shunt compensator for integration of wind farm to polluted distribution system

7/30/2019 Shunt Compensator for Integration of Wind Farm to Polluted Distribution System

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN

0976 6553(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October December (2012), IAEME

89

SHUNT COMPENSATOR FOR INTEGRATION OF WIND FARM TO

POLLUTED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

T. NAGESWARA PRASAD1, V. CHANDRA JAGAN MOHAN2,

DR. V.C. VEERA REDDY3

1

Research Scholar, Department of EEE, S.V.U. College of Engineering, Tirupati, India2Asst. Professor, Department of EEE, Vaishnavi Institute of Technology, Tirupati, India

3Professor & Head, Department of EEE, S.V.U. College of Engineering, Tirupati, India

E-mail:[email protected],

[email protected],

3

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Greater concerns about rising fossil fuel prices, technical and environmental reasons,

reliability of power and energy security increase are making the energy sector to incline

towards installation of distributed resources or distributed generation (DG). DG is gearing-up

now-a-days to serve local and distributed loads. Integration of DG to the distribution system

is a hectic task as the present day Distribution systems are highly polluted due to non-linearloads. Integration of wind farm, employing squirrel cage induction generators, to distribution

system is considered in this paper. In this paper challenges and opportunities arising from

integration of wind power to polluted distribution system and viable measures to enable

efficient, unity power factor operation at point of connection using shunt compensator are

presented. The system is analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Keywords: Distributed Generation (DG), Polluted Distributed System, Wind Generation,

Power Quality improvement, Shunt Compensator

1. INTRODUCTION

The use of Distributed Energy Resource is gaining importance and is being pursued as a

supplement and as alternative to large conventional power stations using fossil fuels. Out of

the renewable energy resources like Wind, Biomass, Solar PV, Geothermal etc., wind is one

of the most renewable resources found in nature available free of cost with zero hazardous

effects. Harnessing power from wind through wind farms is given greater attention around

the globe as it is one of the most mature technologies among all the renewable resources [1].

By the end of 2011, of the total renewable power capacity, 390 GW, across the world 61.1%

of the renewable power is through Wind energy [2], [3]. Wind energy is a major source of

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

& TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)

ISSN 0976 6545(Print)ISSN 0976 6553(Online)

Volume 3, Issue 3, October - December (2012), pp. 89-101 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.aspJournal Impact Factor (2012): 3.2031 (Calculated by GISI)

www.jifactor.com

IJEET

I A E M E


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International Journal of Electrical E

0976 6553(Online) Volume 3, Issue

power in over 70 countries acros

capacity of Global Total Rene

cumulative installed capacity fro

Fig. 1 A Global R

Large percentage of wind energ

Cage Induction Generators (SCI

provided from the grid and/or b

units can operate individually o

connected to a Distribution Net

Distribution system and improve

1.1 Polluted Distributed Syste

The advancements and ease of c

semiconductor technology in pQuality in both Transmission a

injects harmonics into the powe

consumers but also to the utilit

electrical equipment, voltage q

distribution system feeds differe

draw non-sinusoidal currents fr

neutral currents and are also res

communication networks [6] - [

The power factor and efficien

condensers but they cannot elim

harmonic suppression, greater

systems. However, they have t

zero short circuit currents com

suitable for changing system co

and they may create new system

To overcome these problems,

Power Filters (APFs) proved to

ngineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 65

3, October December (2012), IAEME

90

s the world. Fig. 1 shows the increasing trend o

able, Wind, Biomass, Solar PV and Geoth

m 2005 to 2011.

newable Power Cumulative installed capacity

conversion systems around the world is empl

G). The operation of SCIG demands reactive p

shunt operated capacitor banks. Wind generati

r in a micro-grid which is formed by a cluste

ork to serve local and distributed loads. This st

s the service reliability.

s

ontrol of Power Electronic Devices made exten

ower industry [4]. This has led to deterioratind Distribution systems. The presence of no

r system and is becoming a serious concern n

y causing problems such as overheating and

ality degradation, malfunctioning of meters

nt kinds of linear and non-linear loads. The no

m ac mains and cause reactive power burden

ponsible for lower efficiency and interfere wit

].

y can be improved by using capacitors and

inate harmonics. Passive Filters proved to be th

efficiency and power factor improvement i

eir own potentialities (more economical, mai

ared to synchronous condensers) [10] and li

ditions, mistuning, fixed compensation, large s

resonance) [5], [10].

any authors have proposed many alternative

be a very effective alternative for suppression

5(Print), ISSN

f the installed

rmal Powers

ying Squirrel

ower, usually

on based DG

of DG units

rengthens the

sive usage of

on of Power-linear loads

t only to the

estruction of

tc., [5]. The

n-linear loads

nd excessive

neighboring

synchronous

e solution for

distribution

tenance free,

itations (not

ize instability

s, but Active

of harmonics.


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91

Shunt Active Power Filter (ShAPF) proves to be an attractive solution for reactive power

compensation and suppression of current harmonics [5] and Series Active Power Filter

(SeAPF) for suppression of voltage harmonics [6].

This paper emphasizes on suppression of current harmonics using shunt compensator. Shunt

Compensator supplies harmonic current of same magnitude but opposite in phase of thecurrent harmonics due to non-linear load. The main task in this compensator is the

computation of reference current signal and generation of gate signals for Voltage Source

Inverter (VSI). So many methods have been proposed by various authors for harmonic

elimination [11] - [14]. But, the mathematical model and the control scheme given in [15] are

simple and easy to implement. The control schemes used for the generation of gate signals for

PWM inverter are compared and reported in [15], [16] and the Fuzzy Logic controller is

found superior compared to the conventional PI controller.

The Fuzzy Logic (FL) is closer in spirit to human thinking and natural language than

conventional logical systems. This provides a means of converting a linguistic control

strategy based on expert knowledge into an automatic control strategy. The ability of fuzzy

logic to handle imprecise and inconsistent real-world data made it suitable for a wide varietyof applications [17]. In particular, the methodology of the fuzzy logic controller (FLC)

appears very useful when processes are too complex for analysis or when the available

sources of information are interpreted qualitatively, inexactly or with certain uncertainty.

Thus FLC may be viewed as a step towards a rapprochement between conventional precise

mathematical control and human-like decision making.

One of the major drawbacks of FLC that does not make wide spread use is the difficulty of

choice and design of membership functions to suit to the given problem. Thorough

understanding of the process to be controlled is very much essential for framing the rules for

the fuzzy logic controller [18]. Thus, tuning of the fuzzy logic controller by trial and error is

often necessary to get a satisfactory performance. However, the Neural Networks (NN) have

the capability of identification of a system by which the characteristic features of a systemcan be extracted from the input and output data [19], [20]. The learning capabilities of NN

can be combined with FL system resulting in a NFIS. ANFIS has proved to have very good

prediction capabilities.

An effort is made to overcome the integration barriers and help sustainable and clean DG

technologies and make their contribution to the Power System in a way that enhances the

overall grid performance. It is proved in this paper that the shunt compensator can effectively

be utilized to perform the following functions in the event of integration of wind power

generators to polluted distribution system.

1) Dynamic reactive power support to the wind farm and the load2) Current harmonic compensation at the Point of connection3) Unity power factor operation at Point of connection4) Efficient operation of wind farms

In addition to the above objectives, the power quality is strictly maintained within the

standards prescribed by IEEE-519 [22] and IEC-61000 standards.


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2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND MODELING

2.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The single line diagram of the power system under consideration is shown in Fig. 2. The

network consists of a 33KV, 50 Hz, grid supply point, feeding a 33KV distribution system.There are four load centers in the system L1, L2, L3 and L4. The four load centers comprise of

Linear and Non-Linear loads. The Wind farm comprises of 4 wind turbines using squirrel

cage induction generators each rated 1.5MW, 690V, 50Hz. Each generator is provided 170

KVAr fixed reactive power compensation through a bank of capacitors to give necessary

reactive power support at the time of starting. The total wind farm capacity 6MW is

connected to the 33KV distribution system at MV7, Point of Common Coupling (PCC),

through a 690V/33KV transformer. In this study a mean wind speed of 12 m/s is considered.

The Squirrel Cage Induction Generator model available in Matlab / Simulink

SimPowerSystem libraries is used.

Fig. 2 one-line diagram of distribution system with wind farm integrated at PCC

2.2 COMPENSATION SCHEME

In many cases, the power system design criterion is based on the current and its waveform.

Hence, it is necessary that the rms value of the total current (current harmonics) be reduced as

much as possible. This not only reduces the losses but also reduces the distortion in voltage at

the point of connection. Fig. 3 shows the basic compensation scheme of compensator to make

the source current free from harmonics and in phase with source voltage by drawing or

supplying a filter currentci from or to the utility at point of connection.


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Fig. 3 Shunt Compensator basic compensation scheme

2.2.1. CALCULATION OF REFERENCE CURRENT

The peak value of reference source current is calculated by regulating voltage across

capacitor of the VSI. Source supplies two current components i. active and ii. loss (to meet

losses in the VSI). The controller used in the VSI is supposed to generate the gating signals to

maintain the required value of active current component by maintaining the DC voltage

constant.

The source voltage and source current are given by

tVtvsms

sin)( = (1)

tItisms sin)( = (2)

As per Fig. 3, the load, source and compensator currents are related as

)()()( tititi CLs = (3)

=

+=

1

)sin()(n

nnL tnIti

=

+++=

2

1 )sin()sin(n

nnf tnItI

)()( titi LhLf += (4)

WhereLfi and

Lhi are the fundamental and harmonic components of load current.

1I and

nI are

the peak values of fundamental and nth

harmonic component of load currents respectively.

Assuming the voltage at load as )(tvs , the instantaneous load power can be expressed as

)(*)()( titvtpLsLoad

=

=

++

+=

2

1

2

1

)sin(*sin

sin*cos*sincos*sin

n

nnsm

fsmfsm

tnItV

ttIVtIV


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94

)()()( tptqtpLhLL

++= (5)

where )(tpL , )(tqL and )(tpLh are active, reactive and harmonic power of load. Out of these

powers )(tpL will be supplied by the source i.e.,

fsmLtIVtp cos*sin)( 21=

tItV fsm sin)cos).(sin( 1=

)(*)( titV ss= (6)

From (2) and (6), the peak value of source current is given byfsm II cos1=

There are also some switching losses in the PWM converter and, hence, the utility must

supply a small overhead for the capacitor leakage and converter switching losses in addition

to the real power to the load. The total peak current to be supplied by the source is therefore

slsmsmIII +=

* (7)

The peak value of the reference currentsmI can be estimated by controlling the dc-side

capacitor voltage. The ideal compensation requires the source current to be sinusoidal and in-phase with the source voltage irrespective of the nature of load current. The desired source

currents after compensation can be given as

,sin tIi smsa

=

),120sin( = tIi smsb

)240sin( = tIismsc

Hence, the magnitude of the source currents needs to be determined by controlling the dc side

capacitor voltage.

2.2.2. DESIGN OF DC SIDE CAPACITOR

Whenever the load changes not only a real power imbalance gets established between source

and load but also a reactive power and harmonic real power imbalance between active filter

and the load. The real power imbalance has to be compensated by the DC capacitor. This

drives the DC capacitor voltage away from the reference value. For satisfactory operation of

the compensator, the peak value of the reference current must be regulated to change in

proportion to the real power drawn from the source. This real power charged or discharged by

the capacitor compensates for the real power consumed by the load. Whenever the capacitor

recovers from its transient state to its reference voltage, the real power imbalance gets

vanished. Also the reactive power required at the point of connection will be compensated by

the compensator.

Thus the role of the DC side capacitor is (i) to absorb / supply real power demand of the load

during transient period and (ii) maintain DC voltage in the steady state. The design of the DC

side capacitor is based on the maximum possible variation in load and the required reduction

in voltage ripple [11]. Thus the DC side capacitor can be found from

(max),

,

3 PPdr

ratedCi

DCV

IC

=


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Where ratedCiI , is the rated filter current and (max), PPdrV is the peak-to-peak voltage ripple.

Therefore, for the system considered in Fig. 3, the parameters selected for simulation are

=C

L 1mH, =refDC

V , 5000V and =DCC 300F.

2.2.3. DESIGN OF COMPENSATOR CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

SELECTION OF COMPENSATOR INDUCTORC

L AND REFERENCE VALUE OF

DC LINK VOLTAGE DCrefV :

For of unity power factor operation, that is, the source fundamental current 1sI in-phase with

the source voltages

V , the compensator should compensate all the fundamental reactive

power of the load. Thus the compensator current 1CI should be 900

out-of-phase tos

V as

shown in Fig. 4

From Fig. 4, the compensator current 1CI is obtained as

11 CCsCILjVV +=

=

=

1

111 1

C

s

C

C

C

sC

CV

V

L

V

L

VVI

and the 3-phase reactive power delivered by the compensator can be calculated as

11 3 CsC IVQ =

=

1

1 13C

s

C

C

sV

V

L

VV

(8)

That is, the compensator works either as source of reactive power when sC VV >1 )( 1 veQC +=

or sink of reactive power when sC VV


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3. PROPOSED SCHEME OF CONTROL

System modeling based on conventional mathematical tools is not well suited for dealing

with ill-defined and uncertain systems. By contrast, a fuzzy inference system employing

fuzzy if-then rules can model the qualitative aspects of human knowledge and reasoning

processes without employing precise quantitative analysis. However, even today, no standardmethods exist for transforming human knowledge or experience into the rule base and

database of a fuzzy inference system. There is a need for effective methods for tuning the

membership functions so as to minimize the output error measure. Recently, ANFIS

architecture has proved to be an effective tool for tuning the membership functions. ANFIS

can serve as basis for constructing a set of fuzzy if-then rules with appropriate membership

functions to generate the stipulated input-output data. An initial fuzzy inference system is

taken from PI controller and is tuned with back propagation algorithm based on the collection

of input-output data. The proposed control scheme is shown in Fig. 5. The system considered

is a balanced three-phase system with a wind farm integrated to the system at MV6 and

compensator is connected at MV1 as shown in Fig. 2. The scheme of generation of reference

currents for the generation of gating signals of PWM inverter is also illustrated in Fig. 5. The

shunt compensator employs a diode clamped PWM inverter.

The parameters for the ANFIS network used for the system under study are as detailed in

Table 1.

Table 1 Parameters used for ANFIS controller

Parameter Value

Number of training data pairs 500

Type of Membership function Triangular

Number of input Membership functions 14

Number of epochs for training 50

Fig. 5 Shunt Compensator control scheme


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The rule base used for the TS-Fuzzy and ANFIS controller is shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Rule base for Fuzzy & ANFIS controllers

Input 1

(error (e))

Input 2

(error (e))

NB NM NS ZE PS PM PBNB NB NB NB NB NM NS ZE

NM NB NB NB NM NS ZE PS

NS NB NB NM NS ZE PS PM

ZE NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB

PS NM NS ZE PS PM PB PB

PM NS ZE PS PM PB PB PB

PB ZE PS PM PB PB PB PB

4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

The power system with wind farm integrated to it at MV6 along with the shunt compensator

is illustrated in Fig. 2. Simulations are carried out using Matlab/Simulink to study the impactof the compensator on the operation of the system. The total simulation time considered is 0.5

Sec. Simulations are carried out to show that the filter eliminates the harmonics and also

improves the power factor at the point of connection. The simulation was conducted with the

following chronology:

at t = 0.0 sec, the simulation starts with shunt compensator not connected to thesystem

at t = 0.1 sec, the filter is turned ON at t = 0.2 sec, the load is increased from 155 amps to 185 amps at t = 0.3 sec, the load is decreased from 185 amps to 170 amps at t = 0.4 sec, the load is increased from 170 amps to 185 amps

Fig. 6 Load current in phase-a

Fig. 6 depicts the non-sinusoidal nature of current due to non-linear loads. These non-linear

currents have serious impact as detailed in section 1.1, on the operation of electrical


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98

equipment being operated. As a result of this harmonic current the performance and life span

of the induction generators being operated in wind farm integrated to distribution system

beyond MV1 at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC), MV7, gets deteriorated.

To protect the wind farm from the adverse effects due to harmonics, the shunt compensator is

turned ON at t = 0.1 sec. The instant the filter is switched ON, the current becomessinusoidal. Fig. 7 illustrates the significance of compensator in making the current sinusoidal.

Fig. 7 Current in phase-a at source (MV1)

Comparison of Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 indicates that the current at MV1 continues to be sinusoidal

after t = 0.1 sec for any load condition. The harmonic content in current and power factor at

different load conditions is listed in Table 3. The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in current

without the compensator is found as 31% and the power factor 0.7. Both are objectionable

from the industry standards point of view.

The Distortion Power Factor (DPF) is calculated at five different instants and tabulated in

Table 3. The Distortion Power Factor describes how the harmonic distortion of load current

decreases the average power transferred to the load. DPF is given by

DPF =2

1

1

THD+

Table 3 THD and power factor for different load conditions

Instant

(sec)

Load

(amps)

Status ofShunt

Compensator

THD

(%)

Power

factorDPF

0.05 155 OFF 31.0 0.7 0.955

0.15 155 ON 1.80 1 0.999

0.25 185 ON 1.81 1 0.999

0.35 170 ON 1.80 1 0.999

0.45 185 ON 1.81 1 0.999


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Fig. 8 shows that the power factor at MV1 oscillates due to the starting of induction

generators in wind farm and stabilizes finally to 0.7 at 0.015 sec. The power factor is low due

to the reactive power drawn by the induction generators in the wind farm. The power factor

0.7 is a low value as per the IEEE-519 [22] and IEC-61000 standards.

Fig. 8 Power factor at MV1

The compensator when turned ON not only generates harmonic power in such a way that it

cancels the harmonic content in the current but also generates the reactive power needed at

MV1. The reactive power needed for wind farm operation is met from the compensator. Thus

the power factor is maintained unity by the compensator. For any load condition, the current

is found to be sinusoidal and the power factor is unity. The steady state and dynamic

performance of the shunt compensator is found satisfactory. The compensator current

increases with the increase in load and is illustrated in Fig. 9. The current will be inopposition to the harmonic current to make the source current sinusoidal and unity power

factor operation at the point of connection.

Fig. 9 Compensator current


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The instant compensator is switched ON the current becomes sinusoidal i.e., free from

harmonics and the power factor becomes unity. The improvement in the power factor from

0.7 to unity means that the filter supplies the required reactive power for the operation of

induction generators in the wind farm. The performance of the proposed shunt compensator is

much better in terms of THD and DPF.

5. CONCLUSION

The role of shunt compensator for harmonic minimization and reactive power support for the

wind farm is presented in this paper. The proposed compensator is found satisfactory for

harmonics mitigation meeting the IEEE-519 standards. The average power transferred to load

is increased. The mitigation of harmonics reduces the unnecessary heating and increase the

life span of induction generators used in wind farm. Compensator is able to provide reactive

power for the operation of induction generators in the wind farm, thus reducing the burden on

the grid. The simulation results show that the Shunt Compensator can be used for satisfactory

integration of wind farm to the distribution system.

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[1] Xia Chen, Haishun Sun, Jinyu Wen, Wei-Jen Lee, Xufeng Yuan, Naihu Li, Integrating WindFarm to the grid using Hybrid Multiterminal HVDC Technology, IEEE Transactions onIndustry applications, Vol. 47, No. 2, March/April, 2011.

[2] REN21: Renewables (2012) Global status Report.[3] Annual market update 2011, Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), March, 2012.

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control method, IEE Proc. Elect. Power Appl., Vol. 152, No. 2, pp. 175 181, March, 2006.

[7] Cristian Lascu, Lucian Asiminoaei, Ion Boldea and Frede Blaabjerg, High PerformanceCurrent Controller for selective Harmonic Compensation in Active Power Filters, IEEE Trans.on Power Electronics, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 1826-1835, September, 2007.

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[11] Jiang Zeng, Chang Yu, Qingru Qi, Zheng Yan, Yixin Ni, B. L. Zhang, Shousun Chen, Felix F.Wu, A novel hysterisis current control for active power filter with constant frequency,

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[13] Ambrish Chandra, Bhim Singh, B. N. Singh and Kamal Al-Haddad, An Improved ControlAlgorithm of Shunt Active Filter for Voltage Regulation, Harmonic Elimination, Power-Factor

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[14] El-Habrouk .M, Darwish M. K. and Mehta .P, Active Power Filters: A review, IEE Proc.Electr. Power Appl., Vol. 147, No. 5, pp. 403 413, September, 2000.


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[15] C. N. Bhende, S. Mishra and S. K. Jain, TS-Fuzzy-Controlled Active Power Filter for LoadCompensation, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1459-1465, July, 2006.

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AUTHORS PROFILE

T. Nageswara Prasad is a Research Scholar at Sri Venkateswara University College of

Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra

Pradesh, India. He obtained B.Tech. from Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore and

M.Tech. from JNTUCE, Anantapur. His area of interest is Power Quality, Power System

Operation & Control, Microprocessors, Machines etc.,. He has more than a decade of

teaching experience in engineering college. He is a Life member of ISTE.

V. Chandra Jagan Mohan obtained B.Tech. degree from RMK Engineering College,

Chennai and M.Tech. degree from Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati. He

is presently working as Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, Vaishnavi Institute ofTechnology, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. His areas of interest include Power Quality,

Power System Operation & Control.

Dr. V. C. Veera Reddy obtained his ME & Ph.D. degrees from Sri Venkateswara

University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India in 1981 & 1999. He is presently working as

Professor and Head, Department of EEE, S.V.U College of Engineering. He pursued

research in the area of Power Systems. He has 31 years of teaching experience. He is a life

member of CSE, IETE, and former member of IEEE. He has published 47 papers in the

area of Power Systems in various journals.

shunt compensator for integration of wind farm to polluted distribution system

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