shwe oo daung. biography

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    ypKyeb0\ jyKjyifr jzponfqkdjci;udk (OmPfrSDoavmu) yki;jcm;a0zewifjyvdkjci;jzpfygonf/ vk&if;tcsKy uREfyftaMumi;uk uREkya&;om;azmfjyjci;jzpapumr (trsK;orD;pma&;q&mwOD;u a0zez;onfhtwkdi;)igwnf;[aom pwfxm;rygy tjyifvlwa,mutaejzifh a&;om;zdUBudK;pm;rnfjzpfygonf/ uREkfy\pmigoabm(yvTm;vdaomoabm) rnrQavmuuif; rui;udkrl pmzwfolwkdU qkH;jzwfMu&ef jzpygonf/

    uREfy\tjzptysursm;rm twKywd &k;&k;taejzih a&;om;azmfjyrnfqdkygu cyf&Tef;&e;a&;wwfo r[kwcJUvQi (a&;wwfolvnf;&m;on) ajcmuuyNi;aiUzG,aumi;aom taMumi; t&mrsm;yg&dwwfonfjzpfaomaMumih tjzptysufoufoufrQru tawG;tac:rsm;vnf;oufqdi&mae&mrsm;wGi xnfhoi;azmfjy&ygon/ uREfy\tawG;tac:rsm;rmvn; (reuejcif;? rrSefuejcif;udk tyxm;) tpOftvmynm&drsm;\ t,tqrsm;Eih uJGvGrrsm; &dvrfhrnfjzp&m rnfonuobm0us rusudk pmzwfowkdU pOf;pm;p&m &djcif;tm;jzif pwf0ifpm;z,fjzpvdrfrnf[k arQmfvihygonf/a&;O;pm rwrdaomt&m

    tjcm;wae&m uREkfyon vljzpfvmonrSp a&;O;pm rwraomtcsi;t&mrm ar;apuJ woufywvkH; xi&m;aom trwtom;wcjzp&avmufatmi trm&wf xijcif;taMumi;udk a&;om;cUb;&mxkUaemufwif xyfrH apapawG;jyefaomtcg 4i;xuf tvsifusaomtjzpftysufwcudk ow&rygon/ uREkfyrm om;O;jzp 'w,ar;zm;onh uREkfy\Eronf uREyfxufoH;EpcefUi,f&m taemuwdki;

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    jynfrsm; 7v? 10vrQom rcifEdkUuk wkduauR;Muonfqk aomfvnf;uREfyrSm EpEpausmrQ EkUpkUcih&ygvsuESihyi rbrsm;onf uREkfytm;]EkUrsufom;}uav;[qdkum txl;*&kpdku taumi;qkH;qkaompm;p&mrsm;udk auR;ar;Muonf/ (xdkpOu EkUAl;wkufaom tavtx&Muao;[ef rwlay/) ypewkyaMumf? 0ufom;uif? MuufaygiaMumf paompm;p&mrsm;onf uREkfytwufjzp rbrsm;rum; Muuf&k;Ei 0uq0ufacgufavmufom pm;Muon/ zcif\Errsm;? rcif\nDrrsm;onfuREfywdUaetrfodkU wa,mufwvnfhvma&muf uREfytm;xde;&etwGuf twlwuG aexkiMu&m tdrfwGif uREkfy\ t&;wa,mufa,mujzpap? ta':wa,mufa,mujzpfap b,ftcgrQ jywfawmhonr&Sdacs/wcgw&H Epa,mujyL; oH;a,mujyL;yi &dwwfMu\/ 4i;wkUonfuREkytm; txufyg pm;p&mtaumi;rsm;udk 0g;cHMu&\/ Eruav;ar;Ny; uREkyoH;Epom;t&,fausmfausmf&SdonwGi uREkfyon pm;p&mrsm;0g;cHaomt&;rsm; ta':rsm;udk oabmrusawmhy rcifcHU&rnf[ wpmpmyqmjcif;udk rwfronf/

    uREfyBuD;jyif;vmaomtcg waeUo rcifu pum;pyfronfEih]]armiazode;wdUrsm; tpm;awmh om;rpr;aveU? 0g;cHUwJUt&,uwn;uoUt&;awG ta':awG cHUwmudkrBudKufbl; igudkf,wdki 0g;cHU&w,f?[wfv [wfrmaygh? aumi;rav;awGuawmh 0g;Ny; tcsKd&ntcsKUukrsKcsMurSmudk;? tpm;taomufrsm;awmh i,uwn;u 'avmufem;vnwJU taumiy}}[ ajymbl;&monf/ uREkfyonf tcsK&nf rsKdcsjcif;twGufaMumih t&omnUom;jci;[l i,pOfu rodaomfvn; rci0g;cHUjcif;Ei t&;rsm; 0g;cHUjcif;wkdU\ jcm;em;jci;udk i,fi,uwn;uoaMumi; rwfrao;onf/ uREkyfpO;pm;ronum; ]vQm}onf t&mom

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    ojcif;Eih pum;ajymjcif;wnf;[laom tvyEprsK; vkywwf&mwGiuREfy\ ]vQm}um; yxrtvky uRrf;usifvGe; 'wd,tvkybufavQmhae[ewlonf/ tcsKtcsOf tief tpyftqdrh tcg;rpaumi;raumi; t&om trsKd;rsKd;wdUudk uREfyonf olwyg;wkUxuftao;pwfowwf\/ taemuwdki;jynfrsm; 0kfit&uf ukrPDBuD;rsm;onf]vQm} tpr;xufaom vrsm;udk t&uNr;orm; (Wine Taster)tjzpfEih vcaxmiaomi;ay; im;xm;Muonqdk&m uREfy\ ]vQm}tpr;rm wbufwvrf;wif tokH;rcsEkify pum;rajymwwjcif;omvQitzwfwifvsu&SdaomaMumih wenf;tm;jzih ]vjzpf&H;onf}qkd&rnavmrajymwwfay/

    ywf0ef;usif\ jyKjyirrcH&ao;r (toufav;ig;Ept&,f)uREfy\ ]yifudk} pwfaeoabmxm;udk rbrsm; ajymbl;orQEihuREfyjyefvnfokH;oyjcif;jzifh rwfrorQrm uREfkyonf rbrsm;udk cspvnf;cspf aMumuvn;aMumufwwf\/ zciudkr tcspxuf taMumuu ykrcitm;rum; tcspfEitaMumuf tntrQavmuf&vdrhfrnf/ wa,mufwnf;&dao;aom Eruav;ukvn; tjcm;aom armiErrsm; cspfMujcif;xuf yk tvGeMuifemon/ (MuifemyHud wae&m azmfjyygO;rn/)tvGe ]aqmh}csifwwf upm;azmfoi,fcsif;uk tvGew&m cifrifwwfonf/ t&,fEih rvkdufatmi vnfcsiywfcsifww cspaomoli,csi;rsm;aemufokU waumufaumuf vdkuaewwfonf/ xkdpOfu pwfrwdkwwfao;? oabmaumi;onf[ rcifu ajymb;onf/ ud,fvkH;udkf,faygurm(rcifpum;twkdif;) cyfzdifhzkifhEifh tdtdpufpu&don/ BuD;jyi;vmaomtcgrl yeye&nf&nf jzpfvmjcif;uk awU& aq;jyif;vyudk cHay:wiNy;

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    aq;vdyonfu vdrhvdkuouUokU udk,vkH;avsmhNy; t&yf&nfxGufvm&jci;ayavm[ pO;pm;ron/

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    armum aysmf&TipGm upm;ae&jcif;xuf uREyik,dkae onfukjrif&vQiomoabmus[e&d\/ ou jri;p;csionfqkvQif uREkfyrm rEkifhwEdkiEif ausmyk;&\/ ESpa,mupvkH; aysmfMu w[D;[;&,f \/twefMumaomf xdkoli,fonf pwazmufjyefvm ]][JUjrif;-aE;w,fuG?jrejrefajy;}}[ qkum uREfyf\ ajcovH;rsm;udk ol\ajcaxmufjzihcwfav&m uREfyfvnf; ',D;',dkiEih wwEkiorQ jrejrefajy;&\/txJryif ou tm;r&ao;y 0g;jcr;wacsmi;uk qif;,ausmay:odkUjyefwufNy;vQif uREfyf\aygirsm;udk w&GD;&D; &kuav&muREfyrSmajy;,i; [yfxk;vJ ik&ygawmonf/ wGirS olu tm;&yg;&[uf[ufyuyuf &,armavawmhon/

    xkoli,on uREkfytm; txufygen;Eihwu rsm;pmaom tjcm;enf;rsK;pwkUjzifh tEkifusihavh&d\/ uREfyonf ol\ nOf;yef;Eyfpufenf;Eih wuG rbrsm;tm; rwdkifwe;y Budwf ccU\/ tu,wkiwef;cUaom olEih rupm;&awmhyJ wm;jrpvdrrnf[k uREfyoaomaMumihjzpf\/ wcgw&H uREkfy\rcifu ikoHMum;ac:vkuf&m ou]]a[haumi rsuf&naw owfom;u}}[k ajymonEih rsuf&nrsm;ukvHcsnfjzih okwum rcifa&UodkU [evky 0ifom;&avonf/

    waeUo xdoli,fEih uREkfyonavSum;ay:&dpOfolonf rawmfwqjzpfav[efESif uREkfytm; avum;ay:r wGe;csvdkuojzih ajrBuD;EihO;acgi; aqmihrum tawmfemom;\/ ]]a[aumirideJUu}}[k oluajymaomfvn; emusifvSaom a0'emaMumih wtm;[p ikvkdur&muREfy\ rcifajy;vm tjzpftysufudk ar;ojzifh ]]avSum;ay:racsmus&ygonf}}[ ajymvkduon/ uREkfy\rcifrm zciEirwl/pwfwif;o wa,mufjzp uREfy\O;acgi; 'Pf&m &dr&dMunhfNy;aemu

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    ao;xGufoH,dk rawGU&onESifh ]]udk,fzmom aqmhvdU ckufrwmrsm;'gavmuBu; ik&ovm;}}[kajym\/ wi uREfyftm; tjypfwiaomt"ym,oufa&mufonESifh rcHcsiaomaMumih ]]uk,fhbmomr[kwbl;tar&JU? [kaumiu wGe;cswm}}[ vTwue ajymravonf/ xdktcgrcionf a'gowBu;Eih [kaumi\O;pe;zwfudk qGJESDrum ausmudkoH;av;csuf xkavonf/ 4i;aemufuREkfyudkqJGac: tdrodkUjyefvmMuonf/ [dkaumi\rcifEi tprrsm;rm ig;pr;onfrsm;jzpf tdrfr&dcdujzpav&m aps;rjyevmMuaomtcgwGi [kaumi\wkiwef;csufaMumihtrfe;csi; &efjzpfMuavawmh\/ uREfy\rcirm ee;wGi;o jzpfaomfvnf;a'goBu;aomtrsK;jzpf jzpfrdvQi ravQmhcsiwwaom 0goemtwdki;ig;pr;onf om;troH;a,mu (rcifESifh or;Epa,muf) wdUtm;csUvihvyao;&m t&yfujzeajz Ny;om;&onf/ uREkfytzkU&mum;xkaeUrSp [kaumiEih aygi;oif;ci ra&awmhacs/ okUaomrbrsm;\treUuk rawmfvSef0HUom ae&onf/ uREfyftm; avSum;ay:rwe;csaomtaumiudk pwremy ac:csiaomaMumi pwfx w&G&jzpvsuf &donf/ uREkfyrwfroavmufrm uREfyonf [dkaumi\Eyfpufjci;udk wESpfceUavmu cHcJU&onf/

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    ta':wa,mufEihtw ausmi;wuf uREkyftm;umuG,apmiha&muay;avonf/ ausmi;ol ausmi;om;rsm;teufwGi uREfkyyif ti,fqH;jzpausmi;om;Bu;rsm;u xyfxdk;? acgi;ykwf vycsiMuaomfvn; ta':ausmi;ol\umuG,fraMumihxkdausmi;tawmfoufomcih&cUon/okUEiyif uREfy\ta': ausmi;rwufaom waeU ausmi;om;BuD;rsm;onfuREfytm; 0kifusp,fMuonf/ rbrsm;onf xdacwu cspfwwaomrbrsm;\xkH;ptwdi; uREfyftm; uwDyga&TaZmowfonfh (Zmwfrif;om;rsm;0wfaom) abmi;buav;jzifh qijyixm;&m ausmif;om;rsm;onfuREfy\ ajymivufaom uwDygabmi;budk rsurke;usKd;MuonhvuPmEih abmi;bDtem;uGy a&csnfrQirsm;udk qGEwfMu\/ tcgwkdi;rum; ta':\umu,fraMumih a&csnwrQifwavrQom tEwfc&\/ta':rygaom xdkaeUrl ausmi;om;tm;vH; 0ki Ewf,vdkuMuaomaMumih tem;owaom a&csnwrQifrQ ruseawmhy uwDygabmi;bDcsnf;i;wdwdEih tdrfodkUjyefvm&avon/ rzrsm;onf tvGercHcsi ov&iBuD;tm; wdiwe;av&m ov&SiBuD;onf uREfyfu vufnId;xkd;jyaomausmi;ol ausmi;om; tm;vkH;uk&kufavawmhon/ xkdaeUr t&kufc&aomausmi;om;rsm;onf uREkyftm; &efnId;zHUMuonfhvuPmEita':tvpfwGif xdk;MuacgufMuav&m uav;uwn;u tawmftwefEihridkwwfojzp BudwcHcJU&onf/

    [kaumi\ Edyfpyfjci;r vwfcUJ&NyDqkdaomfvn; wa,muf\vufrtrsm;\vuodkU a&muf&jcif;jzp uREkfyrm ausmi;om;t&, uav;tm;vH;udkrke;csiovdkvdk jzpfvmcUavNyD/ uav;tcsif;csi; awGU&onfhtcgvnfyif;ukajy;zufcsiaom pwfrsKd;&dcJU&mr rouFmaom pwfrsKd;Eihcyfa0;a0;r vrf;Munfhaom tjzpfrsK;odkU ajymi;vJvmcUavNyD/

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    uREkyonf i,fpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefajymi;qijcifonfhtcg(azmfjyvwHUaom tjci;t&mrsm;aMumi) rrukd,udk ]jzLaumi}Ei Edi;,Oron/ jzLaumionf rnolUtm;rQ &efrjci;r&Sdaomfvnf;]tem;ruycUeJU? wG,fvkdur,f}qkdaom taejzih uk,f&Sdaom q;rsm;udkaxmixm;wwonqdk&m uREkyfrSmvnf; [dkaumiEih qufq&bl;jci;wcsuf? oDv&iausmi;om;rsm;Eih quqH&b;jcif;wcsuaMumih uREkfy\obm0wGi ql;uav;Epacsmi; aygufvmcUavNyD/ onfrm yxrqkH;aomql;Epacsmi;jzpav&m a&UtzdUwifvn; rQru cRefxuaomq;rsm;jzpay:vmyHudk tqifhqihazmfjyygOD;rn/

    av;ig;Epom; t&,fyi uREkffyfon uav;tcsif;csi;tay:cspfcifpwf ayghavsmhvmcUaomfvnf; uREfy\rbrsm;Eifywfourum;uREfyuvn; tvGecspf 4i;wkdU\ cspfjcif;udkvnf; ,kHrm;oo,r&Sdacs/ uREfky\Eruav;tay: uREkyfMuiemjcif;udk txuwGit>rurQ azmfjycJU&m 4i;Eihywfouf uREkfy\pwf xcdufcUb;yHlukazmfjy&ayOD; rnf/ tcsKdUuav;rsm;onf i,fpOu tvGeaumi;BuD;jyif;vmr qkd;wwfyH? tcsKUrmvn; i,pOfu tvGeqk;wwMuBuD;umraumi; wwfykHwdUudk vBu;rsm; ajymavh&dMu\/ Eruav;rmBuD;jyif;vmaomtcg tvefaumi;aomfvnf; i,fpOfurl tvGeqd;vS\/(uG,vGe&monfrm Epaygi; 30ausmfNy/) Eruav;on nwki;wGiapmapmtdyww oef;acgiausmfaom tcsdewi tdya&;0onfhvuPmEihwusnfusnyl qmwwf\/ [dk[mpm;csionf? onf[mpm;csifonf ponfjzih em;yem; qmvyfww rcifu acsmhcsnwcgacsmucsnwvSnhjzifh ody&\/ wcgw&H jrefjretdyf wcgw&Hvnf;wtDtDEih tMumBu; ikaewwf\/ wno uREfyfonf

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    Eruav;ikoHaMumih Ek;vm Munfhvdufaomtcg uav;rmtrfjyifokUa&mufae rcifESifhzciwkdUu tdfrtwi; wHcg;te;r &yfum]]rwdwbl;vm;? wdwrSzGifhay;r,f}[kajym&m uav;url ]csr;vygNyD?zifay;yg? zihay;yg}[ ikvsufomajym\/ tirwdwfacs/ &moDum;aqmi;Ow&moDjzpf uREkyfuk,fwki apmiNcKxJ au;vsuf&djci;udrwfr\/ uav;uvnf;ik? rbrsm;uvnf; wHcg;ziray;y]]wdwav? rwwfbl;vm;? rcsr;b;vm;}[ ar;vsuf&&m uREfkyrmtrfjyif Eruav;\ csr;at;&mvSrnfh tjzpfuk oem;vSojzifhapmiNcKxJ wdwfwqwf Budwfum rsuf&nfrsm; &Jatmiikron/ rbrsm;tm; awmi;yefay;zU rqkxm;bd uREkyfEdk;aeonfhtjzpudkyif roap0HUay/wi om;or;rsm;udk tvGecspfci wwon[k ,lqonfh(,ckwdivnf; ,Hrm;jci;r&Sdyg/) trtzrsm;tm; Eruav;tm; nO;qJEdypufMuon[laom txiuyfa&muvmojzifh uREfkyrm pwfxwGitvGeraumi;vmy ww,q;wacsmi;aygufvm&jyefygonf/,ckr zihajymjcif;

    okU a&;om;jcif;twGuaMumih rbrsm;tay: uREfypwxm;yHukpmzwfowdkUtxivGJrnpdk;ojzih &i;vif; azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ uREfyfonftxufyg tjzpftysufudk rcif zciwkUtm; vn;aumi;? uG,vGeotm;vnf;aumi;? ,c &daeaom nDwa,mutm;vnf;aumi;? tjcm;owpkHwa,muftm;vnf;aumi; woufywvkH; wBudrwcg wcGe;wyg'rQzifajymjybl;jcif;r&Sdonfum;refygonf/ woufvH;rajymyjrKxm;cYygvsu,ckr xnfha&;&jcif;rm uREfyf\ pwajymi;vJyH tjcif;t&mrsm;ud jynfhpH

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    atmiazmfjyrnf[k azmfxwfaMunmxm;cUonfhtwdi; vUobm0udkwijyvdaomaMumih jzpfygonf/ 1930 jynfhEp yc;NrKUivsiBuD;wGi uREfywkdU\trfom;tm;vH;onf (rcifvnf;ygonf) tdrfay:rS qif;ajy;Mu vrf;rBuD;ay: av;bufaxmufoaxmu ?0rf;vsm;armufoarmuf &daeMu pOuREfyonf vIdif;rsm;oz,f tvdyvdyfxvsuf&daom ajrBu;udkjri&tm;ri,fpb; i,frdonf/ tm;i,fjci;um; tckitrmqH; [l pwcs,HMunfx;onh [myx0ajrBu;udk,uuJUokU vIycgaevsiigonftb,frm aep&m&sdawmhtHUenf;[aom pfwfu;0ifvmjcif;amumih jzpf\/xdnOfhuvn; uREfyfESifh Eruav;wkdUtm; cspfcifrEih ywouvH;0'Gd[ oo,r&dcJUb;ojzih tvkH;pH ,kHMuntm;udk;aom rbEpyg;wkdUuk,fwkiu Eruav;tm; (uREkfy\txit&) &ufpufpmjyKrjcif;ukrsufpEi uk,fwdijrif&aomtcg &ifxJqkU ckuk;&mrU jzpfoGm;cU&ygonf/ uREfyajym&ygonf/ rbEpyg;tay: uREkfypwfemjcif;vnf;r[kwf? pwfqd; jcif;vn;r[kwf? pwfx tBuD;tus,tHUtm;oih]b,fhE,fygvdrh? b,fvdygvdrf} tp&Sdojzih txyfxyar;umpwftm;i,frdjci;rQom jzpfygon/ twufaMumi uREkfy\obm0ql;wacsmi;xy aygufvmjcif;um; trejzpfygonf/pwfwkdpjyKjcif;

    aemufwaeUeeuf uREfyftdyf&mr xaomtcg Em;EkUonf yPm;ra&mufaeavNyD/ rMumao;ru uREkfytenf;i, ruse;rrmjzpfonfEihO;av;wa,mufu MuufjzLuav;waumi ]crJ}ay;xm;&m uREfyonfMuujzLuav;udk tvGecspf wayUayUwykufykuEih upm;avh&d\/

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    ruse;rrmNy;cgpjzpf rbrsm;on uREfyftm; aeUwki; Em;EkUt0ufomaomufapav&m yPm;rxr eeufwki; Em;EkU,&erm uREfyf\wm0efjzp\/ uREkfyon yPm;rukjrif Em;EkUxnh&e ZvkH,lNy;vQi yPm;ra&Ucsxm; rsufEmopfpO ykPm;ron Em;EkUudk csifhxnhNy;aemuf xufom;\/ uREfyonf rsufESmopfNyD;aemuf Em;EUZvkH&d&modkUavQmufvm&mMuujzLuav;on ZvkxJrEm;EkUudk EwoD;jzihEpum aomufaeonukawU&\/ wGiuREfyfonf Muufuav;udkzr; ajrBuD;ay:okdUayguvkdu &mraoaomfvn; qefUiifqeUiifEi twefMumc&&Smonf/rbrsm;on uREkfy\&upufaomtjyKtrudk jrifMu tHUtm;oifhumwa,mufrsuESm uk wa,mufMunhaeMu\/ vudkaomfvn;aumif;?w&pmeudkaomf vnf;aumi; &uf&upufpu jyKvyjcif;rm tBudronyxrtBudr jzpfon[k rcifuajym ]]Muufuav;aomufvdkUb,favmufuefoGm; rmvJ om;&,f}}[k qdk\/ uREkfyjyKvdufjcif;rmrcixionhtwdkif; Em;EU udk EajrmaomaMumihayavm? ,renOhuEruav;\ jzpftiuk jrif& ojzih pwwkdvsu&SdaomaMumihayavm/okUwn;r[kwf xktaMumi;Ep &yfaygi;pyfjci;aMumihayavm rajymEkiatmi&dygon/rtdk;wef;&yfuuf

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    toufar;Mu 4i;&yfuGufrmvnf; rUtdk;we;[ ac:wijcif;jzpavonf/a&wacsmi; urf;yg;wGif tvkyorm;to;oD;on 0rf;bJOtkd;BuD;EpvH;\tv,fr xkivsuf vursm;jzifharum re,fqdk;jci;tvkyuk woDwwef;BuD; vyMuonfrm (uREkfywdU uav;oli,rsm;tzU) aysmfp&mBu;[xifcUrdon/ (rMumao;ru 4i;&yfuufokU tvGr;ajy om;Munh&ma&;u rtdk;wef;EihrwlawmhyJ re,fqd;aomtvyudkvnf; wO;wa,mufrQ vyudkionfuk rawGUcJU&ay/)

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    ]t&;}\aetdrokU oGm;vnf jyefvmaomtcg rcifu ]]ighom;bmrsm;auR;vkufovJ[JU}}[k ar;&m? uREkfyu ]]bk;bdk;bwfowf[if; pm;cU&w,ftar}}[ jyefajymojzifh rcifrSm [u[ufyuyuf&,armavon/(4i;t&yf tr0rf;wGi;o;udk ]]bd;odk;bwfow}}[ ac:onf/) wGirciuzcitm; ]]'t&yfrm MumMumaevkU rjzpygbl; udk&if? uav;awGurf;jzLpum; ajymukeMuawmhrSmy}}[k ajymavonf/atmufjynfqi;Mujcif;

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    rcirm ton;zkvSonfEih uefUuufaomfvn; owkdUntpudkESpfa,muu ]]udpr&Sdygb; trBuD;&,f? roum ao&HayghAsm}}[k ajymMuavonf/uREfytm;vnf; xkden;wljyKMuao;&m uREkfyu vuudkukufvkufojzih]]ac;uav;ygvm;[}}[k qkdum em;o,udktywc&ao;on/ tawmwi;zcirmvnf; aorn&Sifrnfrodaom tajctae &dae&m uREkfyrmrci\'ursm;udkjrif& uREkfy\obm0wGi ql;wacsmi;aygufvmcUjyeavNyD/ rcifrSm uREfyodorQ woufvkH;wGi b,tcgr avQmhbl;onfr&Sd? wBudrrl tcsKdUre;rrsm;uUokUrsu&nfusjci;r&Sdaomfvnf; rsuEmwck vH; wrsK;jzpf BudwcH&&monf/

    uREfywkdU a&mi;cs&ef ygvmaoma&xnfrsm;rm a&muuwn;ubaxG;(uREfyf\bkd;av;) vuf0,fodkU tyvdufav&m bk;av;onol\vrsm;udk [dk&m onf&Gmrsm;okdU vSnhvna&mi;csap\/ waeUo ypnf;rsm;EifvTwfvdkufaom bkd;av;\a,mufzwa,muonf vufarmi;wif"m;Eihxkd;aom'Pf&mEih jyefvm ypnf;tm;vkH;uk vk,ljci;c&aMumi;ajymavonf/ rbrsm;rm&dprUpkuav;udk tm;vH;xkcG &if;ED;vmcUjci;jzpaomaMumi zcirm temaysmufcge;wifrS pwfxckuf tzsm;Bu; zsm;vm&&Smjyefonf/ rcifrlum; pwfwi;oljzpf or;uav;udk ajrmufupm;pOuavmufrQ rsufEmysufonf[ uREfyfrxiay/ (ypnf;rsm; vk,jcif;c&onfqkjcif;rm vnfq,fjci;rQom jzpfonf[ aemufyki;wi Mum;od&\/rci zcirsm;rm tvGe ]&k;}orsm;jzpf 4i;wdU\ woufwmwGioH;Budrwkiwdkif eifhvSatmi vlvrfcH&jcif;uk uREfyrwron/) ypnf;rsm;ajymionfhaemu bd;av;vifr,m;onf uREfywdUom;tz av;a,muftm; auR;xm;&jci;twGu 0eav;aomaMumifayavm? uk,fhwudkuk,fvr&jcif;twGuf rsufEmyaomaMumihayavm rqdEki/ uREkfywkdUtay:

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    wi rsuEmxm;wrsK;jyivmjci;udk uREfyfyio\/ rbrsm;rmrum;qkz,f&mr&Sdacs/ rEav;odkUjyef&etwGuf p&dwtenf;i,&daomfvnf;zci\ ruse;rmjcif;twGufaMumih tcufBuD;BuKHaeMu&on/

    tawmtwif; bk;av;\om;Epa,mufu uREkfywdUarmiErtm;usD;pm;vkduMuonrsm;rm ,ciuxuyi rcifu "m;Eihcwfrn BupnfraMumi;Ei aemiwif uREkfytm;ajymjybl;onf/ aemufqH; rcifzciwdkUppOMuonfrm temaumi;pmrusurcsi; zciae&puREkfywkdUom;troH;a,muf rEav;odkU jyefESifhMu&ejzpfavon/ cJcge; rcifonf vlpvufrvwfayNyD[k atmufaraomaMumiayavmrqdEki? rsuEmnd;i,jci;r&Sdvaomfvnf; zcirum;ik&Smavon/ usKufy'dki&mr wm0blwm&HokU om;trokH;a,muf vnf;Eih xGufvmMu&mwGi (rnfolrQ vdkurydkUMu? zcivnf; rydkUEkif&Smacs) vrf;c&D; vnf;ay:r rcifonrsuf&nwcg Epcg0kif;vmjcif;uk uREkfyjrif&onf/ okdUaomf okwodr;avmufatmium; r[wf? jyef&y,lvkduf[efwon/ uREfyonrci\pwfudkod[efESifh rjrifcsijyK rcif\&ifcGixuf ayUxm;onfhEruav;udk uREfy\&ifcGi ay:okU a&U,vkduonf/ rcifon uREkfy\tjyKtrludk oabmusonfEih wouvkH;ajym rqkH;atmi&dav&muREfyvnf; tm;&MunEl;vSonf/jyevmMujcif;

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    yufqHen;yg;aomaMumih[k uREkfyod&\/ okdU&mwi bwm&HrS r;&xm;tvkyorm;wa,mufEih em;vnrI,lxm;onf[k aemiwGi rcifuajymod&\/ r;&xm;qkufcge;wGi bwm&H0 apmihvsu&Sdaom vurwppfESihvJGap&e rcifon uREkfytm; r;&xm;tvyform;\vufokUtyvdku\/tptpOftaMumi;ud bmrQ em;rvnfaomuREkfyrmxkvlEi twlvkufoGm; blwm&H\tjyiokU a&mufcUNy;aomfvnf;w&ywaus; wGi vlpr;wa,mufEih Mum&nfpmae&jci;udk&UonfEihtjyifokUa&mufNy; umr rcif&S&modU jyefvm\/ rcifurl uREkfy\O;acgi;uk acgufjyefom; cdif;ojzih xGuvmjyef\/ aemuwBudrfjyeoGm;&m cyfemem acgufvTwf vdkujyef\/ wwd,tBudrrlum; rcifemBuD;pm acguvTwvkdufav&m uREkfyrm O;acgi;udkywfowf&if;uk,fhrcifxHodkU uk,fom;rjcif;twGu tacgufc&onfrm em;rvnfEkiatmi jzpf ]b,fhE,[mygvdrh? b,vkdygvrfh} ponfjzih tBu;tus,fpwf&jcif;aMumih uREfy\obm0 ql;wacsmi;ayguvmcUjyefavNyD/taMumi;udk BuD;jyi;vmaomtcg rciftm; uREfyuajymjy&mwGircirm rsu&nfrsm; 0kif;vmonhtxJr &,farmvsu ]]ighom;E,frwfrvdkufwmygvm;uG,? tarvJpdw&IyfvGe; vkUa[}}[kajymojzihuREfyuvn; ]]uRefawmfutarudkpdwfremygbl;? avmuBu;[mw,Ny;*usyguvm;vdkU pwf&yrwmygytar&JU}}[ ajym&bl;avonf/

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    zcia&mufvmjcif;rEav;odkU uREfywkdU om;trokH;a,mufjyea&muf (rcif\pum;

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    tvky&Ha&Ujcif;rsm;rMumrzcion tvkyorm;rsm;ukjyefpk ye;wef;zeyftvyudk

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    upm;azmjzpfvmMu tawmfcirifvsuf &dMuavNy/ re;uav;rmuREfyxuf ok;EpavmuBu;vdrhrnxifonf/ {nfhonfre;rBuD;onrciEih pum;ajym&mrm uREfyf\taMumi;ukar;onfwif rcifu i,vGe;aomaMumi oDv&Sifausmi; tprf;xm;Ny;r Ewfxm;&aMumi;ajym\/(re;rBu;rm tysK;Bu;jzpf ausmi;axmipm;onf[od&on/) xdktcgref;rBu;u o\ausmi;rmtdrfawmf&mb&m; ta&Ubu&daMumi;? uREfytm;olUausmif;xm;vQi zciEihtw vdkufvmnaewGivnf; zciEihtwljyefEkiaomaMumi tvGetqifajyaMumi; ajym\/ (yyywe;Eiho\pmoifausmi;rm wjyausmfausmfrQoma0;onf/) xkUaemufrcifu i,vGe;vQiausmi;om;Bu;awu EdyfpufwwfaMumi;ajym&m q&mrBu;u]]pwfomcsyg cifav;&,f? uRefrudk,wdki apmihNy;Munfhay;ygr,? rylygeUb,for rESdypufygbl;}}[kajymNy;vQif uREfyftm; olUte;odkU ac:,lumausmoyf&ifoyjzifh csKdompmacsmharm,i; pum;ajymav\/ uREfyonq&mr\ MuiemyH&aomtjyKtruk oabmusonfwaMumi;? i;Eihtwlygvmaom re;uav;tm;vnf; csufcsi;yifcifrivsu&donu waMumi;aMumih rcifuar;aomtcg ]]ausmi;aeygr,f}}[k tajzay;vkufav\/Epfoufvaomypnf;

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    tjyefc&D;wi wcgw&zciuwvSnh? tvyorm;rsm;uwvSnfh yckH;ay:wixrf;wwfMuavonf/ eeufwGi xri;apmapmBuD;pm; zciwkdUEiftwlvkuf&ojzih aeUcif;wGi tvefqmavmifvSonjzpf&m? rbrsm;onf ,Ge;xnftkyfuav;wGi xri;[if;rsm;xnh qdki;uav;jzih qJ,lom;zUpray;Mujcif;aMumih uREyfpdwfxJ 0rf;omvdkuyH? aus;Zl;wivkufyHrsm;udk ,aeUwki rwrdygao;on/ xkacwf oqihrsm;rokH;Muao;y ,Ge;xnftkyfBuD;rsm;jzif b&m;om; ausmi;wufacgi;&uom;Muav&m uREkfytzkU tkyfti,tpm;uav; 0,fay;jcif;twuf0rf;omv tdy&mxJryif wcgwcgx Munfhrygao;on/ rbrsm;vn; uREfyEpfoufjci;udkjrifMu oabmus&mon/ (uREkfytzkU 0,ay;aom ypnf;rsm;teuf xk,Ge;xnftkyfuav;xu uREfyftm; aysmjrL;apaom tjcm;ypnf;udk rrSwfrdyg/)

    yxr rcif\rwaqGq&mrBuD;on (vuaxmufq&mruav;Epfa,muvnf; &don/) rciftm; uwdxm;cUonhtwkdi;yif uREkfytm;txl;wvnf*&kpkduygayonf/ uREfyf\,Ge;xnftkyfuav;udkzGifhMunh[if;rsm;nHUvQi [if;aumi;uav; wwkH;wav xnfhay;ojzih(tpm;aumi; cifriwwfaom uREkfytzkU) 0rf;omvkH;qkUrwwf aysmfvaus;Zl;vn;wifrdonf/ tdrfokUtvnvmpOfu ygvmaom ausmi;oluav;Eihvnf; jyefqufrojzih MunfE;vonf/ okU&mwiuREkfyrmwausmi;vk;wGi ti,fqH;vnf;jzpf ta0;qk;aom t&yfr vm&aomausmi;om;uav;vnf;jzpfonf/ &,fwwa,muf Epa,mu&daomfvnf;ausmi;ywf0ef;usi aeMuorsm;jzpfaomaMumih aeUcif;acwausmi;qif;csewGif olwdU\tdrokUjyef pm;aomufMu&m uREkfywa,muwnf;om

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    tyfuav;zih pm;&o&daomaMumi wenf;tm;jzifh pw0ipm;z,aomausmi;om;uav;wa,mu[l oabmxm;avmufMuonf xifygonf/okU&mwi xkodkUum;r[kwacs/

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    vufatmufwGif trxrf;EkifcGifh&daomfvnf; (trxrf;olrsm;vnf;aemufyki;wif ppfu&mxl;txdwdk;wufMuonf/) zcif\trsK;rsm;uoaygbk&ifjyefvmvdrhrn[k ,HMunfarQmfvifMuaomaMumih zciftm;t*vdyvufatmuwGif trrxrf;zkU zsufMuonf/ 1250 jynhEpwGirciEihtaMumi;yg 1251 cEpwGi uREkfyvlUjynfodkUa&mufvmon/

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    uREfy\rcifrcirmr rif;wef;bk&if\ ]pm;awmc} (xri;[i;csu&ol)r

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    uREfy\zcir&SdcduwGi olUom;rsm; taMumi;udk rciftm; ajymjyvsu&pO ]]a,musm;qdkwmrsKd;[m re;rr[kwbl;or;&U? ]pH}ap&r,? ighom;rsm;qdkvQif ]pH}r iguBudKufw,? ighor;&U a,musmf;u pwaumi;EvkH;aumi;awmh &d&Smyg&U? EkUayr,fh rpkHbl;uG,h}}[ajymbl;avonf/uREky BuD;jyif;vmaom tcsdef tcihBuKwdki; tbdk;\pum;onfpwfxJwiay:vmoncsi;jzpf olwyg;tm; xdyg;epfematmi usL;ausmfapmfum;aom tjyKtrrsKd; r[kworQ umvywvkH; tbkd;\ Mo0g'twkdi;vkufemjci;aMumih uREkfyudk,wdki ]vlp}wa,mujzpf vmcU&onf/twGufaMumih txkuftavsmufemrnysuapjcif;uk 0efc&rnjzpaomfvnf; uREfyf\pwf w&wqpfrQ aemiw&bl;onf r&Sdjcif;udkvnf;ajym&ygonf/b0wmudkajymi;vapaom tcsuf

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    q&mawmf\ Mo0g'jzpfygoenf;[ pHpr;ar;jref;Mu&m 'udP0efwkuf&dNrwfq&mawmfb&m;BuD;\ Mo0g'jzpfaMumi;od&dMu&\/ i;q&mawmfb&m;BuD;\ ausmi;wi ausmi;om;rsm;tm; oi&k;oifpO en;jzifhr[kwfy bmoma&;qkdif&m pmayrsm;ukvn; wenf;wzkHoijy onf/*Pe;ocsmFponfrsm; oijyonfh vuaxmuq&mrsm;vn;&dtpk;&pmppfvnf;con[kMum;od&onfwGi uREkfytm; vlausmi;r Ew'udP0efwdku bke;BuD;ausmi;odU ajymi;a&UtyEHav\/ tu,uREfyonf i;ausmi;odU ra&mucJUvQi BuD;jyi;aomtcgwGi zeyfaxmiq&mwa,mua,mufaomfvnf;aumi;? aps;csKdx qdkixkia&mi;aomzeyonfwa,mua,mufaomfvn;faumi; jzpvmzkUom &dayon/be;BuD;ausmi;om;

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    om ]yJusjcif;}uk vkdvm;onfESifh olUtpm; uREkfytm;ac:avawmhonf/okUaom tjcif;t&muk i;ausmif;om;onf rvdkvm;EionhvuPmEih uREkfytay:wif taumufOmPfBuH[efwlayonf/tEkiusifhccU&yH

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    Ncr;ajcmufao;\/ uREfyrm i;t&,fwif rcif\owrsKd;r&Sd/ zci\aysmhnUaompwrsK;&[ewon/ odUEihyif &,fwcsi;jzpygu&;onfjzpap? Ekifonjzpfap tavQmhray;y w,fowfcUbl;onhtBuraygif;vnf; rsm;cUvSygNy/ xkacwfrm acwfEih rwlatmiausmi;om;csi; owykwfxd;BuwfMujci;rm aeUwdki;udpjzponf/q&mawmftm; ravQmupwrf;qk oabmwlowfywMuaom vua0UyGuav;rsm;rm waeUvQi wyJGEpyG&SdNrjzp\/ xkacwf EkifiHausmfvufa0Uorm;Bu;rsm;jzpfMuonfh rk;BudK;? ay:odki;? usm;ys? usm;eufponfwdUuvn; tdrfawmf&mb&m;ajrmufbuf&d ]bk&m;iwfwdk}te;wGi&oGi;vsuf&d&m ausmi;om;BuD;rsm;on ausmi;om;uav;Eihausmi;om;vwfrsm;ukajrmufay; ]rif;urd;BuK;u? ri;u ay:odki;uG?rif;u aygijzLibuG? rif;u twfEJzw zd;wkwuG} ponjzifhemrnfBuD;rsm;rnfhNyD;vQif &,fwcsi;wGay;um xd;owap\/owfywMupOftwGi; i;wkdUu vufa0Uqdki;tom;rsKd;uk yg;pyfjzihw;ay;Mu&m uav;rsm;vn; rkupdwf0if oJorr xk;owfMuavawmhonf/ okUjzifh uREkfyuJUodUaom ausmi;om;i,fuav;rsm;rmEwfcrf;pwfjywfjci;? ezl;a&mijci;? rsuuGi;nKjci; ponf 'Pf&m'Pfcsufrsm;Esih tdrfokUjyefMuonfu rsm;avon/ enf;tm;jzih uREkfywkdUausmi;om;i,fuav;rsm;rm ]wdkuMuuf}uav;oz,f ]cy}zkU O;rav;yjzpukefMuavNy/

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    x;jcm;aomq&mawmfNrwfausmi;(]bdwfausmi;}ac:Muonf/)\ pnfum;jci;taMumi;&i;

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    r;avmiav&m uREywkdU aetdrfEihaps;csKawmfBu;rm a&wacsmi;rQomjcm;onfjzp uREfyf\wouwmwGi r;tBuD;tus,favmijcif;ukyxrtBudr ]*&i;pwi;}r Munh&jci;jzpon/ wnOhywvkH;avmijci;udk wnOhywfvkH;vdkyi w&yvkH; xdiMunfhMu\/ a&pufrsm;[wywr&Sdao;onh acwjzpf wydki;wprQ Nir;owfxm;onfh ae&mrsm;wGi wcPwmrQomNir; watmirQMumvQi wzex awmuavmijyeavonf/ ypn;rsK;pHavmijcif;jzpf anSmfeUtrsK;pHe Mu&onhjyiayguuJGo trsK;rsK;vn;Mum;Mu&\/ r;awmufrsm;on wae&mwcgw&H Nir;awmhrnfuUokUjzpfNyD;r qD?a&eHqDpaom avmipmrsm;odkUu;puf&mwGi rk;xk;onh r;awmuBu;rsm; [ke;ueJxawmufvmjyef\/ odUjzp&mwGi ikursO;pjyKvmaom r;Munfhy&dowfBuD;rSm rsufvH;rsm;Ny vmMujyefon/ai&iaom&ufydki;

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    ae0ionfh tqkH; wusyf Epusy ig;usyfwersm;uk vwdki;vk& 50dwef100we wkiatmi &Muolrsm;vnf; &dMuavon/ tcsKUrSma&qkiaiGqdkifwe;r a&caicrsm;udkyi &&SdMuonfqk\/ jymyHxrm&m&Muaom ypnf;rsm;udk apmih0,,lMuonh vmbfjriolrsm;vnf;&efukeMuufwe;yrm ay:vmMuonf/ uREkfyonvnf; rbrsm; roapyausmi;tm;vycsdefwif tjcm;ausmi;om;Bu;rsm;Eihtwl vduf jymyudkarjcif;jzifwaeUvQi okH;yav;yrQ &&Sdav&m reUzdk;Epjym;om&aomoi,fwa,mu tzkU vmboyyum&iv vGepmauseyfcUav\/]aps;orm;} jzpfvmMujcif;

    uREfytxl;ojzih wifjyvdkaom tjcif;t&mrm ykuqH&ib;jcif;aMumih uREyfysupD;vm&ykHyifjzpfavonf/ aps;csKawmfBuD; jymyHjzppOfuoH;y wrwokH;Ekifaom ausmi;om;rsm;on jymyHay:wGi qkiwef;rsm;jzpvmaomtcg ykuqH0iayguf r&SdMuawmhojzifh BurBu&m Bu&awmhonf/ (xdkacwfur acguqJGwvkH;wy? reUwESpjym;? zmvl'g cuuav;wyJ? cufBuD;wr;? p;u&ufwjym; av;vdy? ]zifqDpy}okH;vy&aomacwjzpfaomaMumih ok;ywrwfqkvQif oaX;om;rsK;ozG, okH;EkiMuonf/ uREfyfwdUausmi; oaX;O;bZH\ om;wa,mu&Sd&m olyifrefUzd;ajcmujym;om&onf/) ausmi;om;rsm;on aps;csKjymy (pm;usuf)u,faysmuf wwef;qdkirsm; ay:aygufvm&mwGi (vkufpifywvdkuaomueonBu;rsm;uJUokU) p;ym;a&; tusyftwn;aw awGUBuKH&av\/wi tcsKUausmi;om;rsm;on aps;qdkifrsm;r tvpEdkufaom pepukwxGiMu\/ tx;ojzih ukepHa&mi;aom usLvD,mqkirsm;rm

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    i;wdUusufpm;&maom Xmejzpf\/ ausmi;om;cyfBuD;BuD; av;ig;a,mufwdUon ausmi;tm;csewGi aps;csKdokUoGm; jyevmaomtcg a*:vDrsm;?riftd;rsm;? vuudkifyk0grsm;? cwHrsm; tp&Sdonfh ypnf;uav;rsm; to;oD;ygvmMu&m wa,muvQif ig;r;wef? ajcmufr;we ponjzifh &cJUMu\/i;wdU\ ]y}jcif;ukjrifMu& aps;csKoGm;aom ausmi;om;ta& twufym;rsm;vm&m aemufqkH;wif ykufqH&iaom oaX;om;Eif vufzGmaomrbwdkU\om; tenf;i,frSwyg; aps;orm;jzpfukefMuavawmh onf/twkjriftwwfoif

    waeUo uREkfyonvn; ausmi;om;Bu;rsm;\ ykuqH&ijci;ukom;&nusvsuf&dpO uREkfyudkcirifaom ausmi;om;BuD;wa,muu]]a[haumi azodef;? igeUvdkucJUygvm;uG? bmrrcufbl;? igvkyovdkomMunhvky}}[kqkum vpfykHvpenf;uk oGeoifav&m uREfyvnf;vdufygom;av\/ uREkfywkdUtzGUrm okH;av;a,mu&d uREkfyonfolwkdU\vpfyHvpfenf;uk vufawGUoicef;pm,&kHom,lcUNy; yxrwacgufjyevmcU\/'wd,wacgufrl uREfyf\tzJUom;rsm;u ypnf;rsm; 0,fcsijyKaps;qpfvsuf&MupO uREkfyon zvfa*:vD'k;BuD;wvkH;udk Eduf,cg;ykufxJodkU xnfhvkuf\/ Eduf,aomtcgwGi vufwefaomfvnf;cg;ykufxJodkU xnfhNyD;onhwdkifatmi qki&iu rjrifaomaMumih]w,f[kwwJUtvyfygwum;} [ESpfodrfhr\/ xdkcP tjcm;qdkifrusLv,mukvm;wa,muajy;vm uREkfy\cg;ykufuk Edupr;onwGizvfa*:vDBuD;uk awUoGm;\/ wGiqki&iqif;vm uREfyf\eo,ukwcsuEpcsuykwfNyD; *gwwJokUydU&efqGac:av&m uREkfy\tzUom;rsm;

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    0if;vmMu ]]a[h bmvuG ukvm;? uav;udkrif;bmvywmvJ? rihwqdkix zvfa*:v a&mi;ovm;? [kbufwef;qdkiu ol0,cUwm?igwkdUodw,f? ay;a*:vD}}[kqkum uvm;vuxJr a*:vDudkv,uqqJqkqkdEihxGufvmcUMuav\/ i;zva*:vDuk uREkfy&aomfvnf;xifoavmuf rvG,fuvS[ qkH;jzwfum xdkvlpEihvnf; rvdku0U?owyg;\ypnf;ukvn; rEIduf0UawmhyJ oifce;pm&cUygonf/ waeUouREfyonfvnf; ausmi;om;BuD;rsm;\ ykuqH&ijci;udk oGm;&nfusvsu&dpOf uREkfyudkcirifaom ausmi;om;Bu;wa,mufu ]]a[aumiazoe;? igeUvkufcUygvm;u? bmrrcubl;? igvkyovdkomMunhvky}}[kqkum vpfykHvpenf;uk oGeoifav&m uREfyvnf;vdufygom;av\/ uREkfywkdUtzGUrm okH;av;a,mu&d uREkfyonfolwkdU\vpfyHvpfenf;uk vufawGUoicef;pm,&kHom,lcUNy; yxrwacgufjyefvmcU\/'wd,wacgufrl uREfyf\tzJUom;rsm;u ypnf;rsm; 0,fcsijyKaps;qpfvsuf&MupO uREkfyon zvfa*:vD'k;BuD;wvkH;udk Eduf,cg;ykufxJodkU xnfhvkuf\/ Eduf,aomtcgwGi vufwefaomfvnf;cg;ykufxJodkU xnfhNyD;onhwdkifatmi qki&iu rjrifaomaMumih]w,f[kwwJUtvyfygwum;} [ESpfodrfhr\/ xdkcP tjcm;qdkifrusLv,mukvm;wa,muajy;vm uREkfy\cg;yufudk Edufpr;onxktacgufwif atmijrifygu b,rQavmufMumatmi EdufaeOD;rnrqdkEkiay/

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    Mum;&cJaomt*vdypmoHNrwfq&mawmf\ ausmi; O;wavmua&mufvm t*vdypmoifp

    jyKonfwi rbrsm;onfausmi;e;aom &kifwef;&yfr &ifEiwcg;odkUa&Uajymi;Mu&jye\/ &efEiwHcg;Eih 'udP0ewdkufrSm 17 ]jy}a0;aomfvnf; rbrsm;onf Nrwq&mawmfuk MunndKonfuwaMumi;?uREfytm;vnf; t*vdypmoifapvdkonfwaMumi;aMumih t&yfa&Uaomfvnf; ausmi;ra&UyJ a0;vaomc&d;ukaeUwki; toGm;tjyefvr;avQmuap\/ &efESiwHcg;&yfuGufrm rcif\aqrsK;rsm;aexdkiMuaom&yfuGujzpav&m (uREkfy\tbk;vn;&dao;on/) uREfyfonf oli,wef;]y&dkirm}zw pmtkyfwif p-at-uufw (Cat) tm&-at-wD &ufw (Rat)tufp-at-wD qufw (Sat) ponjzizwfjyaomtcg tbkd;Eihwurci\ aqGrsK;rsm;onf 0kif;tkHem;axmiMu,if; ]vQmvdyo}ygyoonf?em;axmiaumi;on ponrsm;jzihf cs;rr;MuaomaMumih uREfy&iaumh*Pf,lrjcif;udkrSwrdygao;on/ xkpOfu t*vyfpm[onrSmt&yfol t&yfom;rsm;tzkU Mum;&cJvS aomaMumih tdfre;em;csi;rsm;yivmem;axmiMuon/ uREkfy\tbk;url tjcm;aoma&;vlBuD;rsm; uJUodkU]pmjzL}[l r&Iwcsonfhjyif ]]ighajr;wa,mu ]vlpH}uav; jzpawmhr,f}}[ 0r;omtm;& ajym&mao;\/ uREfyuvnf; aemufykif;wGi twdk;Eih]pH}jyvdkufjcif;udk tbdk;wa,mufjrifroGm;&&Sm[k ,cow&rdao;on/

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    tm*Haqmiaomacwaetdfrrmausmi;odUom;aomtcg uREkfyonf peywmausmi;te;r

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    a*:vDwvH;pEih axGcif;vsufavQmufvmMu\/ axcif;jci;[lonrmwa,muf\a*:vDudk wa,mufu xdreatmi wvSnhpypf,if;vrf;avQmufvmMujcif;jzponf/ enf;rm upm;,if; vr;avQmufvmMujcif;jzpaomaMumih ajcanmi;ref;rod[ qdEdkiaomfvnf; wnfhwnfhajzmiajzmih vr;avQmufjcif;r[kwyJ auGUauGUaumufaumufEih a*:vukaumuf,l&jcif;? re;cse&jcif;? wvSnhp ypf&jci;wkdUaMumih tvetcsdeuevSojzifh nae4em&wGi ausmi;rvTwfvkdufaomfvnf; ae0ipypyuef;r trodkUa&muvmMuonf/ wcgw&wivnf; axGcif;&jcif;udkNi;aiUvmMuonfEih wen;wzkH ajymi; aqmhMuao;\/wrsK;wzkHaqmhjcif;

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    (Oa&mywkduom;rsm; ig;rQm;jcif;tkvyjzifh tysif;ajzMuon[k uREkfyzwf&aomtcg igwkdUykpO;zrf;jcif;rQavmuf aysmfygavp}[k atmufarron/okwdkUonf a&atmuf&Sdaom ig;aumiudrjrif&y ig;pmjzih jrLMu&jci;jzp&m uREkfywkUum; ypOf;aumiuktxift&m;jrifEi\/ tcsKdUypOf;on&wfw&uudkuzr;jcif;rjyKao;y ol\O;acgi;wGiwnf&Sdaom rsuvkH;rsm;uk ]uv,fuv,} vkyum rouFmaom trt&mjzifh pprf;qifjciaeonwi jri;Nr;zsm;&Sdaom za,mi;vkH;uav;udk yk;aumiEiwlatmivyay;&onfrsm;rm pwf0ifpm;z, aumi;vonf/ wcgw&wGiypO;aumionf za,mi;vH;uav;uk udufzrf;awmhrnfvyNy;r&pfywfysHoef;um Munfh ]eifwdUkavmufrsm; yg;vkU[,}[ qdkonhoabmEih 0ueJjrnum ysHajy;oGm;avawmh\/) uREkfywdUonf rxm;aomypO;rsm;udk bmrQ rvyfww/ tuFstdwaxmixwGi vufudkify0gjzihzxm; tdrteD;odkUa&muaomtcgr vTwypcUMuavonf/a&wacsmi;\jzm;a,mi;r

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