short rfid history - heim.ifi.uio.noheim.ifi.uio.no/~inf3190/forelesninger11/rfid-4x.pdf ·...

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Kjell Åge Bringsrud([email protected])

inf3190 Slide 1Kjell Åge Bringsrud

RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification)

Short RFID History

inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 2

RFID

• EPC Gen 2 architecture• EPC Gen 2 physical layer• EPC Gen 2 tag identification layer• Tag identification message formats


Radio Frequency IDentification

Frequency Distance Example Application

LF 125khz Few cm Auto-Immobilizer

HF 13.56Mhz 1m Building Access

UHF 900Mhz ~7m Supply Chain

μwave 2.4Ghz 10m Traffic Toll

Four main frequencies:Four main frequencies:

•• Tag wirelessly sends bits of data whenTag wirelessly sends bits of data whenit is triggered by a readerit is triggered by a reader

•• Power source not required for Power source not required for passive tags… a defining benefitpassive tags… a defining benefit

•• Superior capabilities to Superior capabilities to barcode:barcode:–– Non Line of SightNon Line of Sight–– HiHi--speed, multiple readsspeed, multiple reads–– Can read Can read andand write to tagswrite to tags–– Unit specific IDUnit specific ID

Focus of this presentation is on UHF

inf3190 4Kjell Åge Bringsrud

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What is RFID?What is RFID?

• RFID = Radio Frequency IDentification.

• An ADC (Automated Data Collection) technology that:uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader

and a movable item to identify, categorize, track..

Is fast and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item.

Performs the operation using low cost components.Attempts to provide unique identification and backend

integration that allows for wide range of applications.

• Other ADC technologies: Bar codes, OCR.inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 6

RFID advantages over bar-codes

• No line of sight required for reading• Multiple items can be read with a single scan

• Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write)• Individual items identified and not just the category

• Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime• Active tags can be read from great distances

• Can be combined with barcode technology

What is a Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tag?

Chip (IC)

Antenna

• In terms of appearance…


What is an RFID tag?

• You may own a few RFID tags…Proximity cards (contactless physical-access cards)ExxonMobil SpeedpassEZ Pass

• RFID in fact denotes a spectrum of devices:


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RFID devices take many forms


• Characteristics:Passive device – receives power from readerRange of up to several metersIn effect a “smart label”: simply calls out its (unique) name

and/or static data

“74AB8”

“5F8KJ3”

“Plastic #3”

What is a basic RFID tag?



•Tags can be attached to almost anything:Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goodsvehicles, assets, livestock or personnel

•Passive TagsDo not require power – Draws from Interrogator FieldLower storage capacities (few bits to 1 KB)Shorter read ranges (4 inches to 15 feet)Usually Write-Once-Read-Many/Read-Only tagsCost around 25 cents to few dollars

•Active Tags Battery poweredHigher storage capacities (512 KB)Longer read range (300 feet)Typically can be re-written by RF InterrogatorsCost around 50 to 250 dollars

RFID RFID tagstags


RFID tag memory • Read-only tags

Tag ID is assigned at the factory during manufacturing

• Can never be changed• No additional data can be assigned to the tag

• Write once, read many (WORM) tagsData written once, e.g., during packing or manufacturing

• Tag is locked once data is written• Similar to a compact disc or DVD

• Read/Write Tag data can be changed over time

• Part or all of the data section can be locked

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RFID readers• Reader functions:

Remotely power tagsEstablish a bidirectional data linkInventory tags, filter resultsCommunicate with networked server(s)Can read 100-300 tags per second

• Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such asEntrance/exitPoint of sale

• Readers can also be mobile/hand-held

UHF Reader Standards

GEO / CountryGEO / Country Frequency BandFrequency Band

North AmericaNorth America 900 900 –– 930 MHz930 MHz

EMEAEMEA 866 866 –– 868 MHz868 MHz

KoreaKorea 908.5 908.5 –– 914 MHz914 MHz

AustraliaAustralia 918 918 –– 926 MHz926 MHz

China (PRC)China (PRC) TBDTBD

JapanJapan TBDTBD

TransmitterTransmitter North AmericaNorth America

Output Freq. BandOutput Freq. Band 902 902 –– 928 Mhz928 Mhz

Output PowerOutput Power 4 watts EIRP4 watts EIRP

TX Channel stepTX Channel step 500Khz500Khz

Hop frequencyHop frequency 2.5 to 20 times per second2.5 to 20 times per second

TX ChannelsTX Channels 902.75, 903.25, …, 927.25Mhz902.75, 903.25, …, 927.25Mhz

ModulationModulation Typically ASK Typically ASK ––-- 20% to 100% 20% to 100% modulation depthmodulation depth

Note: EIRP = 1.64X ERP (Effective Radiated Power)



Some RFID readers

Source: www.buyrfid.org

EPC Gen 2 Architecture

RFID architecture.


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RFID system components

Eth

erne

t

RFIDReader

RFID Tag RF Antenna Network Workstation

EPC Gen 2 Physical Layer

Reader and tag backscatter signals.



RFID communicationRFID communication Host manages Reader(s) and issues Commands

Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

– “sends back” modulated signal (Passive Backscatter – also referred to as “field disturbance device”)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

EPC Gen 2 Tag Identification Layer

Example message exchange to identify a tag.inf3190 Slide 20Kjell Åge Bringsrud

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Electronic Product Code

Header - Tag version numberEPC Manager - Manufacturer IDObject class - Manufacturer’s product IDSerial Number - Unit ID

With 96 bit code, 268 million companies can each categorize 16 million different products where each product category contains up to 687 billion individual units

Note: 64 bit versions also defined, 256 bit version under definitioninf3190 Slide 21Kjell Åge Bringsrud

Tag Identification Message Formats

Format of the Query message.


The Problems of Privacy and Security


RFID means a world with billions of ant-sized, five-cent computers

• Highly mobile• Contain personal information• Subject to surreptitious scanning• Again, no cryptography…• Access control difficult to achieve• Data privacy difficult to achieve


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1500 Eurosin wallet

Serial numbers:597387,389473

…

Wigmodel #4456

(cheap polyester)

30 items of lingerie

Das Kapital andCommunist-party

handbook

Replacement hipmedical part #459382

The consumer privacy problemHere’sMr. Jonesin 2020…


RFID Standards

• ISO/IEC JHC1/SC31/WG4" Automatic Identification and Data Capture

Techniques”• Electronic Product Code (EPCGlobal) - Industry

consortium• JTC 1/SC 17 Identification Cards and related devices• ISO TC 104 / SC 4 Identification and communication• ISO TC 23 / SC 19 Agricultural electronics• CEN TC 278 Road Transport and Traffic Telematicsinf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 26

RFID Standards (Cont)• CEN TC 23/SC 3/WG 3 Transportable Gas Cylinders -• Operational Requirements - Identification of cylinders and• contents• ISO TC204 Transport Information and Control Systems• American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X3T6: RF• Identification• European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)• ERO European Radio communications Office (ERO)• Universal Postal Union• ASTM International (Testing Materials)

inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 27 inf3190 Kjell Åge Bringsrud 28

RFID Summary

Strengths

Advanced technology Easy to use High memory capacity Small size

Weaknesses

Lack of industry and application standards

High cost per unit and high RFID system integration costs

Weak market understanding of the benefits of RFID technology

Opportunities

Could replace the bar code End-user demand for RFID

systems is increasing Huge market potential in many

businesses

Threats

Ethical threats concerning privacy life

Highly fragmented competitive environment

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Some applications


RFID… supply chains and inventory

• Locating Inventory in Stock

• Information Storage Capabilities

• Less Error


RFID… supply chains and transparency

• Tracking Knowledge• Safety and Security


RFID… hospitals• Track equipment

• Patient locator/information storage

• Doctor locator

• Restrict access to drugs andother materials

RFID for people


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RFID… military

• Tracking wounded during war

• Following personnel movement during training exercises

• Improving movement and tracking of supplies

• Identifying vehicles and shipments as being either military or non-military


RFID… fleet maintenance

• Easily accessible vehicle specs

• Vehicle locator

• Records vehicle maintenance automatically

• Reduces record keeping errors


RFID… retail

• Tags in labels help track product source/specs

• Safeguard against counterfeit products

• Reduce theft

• Allows movement of inventory to be trackedinf3190 Slide 35Kjell Åge Bringsrud

RFID… controversy

• Video of RFID chip implanted into hand


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Other forms of RFID

• Automobile immobilizers

• Payment devicesCurrency?


Other forms of RFID

“Not Really Mad”

• Tracking cattle

• Passports


Other forms of RFID

• RFID readers in mobile handsets

Showtimes:16.00, 19.00

• Medical compliance


Animal applications


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Animal tags


Access Control applications


RFID enabled laundry


E-Passport


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RFID application points

• Assembly Line

Shipping Portals

Handheld Applications

Bill of LadingMaterialcing

Wireless


RFID applications• Manufacturing and Processing

Inventory and production process monitoringWarehouse order fulfillment

• Supply Chain ManagementInventory tracking systemsLogistics management

• RetailInventory control and customer insightAuto checkout with reverse logistics

• SecurityAccess controlCounterfeiting and Theft control/prevention

• Location TrackingTraffic movement control and parking managementWildlife/Livestock monitoring and tracking


Smart groceries

• Add an RFID tag to all items in the grocery.

• As the cart leaves the store, it passes through an RFID transceiver.

• The cart is rung up in seconds.


1. Tagged item is removed from or placed in “Smart Cabinet”

3. Server/Database is updated to reflect item’s disposition

4. Designated individuals are notified regarding items that need attention (cabinet and shelf location, action required)

2. “Smart Cabinet” periodically interrogates to assess inventory

Passiveread/write tags affixed to caps of containers

Reader antennas placed under each shelf

Smart cabinet

Source: How Stuff Works

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Smart fridge

• Recognizes what’s been put in it• Recognizes when things are removed• Creates automatic shopping lists• Notifies you when things are past their expiration

• Shows you the recipes that most closely match what is available


Smart groceries enhanced

• Track products through their entire lifetime.

Source: How Stuff Works

Temperature monitoring


Pressure monitoring


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• Tire Monitoring• Refrigerator• Washing Machines• Dressing Rooms/Closets• Golf Balls• 10-15 years for most

consumer products

RFID… future uses


short rfid history - heim.ifi.uio.noheim.ifi.uio.no/~inf3190/forelesninger11/rfid-4x.pdf ·...

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