyfjyefpdefwif? tvkHpdefwif? pdefqif? tkef;pdef? jruav;? jraoG;? a&ausmfpdefyk? qDaMumf

{pdef wnf;[laom tNidrfhrsm;? cspfzG,f? cspfp&m?a&T'*Fg;? wufwdk; paom tNidrfhvlysufrsm;udk

- 107 -

a&TOa'gif;

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eef;wGif;t&IyfawmfykHBuD; (Mysteries of the Court of London) 0w¦KBuD;udk vnf;aumif;

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vnf;aumif;? uREkfyfüvnf;aumif; cspfBudKufol&SdESifhNyD; jzpfíom awmfawmhonf/ odkUr[kwf

ygvQif pdwfazmufjyefaumif; azmufjyefMuvdrfhrnf xif\/ tjcm; vlysKduav;rsm;um;

rajymwwf? uREkfyftzdkUrSmrl xdktcsdefü tvGefopöm&Sdí ]zGJESifhqefuJG} [laom pum;ykHtwdkif;

oabmxm;rdygawmhonf/ wcgw&H yJGr&Sdaomnrsm;wGif uREkfyfESifh umvom;wpkwdkUonf

vomomü ckwifBuD;ay:wGif yufvufvSefvsuf uREkfyfu txufyg t&IyfawmfykH0w¦KBuD;rsm;

udk ajymjyavh&Sd&m? twJGaygif; wq,fausmfpD&Sdaom 0w¦Krsm;jzpfygvsuf tptqkH; jyef

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rsufESmyGifhvef;aponfjzpfí uREkfyfuvnf; armyef;onf[k ratmufarhcJUacs/

ydk;yef;olrsm;vSaom rdef;uav;

- 108 -


yJGvrf;obifrsm;odkU uREkfyfESifh oGm;twlvmtwljzpfí uREkfyfajymonfh 0w¦Krsm;udk em;axmif

&ojzifh uREkfyftm; cifrifav;pm;Muonfh umvom;oli,fcsif; &Spfa,mufcefU &Sdonfh

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&Sdyg\/ uREkfyf\aetdrfrSm xdkrdef;uav;\tdrfESifh teD;uyfqkH; (okH;tdrfavmufom jcm;

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í rnfolrQ ae&mrusao;jcif;udk od&ojzifh auseyfvsuf&Sdygonf/

olwyg;xufyif xl;avoavm

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aMumifh (EIdif;,SOfjcif;tm;jzifh) ajcmufuyfuyf&Sdonf[k qdk&rnfjzpf&m txufygyJGrlum;

tvGefpdkajyvSí &ifwzdkzdkjzpfcJU&ygawmhonf/ &ifzdk&jcif;rSmum; þyJGwGif tenf;qkH;

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r[kwf wu,fyifjzpfygonf/ þonfaMumifhvnf; ig\arwÅmonf tvGefeufeJBuD;us,fí

- 109 -

a&TOa'gif;

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tawmf qef;Mu,fayonfwum;/

yxrtBudrf rl;,pfjcif;

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udk,füuvnf; tvGeftljrL;vsuf&Sdí bmrqdkvkyfrnfqdkaom pdwfrsKd;jzpfaeonf waMumif;

aMumifh avSay:wGif wBudrfjyif ESpfBudrfrwdkufwGef;&yJ 0DpuDESifh qdk'gwcGufudk olwkdUESifhtwl

aomufvkduf\/ 0DpuD? b&ef'D paom EdkifiHjcm;t&ufrsm;rSm xdkacwfü rnfrQavmuf

aps;csKdygoenf;[lrl vlwa,muf aiGwq,fqDpkí oGm;Muonfh uREkfyfwkdUtzGJUonf vSnf;c?

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od&av\/ uREkfyfonf tdyf&mrSxí ol\vkHcsnfudk jzefUMunfh&m ygwdwfvkHcsnf tEGrf;

uav;jzpfí uREkfyf\vkHcsnfrSmum; a,mvkHcsnfyGifhxdk; jzpfavonf/ uREkfyf jyefípOf;pm;

aomtcg uREkfyftm; wGJíydkUaom ausmif;aebufoli,fcsif;\ rsufESm ay:vmí jyefvm

vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhonfESifh cyfat;at;yif aevdkuf\/ okdU&mwGif xdkaeUuvnf; ay:rvm?

aemufwGifvnf; woufvkH; rawGU&awmhacs/ þwGif uREkfyfrSm csnfvkHcsnfrSwyg; tjcm;

vkHcsnfaumif;vnf;ryg/ cg;ü 0wfvsuf&Sdaom ygwdwfvkHcsnftEGrf;uav;ESifhvnf; yGJwkd;&ef

rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh wnf;tdrfüom ukyfíae&awmhonfjzpf&um; rdef;uav;ESifh rsufESmcsif;

qdkif&zdkUtwGuf arQmfvifhcsufBuD;pGmESifh vmcJU&jcif;rSm ]cJavorQ oJa&us} jzpfcJU&

- 110 -


ygawmhonf/ odkU&mwGif oifcef;pmwckawmh &cJUyg\/ yxrtBudrfaomufjcif;ü csufcsif;

vufiif; cHvkduf&jcif;twGufaMumifh ]t&ufaomufcJUvQif rvGefapESifh} [lonfh a,mvkHcsnf

wxnfESifh vJ,lvkduf&aom Mo0g'onf woufvkH; pJGrSwfavmufonfjzpfí uREkfyftzdkU&mü

aemufaemifwGif þtrSm;rsKd; rSm;cJvSygonf/ (udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh ywfoufonfh Mo0g'

rsKd;wdkUrSm pmavmufESifhrNyD;? olwyg;a[majymívnf; rvkHavmuf/ vufawGUBuKHrS

oabmaygufwwfonfjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfonf a,mvkHcsnfqkH;&jcif;twGuf rESajrm

vSay/)

tvpfray;aom rdcif

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avmufatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufxm;jcif;yif jzpfavonf/

auseyfpGmESif h tHUMojcif;

- 111 -

a&TOa'gif;

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vSNyD[k rarQmfvifhMuygESifhOD;/ uREkfyf\ yxrtBudrf nHUzsif;rIudkom awGU&rnfjzpfygonf/

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aomaMumifh jzpf\/ uREkfyfonf ywÅjrm;apwDyJGawmfodkU 4if;wdkUoGm;vdrfhrnf[k rod&aom

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ac:iifrIaMumifh tm;emyg;emESifh vkdufygvmcJU&onfwGif rdef;uav;tm; rarQmfvifhyJ

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onf awmfawmf&Sm;vdrfhrnf xifygonf/

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qufjcif;rS&SdMuyJ udk,fh*kPfESifhudk,f cyfwnfwnf aecJUMuavonf/ xdkaeUü uREkfyfonf

- 112 -


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- 116 -


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- 122 -


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- 123 -

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tdrfaxmifusí 1912 ckESpfwGif iSufzsm; tBuD;tus,f zsm;av&m iSufzsm;aysmufaomtcgwGif

uREkfyf\pdwfonf aemufawmufawmufjzpfcJU\/ (tBuD;tus,f zsm;emolwkdUonf a&m*g

aysmufaomtcgwGif xdkuJUodkUjzpfolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf[k uREkfyfMum;bl;\/) uREkfyf pdwfaemuf

ykHum; qkd;qkd;&Gm;&Gm;r[kwf? 0wfopfpm;opfrsm;0wfí vrf;avQmufjcif;? avyef;jcif;?

igvkyfvQif bmrqdkjzpfEdkifonf[k txifBuD;rdjcif;wkdU jzpfavonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfonf

tzsm;aysmufí aq;&kHrS qif;vmaomtcgwGif t0wftpm;trsKd;rsKd; vJvS,fí a&TrsufrSef

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wGifwGifBuD; vrf;avQmufí pHa'0DESifh wcgw&H rsufESmcsif;qdkif awGU&aomtcgwGif NyHK;í

jycJUao;\/ þtjyKtrlrsm;udk jrif&aom pHa'0Donf uREkfyf\ pdwfazmufjyefjcif;udk r&dyfrd

onfESifh wzefvmí ydk;jyefonfxifaomaMumifh ikyfaeaom Muifempdwf jyefay:um rdcifxHodkU

vmjcif; jzpfwef&macsonf/

wa&;a&;ay:vmjcif;

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awmhonf/ ywÅjrm;apwDbk&m;yJGwGif pHa'0DwdkUtkyfpku Z&yfokdU tvsifa&mufESifhí xrif;pm;

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- 135 -

a&TOa'gif;

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uREkfyfESifh rsufvkH;csif;wdkufqdkifrdjcif;? yqpf0dkif;ü pHa'0Du a<uypfí ]tpdwf} usjcif;udk

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vrf;jzpfí pHa'0D cvkwfwdkufrdjcif;? pHa'0DwdkU\ tdrfa&SUodkU uREkfyf vrf;avQmufoGm;pOf

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uREkfyftm; cspfBudKufonf[k xifcJUjcif;onf txifBuD;jcif;r[kwf[k ,lqEdkifMuayvdrfhrnf

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tBuD;qkH;aom ]ql;} BuD; aygufjcif;

pHa'0DtaMumif;udk þae&mwGif Zmwfodrf;NyD;aemuf 1909 ckESpfwGif pHa'0Dudk vufavQmhvdkuf

onfh tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;odkU jyefí aumuf&ayOD;rnf/ pHa'0Dtjzpftysufonf uREkfyff\

obm0wGif tBuD;qkH;aom ]ql;} BuD;wacsmif; ay:aygufaponfjzpfí vlom;udk cspfcif

Muifemwwfonfh pdwfxm;rsKd; tawmfBuD; avsmhenf;qkwf,kwfoGm;cJUygavNyD/ cspfcifaom

rdwfaqGwa,mufwavrQ þXme xdkXme ponfrsm;wGif BuKHawGU&í tjyeftvSef Muifemjcif;

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wa,mufwnf;aejcif;u aumif;ygao;onf} [laom t,ltqonf wkd;íwkd;í jzpfay:

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- 136 -


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aetdrfokdUyif wacgufwavrQavmufom a&mufygawmhonf/

BuD;yGm;csifpdwf ukefcrf;yk H

tu,fí pHa'0Donf &mxl;&Sdaomvlwa,muf? okdUr[kwf ydkufqH&Sdaom a,musfm;

wa,mufESifh vufxyfonfqdkygu uREkfyfonf baxG;ESpfa,mufxHokdU csOf;uyfí

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rSmvnf; tdrfaxmifjyKonf[k rMum;&aomaMumifh xdkuJUodkU BudK;pm;zdkUrvdkyJ jzpfae\/

okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\ pdwfxm;ESifhywfoufí BuD;pGmaom ajymif;vJcsufwck jzpfay:vmcJUykHrSm

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ycsif 0wfcsif pm;csif pdwfrsKd;vnf; uG,faysmufoavmuf jzpfae\/ xkdpOfu a&TbdkNrdKUxJwGif

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avmufwefí aiGwefzkd;&Sdaomacwf jzpfaomaMumifh awmfawmf 0,favmuf csrf;avmufonf/)

4if;"mwfpufudk a&mif;NyD; t0wftpm;ESifh tokH;taqmifrsm; 0,frnf[k pdwful;NyD;rS pD;yGm;

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þonfrSm aiGa&;ESifhywfoufí rdbrsm;twGuf uREkfyftrsm;qkH; pGefUpm;axmufyHUvdkuf

&bl;jcif;yif jzpfyg\/ (rdbrsm; ajymif;a&TUaexdkifMuaom &yfuGufrSm pHa'0DwdkUESifh

twlaeaom ,cif&yfuGufr[kwf? rdcif\ tpfr0rf;uJGwa,mufaeonfh "m;wef;&yfuGuf

jzpf\/) uREkfyfonf rdbrsm;ESifh ESruav; nDuav;rsm; tay:wGif Muifempdwf uif;rJUol

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rdbrsm;\ tBuHtpnf

- 137 -

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EIwfxGufcJU&ef rSmxm;ojzifh rEÅav;okdU a&mufvmcJU\/ rdcifwkdUum; "m;wef;&yfwGif

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uREkfyf\ 0goemwck

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ajymif;vJjcif; &Sdaumif;&Sdayrnf/ pHa'0Dudk uREkfyfpJGcJUjcif;rSm tjcm;aomtaMumif;rsm;xuf

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- 138 -


yifudk,fobm0 (Spontaneous Reaction) jzpfygonf/ uREkfyftay:ü pdwf0ifpm;ykHr&aom

rdef;uav;wa,muftm; cspfBudKufvmatmif vlysKdvSnfhzdkUaomfvnf;aumif;? pdwfr0ifpm;aom

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pma&;BuD;rsm;yif &Sdavonf/ þ&kH;BuD;rSm a&Tbdk&kH;rsm;uJUokdU t*Fvdyfpm rawmufwacguf

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0goemygaom uREkfyftzdkU pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdvSonf/ uREkfyfrSm vufESdyfpufpma&;uav;

wa,mufrQom jzpfaomfvnf; tvGefzwf&cufaom tdkifpDtufpft&m&SdBuD;rsm;\ ]aomh}

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rjyKyJ aeEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xifrdygonf/ þrQavmufpJGrufvQif tb,faMumifh pHa'0D tdrfaxmif

rjyKrD rdrdu r,m;,l&ygoenf;[k ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/ pHa'0DrSm olUacwfwGif pyfol[yfol

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jzpfay:vm\/ tu,fí olvif,lNyD; igr,m;r,lao;vQif ]zdk;usef&pf} [k ac:Muvdrfhrnf

- 140 -


qdkum tdrfaxmifzuf&SmzdkU tavmokH;q,f tBuHjzpfvmygawmhonf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;um; udpö

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yxr tdrfaxmif

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- 141 -

a&TOa'gif;

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ygawmhonf/

wu,fawmfaom vlwa,muf

- 142 -


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- 143 -

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- 144 -


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wem&DcefUESifh jyefoGm;avh&Sd\/ uREkfyfvnf; pHa'0DESifhqdkvQif olUtwdkif; jyKvdrfhrnfxif\/

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aomaMumifh aiG&TifonfqdkvQifyif bdvd,ufckHrsm;ü tvGeftrif; tcsdefjzKef;rdygawmhonf/

ZeD;rSmvnf; uREkfyfxufi,fvSí (vufxyfpOfu 16ESpfrQom&Sdao;onf/) acsmifacsmif

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ausauseyfeyfyif waeUwjcm; aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aevsuf&Sdygawmhonf/

wckNyD;wck wwfvmykH

waeUoü &rnf;oif;NrdKUAdkvfwJwGif rif;BuD;ESifhuREkfyf pwnf;csvsuf&SdMupOf rif;BuD;onf

&rnf;oif; &mZ0wf0efBuD;tm; AdkvfwJodkUzdwfí npmauR;\/ (4if;wkdUESpfa,mufrSm t*Fvef

jynfü wNrdKUwnf;ae ausmif;aebufoli,fcsif;rsm; jzpfMuonfqdk\/) olwkdUESpfa,mufonf

vomomwGif AdkvfwJ0&HwmodkUxGufí a&cJpdrfbD,maomuf,if; wnvkH; pum;ajymMujcif;

udk uREkfyfjrif&í tvGefoGm;&nfusrd\/ ]w,fNyD; Zdrf&SdwJU tvkyfygwum;} [k atmufarhrd\/

xkdnOfhrSmvnf; txl;yltdkufvSí (arv&moDjzpfonf/) tvGefylaoma'ojzpfonfh &rnf;oif;

NrdKUü a&cJpdrfbD,m aomufMu&jcif;rSm (tjrnf;trsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; bGdKifukvm;u jyifay;onf/)

- 146 -


vlUavmuwGif tBuD;qkH;aom ZdrfwrsKd;aywnf;[k uREkfyf csD;usL;rd\/ tm;usrd\/ þwGif

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aumif;í? okdUr[kwf aysmfcsifí? okdUr[kwf aysmfonfqdkí aomufcJUbl;&m xdknOfhürlum;

Zdrf&Sdonf[lyif rSwfxifwwfavNyD/ bD,mESifh bdvd,ufonf tvGefzufrdaom twGJjzpfonf

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*sydk;vlrdkufwa,muf jzpfonfxifaomaMumifh wpkHwckjzpfcJUvQif uREkfyfyif t&Suf&rnf[k

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pí uREkfyfonf 4if;bdvd,ufckHodkU roGm;awmhyJ tjcm;ckHrsm;okdUom oGm;\/ waeUoü

udkjrpfu ]]cifAsmhaumifawmh ajymif;oGm;NyDAsKdU}} [k ajymojzifh ]]b,faumifvJ}} [k ar;&m

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bmaumifvJAs}} [k uREkfyfuar;&m ,pfrsKd;buf qdkifxdkift&m&Sd (R.E.O) jzpfaMumif; ajym\/

- 147 -

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]uGwfpfarwD;} ac: tdk;wdkufukvm;uav;wa,muf yg&Sd\/ wcgw&HwGif NrdKUBuD;rsm;ü

- 148 -


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- 149 -

a&TOa'gif;

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- 150 -


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- 152 -


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- 153 -

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- 154 -


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- 158 -


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- 159 -

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- 160 -


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- 161 -

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- 162 -


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- 163 -

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pm;NyD;onfhaemuf qefUiifqefUiifESifh aooGm;vQifvnf; uREkfyf aemifw&vdrfhrnfr[kwf?

taocHzdkU toifhjyifNyD;jzpf\/ þtjyKtrlrsKd; okH;Budrfxufrenf; uRekfyf\woufwmü

vkyfcJUbl;onf/

'l;axmufawmif;yef&jcif;

tHHUMovsuf&Sdaom rdbrsm;udk ESpfodrfhap&ef oifhawmfatmifajymí vufzuf&nfMurf; wc&m;

00BuD;aomufNyD;aemuf uREkfyfonf "mwf&xm;ESifhyif aq;&kHBuD;okdU jyefoGm;í acsmarmpGm

a&mufyg\/ vrf;c&D;üom acsmarmygonf/ arx&Gef AdkvfrBuD;ESifhrlum; tBuD;tus,fyif

racsmarmyg/ uRekffyfxGufoGm;onfrSm pkpkaygif; wem&DcJGcefU Mumvdrfhrnfjzpf&m xdktawm

twGif;ü q&mrBuD;onf cPcP vmíar;onf[k ujym;uav;rsm;u ajymMu\/ uREkfyf

rlum; tqlcHzdkU jyifNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh tvGeftrif; rwkefvIyfvSacs/ odkUaomf uREkfyfonf

þq&mrBuD;taMumif;udk rqGu odcJUygrlum; xGufaumif;rS xGuf0HUrnf xifonf/

qlvdkufykHum; yGufyGuf&dkufoGm;awmh\/ t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;&dk;&dk; tac:&SdorQ qdk;rdkufnHUzsif;

aom tjyKtrlESifh ywfouforQ ukefcJUygavNyD/ yxrü uREkfyfonf ]em;jyif tdwfr&Sdbl;} [k

oabmxm;um qlcsifwkdif;qlonfrsm;udk rxDw&Dvkyfae\/ AdkvfrBuD;onf uREkfyf\

cyfat;at;vkyfaeaom trlt&mudk jrifonfwGif omíqlvmNyD;vQif emrnf&dkif;rsm; ac:&kHESifh

rNyD;awmhyJ q&m0efBuD;udk wdkif&rnf? xdkrSwqifh uREkfyf\tvkyfXme rif;BuD;okdUvnf;aumif;?

0efBuD;okdUvnf;aumif; wkdif&rnf ponfrsm;jzifh qufvufqlyljcif;udk em;NiD;vmNyDjzpfí

rnfuJUokdU jyK&ygrnfudk pOf;pm;\/ uREkfyfonf tBuHwck&onfESifh q&mrBuD;tm;

vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m tenf;qkH; rdcift&G,f&Sdaom rdef;rBuD;wa,muf jzpfaejcif;udk awGU&í

tdyf&may:wGif rxDw&Dxdkifae&mrS xNyD;vQif olUa&SUwGif 'l;axmufvsuf ]]uRefawmfrSm;ygw,f

tar? 'DtwGuf uRefawmf 0rf;enf;ygw,f? 'ghaMumifh uRefawmfwdkU Ak'¨bmomt& tESdrfhcsqkH;

jzpfwJUenf;eJU uRefawmf 0efcsawmif;yefygw,f tar}} [k qdkum vuftkyfcsDvsuf wu,fh

apwemESifh 0wfcsvdkufav\/ rdef;rBuD;onf uREkfyf\ &dk;om;ykH&aom tjyKtrludk jrifvdkuf&

onfESifhwNydKifeuf ol\yg;pyfrS a&&Gwfqlyljcif;rsm;rSm rD;udka&jzifh Nidrf;owfvdkufonfhES,f

csufcsif;&yfoGm;í uREkfyfrsufESmudk aphaphMunfh,if; trsufa'go ajyaysmufonfh vu©PmESifh

rqdkpavmufuav; NyKH;vmvsuf (That will do) ]]awmfavmufygNyD}} qdkum xGufoGm;

av\/ ujym;uav;rsm;vnf; tHUMoaomtrlt&mESifh uREkfyftm; Munhfvsuf&Sd&mrS

wa,mufu (That fellow is wise) ]]'Daumif awmfawmfynm&Sdw,f}} [k olwdkUtcsif;csif;

ajymavonf/ (olwdkU\pdwfxm;udk uREkfyfqifjcifvdkufonfhtcgwGif ]]yJGaumif;wck vufvGwf

oGm;onf}} [k atmufarhMuykH&onf/)

- 164 -


acwÅ pdwfazmufjyefjcif;

wveD;yg; aq;&kHwufí usef;rmojzifh qif;vmaomtcg uREkfyfrSm (txufydkif;wGif tenf;

i,f a&;om;azmfjycJUonfhtwkdif;) ]b0ifjrifh} onfh cRwf,Gif;csufwck usef&pfcJUygonf/

okdU&mwGif þtaMumif;udk (b0ifjrifholwdkU\ xkH;pHtwdkif;) udk,fh[mudk,f odonfr[kwf?

aysmufoGm;aomtcgrS qifjcifjcif;tm;jzifh od&jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkpOftcgESifh ywfoufí

&,fp&muav;rsm; jzpf&ykHudk azmfjyvdkygao;onf/ iSufzsm;aysmufí aq;&kHrSqif;vmNyD;

cGifhwv,lxm;onfh tcdkufwGif uRekfyfonf a&TrsufrSefwvuf (xdkacwfrSm a&TrsufrSefwyfvQif

*kPf&SdonfxifMuí bDatwdkif;vdkyif wyfMuNyD; &[ef;i,fuav;rsm;vnf; wyfcsifMuonf/)

cs,f&Dwkwfaumufwacsmif;? qdwfom;a&vuftdwfjzLwpkH (xdkacwfu Adkvfrrsm; pGyfMuonf/)

acgif;aygif;tvJvJ? (bDataygif;awmh rwwfao;? &efukefa&mufrS wwfygonf/) tqif

aMumifaom ydk;vkH;csnf? zJvkHcsnf tvJvJ (zJvkHcsnfrSm tvGefawmufajymifí þacwfwGif

a,musfm;rsm; r0wfMuawmhay/) aumif;ayhqdkonfh quúZkH; (Sexone) bGwfzdeyf (xdkacwfü

vlwa,mufESifhwa,mufonf tjcm;t&mudk rMunfh? zdeyfudk a&S;OD;pGm vSrf;Munfhonfh

wdkifatmif zdeyfaumif;NydKifMuaom acwfjzpfonf/ wenf;qdkaomf zdeyfaumif; pD;EdkifrS

acwfrDonf[k ,lqMuonf/) &SyftuFsD vufrma<uwdkuf? pdwfwkvkyfxm;onfh zvf

&SyfMu,foD;? acgif;aygif;p &Snf&Snf? ydk;tppf ajctdwf? qwfcsouúvyf eufjyma&mif

aumif;aumif; ponfwdkUudk tvJvJ 0wfqifí vrf;avQmufavonf/ qdwfom;a& vuftdwf

jzLrSwyg; tjcm;aom t0wftpm; tjyiftqifrSm ravsmfonfr[kwf? olUacwfwGif a&SUqkH;rS

ajy;jcif;rQom jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyftaMumif;udk wavQmufvkH; odolrsm;u NyKH;Muaomfvnf;

w&HpH vlrsm;url armfhíMunfhMu&onf/ t0wftpm;wGifomru pdwfxJuvnf; igvkyfvQif

bmrqdkatmifjrif&rnf[k xifjrifvsuf&Sd&m pHa'0Dudk &J&JMunfhí NyKH;jcif;twGufaMumifh rdcif

xHodkU vmNyD; idk&SmykHudkvnf; txufwGif azmfjycJUygNyD/ xdkpOftcgu pHa'0DESifh ESruav;wdkU

,OfxdkifaeMuonfh tcGifhta&;rsKd; BuKH&vQif 0ifíar;&kHomru vufudkyif qJG0HUvdrfhrnf

xifonf/ odkUqdkvQifvnf; atmifjrifrnfjzpfaMumif;udk aemuftaMumif;t&mrsm;u oufao

cHvsuf&Sdonf/

rdwfaqGopfrsm;

- 165 -

a&TOa'gif;

&,fp&mwck jzpf&ykHudk azmfjyvdkao;onfrSm uREkfyfonf &efukefokdU rif;BuD;ESifh a&mufcJUpOfu

ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfonfh armif&D (puf&Sifw&m;olBuD; jzpfvmonf/) udk0ifharmf

(opfawm0efaxmuf jzpfvmonf/) udkzl;ndK (aiGwdkuf0efaxmuf jzpfvmonf/) wkdUtm;

4if;wkdU\ ausmif;odkUoGm;í awGUbl;\/ udk0ifharmfrSm r*dkvrf; wdkufcef;wckwGif udkxGef;&Sdef?

udkuGef; wnf;[laom (bDattwef;wGif oifvsuf&Sdonfh) ausmif;om;ESpfa,mufESifhtwl

tcef;iSm;í aexdkifvsuf&Sd&m udk0ifharmfu rdwfqufay;jcif;aMumifh xdkvlESpfa,mufESifh uRekfyf

oduRrf;&kHru uREkfyf &efukef&SdcdkufwGif cPcPawGUí twlvnfywfMubl;onf/ xdkvl

okH;a,mufvkH;rSm uREkfyfESifhtwl 9wef; wESpfwnf; atmifcJUolrsm; jzpfonfhtavsmuf

udk0ifharmfu uREkfyftm; xdkvlESpfa,mufESifh rdwfqufay;&mwGif uREkfyfrSm olwkdUuJUokdU

aumvdyfausmif; ra&mufaomfvnf; tvGefpmzwfolwa,muf[lí ajymMu\/ þwGif

udkxGef;&SdefESifh udkuGef;wkdUonf rEÅav;om;wa,mufudk ]qwf} Munhfvdkuf&OD;rnf [laom

&nf&G,fcsufjzifh t*Fvdyf0w¦KBuD;rsm;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyf\ t,ltqrsm;udk wD;acguf

pkHprf;Mu\/ uREkfyfuvnf; olwdkU\ bDattwef;pmrsm;udk roif&bl;ojzifh ruRrf;usif

aomfvnf; t*Fvdyf0w¦Krsm;ESifh ywfoufírl &G,fwlvQifraMumuf[k udk,fh[mudk,f ,kHMunf

pdwfcsxm;onfhtavsmuf (bDat ausmif;om;awGqkd&kHESifh) &GHUaMumufjcif;r&SdyJ &J&Jwif;wif;

xifjrifcsifay;awmhonf/ olwkdUzwfbl;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udk uREkfyf tm;vkH;vdkvdkyif zwfbl;í

uREkfyfzwfbl;aom pmtkyfrsm;taMumif;udk wD;acgufMunfhaomtcgürl olwdkUu ]]uRefawmf

wdkUu ausmif;om;awG &Sdygao;w,fAsm? cifAsm;vdk pmpkHatmif rzwf&ao;ygbl;? ausmif;pm

uvJ wzufudk;As}} [k ajymMuavonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap udk0ifharmfu ]]usKyfwdkU rEÅav;om;

u racbl;As}} [k ajymvdkuf&mwGif xdkvlESpfa,mufu vIdufvSJpGm 0efcHMuygawmhonf/

(xdkacwfurl pmorm;csif; qkHrdMuí ESD;aESmwdkufqdkifMunfh&mwGif t*Fvdyf0w¦KBuD;rsm;

(Classics) pkHpkHvifvif zwfbl;olrSm *kPfBuD;wckjzpfavonf/ xdkrQru 4if;pmtkyfrsm;ESifh

ywfoufí awmfawmf ajcajcjrpfjrpf&Sdatmif xifjrifcsuf ay;wwfjcif;rlum; {&mr*kPfBuD;wck

jzpfygawmhonf/ xdkvlESpfa,mufteuf udkuGef;rSm aemifwGif bdvyfrS 0wfvkHjzpfvmí

udkxGef;&SdefrSm rEÅav;NrdKU Ak'¨bmomausmif;tkyfBuD; jzpfvmygonf/)

b0ifjrifhaomfvnf; rqdk;vS

]b0ifjrifh} vsuf&Sdaomtcsdefu uREkfyfonf pHa'0DwdkUt&yfrS vrf;avQmufjyefvmí Ak'¨bmom

ausmif;teD;okdU a&muf&mwGif ausmif;tkyfjzpfaeaom udkxGef;&Sdefudk owd&onfESifh EIwfquf

OD;rnf[k csKd;0ifcJU\/ tcsdefrSm ausmif;tm;csdefjzpfonfESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh tjcm;q&mrsm;

onf tcef;wcef;wGif twlwuG xdkifvsuf&SdMuí udkxGef;&Sdefu q&mrsm;tm; vufcsmay;

- 166 -


aeonfhvu©Pm &Sd\/ uREkfyfonf a&TrsufrSef? wkwfaumuf? vuftdwfjzL wdkUESifhwuG

0wfaumif;pm;vS0wfvsuf ]quúZkH;} zdeyfudk &J&Jeif;um 0ifoGm;&mwGif udkxGef;&Sdefonf

&efukefü awGUcJUpOfu ]udkazodef;} ESifh rwlaomaMumifh ,D;wD;,m;wm;jzpfí ai;Munfh

aeao;\/ þwGif uREkfyfu vuftdwfwbufudkcRwfum ]]udk,fhvl usKyfudkrrSwfrdbl;vm;?

azodef;avAsm}} [k t*Fvdyfvdkajymvsuf vufudkqefUwef;ay;vdkuf&m udkxGef;&Sdefonf uysm

u,m xvmí uREkfyf\vufudk 0rf;omtm;& qGJvIyfav\/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyftm; ae&m

xdkifcif;ay;í udk0ifharmftaMumif;? udkuGef;taMumif; ponfrsm;udk t*Fvdyfvdk ajymMuav&m

udkxGef;&Sdefu wcsufwcsufwGif jrefrmvdk nSyfaomfvnf; uREkfyfu jrefrmpum; vkH;0

rokH;aomaMumifh olvnf; t*Fvdyfvdkcsnf; ajym&awmhonf/ ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm uREkfyfESifh

tm;vkH; odMuolrsm;jzpfí uREkfyfvkyfykHawGudk yg;pyfa[mif;avmif;ESifh ai;Munhfvsuf&SdMu&m

uRekfyfu wa,mufwavtm; OD;acgif;qwfvsuf EIwfqufonfwGif udkxGef;&Sdefu 4if;wkdU

bufodkUvSnfhNyD; ]]aemufrS qufajymMuao;wmaygh q&mwdkU}} [k qdkum oGm;cGifhjyKvdkuf

av\/ uREkfyfESifh udkxGef;&SdefwkdUvnf; ausmif;wufcsdefwdkifatmif qufvufí t*Fvdyfvdk

ajymvsuf&SdMu&m ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm pyg;BuD;a>rnIdUaom ,kefrsm;uJUokdU tcef;jyifbufrS

w&pfoDoDvkyfum uReftm; MunhfvdkufMu? olwkdUtcsif;csif; MunhfvdkufMu? wD;wdk;pum;

ajymvdkufMu vkyfaeMuavawmhonf/ ausmif;wufcsdefwdkifcgrS uRekfyfu udkxGef;&Sdeftm;

pwdkifusus vufqGJEIwfqufí xGufvmcJUav&m ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm rsufvkH;rsm; jyL;Mu&

onfESifhyif rsufpdemMurnfudk pkd;&drf&ygao;onf/ olwkdUonf ausmif;0if;xJrS xGufvmaom

uREkfyftm; rsufpdwqkH; &yfMunfhaeMujcif;udk uREkfyfu vSnfhMunfhojzifh jrifcJU&ygao;onf/

ukdxGef;&Sdefu tuJcwfykH

txufyg tjzpftysufwGif ausmif;q&mrsm; (ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;rsm;vnf; yg0if

onf/) ESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD; OD;xGef;&SdefwdkU\ trlt&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyftzdkU

pOf;pm;p&m oifcef;pm,lp&mrsm; yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;udk 7 ESpfcefUrQ

acwfausmfvTm;í 4if;wdkUtaMumif;udk qufvufazmfjyvdkayao;onf/ OD;xGef;&SdefESifh cGJcGmí

xGufvmaomtcsdefürl uRekfyfrSm ]b0ifjrifh} a&m*gt&Sdef &Sdaeao;onfjzpfaomaMumifh

OD;xGef;&Sdef\ rsufESmxm;udk vnf;aumif;? ausmif;q&mrsm;\ rsufESmxm;udkvnf;aumif;

uREkfyf owdjyKrdaomfvnf; ]'DvlawG ighudk awmfawmfvefUoGm;Muonf? tHUMooGm;Muonf?

rSwfava&mh[? ightaMumif; odMuava&mh[} ponfrsm;jzifh udk,fh[mudk,f tvGef auseyf

vmcJUygonf/

- 167 -

a&TOa'gif;

OD;xGef;&Sdef\ rsufESmxm;ü uRekfyfudk aumif;pGm em;rvnfonfh vu©PmrsKd; wcsufwcsuf

awGU&aomfvnf; uREkfyf\pdwfxJu ]]em;rvnfr&SdygeJUq&m? 'Dazodef;rS azodef;tppfyg}} [lí

tajzay;vsuf&Sd\/ &J&Jwif;wif; oGufoGufvufvuf ajymjcif;rSwyg; uREkfyf\pum;rsm;rSm

trSm;ygonf rqdkEdkifaomaMumifh OD;xGef;&Sdefonf uRekfyf\ rsufESmxm;t"dyÜm,fudk vufcHí

þESpfESpfcefUtwGif; onfvlwa,muf onfavmuf wkd;wufvm&acsoavm[k pOf;pm;jcif;

udkyif uREkfyfjrifEdkifonf/ yxrwGif olUtzdkU jyóemjzpfí aemufqkH;wGif uREkfyftm; txuf

ygtwdkif; vufcHjcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&onf/ Oyrm xdkpOfu bm;rm;u&pfwpf (Burma Critic) owif;pmt,f'DwmtrI jzpfvsuf&Sd&m 4if;trItaMumif;udk ola&muREkfyfyg owif;pmwGif

vkdufí zwfxm;ojzifh aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif uREkfyfu uREkfyf\xifjrifcsufudk &J&JBuD; ajymcs

vdkufojzifh oltHUtm;oifhoGm;jcif;udk uREkfyf owdjyKvdkufrdonf/ uREkfyf ]b0ifrjrifh} rDu

þpdwful;rsKd; &Sdcsif&Sdrnf jzpfaomfvnf; xdkuJUokdU &J&Jwif;wif;ajym0HUrnfr[kwf? aemifwGif

b0ifjrifhaysmufí uREkfyfajymcJUonfh xifjrifcsufudk jyefvnfokH;oyfaomtcg ]tom;vGwf}

r[kwf? taMumif;tusKd; tquftoG,f tawmfjynfhpkHjcif;udk awGU&ojzifh udk,fh[mudk,f

csD;rGrf;&OD;rnfuJUokdU awGU&ygonf/

aemufwzef awGUjyefjcif;

1919 ckESpf aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&ufwGif Ak'¨bmom ausmif;q&mwpkonf &efukefNrdKUokdU

a&mufvmMuí uREkfyf&Sdaeaom ol&d,wdkufodkU 0ifvmMuNyD;vQif vGefcJUaom 7ESpfcefUu

OD;xGef;&SdefESifh uREkfyf Ak'¨bmomausmif;ü awGUMuykHtjcif;t&mudk tm;&yg;& csD;usL;ajymqdk

Muavonf/ vu©PmrSm uREkfyf\ oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfMuaom xdkausmif;q&mrsm;onf

ausmif;tkyfopf OD;xGef;&Sdef bDattm; tvGefaMumuf&GHUav;pm;aeMu&aomtcsdef jzpfykH&onf/

(xdktcsdefwGif bDat&Sm;ao;aomacwf jzpf\/) 4if;ausmif;q&mrsm;onf xdkpOfu 6 vcefUrQ

uREkfyfü ]b0ifjrifh} aecJUjcif;udk vkH;0rodMuacs/ olwkdU\rsufpdü 9 wef;rQomatmifí

pma&;wa,mufrQomjzpfaom uREkfyfu olwkdU\ emrnfBuD;ausmif;tkyfBuD;udk &J&Jwif;wif;

0ifNyD; t*Fvdyfvdk ]qwf} 0HUjcif;twGuf r,kHEdkifavmufatmif tHUMoMuavonf/

q&mwa,muf/ /]]usKyfwdkUawmh cifAsm;vkyfoGm;vdkufykHudk oabmusvdkufwmAsm? ckxufxd

ajymvdkUrqkH;bl;? 0wfxm;vkdufykHuvJ wu,fhzuf&SifyJ? cifAsm; t*Fvdyfpmawmfwmuawmh

usKyfwkdUodygw,f? EdkUayr,fh [dkaeUuawmh rxpfraigheJU *dkufeJUqdkufeJU [efeJUyefeJU pum;vkH;

ajymifajymifawG a&G;NyD; ajymoGm;vdkufwmrsm; usKyfwkdUjzifh odyftm;&wmyJ? OD;xGef;&Sdefu

atmufom;udk;As? usKyfwdkUu a[m'g rEÅav;om;uG vdkUawmif atmfvkdufcsifw,f}}

- 168 -


wa,muf/ /]]aeygtkH;As? cifAsm;u oleJU b,fwkef;u awGUbl;vdkUvJAs}}

uRekfyf/ /]]rif;BuD;eJU e,fvSnfh,if; &efukefqif;oGm;Muwkef;uygyJ}}

wa,muf/ /]]b,fESpfcgavmuf awGUbl;xm;vdkUvJAsm}}

uREkfyf/ /]]rrsm;vSygbl;? ESpfcgavmufygyJ}}

]]wa,muf/ /]]'geJUrsm;Asm? wu,fh ausmif;aebufoli,fcsif; usaewmyJ? usKyfwkdU

q&mBuD;udk cifAsm;vdk NydKifbufEdkifwJUvl rEÅav;rSm wa,mufrS ray:vmao;bl;As}}

wa,muf/ /]][kwfw,fAs? cifAsm;vl [dkaeUu EIwfawmfawmfwGefUw,f? cifAsm;udk rvTrf;

Edkifbl;? usKyfwkdUu auseyfvdkufwmAsm}}

(trSefrSm OD;xGef;&Sdefum; vloGufwa,muf jzpfygonf/)

uREkfyfonf ausmif;q&mrsm;tm; w&kwf[dkw,fwckü xrif;weyf auR;vdkuf&m awmifa&muf

ajrmufa&muf ajym&mrS OD;xGef;&SdefESifh uREkfyftaMumif;okdU cPcP vSnfhívmMuygao;onf/

uREkfyfonf pmzwfy&dowftm; ]b0ifjrifh} cJUbl;jcif;udk azmfxkwfajymjyaomfvnf; ausmif;

q&mrsm;tm;rlum; todray;cJUyg/ 4if;wkdUteuf wa,mufwavrQonf þpmudkzwf&vQif

&,fcsifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyf trSwf&oavmufrSm wa,mufrusef uG,fvGefukefMu

&SmavNyD/

OD;xGef;&S defESif h awGUjyefjcif;

4if;ESpf aemufydkif;avmufwGif OD;xGef;&Sdefonf (]oajyEkcsdef wif&efqif&ef yef;awGu rsm;vdkuf

ygbdoESifh? azyk&Sdef t*Fvef eef;ajroGm;wkdUrSmawmh} [lonfh rpöwmarmifrIdif;? ,ck ocif

udk,fawmfrIdif;\ av;csKd;BuD;t&) rEÅav;rS &efukefodkU qif;vmí uREkfyfESifh 0dkiftrfbDat

toif;wdkufwGif waeU awGUMu\/ olonf uREkfyftm; a&S;utwkdif; vIdufvSJpGm awGUqkHí

pum;ajymMuav&m (uREkfyfrSm ]b0ifjrifh} aysmufaeNyDjzpfí uREkfyf\ trlt&m ajymif;vJjcif;udk

rnfodkUavenf;[k tuJcwf\/) uREfkyfrSm Ak'¨bmomausmif;ü awGUpOfuuJUokdU &J&J0HU0HUr&SdyJ

cyfwGefUwGefUjzpfaeonf[k olxifykH&\/

- 169 -

a&TOa'gif;

xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyf\ q&morm;ozG,fjzpfaom OD;bazESifh olonf wef;wljzpfaeí uREkfyfu

atmufusvsuf&SdaomaMumifh wGefUonf[k olu ,lqoavm rajymwwfay/ trSefrSm uREkfyfü

]b0ifjrifh} aysmufNyD; ]ykHrSef} twdkif; jzpfaeaomaMumifhrQom jzpfygonf/ OD;xGef;&Sdefonf

uREkfyfESifh ta&mw0ifjzpfatmif BudK;pm;ao;aomfvnf; uREkfyfü wGefUqkwfrI&Sdjcif;udk ol

jrifonfESifh aemufqkH;wGif vufavQmhvdkufygavawmhonf/

jyefajymif;awG;ac:csufrsm;

xdknOhfü uREkfyfonf udkxGef;&SdefESifhjzpfap? tcsKdUvlrsm;ESifhjzpfap awGUqkHqufqH&mrsm;wGif

]OD;acgif;vQLd;} rdwwfjcif;udk udk,fh[mudkodí rausreyf&SdonfESifh rdrd\ woufwm

aemufaMumif;udk jyefajymif;qifjcif okH;oyfrdygawmhonf/ rnfodkUaom vlpm;rsKd;tay:ü

uREkfyf ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} wwfygoenf;[k ppfaq;vkdufonfhtcg ydkufqH&Sdolrsm;vnf; r[kwf?

&mxl;BuD;rsm;vnf; r[kwfao;/ A[kokw jynfhpkHvSygonf qdkolrsm;vnf; r[kwfao;/

OmPfaumif;olrsm;vnf; r[kwfao;/ &efukefaumvdyfü ynmoifcJUí bDatatmifcJUMu

olrsm; jzpfonf[k ppfxkwfEdkifcJUygonf/ ]]&efukefaumvdyfü ynmoifcJUí bDatatmif

olrsm;}} [laom pum;udk oD;jcm;cGJxkwf azmfjyvdkufjcif;udk owdjyKMuapvdk\/ &efukefü

xdkacwfu &efukefaumvdyf? *syfqifaumvdyf[lí ESpfausmif; &SdcJUbl;&m uREkfyfonf *sifqif

ausmif;xGuf bDatxuf &efukefaumvdyf bDatrsm;udk ydkí ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} rd\/ aumvdyfodkU

ra&mufbl;yJ tvGwfynmoiftjzpfESifh bDatatmifMuonfh oli,fcsif;rsm;vnf; &SdMuyg\/

uREkfyfonf 4if;wkdUtm; ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} jcif;udk rawGU&yg/ okdUqdkvQif oluawmh &efukef

aumvdyf ausmif;xGufjzpfí ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} &rnf? oluawmh tvGwfynmoif tjzpfESifh

atmifaom bDatjzpfaomaMumifh ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} p&m rvdk[lí wrifwum wGufudef;ESifh

jyKvkyfjcif;um; r[kwf&yg/ uREkfyf\rsufpdü vlykHvlyef;ESifh [efyeftaetxm; uGmjcm;jcif;udk

awGU&í (Unconsciously) tvdktavsmuf wGefUrdjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/

aumvdyfcsif; uGmjcm;ykH

þtaMumif;udk xif&Sm;ap&ef udk,fawGUtjzpftysufwckudk azmfjyyg&ap/ rif;BuD;\

awmvdkufpma&;tjzpfESifh &efukefokdU qif;oGm;pOf a&Twd*kHbk&m;ajc&if;wGif bkef;BuD;ysH

tBuD;tus,fwck&Sd&m xdknOfhwGif uREkfyfonf *syfqifaumvdyfausmif;om; oli,fcsif;rsm;

- 170 -


jzpfonfh armif&D? udkzl;ndKwdkUESifhtwl bkef;BuD;ysHokdU oGm;\/ yJGxJwGif udk0ifharmf? udkuGef;?

udkxGef;&SdefwdkUvlpkESifh qkHrdMu\/ 4if;wdkUonf &efukefaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; jzpfMuav&m

udk0ifharmfrSm uREkfyfwdkUvlpkESifhtwl rEÅav;atbDtrfausmif;xGufjzpf\/ udk0ifharmfrSwyg;

4if;wkdUtm;vkH;rSm bDatqDeD,m twef;om;rsm; jzpfMuavonf/ uREkfyfrSmrl udkuGef;?

udkxGef;&SdefwkdUESifh awGUbl;NyD;jzpfMuí rdwfquf&efrvdkyJ udk0ifharmfu *syfqif ausmif;om;rsm;

jzpfMuonfh armif&DESifh udkzl;ndKwdkUtm; udkuGef;? udkxGef;&SdefwkdUESifh rdwfqufay;\/ xdkESpf

a,mufteufwGif udkuGef;onf pwdkiform;wa,muf jzpfav&m bDattwef;om;csif;

wlaomfvnf; *syfqifausmif;om;rsm;jzpfonfh armif&DESifh udkzl;ndKwkdUtm; (Patronising airs) ,Of,Ofaus;aus;uav;ESifh txufpD;oHrsKd;jzifh pum;ajymavonf/ (OD;baz

0efBuD;jzpfpOfu ol\owif;pmuGefz&ifhokdU wufMuolrsm;teufwGif 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdESifh uREkfyf

yg0ifav&m uGefz&ifhNyD;í ESpfa,mufom; vefjcm;ESifh jyefvmMu&mwGif OD;bcsKdu uREkfyftm;

4if;tcsKd;rsKd;vkyfonfESifh uREkfyfu rcHcsifaMumif; jyvdkufojzifh OD;bcsKd wefUíoGm;bl;onf/

cifrifrIum; avsmhyg;avNyD/ okdUaomf uRekfyf *&krpdkufacs/) ausmif;om;csif; rdwfqufay;NyD;

aemuf twlavQmufMuzdkU udk0ifharmfu ac:&mwGif uRekfyfonf udkuGef;\ ]ESdrfayguf} uav;

rsm;udk rBudKufaomfvnf; (uRekfyfudkr[kwf? *syfqifausmif;om;rsm;udk &nf&G,fonf/) rEÅav;

om;csif;jzpfaom udk0ifharmfudk tm;emonfESifh cyfwGefUwGefUjzpfaeonfh *syfqifausmif;om;

ESpfa,muftm; uREkfyfu wdkufwGef;um twlavQmufMuav\/ armif&DrSm pifppftm;jzifh

vlnHUwa,mufr[kwf? tvGefoGufvufol jzpfonf/ okdU&mwGif &efukefaumvdyfausmif;om;

ESpfa,mufESifh qkHrduwnf;u EIwfqdwfoGm;NyD; ]]qifjzLrsufESm qifrJrMunfh0HU}} qdkaom

pum;ykHtwdkif; ZufusKd;rwwf jzpfaeavNyD/ e*dkurS cyf&dk;&dk;&Sdaom udkzl;ndKrlum; ajymzG,f&m

r&Sdawmhay/

þtawmtwGif;ü udkuGef;onf udkxGef;&Sdeftm; ,cifuJUodkU t*Fvdyfvdk rajym? ygVdvdkdcsnf;

ajymavawmhonf/ (*syfqifaumvdyfwGif ygVdroif? avm*spfomoif\/) {nfhcHr@yfrsm;

teD;odkU csOf;uyf&mwGifvnf; [dku udkuGef;? 'Du udkxGef;&Sdef ponfjzifh [pfatmfac:iifMu&m

bDataygif; t0ga&mif aoG;wlarG;wl qifxm;Muaom þvlESpfa,mufrSm acgif;aygif;p

uav;awG wvlvlESifh ajcaxmufuav;awG ajrmufawmufajrmufawmuf jzpfaeMujcif;udk

uREkfyfjrifrdonf/ {nfhcHr@yf wckESpfckwGif olwdkUESifhtwl0ifí csKdyJGcsOfyJGrsm; pm;aomufMu

NyD;aemuf (*syfqifaumvdyf ausmif;om;ESpfa,mufum; vufzsm;ESifhrQ rwdkU&SmMuacs/)

uREkfyfonf tajctaeudk oabmrusyJ þvlESpfa,mufudk oem;onfESifh wwd,r@yfodkU

0ifrnftjyKwGif uREkfyfuyif EIwfqufí cGJxGufvmMuygawmhonf/ (1914 ckESpfuvnf;

uREkfyfonf a&eHacsmif;rS &efukefodkU oabFmjzifhvdkufyg&mwGif &efukefaumvdyfrS bDat

atmifNyD;olwa,mufESifh *syfqifaumvdyfrS bDatwa,mufonf uREkfyfESifhtwl c&D;onf

tjzpf ygvmMuí tvm;wltjzpfrsKd; cyfqifqifBuKH&bl;&m tao;pdwfazmfjy&ef rvdkawmhyg/)

- 171 -

a&TOa'gif;

uREkfyfqdkvdkjcif;rSm xdkacwfü &efukefaumvdyfausmif;xGufonf *syfqifaumvdyfausmif;xGuf

xuf (ynmwwfrwwf tyxm;í) OD;acgif;axmifjcif;udk awGU&onf/ OD;acgif;axmifjcif;

onf (yvTm;jcif;udk rqdkvdk) ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} jcif;xuf BuD;yGm;a&;twGuf taxmuftyHU

jzpfjcif;udk uREkfyfawGU&onf/

uREkfyf\ csKdUiJUcsuf

OD;xGef;&SdefESifh 0dkiftrfbDatwGif awGUcJU&aomnü uREkfyfonf rdrd\ ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} jcif;udk

qifjcifokH;oyfaomtcg igonf olwkdUvdk ajymwwfonf? olwkdUvdk a&;wwfonf? olwkdUvdk

0wfwwfonf? olwkdUvdk A[kokw&Sdonf/ okdUygvsuf tb,fhaMumifh ]&GHU&oenf;} [k

ppfaq;vdkufonfwGif tajzxGufvm\/ tajzum; olwdkUuJUodkU bDatatmifvufrSwf

r&SdaomaMumifh r[kwf/ olwkdUuJUodkU &efukefaumvdyfausmif;ü raecJU&aomaMumifhjzpfonf[k

oabmaygufvmygawmhonf/ xdkuJUokdU oabmaygufvm&jcif;rSmvnf; a&Twd*kHbk&m;ajc&if;

bkef;BuD;ysHü armif&DwdkUvlpkESifh OD;xGef;&SdefwdkUvl[k qkHrdMujcif;udk pOf;pm;rdaomaMumifh jzpf

avonf/ *syfqifaumvdyf aebl;olrsm;u &efukefaumvdyf aebl;olrsm;tm; ]OD;acgif;vQLd;}

onf qdkvQif rnfonfhaumvdyfrS raebl;olwa,mufonf (rdkuf&l;&Jrsm;rSwyg;)

]OD;acgif;vQLd;} Mu&rnfrSm "r®wmwckozG,f uREkfyfjrifvmygonf/ þwGif uREkfyfonf

aumvdyfausmif; raecJU&bl;onfhtwGuf yxrtBudrf 0rf;enf;&aumif;rSef; odvmyg

awmhonf/

a&S;aumvdyfESif h acwfwuúodkvf

tu,fí uREkfyfonf aumvdyfausmif;ü av;ESpfcefUaecJU&bl;onf qdkygpdkU/ (uREkfyf

qnf;yl;xm;cJUonfh A[kokwrsm;udk axmufxm;aomtm;jzifh) ,ckxufydkNyD; wwfaumif;rS

wwfayvdrfhrnf/ (þtaMumif;udk armif&DESifh udk0ifharmfwdkUuvnf; xkwfazmf0efcHNyD;jzpf&m

udk0ifharmfurl ol\ txuft&m&SdxHodkU wifydkU&rnfh ta&;BuD;aompmrsKd;udk uREkfyftm;yif

a&;cdkif;bl;ygonf/) okdUjzpfvQif aumvdyfausmif; aebl;jcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyftzdkU rnfodkUaom

tusKd;aus;Zl; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jzpfay:EdkifzG,f&m &Sdygoenf;/ &Sdonf? trsm;BuD;&Sdonf[k

uREkfyfoabmaygufvmonf/ uREkfyf\ vuf&SdcsKdUiJUcsufrSm aumvdyfausmif;\ ]av}

(Atmosphere) udk av;ESpfavmuf r&SLcJU&jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; oufwl

- 172 -


&G,fwl bDatrsm;ESifh ,SOfvdkufvQif uREkfyf OD;acgif;vQLd;rdjcif; jzpf\/ igonf olwkdUuJUokdU

aumvdyfü raecJU&í nHUonf[k udk,fh[mudk,f owd&aeaomaMumifh r[kwf? aumvdyf ]av}

(ywf0ef;usif) ESifh rxdawGUcJU&onfhtwGufaMumifh ajyajyjypfjypf [efyefrsKd; (Easy Manners) r&SdyJ ]cyfaxmifhaxmifh} jzpfae&jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ aumvdyfausmif;ü av;ESpf

aebl;aom vlwdkif;onf ajyajyjypfjypf jzpfvmawmhonf[k qdkvdkjcif;um;r[kwf? okdUaomf

rae&rDuxuf wkd;wufvmjcif;&Sdonfudk uREkffyf Budrfzefrsm;pGm avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/

þtaMumif;udkodvQif udk,fhudk,fudk jyKjyif,lEdkifonf r[kwfygavm[k ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/

rjzpfEdkif[k uREkfyfu tajzay;vdkonf/ Oyrm aq;&nfrpdrfcJU&aom om;a&pdrf;onf

b,fawmhrS El;El;eyfeyfr&SdyJ uRyfqwfqwf jzpf&rnfuJUodkUyif aumvdyfausmif;\

taqmufttkHonf vnf;aumif;? jrufcif;ESifhwuG ajr,muGufvyfrsm;onf vnf;aumif;?

q&mrsm;\ trlt&monf vnf;aumif;? atmufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;xuf (tenf;ESifhtrsm;)

oyfoyf&yf&yf&Sdol tcsif;tcsif; qufqHMu&jcif;onf vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkUwawGonf

omreft&yfom;rsm;xuf omonf[laom pdwfxm;rsKd; tcgcyfodrf; &SdaeMujcif;onf

vnf;aumif; i,f&G,folrsm;tzdkU&mü pdwfBuD;0ifjcif; (aumif;aomt"dyÜm,fESifh okH;onf/)

jzpfapEdkifonf[k uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ (þacwf wuúodkvf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf

]aomauma&maum} jzpfaeaomaMumifh OD;xGef;&SdefESifh OD;uGef;uJUodkUaom a&S; &efukefaumvdyf

ausmif;om;rsm;vdk þudpöwGif rrSDawmhyJ &Sdcsif&Sdrnf/ odkU&mwGif omref t&yfolt&yfom;

rsm;xufrlum; omvsufyif&Sdonfudk uREkfyffawGU&onf/) uREkfyftzdkU&mü þcsKdUiJUcsufaMumifh

]OD;acgif;vQLd;} csifaom pdwf"mwf (Inferiority Complex) 0ifvmonf[k qdkvdkygonf/

OD;acgif;rvQLd;yJ OD;acgif;axmifjcif;onf [efBuD;yefBuD;vkyfjcif;ESifh ra&maxG;apzdkU owdjyK

apvdkonf/ [efBuD;yefBuD;vkyfjcif;onf raumif;? OD;acgif;axmifjcif;onf aumif;onf[k

qdkvdkygonf/

om"kac:&jcif;

xdknwGifrS uREkfyfonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ jyefír&Edkifawmhonfh tcGifhta&; qkH;&IH;rIudk

vIdufvSJpGm ESajrmrdygawmhonf/ okdUaomf aumvdyfausmif; raeEdkifjcif;rSm uREkfyf\tjypf

r[kwf? twdwfuH\ nHUzsif;rIjzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfvkdufojzifh 0rf;enf;avmufatmif r&Sdyg/

twdwfuHudkcsNyD; 0rf;enf;jcif;onf uREkfyf\0goemr[kwfyg/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyfonf

tjcm;vlrsm;xuf vlvm;ajrmufuwnf;u pdwfqif;&JrI enf;cJUygonf/ awG;NyD;aqG;jcif;[lí

tvGefenf;jcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/ xdkpOfu uRekfyfonf 'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh om;uav;

- 173 -

a&TOa'gif;

wa,muf &cJUNyDjzpf&m? 4if;udk rnfonfhenf;rqdk wuúodkvfodkU ydkUjzpfatmifydkUNyD; 4if;\

wdk;wufrIrsm;udk apmifhMunfhavhvmrnf[líyif qkH;jzwfcJU\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\ tdrfaxmif

a&; tqifrajyrIaMumifh om;uav;rSm 10wef;ESifh tvkyfvkyf&NyD; (1956 ckESpfwGif zqyv

tpdk;&u uREkfyftm; axmifxJydkUxm;pOf) b0Zmwfodrf; oGm;&SmavNyD/ þacwfü wuúodkvf

wGif av;ESpfrQ aecGifh&Muaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; (twef;atmifonf jzpfap ratmif

onfjzpfap) uREkfyfwkdUom;tzxuf uHxl;cRefMuygayonf[k om"kac:vkduf&ygonf/

uREkfyf\tm;udk;

OD;xGef;&SdefESifh rawGUrD txufygtaMumif;rsm;udk rpOf;pm;&ao;aomtcgurlum; igBudK;pm;

vQif omEdkifonf? tenf;qkH; wlEdkifonf/ ighü olwyg;xuf rnHUaom OmPf&Sdonf

ponfjzifh txifa&mufcJU\/ csmvfpf'pfuif;\ arQmfwvifhvifh (Great Expectations) 0w¦KBuD;ü ypfyfonf yef;yJorm;vifr,m;ESifh BuD;jyif;cJU&í cyfi,fi,fuyif ynmoifay;NyD;

(Gentleman) vlukHxHtwef;tpm;jzpfatmif oGefoifay;cJU&m txdkuftavsmuf xajrmuf

atmifjrifyg\/ odkUaomf i,f&G,fEke,fpOfuwnf;u oGefoifay;jcif; jzpfvsufESifhvnf;

wuúodkvfausmif;xGufwa,mufudk rrSDEdkifaMumif; awGU&onf/ wuúodkvfausmif;BuD;rsm;onf

vli,frsm;\ trlt&mESifh pdwfaeoabmxm;udk jyKjyifcGifh trsm;qkH;&aom XmeBuD;rsm;

jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf (Good Breeding) \ wefzdk;udk em;vnfatmif vkyfMuNyD;vQif

ausmif;olausmif;om;wkdUtm; udk,fpDukd,fiS trsm;qkH; cH,l&&SdMuzdkU wdkufwGef;vkduf&onf/

uRekfyftzdkU&mürlum; txufygenf;twdkif; oabmaygufvmojzifh rdrdESifhrqdkifaMumif;

em;vnfaomtcsdefrSpí vlrIqufqHa&;qdkif&mwGif ajymifajrmufzdkU rBudK;pm;awmhyJ pdwful;

OmPfESifh uavmifudkom tm;udk;&ygawmhonf/

ESrwpfa,muftaMumif;

þae&mü uRekfyf\ arG;aygufazmfrsm;taMumif;udk nSyfí azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ armifESr

&Spfa,muf arG;onfhteuf ig;a,mufrSm i,fpOfuyif aoqkH;Muí ESrwa,mufESifh

nDwa,mufrQom BuD;jyif;atmif touf&SifMu\/ uREkfyf\ rSwfwrf;tpavmufü ESruav;

tm; tvGefMuifemí olUtwGufaMumifhyif rdcifzcifrsm;tay:wGif tjypfwifcsifaom pdwfrsKd;

jzpfay:cJUbl;aMumif; a&;om;azmfjycJUbl;&m t&G,fra&mufwa&muf tcsdefrSpí wOD;ESifhwOD;

- 174 -


cyfat;at; jzpfoGm;cJUMu&ygawmhonf/ þodkUjzpf&jcif;rSm jrefrmvlrsKd; armifESifhESrwkdU\

aexkdifMuykH xkH;pHaMumifh jzpfonf[k uRekfyfjrifrd\/ rsm;pGmaom jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdU\ xkH;pHrSm

armifESifhESrqdkvQif tysKdvlysKdt&G,fodkU a&mufMuaomtcsdefrSpí ta&mw0ifraeMuawmhyJ

cyfrSefrSef cyfwe;fwef; aewwfMuonfh tpOftvm &Sd\/ wOD;\ tcuftcJuav;rsm;?

jyóemav;rsm;udk wOD;tm; wifjyum aqG;aEG;wdkifyifMuzdkU a0;pG? ta&mw0ifyif raeMu

awmhyJ rajymrNyD;aom pum;rQavmufom ajymMuqdkMuavawmhonf/ þxkH;pH\ aumif;jcif;

qdk;jcif;udk uREkfyf ra0zefvdk/ okdU&mwGif wa,mufESifhwa,muf &if;ESD;rI avsmhyg;jcif;um;

trSefjzpf\/ &if;ESD;rIenf;yg;vQif cifrifrIavsmhyg;jcif;onf t&dyfozG,f vdkufvm&wwf

ygonf/ wOD;ESifhwOD; rMumcP pum;ajymcGifh&í jyóemuav;rsm;udk tjyeftvSef

aqG;aEG;wdkifyifcGifh &jcif;uJUokdU vlESifhvlcsif; cifrifrIjzpfapaom tjcif;t&monf cyf&Sm;&Sm;

&Sdvdrfhrnfxif\/ (oHa,mZOfw&m;\ aumif;jcif;qdk;jcif;udk tyxm;í) rMumcP wdkifyif

aqG;aEG;cGifh&ol tcsif;csif;udk cPcP owd&wwfjcif;rSm udk,fawGUjzpfMuvdrfhrnf xifay&m

cPcP owd&jcif;onfyif cifrifjcif;udk jzpfapEdkifayonf/ uREkfyf wifjyvdkjcif;rSm

uREkfyfwkdUarmifESronf wtdrfwnf;wGif twlwuGaeMuaomfvnf; (txufyg jrefrmxkH;pH

aMumifh) BuD;jyif;vmMuavav cifrifrIavsmhyg;avav jzpfvmMuavonf/

oabmuJGvJGrI? oabmwlnDrI[lí &Sdonfr[kwf/ tvdktavsmuf cyfat;at; jzpfvmMujcif;

jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf yxrtdrfaxmif jyKaomtcsdefü rdbrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&; tajctae

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uREkfyf\ pma&;0goem

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_____

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- 186 -


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wa,muf vluJcwfMu\/ yDrdk;eif;u uREkfyftaMumif;udk odxm;ESifhoavmuf uREkfyfu

yDrdk;eif;taMumif;udk rod&ao;acs/ (pifppfrSm xdkpOfurl uRekfyfonf yDrdk;eif;[lí rodao;yJ

]udkausmf} [líom oday&m ol&d,wdkufrS xGufoGm;NyD;aemuf ynmhtvif;owif;pmwGif

t,f'Dwm jzpfvmaomtcgrS yDrdk;eif;[laom trnfudk Mum;&bl;\/ odkUESifhyif yxrü

yDrdk;eif;ESifh udkausmfonf vlwa,mufwnf;jzpfonf[k uREkfyfroday/) OD;vSazu

udkausmf[laomtrnfjzifh uREkfyfESifh rdwfqufay;ojzifh uREkfyfonf rsufESmcsif;qdkif xdkifvsuf

&Sdaom udkausmfudk vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m uREkfyfESifh waeUaeUwGif &if;ESD;aomrdwfaqGwa,muf

jzpfvmEdkifzdkU&Sdjcif;udk xdkaeUuyif tuJcwfrdwfonf[k a&;om;azmfjyygu <um;onf[k

xifaumif; xifMuayvdrfhrnf/ pifppfaomfum; uREkfyfonf rdrdESifh tuRrf;w0ifjzpfrnfhvl

[kwfr[kwfudk wxdkifwnf;ESifh tuJcwfEdkifay&m uRekfyf\ tuJcwfjcif;rSm woufvkH;wGif

&mcdkifEIef; 90ausmfrQ rSefuefjcif;udk awGU&ygonf/

- 187 -

a&TOa'gif;

uREkfyfonf udkausmftm; vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m NyKH;NyKH;uav;&Sdaom ol\rsufESmxm;wGif

uREkfyftm; pdwf0ifpm;&kHomru tawmfauseyf[ef&Sdaom trlt&mudk awGU&\/ y&d,m,f

rokH;wwfjcif;wGif uREkfyfESifhwlvdrfhrnf [lívnf; tuJcwfrd\/ tjcm;vlrsm;\ xifjrifcsuf

udk vkH;0*&krpdkuf[k rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; *&kpdkufrIenf;yg;jcif;ü uREkfyfESifhwlvdrfhrnf [lívnf;

xifrd\/ vlUavmuwGif rdrdESifhxdkufwefaom ae&mudk r&&Sd[lí olUudk,fol txifa&muf

vsuf &Sdjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyf &dyfrd\/ (uREkfyfrlum; xkdpOfu ¤if;txifrsKd; ruyfao;onfhjyif

aemifwGifvnf; þtwGufaMumifh olwyg;tay:ü tjypfwifcsifaompdwfrsKd; jzpfcJvSonf[k

xifygonf/) xdkacwfwGif &efukefNrdKUü touf20ausmf t&G,frsm;om ywfaygif;

(bDataygif;) aygif;Muí xdkUtxufvlrsm;rSm tkyfaygif;acwfjzpfaeaomfvnf; touf30

xufrenf; &Sd&rnfh udkausmfrSmrl ]bDataygif;} r[kwfonfh ywfaygif;&dk;&dk;jzifhom awmfawmf

uav; oyf&yfpGm aygif;xm;\/ ol&d,wwdkufvkH; (uREkfyftygt0if pma&;rsm;rusef

tkyfaygif;ESifh *dkufxkwfvsuf&SdMuaom xdkacwfwGif ykodrfxD;udk *sKdif;wGifnSyfxm;vsuf

uGif;xdk;zdeyfvQLdum ywfaygif;&dk;&dk;uav;ESifh aq;ayghvdyfcJvsuf tvkyfwufavh&Sdaom

udkausmfrSm vlqef;wa,mufvkdvdk jzpfae\/ &efukefodkUa&mufcgpjzpfí t0wftpm;wGif

olwyg;xuf aemufrus&atmif BudK;pm;ae&aom uREkfyfrSm udkausmfudkjrif&í tm;vnf;

&Sdonf/ oabmvnf; usvSygonf/

ajymykHqef;vSjcif;

pm;yJGwGif twlxdkifrdvQifxdkifrdcsif; udkausmfu jrefrm0w¦Krsm;taMumif;ESifh ywfoufí

ol&d,wkdufodkU uREkfyf t*Fvdyfvdk a&;ydkUbl;aom pmwapmifudk ol zwfvkduf&uwnf;u

uREkfyftay:ü txifBuD;í vlcsif;awGUvdkaMumif;? owif;pmü w&ufjcm;xnfhvsuf&Sdaom

&wemykH0w¦Kudkvnf; olzwfí oabmusaMumif;? olvnf; ]bDatarmifwifhESifh uacsonf

r,fjrifh} 0w¦Kwyk'f a&;cJUbl;aMumif; ponfjzifh ajymav&m þrQESifhyif uREkfyfonf

udkausmfESifh tawmfBuD; &if;ESD;oGm;cJUavNyD/ uREkfyfuvnf; ol&d,acgif;BuD;rsm;udk (&wemykH

0w¦K xnfhuwnf;u tvum;&í) zwfvmcJU&m ¤if;wdkUrSm udkausmf\vuf&m jzpfaMumif;

,ck od&í csD;usL;ygaMumif;? rdrdrSm 0w¦KESpfyk'fa&;cJUbl;aomfvnf; owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;

a&;zdkUqdkvQif tdyfrufrQyif rruf0HUaMumif; ajymjyav&m oluvnf; oabmusykH&onf/

aeUv,f vufzuf&nfaomufcsdefwGif udkausmfonf uREkfyftm; tdrfodkUac:oGm;í ol\ZeD;ESifh

rdwfqufay;NyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;Muav&m uRekfyf\ pmzwf

pkHjcif;udk csD;rGrf;í oludk,fwdkifrSm toifhtwifhrQavmufom zwfbl;aMumif; 0efcHavonf/

- 188 -


ol\ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymykHudk uREkfyf Mum;&onfESifh xdk0efcHcsufonf ESdrfhcsjcif;jzpfonf[k

xifrdaomfvnf; aemifwGif wu,fajymjcif;jzpfonf[k uREkfyfod&onf/

udkausmf\ t*FvdyftoHxGufrsm;rSm awmfawmfvefUavmuf\/ jrefrmwa,muf ajymaom

toHxGufESifhyif rwlacs/ uREkfyfonf t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rsm; rSefuefatmif toHxGufwwfzdkU

avhusifhxm;aomfvnf; jrefrmwa,mufu yDyDooxGufaom toHrsKd;rQom jzpfav&m

udkausmf\ toHxGufrlum; abmif;bD0wfwa,muf\ toHaetoHxm;rsKd; jzpfaeí uREkfyf

vefUrdjcif;jzpf\/ vlcsif;ESD;&if;vmaomtcgü þtaMumif;udk pkHprf;MunfhonfwGifrS jyifopf

(bk&if*sD) bkef;BuD; vkyfcJUbl;í jyifopfbkef;BuD;rsm;ESifhtwl ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aecJUbl;aMumif;?

vufwifbmomvnf; wwfaMumif; od&avonf/ udkausmf\ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymykHrSm

uREkfyf\oli,fcsif; (bdvyfjyef) udkcifarmifwifhuJUodkU Adkvfqefjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ jyifopf

bkef;BuD;rsm;ESifh i,fpOfu tMumBuD;aebl;jcif;aMumifh vQmwrsKd;jzpfaejcif; jzpfavonf/

rsm;rMumrD udkausmfonf *syfqifaumvdyfwGif vufwifbmomjyq&m tvkyfudk avQmufxm;

&&Sdojzifh ol&d,wdkufrS xGufoGm;av\/ okdU&mwGif olESifhuREkfyf cifrifrIrSm tqufrjywfvSyJ

1938ckESpfü olaoonftxd &if;ESD;pGm &SdcJUMuavonf/

q&mvGef;\csD;usL;csuf

azazmf0g&Dv w&ufaeUü uREkfyf r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm jzpfvmaomtcg ol&d,onf av;xyf

wkdufBuD;wGif atmufqkH;wxyfudkom iSm;Edkifao;onfjzpfí vkyfom;ESifhae&m rrQatmif

usOf;usyfonfhtwGufaMumifh q&mvGef;ESifh uREkfyfwdkUtwGuf pm;yGJwckwnf;om ae&may;Edkif

avonf/ þwGif uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufonf aeUwdkif; rsufESmcsif;qdkifxdkifMuí axG&mav;yg;

pum;ajymcGifh &Mu\/ q&mvGef;onf uRekfyftm; rEÅav;om; qdkuwnf;u pdwf0ifpm;onfh

vu©Pm &Sday&m uREkfyfuvnf; EIwfcrf;arG;a&;a&;ESifh tNrJuGrf;pm;avh&Sdojzifh ]tnm*dkuf}

&Sdaom þvlBuD;tm; jrifvQifjrifcsif; MunfndKrdygonf/ q&mvGef;rSm uREkfyfxuf touf

14ESpfBuD;í xdkpOfu 42ESpf &SdNyDjzpf&m touf40ausmfvQif {&mrvlBuD;wa,muf[lí

xifcJUrdaom uREkfyf\rsufpdü tawmfBuD;&ifhNyD[k atmufarhcJUygonf/ q&mvGef;uvnf;

udkausmfenf;wl uREkfyfESifh a&pufygonfhvu©PmESifh ol\wkdufcef;odkU ac:oGm;í aeUv,fcif;

rsm;wGif ol\wkdufcef;ü wa&;warmtdyfum tyef;ajzzdkU tNrJzdwfMum;xm;ygonf/

uREkfyfonf q&mvGef;ESifhvnf;aumif;? udkausmfESifhvnf;aumif; a&pufygaomfvnf; ¤if;wkdU

ESpfa,mufrlum; &if;ESD;Mu[efrwlacs/ olwkdUESpfa,muftaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí udkausmf

ajymbl;aom pum;wcGef;udk uREkfyfrSwfrd\/ waeUoü olwkdUESpfa,mufonf jrefrmpmay

- 189 -

a&TOa'gif;

taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;vsuf&SdpOf udkausmfajymvdkufaom pum;wvkH;udk q&mvGef;u t"dyÜm,f

t,ltq vJGonfhvu©PmESifh ]]a[h armifausmf? q&mu ArmjynfrSm udk,fhudk,fudk 'dwf

xm;wJU vlwa,muf armif&? bmrSwfvdkUvJ}} [k £ajEéESifhajymbl;onf qdk\/ [kwfykHvnf;

&onf/ xdkolESpfa,mufonf uREkfyfa&SUü tuRrf;w0if&SdMujcif;udk uREkfyf rjrifcJU&bl;ay/

q&mvGef;ESifh uREkfyfrlum; ol&d,wkdufom;rsm; tjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;? woufvkH;wGif

vnf;aumif; qufqHa&;wGif tzktxpfr&Sd? ajyajyjypfjypf &SdcJUygonf/ okdUESifhvnf;

q&mvGef;onf uREkfyftm; *sme,frsm;wGif av;csKd;jzifh uvdaom tvkH;uav;rsm;udk

taMumif;t&majymjyí q&mvGef;u ola&;aeusjzpfaom pum;jyifrsKd;jzifh us,fus,fjyefUjyefU

qefUí a&;xkwfvkdufaomtcg pmrsufESmeHygwf tawmfrsm;vm\/ q&mvGef;\ pum;

jyifa&;enf;rSm OD;Mobmo\ ZmwfBuD;q,fbJGUa&;enf;rsKd;uJUodkU um&efuav;awG iJUum

iJUum a&;jcif;aMumifh zwfítvGefacsmarmaomfvnf; r*¾Zif;twGuf &SnfvGef;ouJUodkU

jzpfae\/ þwGif OD;vSazonf uREkfyfudkac:í acgif;BuD;okH;yk'fudk wqufwnf;

awmufavQmufajymNyD; a&;ckdif;\/

uREkfyfonf cJwHjzifh wvkH;wavrS a&;rSwfjcif;vnf;r&Sd? csufcsif;vnf; ra&;ao;yJ

av;ig;&ufMumaomtcgrS okH;yk'fa&;NyD; wifjyvdkufonf/ q&mvGef;onf uREkfyf\

yxrOD;qkH; vuf&mjzpfaom acgif;BuD;okH;yk'fudk zwfMunfh&mwGif OD;vSaz\ OD;acgif;rS

xGufaom tBuHrsm;[lí olodNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmpma&;ykHa&;enf;udk oabmusonfh

vu©PmESifh ]][dkacG;rom;awG 'Davmufra&;wwfygbl;}} [k qdkum wdkuftkyfrsm;bufodkU

ar;aighí jybl;avonf/ trSefudk0efcH&vQif uREkfyfonf OD;vSazu erlemtjzpfESifh t,f'Dwm

tzGJUtm; a&;jybl;onfh acgif;BuD;wyk'fudk zwf&bl;ojzifh ol\ta&;tom;udk av;pm;vsuf

&Sdygonf/

q&mvGef;u txufygpum;udk ajymvdkufaomtcgwGif igonf OD;vSazxuf a&;wwfonf[k

pdwfBuD;0ifroGm;jcif;udk opömjyKí ajym0HUygonf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\ yxrOD;qkH;

acgif;BuD;rsm;udk q&morm;jzpfaom q&mvGef;u xdkuJUokdU ajymvkdufaomtcgwGifrlum;

igonf acgif;BuD;a&;jcif;tvkyfwGif vlnHUwa,mufr[kwfawmh[kqdkum vGefpGm tm;wuf

oGm;ygonf/

q&mawmfOD;OwÅr

- 190 -


ol&d,wdkufü oduRrf;&aom yk*¾dKvfausmfrsm;taMumif;udk azmfjy&mwGif q&mawmfOD;OwÅr

taMumif;udkvnf; azmfjy&ef vdkayvdrfhrnf/ ol&d,wdkufodkU uREkfyf a&mufNyD;aemuf

rsm;rMumrDtwGif; q&mawmfOD;OwÅronf uREkfyf\pm;yGJodkU vmíxdkifavh&Sd\/ q&mawmf

onf uREkfyf\0w¦Krsm; zwfavh&Sdoljzpf&m uRekfyftm; (OD;baz? OD;vSazwdkUrSwyg;) wkdufom;

rsm;teufwGif pdwft0ifpm;qkH;wa,muf jzpf[ef&Sd\/ q&mawmfonf tdEd´,jynfESifh

jrefrmjynfwkdUudk acgufwkHUacgufjyef ul;oef;oGm;vmvsuf&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;bkef;BuD;wyg;

jzpfjcif;? &cdkifom;jzpfonf qdkjcif;rSwyg; uREkfyf bmrQrodacs/ uREkfyfrSm xdkpOfu pmayrS

wyg; EdkifiHa&;ü pdwf0ifpm;jcif; r&Sdao;onfjzpfí q&mawmftay:ü txifvnf;rBuD;?

pdwf0ifpm;rIvnf; enf;yg;vSonf/ uREkfyfonf ol&d,wwdkufvkH;wGif (r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm

tjzpfESifh) tvkyftacsmifqkH;aom pmzwfolwa,muf jzpfcJUbl;&m q&mawmfonf uREkfyf

tvkyfacsmifjcif;udk odonfwaMumif;? 0w¦K0goemygí uRekfyftm; 0w¦Ka&;orm;wa,muf

taejzifh cifrifav;pm;onfwaMumif;aMumifh uREkfyf\pm;yJGwGif tMumBuD;xdkifum pum;

ajymavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfurl pmzwfysufonfqdkum q&mawmftm; tomwMunfajymír&vQif

aigufíyif xkwfcJUrdbl;ygonf/

xdkpOfu q&mawmfonf b,fqDrSm qGrf;bkrf;ay;onfrod? nOfhtcsdefrsm;wGifrlum; ol&d,

wdkufüyif usdef;pufonf[k uREkfyf od&\/ uREkfyf\rsufpdü q&mawmfonf bkef;BuD; ]*sydk;}

xJu xifrdonfESifh aigufíxkwfrdjcif; jzpfygonf/ ]]wynfhawmfwkdUu udk,fawmfwdkUvdk

vltm;r[kwfygbl; bk&m;? vkyfEdkifrS pm;&wJUvlawGyg? t&Sifbk&m;vdk avryef;tm;ygbl;

bk&m;}} ponfrsm;jzifh ESifxkwfcJUrdbl;ygonf/ odkUaomf q&mawmfonf þrQjzifhvnf;

remwwf? þxuf Murf;Murf; avQmufívnf; remwwf? ESifxkwfonfhtcdkufwGif cPwjzKwf

xoGm;í awmfawmfMumvQif pyfNzJpyfNzJESifh a&mufvmjyefygawmhonf/ aemufydkif;wGif

jrefrmjynfü [kr®&l; wpcef;xvmaom tcsdefwGifrlum; uREkfyfonf tvGefwefcdk;BuD;vsuf

&Sdaom ]i,faygif;} q&mawmfqdkí zl;awGU&ef a&mufoGm;aomtcg tapmifhtMuyfawG

txyfxyf 0dkif;&Hvsuf&SdonfESifh yk*¾dKvfBuD;tqihfqifhxH 0ifcGifhawmif;NyD;rS q&mawmf

a&SUarSmufodkU a&mufcJU&jcif;udk BuKHcJU&bl;ygonf/ xdktcgwGif a&S;,cifu &Iyfonfxifí

pm;yJGrS ESifxkwfcJUrdzl;aom tjcif;t&mudk owd&rdojzifh NyKH;cJUrdygao;onf/ ]a[h azodef;?

rif;u ighudk &Iyfw,fqdk} [laom rsufESmxm;rsKd; jyacsrnfavm[k uRekfyf tuJcwfao;&m

xdktrlt&mrsKd;um; jyawmfrrl&Smay/

tHUMozG,f bkef;ay;Edkifjcif;

- 191 -

a&TOa'gif;

uREkfyfonf q&mawmftm; ESifxkwfrdcJUbl;aomfvnf; pifppfrSm q&mawmf rBuD;us,fao;rD

tcsdefuyif q&mawmf\ tcsKdUaom pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;udk MunfndK&aumif;rSef;

odonfESifh tdrfodkUyifhí qGrf;ESpfBudrf auR;bl;ygonf/ qGrf;auR;jcif;udk vlodapvdkír[kwf?

q&mawmfOD;OwÅr\ bkef;ay;ykHxl;jcm;jcif;udk azmfjyvdkaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ qGrf;ESpfBudrf

auR;bl;onfhteuf yxrtBudrfrSm qGrf;vdkufaomZvkHBuD;ESifh bkOf;ay;í wZvkHvkH;

tukefcRwfjcif;rQavmufom &Sdojzifh pmrzJGUavmufyg/ okdU&mwGif 'kwd,tBudrf auR;aom

tcgürl uREkfyfudk,fwdkif wtHUwMojzpfrdonfESifh q&mawmfOD;OwÅrtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí

pdwf0ifpm;rI &Sdolrsm;tzdkU azmfjyvdkufygonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf yifhaomtcgwGif q&mawmfu

]]ighrSm qD;csKda&m*g&Sdw,f? xrif;vJrpm;? *sKHvJrpm;? om;ig;oufoufom pm;w,f}} [k

trdefU&Sdvdkuf\/

uREkfyfonf q&mawmf\ bkef;ay;ykHtpGrf;udk odNyD;jzpfí atmufygpm;p&mrsm;udk csufjyKwf

jyifqifxm;\/ (1)Muufwaumif &dkUpf(jyKwfausmf)? (2)t&nfcyfrsm;rsm;ESifh bJwaumif

pGyfjyKwf? (3)0rf;bJOajcmufvkH; [wfbGdKif? (4)0uftlacsmif;uif 25usyfom;? (5)ig;Muif;om;

aMumf 25usyfom;? (6)EGm;EdkU 50om;wkdUudk toifhjyifxm;NyD;vQif rdwfaqG udkcifarmifwifh

tm;vnf; xrif;pm;zdwfxm;\/ ¤if;eHeufwGif uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf txl;wvnf rpDrHyJ

xrif;tdk;wvkH;om csufxm;\/ q&mawmf<uvmí xdkifvkduf&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;ESifh

udkcifarmifwifhonf teD;wGifxdkifvsuf apmifhMunfhaeMu\/ q&mawmfonf bJwaumifvkH;

aygif;NyD; 0rf;bJOykHyef;uefBuD;wGif xnfhxm;aom pGyfjyKyf&nfxJrS w0ufcefUrQaom t&nfrsm;

udk aomufvdkufNyD;aemuf bJom;udk zJUí bkOf;ay;\/ &iftkyfESifhaygifrsm; ukefonfhaemuf

awmifyH&dk;ponfrsm;udk udkufvdkufao;\/ ¤if;aemuf &dkUpfvkyfxm;aom Muufaumifudk

vSrf;udkifí bJaumifa&mufESifhaomae&modkU ydkUvdkuf\/ <uif;usefaom bJ&dk;ESifh Muuf&dk;

rsm;rSm tnDtrQavmuf&Sdí rnfonfht&dk;wGifrS tom;xlxl uyfvsufr&Sdawmhacs/

Muufaumifukefonfhaemuf w0ufcefUusefao;aom bJpGyfjyKyf&nfxJrS aemufxyfw0uf

aomufjyef\/ teD;rS xdkifMunfhaeMuaom uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,mufonf wa,mufrsufESmudk

wa,muf vSrf;MunfhaeMuavNyD/ ¤if;aemuf q&mawmfonf bJO[wfbGdKifajcmufvkH;ESifh

0uftlacsmif;udk bkOf;ay;&if; usefaeao;aom bJpGyfjyKyf&nfxJrS wcsufwcsuf wZGef;ESpfZGef;

cyfíaomuf\/ ¤if;wkdUuRwfaomtcg ig;Muif;om;aMumfudk vSrf;udkifí tmajcmufaom

tcgwGif pGyfjyKyf&nfjzifh usKdufcs\/ ig;aMumfvnf;ukefí pGyfjyKyf&nfvnf; ajymifavNyD/

þwGifrS q&mawmfonf EGm;EdkU 50om;udk pum;wajymajymESifh wjznf;jznf; usKdufíusKdufí

csav&m uREkfyfrSm q&mawmf bkOf;ay;NyD;aemuf apmifhírMunfhEdkifawmhyJ zdwfac:xm;rdaom

{nfhonfESifh uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf bJuifwaumif ajy;0,f&ygawmhonf/ r&GHwwfvQif

q&mawmfudkufí csxm;aom bJ&dk;Muuf&dk;rsm;rS tom; tuyftoyfuav;rsm;udk

- 192 -


udkufpkwf,l&efrSwyg; bmwckrQ pm;p&mrusefawmhyg/ þonfum; q&mawmfOD;OwÅr

udk,fawmf\ wxyfpm qGrf;bkOf;ay;awmfrljcif;aywnf;/

]rSD;}aom 0w¦Krsm;

1917ckESpf? rwfvxkwf yxrOD;qkH; ol&d,r*¾Zif;wGif uREkfyf\ ]]armifodef;wif rodef;&Sif}}

0w¦Kwdkwyk'f xnfhoGif;NyD;aemuf wdkuftkyfOD;vSazu &Sm;avmh[krf; (Sherlock Holmes) \ pkHaxmuf0w¦Krsm;udk rSD;NyD; jrefrm0w¦Ka&;&ef tBuHay;onfhtavsmuf {NyDvxkwf

ol&d,r*¾Zif;wGif ]pkHaxmufarmifpH&Sm;} 0w¦K a&S;OD;pGm ay:xGufvmygawmhonf/ xdkpOfurl

t*Fvdyfpmwwfol ,ckxuf &Sm;ao;onfhtxJwGif 0w¦Kzwfolrsm;vnf; tvGefenf;yg;Mu

ao;&um; armifpH&Sm;0w¦KrsKd; zwf&olwkdUu armifpH&Sm;onf a&TOa'gif;\ pdwful;jzifh

a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf[k rSwfxifMu\/ armifpH&Sm;0w¦Kudkvnf;aumif;? &wemykH0w¦Kudk

vnf;aumif; taMumif;jyKí a&TOa'gif;tm; csD;usL;pum;ajymoHrsm;udk uREkfyfMum;&onfhtcg

&efBuD;atmif0w¦Kudk csD;usL;jcif;uJUokdU uRekfyf *kPfr,lrdjcif; rSefygonf/ tcsKdUaom

t*Fvdyfpmwwfrsm;url uREkfyftm; (Plagiarism) ckd;csonf[k ESdyfESdyfe,fe,f pGyfpJGcsifMu

ygonf/ cdk;csjcif;[lonfrSm vlrodatmif wuGufwav cdk;csjcif;rsKd;udk qdkvdkí taemufwdkif;

jynfrsm;ü tBuD;tus,f&Iwfcsjcif; jzpfyg\/ armifpH&Sm; tp&Sdaom uREkfyf\0w¦Krsm;rSm

wenf;tm;jzifh bmomjyefrQomjzpf&m wdkuf&dkufjyefcJUvQif Eke,fao;aom jrefrmpmzwf

y&dowftzdkUü pdwf0ifpm;rI enf;yg;vdrfhrnf[k od&Sd&aomaMumifh ]rSD;} &kH oabmrsKd;jzifh

a&;om;jcif; jzpfygonf/ þacwfwGif pmzwfolaygrsm;vmojzifh ]rSD;} jcif;xuf wdkuf&dkuf

oufouf jyefjcif;onf omíoifhavsmfonf[k qdkcsifqdkEdkifaomfvnf; vGefcJUaom ESpfaygif;

40ausmf tcsdefurl ]rSD;aom0w¦KrsKd;udkyif (wdkuf&dkufbmomjyefjcif;xuf) ydkí zwfcsifMu

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pma&;q&muav;rsm;onf a&S;vlrsm; pm;omjcif;udk remvdkMuonfh vu©PmESifh awmifaumf

ajrmufaumf uavmfa&;om;Mujcif;rQom jzpf[efwlygonf/ uREkfyfonf vnf;aumif;?

uREkfyfaemufü ]rSD;} Muaom pma&;q&mrsm;onfvnf;aumif; rdrdwdkU ]rSD;} aom 0w¦Kpmtkyfrsm;

atmifjrifrIaMumifh vufraxmif&JMuonf r[kwfyg/ olrsm;xuf tvsifarG;í pm;vdkuf&

ayonf [líom atmufarhMuygonf/

yxrOD; *sme,f

- 193 -

a&TOa'gif;

&efBuD;atmif0w¦K? &wemykH0w¦K? &lyeE´D0w¦K? pkHaxmufarmifpH&Sm;0w¦K? &wemyl&0w¦K ponf

rsm;udk a&;om;NyD;aomtcgwGif a&TOa'gif;[laom trnfrSm tawmfwufvmcJUygavNyD/

xdkpOfurl 0w¦KbufwGif yDrdk;eif;ESifh uREkfyftjyif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ray:xGufao;onfjzpfí

*kPf,lavmufatmif r&SdvSyg/ a&;orQ0w¦Krsm; a&mif;ípGH&kHrQavmufom &SdMuyg\/ okdUaomf

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aiG600d &cJUbl;&m ¤if;aiGrSm þacwf aiG3000dxuf renf;aomwefzkd; &SdaomaMumifh

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jzpfcJUaom udkcifarmifwifhrSm &efukefNrdKU ukefonfvrf;wGif bm;rm;a[mufpf (Burma House) trnfESifh jrefrmjynfjzpf opfom;yef;yk? qifpG,fyef;yk? aiGxnf? ,Gef;xnf paom

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paeaeUnaersm;ü pma&;pmcsDrsm;\vufwGif wtkyfpD ukdifvmMuojzifh wNrdKUvkH; eDoGm;rwwf

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cRwf,Gif;csuf &Sdjcif;wkdUaMumifh *sme,fuav; ysuf&jcif;twGuf uREkfyf ESajrmvSonf/

,Of,Ofuav; zsufqD;jcif;

þae&mü udkcifarmifwifhESifh uREkfyftaMumif;udk tenf;i,f azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ rEÅav;NrdKU

v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;Xmebufü twlwuG tvkyfvkyfMupOf udkcifarmifwifhonf aysmfaysmf

aecsifwwfolwa,muf jzpfaomfvnf; ol\ pdwfwkdif;us &&Sdxm;aom r,m;udk av;pm;onfh

twGufaMumifh tvnftywfem;yg;aMumif; azmfjycJUbl;&m &efukefodkUa&mufaomtcgürl ol\

yxrtdrfaxmif ysufpD;í 'kwd,tdrfaxmifrSm rdef;racsmwa,mufjzpfNyD; wOD;wnf;

arG;xm;onfh tvGefcspfpzG,faumif;aom om;uav;wa,mufESifh [efusvsuf&Sdaomfvnf;

av;pm;rIt&mwGif yxrtdrfaxmifudk rrSDacs/ cspfcifMuifemrIum; wlygvdrfhrnf/ av;pm;rI

- 194 -


um; rwlacs/ þwGif udkcifarmifwifhonf aysmfaysmfaecsifwwfaom 0goemtwdkif;

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r[kwfaomfvnf; pkaygif;vkdufonfhtcgürl aysmfonfxuf aysmfcsifaompdwfrsKd; waeUwjcm;

jyif;xefvmí ,Of,Ofuav;ESifh vludkzsufqD;aom aysmfenf;rsKd;[lí uREkfyf rSwfcsufcs

vdkufonf/ tjcm;vlrsm;twGuf rajymwwf? uREkfyfESifh udkcifarmifwifhwkdUrSmrl þtwGuf

aMumifh tawmf 'PfcHvdkuf&ygonf/ 'Pf[lonfrSm tjcm;r[kwf? tkd;ESifhqef rwefavmuf

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200dausmf &&Sdygvsuf (aiG 200donf xdkacwfü tawmfBuD; t&ma&mufonf/) nwdkif; 5usyf?

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r[kwf? vcwaxmifausmf&aom t*Fvdyft&m&SdBuD;rsm;\ aysmfyg;enf;rsKd;udk bdvdjyefq&m

udkcifarmifwifh\ vrf;jyjcif;t& oGm;&nfusí twkcdk;rdjcif;yif jzpfavonf/

[efBuD;yefBuD; vkyfrdjcif;

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jynfhESpfrsm;wGif ol&d,aeUpOfowif;pmtwGuf 0w¦Krsm;udk uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; ]'kdifcH} a&;&

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pma&;q&mrsm; ydkUMuonfh 0w¦Krsm;udkvnf; rBudKuf? uREkfyftm;vnf; a&;ay;zkdU rajymcsifyJ

jzpfae\/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; jrefrmhAsL[m*sme,f? jrefrmhEk*¾[*sme,f ponfwkdUwGif aps;EIef;

aumif;aumif;ESifh a&;&aomaMumifh ol&d,aeUpOftwGufrl olwkdUuawmif;rS a&;ay;awmhrnf

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0w¦Kwyk'fudk aeUpOfowif;pmwGif xkH;pHtwkdif; xnfhay;vdkuf&m wvrQrMumrD pmzwfol

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uREkfyfuJUodkUaom tjcm;vkyfom;rsm;tay:wGif AsL&dku&ufqefMuonf[k uREkfyf xifaom

- 195 -

a&TOa'gif;

aMumifh uREkfyfu wrifwum uyfzJUvkyfjcif;jzpf\/ uREkfyfESihftwl ESpfvcefU tvkyfvkyf

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aMumifh tnHUcHcJU&bl;ygonf/

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wa,mufjzpfí) t0wftpm;bufwGif oifhwifh&kHrQ 0wfavonf/ uREkfyfrlum; 0ifaiG

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tcg uREkfyftm; rsufESmxm;wrsKd;ESifh MunfhMuonf[k uREkfyfxifonf/ olwkdUa&SUrS uREkfyf

- 196 -


jzwfoGm;í vGefvmNyD;rS &kwfw&uf zsyfueJ vSnfhMunfhvdkufaomtcg olwkdUtcsif;csif;

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tjcm;wkdufom;rsm;u 0dkif;NyD; remvdkvsuf&Sdonf[k uREkfyf txifa&mufvsuf&SdavNyD/

ol&dt,f'DwmtzGJU

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ygOD;rnf/

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rsm;u tjrifuwfvmMuonf[k uREkfyfxifvmaomtcsdefrSpí uREkfyfonf azmfjycJUonfh

- 197 -

a&TOa'gif;

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jrefrmrsm;vnf; &Sm;vSonf/ uREkfyfrlum; olwdkUvifr,m;ESifh tuRrf;w0if&Sdí ¤if;EIef;twdkif;

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- 198 -


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- 199 -

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- 204 -


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- 206 -


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touf 9ESpfcefUi,faom nDuav; pdwftm;ravsmhapjcif;iSm qdwfqdwfraeyJ awmifajym

ajrmufajym? [dkar;onfar; vkyfumjzifh oabFmrS qif;vmcJUMuavawmh\/

oli,fcsif;udk0ifharmf

uREkfyf\oli,fcsif; udk0ifharmfrSm taumuf0efaxmufjzpfí &Gm\tpGefü&Sdaom opfawm&kH;okdU

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jrif&í uREkfyf0rf;omykHrSm woufwGif awmfawmfBuKHcJonfh 0rf;omenf;rsKd;jzpf\/ udk0ifharmf

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twl ynmoifcJUolljzpfaomfvnf; ol\ usDpm;wwfaom0goemaMumifh uREkfyfESifh tcifrifqkH;

oli,fcsif;wa,muf r[kwfcJUay/ okdU&mwGif &efukefaumvdyfausmif;odkU a&mufaomtcgrSpí

vli,f ]vlaemuf} uav;wa,muftjzpfrS vlBuD;vlaumif;wa,muf jzpfoGm;&kHru udkuGef;?

udkxGef;&Sdefpaom vlawmfvlaumif;uav;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqH&jcif;aMumifh a&a&

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udkuGef;? udkxGef;&SdefwdkUESifhtwl udk0ifharmftm; &efukefü rawGUcJU&bl;ygu olUxHodkU vmzdkU

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aemufajymifaom ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfygonf/ odkUaomf &efukefaumvdyfü av;ESpfrQ

- 210 -


aevdkuf&jcif;onf udk0ifharmf\ trlt&mESifh pdwfaeoabmxm;udk rrSwfrdavmufatmif

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aecGifhr&cJUonfh uREkfyf\tjzpfudk 0rf;enf;yef;enf; a&;om;cJUjcif;jzpf\/) udk0ifharmfrSmrl

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ygonf/

Nrawmif&Gm

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wwfyJ &Gmom;rsm;ESifh a&ma&maESmaESmvnf; aewwfjyefav&um; jrawmif&Gmü vlcspfvlcif

aygaom t&m&Sdwa,muf jzpfae\/

olonf rdef;rvdkufpm;aom 0goemr&Sdaomfvnf; tysKdacsm&Sdaom vlBuD;vlaumif;rsm;\

tdrfodkU rdwfjzpfaqGjzpf jy&rnfqdkum wtdrfwufqif; vSnfhvnfwwfav&m uREkfyfwkdUtm;

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tdrfay:odkU wufoGm;MuonfqdkvQif aumfaZmcif;NyD; vufzuf&nfMurf;ESifh tjrnf;jzpfap?

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ESpftdrfrQ wufrdMuvQif uREkfyfonf jrawmif&Gm\ xl;jcm;csufwckudk owdjyKrd\/ uREkfyf\

- 211 -

a&TOa'gif;

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0&efwmrS&Icif;

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[lí r&Sdjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyf owdjyKrd\/ þwGif uREkfyfu udk0ifharmftm;-

- 213 -

a&TOa'gif;

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armifjru tysKdacsmrsm;\ trnfemromru rdbtajctaersm;udkyif ajymjyEdkifavonf/

teD;MunfhwrsKd;

- 214 -


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bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;uav; b0uwnf;u a&Twacsmif;ü Budrfzefrsm;pGm a&csKd;cJUjcif;

- 215 -

a&TOa'gif;

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okdUjzpfí uREkfyfrSm a&rul;wwfyJvsuf a&ay:atmif ]azmh} Edkifvsuf&SdavNyD/ waeUoü

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a&ul;wwfMu\/ tjcm;oli,frsm;onf azmifpGef;wGif a&ul;vsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfrlum;

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aygavmay:vsuf&SdpOf aeudkMunfhae&ojzifh aeonf csmvywfvsuf&Sdonf xif&\/ trSefrSm

aeuvnfjcif;r[kwf? uREkfyf\udk,fonf a&ay:ü ywfcsmvnfvsuf&Sdjcif;rQom jzpf\/

taMumif;rlum; jrpfa&onf 'va[mpD;qif;vsuf&SdpOf uREkfyf\udk,fonf a&ay:ü ywfcsm

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a&rsufESmjyifü arsmívdkuf&jcif;onf ]Nidrfh} onfqdkum ZdrfESifharsmygvsuf&Sd\/ wcPü

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tm;jyKvkdufonfwGif a&ay:okdU OD;acgif;ay:vmí jzpf&ykHtajctaeudk uREkfyf jrif&ygawmh

onf/ þwGif wpfBudrfxyfí vefU&jyefygawmhonf/ jzpfaeykHrSmum; uREkfyfonf azmifBuD;\

tpGef; a&eufxJodkU a&mufvsuf&Sdí armifyku azmifpGef;udk vufwbufESifh udkifum

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uREkfyf a&rul;wwfjcif;udk odonfESifh ajy;vmNyD; azmifudkudkifum uREkfyftm; qJG,lvdkufjcif;

jzpfavonf/ tu,fí armifykonf uREkfyf\tajctaeudk tcsdefrDrjrifvdkufyJ wpuúefUrQ

aemufusoGm;onf qdkygrlum; uREkfyfrSm þrSwfwrf;jzifh pmzwfy&dowftm; nSOf;yef;cGifh

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tacsmifa&ul;wwfjcif;

- 216 -


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okdUjzpfí acsmif;udkausmcdkif;um aqmufvkyfxm;onfh tdrfrsm;rS vlrsm;onf tdrfaemufaz;

ydkif;udk a&qdyfjyKí acsmif;xJodkUckefqif;um a&csKd;Muavonf/ wnaeü a,mufzESpfa,muf

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- 217 -

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- 218 -


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- 219 -

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- 220 -


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em,lcJUonfhvu©Pm r&Sdacs/

oHa0*&zG,fw&yf

- 221 -

a&TOa'gif;

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olUtjzpftysufESifhywfoufí oHa0*&cJUrdbl;aom tjcif;t&mwckudk wifjyjcif;tm;jzifh

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tjcm;aom NrdKUtkyfuawmfrsm;xuf acRwma&;avhusifhonfonf[k vlwdkif;u ajymMu\/

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(oljyKaomur®rSwyg;) bmrQygroGm;jcif;um; aocsmonf/

vl&nfrvnfaom jrawmifom;rsm;

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udk0ifharmfu us,fus,fBuD;[pfac:&m iSuform;vnf; ZGwfcwfajy;\/ þwGif ]vlaumif;

pdwfwdk} jzpfaom udk0ifharmfonf a'gojzpfvmí cwfajy;aom iSuform;rSm rnfolrnf0g

jzpfonf[k jrpfqdyfwGifxdkifvsuf&Sdaom oli,fwa,muftm; ar;\/ vli,fuvnf; bmrQ

rajymyJ ikwfwkwfBuD;xdkifaeav&m e*dkuwnf;u a'gyGvsuf&Sdaom udk0ifharmfonf rdrdu

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&Sdaom 0efaxmufwa,muftm;yif ac:r&ar;r& vkyfcsifvkyfao;onf/ vli,fa&m

iSuform;yg jrawmifbufrSjzpfonf[k aemifwGifod&onf/ a&Tbdke,fom;rsm;rlum; udk0ifharmf

- 222 -


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]]udkif;vmAsm? oGm;r,f}} [kqdkum xGufvmMuavonf/ toufig;q,f ausmfNyDjzpfaom

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jrif&av&m nDtpfrrsm; jzpfwef&monf[k tuJcwfrdí xdktwdkif; rSefuefjcif;udkvnf;

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apmifhMunfh ae&ygawmhonf/ &Gmolrsm;teufwGif tawmfpum;wwfaom rdef;rBuD;

- 223 -

a&TOa'gif;

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NyD;aemuf tdrfay:rS qif;vmcJUMuav\/

tysKdacsmrsm;ESif h tuRrf;0ifyk H

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qdk&vdrhfrnf xifygonf/

opfoif;xGufjcif;

- 224 -


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udk0ifharmfrSm q&m0eftwGufvnf;aumif;? vlemtwGufvnf;aumif; oifhwifhavsmufywf

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qGJudkifav&m awmtkyfBuD;u ]]0efaxmufrif; rawmfygbl;xifygw,f}} [k owday;aomfvnf;

udk0ifharmfu ]]bmjzpfovJ awmtkyfBuD;&JU? ypfcGifh&Sdw,fr[kwfvm;}} [k ar;\/ awmtkyfBuD;

u ]]ypfwmuawmh ypfEdkifcGifh&Sdygw,f? odkUaomf pdk;&drfvdkU ajymjcif;yg}} [k jyefajym\/

udk0ifharmfu ]]Oya'vGwfuif;vQif awmfNyDAsm? qifudkawmh raMumufygbl;? wcgrS qif

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vkduf0HU&JUvm;}} [k ar;\/ trSefudkajym&vQif ausmif;üaepOfu udk0ifharmf\ usDpm;jcif;rsm;udk

- 225 -

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a&mufvmMuonf/

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uREkfyftxif ayw&mcefUavmufwGif arS;rSdefvSaomva&mifü rnf;eufaom t&m0w¦KBuD;

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wifMuí udk0ifharmfESifh uREkfyfwkdUvnf; ¤if;wkdUaemufrS vdkufajy;Mu\/ udk0ifharmfum;

- 226 -


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erf;aygif;AdkvfwJ

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bl;avonf/

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- 229 -

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- 230 -


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- 231 -

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om;aumifrsm;\oif;csKdif;

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awmaumifrsm; aovdkufMuonfrSm aomufaomufvJ&Sdí wESpfwBudrfrQavmuf þenf;

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trJajcmufvkyfjcif; ponfjzifh tawmfpD;yGm;jzpfMuí tvGefaysmfMuonfqdk\/ aemufqkH;ü

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a&TOa'gif;

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ajymEdkif\/ ajymvnf; ajymcJUbl;vSavNyD/

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- 234 -


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- 235 -

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a&TOa'gif;

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- 238 -


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- 244 -


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- 253 -

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uREkfyftzdkUrSm jrif;pD;jcif;onf tEÅ&m,f&Sdwwfjcif;udk rqGuwnf;u em;vnfNyD;jzpfygonf/)

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- 257 -

a&TOa'gif;

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vnf; tawmfrsm;vSygNyD/ ratmifjrifao;acs/

avsmfvkduf&jcif;

- 258 -


uREkfyfaexkdifaom urf;eD&GmwGif wbufwcsufü tdrfrsm;&Hvsuf&Sdaom &Gmv,fvrf;&Sd&m

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avhusifhay;aomfvnf; NydKifyGJoGif;avmufatmif Ekdifeif;aomtajcodkU ra&mufacs/ av;ywf

- 259 -

a&TOa'gif;

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- 260 -


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udkodef;azESifhvyfuD;

- 261 -

a&TOa'gif;

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- 262 -


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rcHcsifaomowÅdjyrI

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a&TOa'gif;

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tkef;oifu tawmfajy;Edkifao;wmudk;As? vdkufvdkUudk rrSDawmhbl;}}

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rSDatmifvdkuf&\/

- 267 -

a&TOa'gif;

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- 268 -


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- 269 -

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- 271 -

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- 272 -


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- 273 -

a&TOa'gif;

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- 274 -


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- 275 -

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vdkufvdkol r&Sm;vSay/

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a&TOa'gif;

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toHrsm;udkvnf; Mum;&\/ aemufwcPü aA'gcsKHawmudkazmufxGufí vsm;ueJ vsm;ueJ

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a&TOa'gif;

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bufrS azmufxGufoGm;jcif;jzpfonf[k uREkfyfawG;qEdkifonf/

awm0ufxGufajy;ykH

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udkodef;az\vufpGrf;

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acG;waumifrSm usm;opfykwfí tawmfemoGm;onf[k od&onf/)

udkodef;azESifhuREkfyf

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ESifh uREkfyfonf udk0ifharmf\rSmxm;csuftwdkif; udkufnDum wa,mufESifhwa,muf wkd;í

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a&TOa'gif;

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qufqHMuavawmhonf/ þonfrSmvnf; t&omwrsKd;aywnf;/

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usm;udkufaomjrif;

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a&TOa'gif;

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vsuf &Sdygawmhonf/

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- 299 -

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- 301 -

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- 303 -

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a&TOa'gif;

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- 311 -

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- 313 -

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- 314 -


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0rf;omírqkH; jzpfcJU&ygawmhonf/

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rdcifrlum; uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl ae&pfcJUonf/ ESpfvcefUMumí tzsm;vGwfaomtcg uRekfyfrSm

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uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,mufonf 0ufvufodkUjyefMuí ,ciftwdkif; 0dkif;vkyf0dkif;pm; aexdkifMujyef

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twlwlyif cJ,Of;cJU&m tvkyfa&m aep&myg a&Sma&Sm&SL&SL &vdkufjcif;twGuf uHaumif;vS

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a&;rSL;tvkyf[lonfrSm rnfonfhtvkyfrsKd;ayenf;/

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a&;&aom pma&;q&m? odkUr[kwf owif;pmq&mtvkyfrsKd;udk ydkí ESpfouf\/ e,l;bm;rm;

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pma&;wydkif;? tkyfcsKyfa&;wydkif; tvkyfrsKd;jzpfjcif;udk awGU&í uREkfyf tawmfwkefvIyfoGm;\/

refae*sif;t,f'Dwmjzpfaom udkbvIdifrSm tawmfcifriftm;udk;ykH&í ]vlawmf} wa,muf[k

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a&TOa'gif;

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awGU&\/ uREkfyftm; uavmfxkwfcsifaomvlrsm;onf olwkdUudk,fwdkif vGifhpifoGm;jcif;udk

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- 319 -

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NyD;vwfaomf udkxGef;oef;ü waumifrSrwkdufaomaMumifh ygaomaiG ukefavNyD/ qXryGJwGif

- 320 -


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- 321 -

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- 333 -

a&TOa'gif;

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- 334 -


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qkdufa&mufMu\/

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(trnfudk uREkfyfrrSwfrdaom) &Gm\tMum;wGif ocFsKdif;&Sdavonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf ae0if

&Doa&m tcsdefwGif AdkvfwJodkU qdkufa&mufMuí awmacgif;rsm;ESifh wynfhrsm;vnf; npm

csufjyKwfMu\/ awmacgif;rsm;onf AdkvfwJrsm;ü wnf;cdkí csujfyKwfMuonfhtcg teD;&Sd

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rsm;vnf; ESpfa,mufwwJG okH;a,mufwwJG ponfjzifh AdkvfwJodkU tysif;ajy vma&muf

Munfh&Ijcif; ponfjzifh tqufrjywfjcif;udk uREkfyf jrifbl;&aomfvnf; þAdkvfwJürl

awmacgif;rsm;u &GmodkU ul;ajymif;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? &Gmom;rsm;vmí vnfjcif;udk

vnf;aumif; uREkfyfrawGU&acs/

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uREkfyf\pdwfajymif;vJykH

7em&DcJGavmufwGif csufjyKwfNyD;pD;í wynfhrsm;u npmwnfcif;Mu&m tpm;orm;wa,muf

jzpfaom uREkfyfonf xrif;yJGudk rpkHprf;yJraeEdkifojzifh xíMunhfrd\/ [if;rsm;rSm ig;aowÅm

okwf? Muufom;jyKwfaMumf? ig;ydaMumfwkdUjzpfí [if;&nfrygaMumif; uREkfyfu ajymrd&m

awmacgif;rsm;onf wa,muf\rsufESmudk wa,mufMunfhum NyKH;vsuf ]]weyfwavawmh

awmfovdkyJ Budwfayawmhq&m}} [k ajym\/ olwkdUNyKH;jcif;rSm uREkfyf tpm;0goemygjcif;

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jyefar;\/

oif;/ / ]]ckawmh vlrsm;vdkU udpör&Sdygbl;? aemifudkawmh aMumufwwfvQif 'DrSmvmrwnf;eJUAs}}

uREkfyf/ / ]]b,fvdkaMumifhvJAs? usKyfu odcsifvmNyDAsKdU? ajymprf;Asm}}

oif;/ / ]]a[m[dku xkyfudk jrifMuovm;}}

uRekfyfwdkU armfhíMunfhMuonf/

az/ / ]]bmjzpfovJAs}}

oif;/ / ]]usKyftvsifu awmtkyf[m 'DZ&yfay:u vefUzsm;NyD; aooGm;&Smw,fAs}}

az/ / ]]Mum;vkdufovdkvdkyJAsKdU? qdkprf;Asm}}

- 339 -

a&TOa'gif;

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aqmifhaMumifhxkdifNyD; vQmBuD;wGJavmif;csjyvdkufwm Murf;eJUxda&mwJUAs? awmtkyf vefUzsm;

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wapäacsmufykHtaMumif;ajymí Mum;&&kHrQESifh ausmxJu pdrfhueJjzpfoGm;\/ oDv? orm"dwkdU\

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wapäacsmufjcif;ayavm

AdkvfwJuav;ay:ü uREkfyfwdkUvlpkonf 0dkif;zJGUum pum;ajymvsuf&SdMu&m pum;0dkif;wkdU\

xkH;pHtwdkif; wapätaMumif;udkprdvQif wapätaMumif;udkcsnf; qufvufí wa,mufNyD;

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bufudk ]]jzKef;? 0kef;? 'kef;? 'dkif;}} jrnfatmif cJoHrsm;ESifhxkoH Mum;&&kHrQru ajrqdkifcJ

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jzpfaomaMumifh xírckefMu&kHr,fom &Sdawmhonf/) vufOD;yxrü rsufESmi,fuav;rsm;ESifh

wa,mufudkwa,muf MunfhaeMujcif;udk uREkfyf rSwfrdygao;onf/ odkU&mwGif aemufwcPü

- 340 -


c&pf,efwa,mufjzpfí wapäaMumufoufomykH&aom udkodef;azonf xdkif&mrSxí aoewf

udk qGJonfwGifrS udkboif;uvnf; aoewfudkudkifvsuf Budrf;armif;Muav\/ ]]rif;wapä

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MumrS cJrsm; wjznf;jznf; &yfpJoGm;ygawmhonf/

ae&mvkMujcif;

xdkUaemuf uREkfyfwdkUonf usef&Sdao;aom awmt&ufudk a0iSí aomufum owÅdjznfhwif;

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uREkfyfwdkUonf tdyf&mrsm; jyifMuav&m tdyfzdkU ae&ma&G;MuykHudk owd&í þpmudka&;,if;

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twdkif; þvlpkxJwGif [efrvkyfawmh[k atmufarhum ]]cifAsm;wdkUuvnf; aoewfawGeJUAsm?

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&,farmum z,fay;Muygonf/

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acgif;NrD;rNcKHwwfonfhtwdkif; zGifhvsufom; ]aMumif} vsuf&Sd\/ aMumufp&mhtawG;rsm;vnf;

pdwful;&Sdwdkif; pkHaeavNyD/ þodkUjzifh (uREkfyftxif) wem&DcGJcefU&Sdaomtcg ]*Rrf;? *sKH;? *Rif;}

- 341 -

a&TOa'gif;

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oHrsm;udk em;axmifMu&m toHrsm;onf AdkvfwJESifh ayw&mcefUtuGmokdU csOf;uyfvmNyD;aemuf

wjznf;jznf;cGmoGm;í ta0;okdU a&GUoGm;ygavawmhonf/

uREkfyfwdkU\awG;xifcsuf

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cJrsm;ESifhaygufjcif;rSm rnfolrsm;jzpfavoenf;/ &Gmom;uav;rsm; ]aemufajymif} jcif; jzpfav

oavm[k uREkfyfu tBuHay;&m udkboif;u &Gmom;vli,frsm;onf þAdkvfwJ\ emrnfBuD;

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AdkvfwJtMum;wGifvnf; oif;csKdif;&Sdonfjzpfí oif;csKdif;qdkvQif aMumufwwfaom &Gmom;rsm;

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cJrsm;ESifhypfMujcif; jzpfwef&monf[k ajym&m uREkfyfwkdUvnf; bmrQjyefrajymEdkifyJ &SdMuygawmh

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vif;aomtcg ywf0ef;usift&yfudk pkkHprf;Munfh&IMu&mwGif qifajc&mrsm;vnf; rawGU&?

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vufpodrf;cJU&ygawmhonf/

- 342 -


(pkef;ua0 wapäo&Jrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom 0w¦Krsm;rSm ,ckwavmwGif tvum;[mrsm;

taejzifh &IwfcsuJU&JUvsuf&SdMu&m uREkfyfonf udk,fawGUudk trSeftwdkif; a&;jyonfüyif

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xdkolwkdUonf wapäacsmufwwfonf[k emrnfBuD;aom ae&mrsKd;ü wa,mufwnf; tdyfjy0HU

onf[k ajym&JaomowÅd &Sdoifh\/ wapä0w¦Krsm;rSm taygpm;pma&;q&mrsm;\ ]pm;usuf}

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onf/ uREkfyf\wifjycsufrSm ¤if;0w¦KrsKd;onf umr0w¦Krsm;avmuf qkd;&Gm;aomtusKd;

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1929ckESpfwGif uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;onf rusnf;wkHokdUjyefvmí rdbrsm;ESifhtwl aexdkifMu

jyef\/ xdktawmtwGif;ü &efukefNrdKUwGif *sme,fESifh r*¾Zif;rsm;onf wjzKwfjzKwf jyKwfMuí

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wnf;/ okdUjzpf&um; 1930jynfh ESpfOD;avmufwGif uREkfyfwdkUonf &efukefodkU qif;vmMu&

jyefygawmhonf/

bmomjyeftoif;ESif hqufjcif;

- 343 -

a&TOa'gif;

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usrf;pmrsm;udk bmomjyefzdkUr[kwfaMumif;? jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftm; pmzwfjcif; tavhtusifh

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