shopper's weekly papers/surviving cancer - special edition

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CANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERsurviving

CANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERsurviving



CANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCERCANCER2015

WEEKLY PAPERSthe shoppers

WEEKLY PAPERSWEEKLY PAPERSWEEKLY PAPERSWEEKLY PAPERSWWW.THESHOPPERSWEEKLY.COM

2 The Shoppers Weekly Papers • Surviving Cancer October 21, 2015 The Shoppers Weekly Papers • Surviving Cancer October 21, 2015 The Shoppers Weekly Papers • Surviving Cancer October 21, 2015

Cancer is a pro-li� c disease that continues to a� ect millions

of people around the world each year. The World Health Organiza-tion says that each year 12.7 million people are diagnosed with cancer and 7.6 million people die from the disease. Despite the prevalence of cancer, many cancer patients ex-perience feelings of isola-tion when diagnosed with the disease.

A cancer diagnosis can lead to anxiety and de-pression, which can impact cancer patients’ ability to fight their disease. Ongoing re-search into a cure and new treatment options

can give individuals hope, but finding a support group can provide the extra boost cancer pa-tients need to make it through a di� cult time in their lives.

� ere are many di� er-ent paths to take to � nd a cancer support group. One of the � rst places to � nd information is with your own doctor. He or she may have a list of nearby support groups that can help you make it through your treatment. You also may be put in touch with other patients who are going through the same struggles.

Another avenue is through a cancer organi-zation. For example, the American Cancer Society

has programs and ser-vices to help people � nd the emotional support they need, and that help is usually free. � e Na-tional Cancer Informa-tion Center has 24-hour support. According to the center, trained cancer information specialists are available via phone, email or live chat to provide accurate, up-to-date information to pa-tients, family members, and caregivers. These specialists also can help connect callers with valu-able services and resourc-es in their communities.

Check with a church or community center to see which programs are avail-able in your community. M a n y c o m m u n i t y

support groups meet in hospitals, churches, schools and other centers. These can be another great resource for infor-mation and support.

Another resource is online support groups. � anks to social media, it’s now possible to connect with people from all around the world in a matter of seconds. Use the search function of Facebook to search for a group that suits your needs.

Support groups can help cancer patients connect with people in similar situations and find the resources and emotional support they need. ■

Support GroupsCan Provide

Extra StrengthTo Fight.

Support from family, friends and doctors may not be enough when dealing with cancer. Individuals may find the additional emotional support they need by connecting with support groups in their communities.

October 21, 2015 The Shoppers Weekly Papers • Surviving Cancer 3 October 21, 2015 The Shoppers Weekly Papers • Surviving Cancer

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R eceiving a cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming. Upon receiving

such a diagnosis, men and women typically want to learn as much as possible about their disease and what they can do to � ght it.

� e Internet can be a valuable resource for cancer patients, but the sheer volume of informa-tion available online can be di� cult to si� through. � e best way for cancer patients to learn about their disease is to speak directly to their physi-cians, who can share their own expertise while also directing patients to places they can � nd reli-able information, both online and in other areas.

Some people find it easy to speak with their physicians, while others may � nd it more di� cult to communicate, espe-cially a� er a cancer diag-nosis. � e following tips can help open the chan-nels of communication with your physician so

you can learn more about your disease and how to � ght it.

Don’t beembarrassed

to bring up yourconcerns

Don’t be afraid to ask questions about your disease and its side e� ects, no matter how inconse-quential your concerns may seem. Many cancer patients want to know about the potential side e� ects of their treatments, and some might be sheep-ish to ask about side e� ects that are more per-sonal in nature. But no concern is too small or insigni� cant to bring up with your doctor, and cancer patients should never feel embarrassed to ask about their disease.

Be directWhen asking your

doctor about your disease, be as direct as possible. Beating around the bush or masking your concerns may only lead to misinformation that

won’t teach you anything about your disease or address your concerns.

Ask for specifi c information about

your diseaseCancer is a broad term

that does not indicate the type or stage of the cancer. When speaking to your physician about your disease, ask the doctor to be as speci� c as possible, writing down the type and stage of cancer in your body. If doctors de-termine the cancer has metastasized, ask for de-tailed information about where the cancer has spread and the treatments being considered. You can then use this infor-mation to learn more about your disease.

Ask the doctor to recommend

resources to help you learn about

your diseaseA simple search for the

words “prostate cancer” on Google turns up more than 21 million results.

� e Internet is awash in information about cancer and other diseases, and � nding up-to-date infor-mation you can trust can be akin to finding a needle in a haystack. So ask your doctor to recom-mend speci� c resources, be it a website, magazine or even a forum or support group where pa-tients discuss their disease, so you can learn about your disease without getting lost in the jungle of information online.

Bring a loved oneLearning about your

d is e as e , t re at ment options and prognosis can be overwhelming and emotional, so bring a loved one along for support when speaking to your physician.

Physicians are great resources for cancer pa-tients, who can take several steps to make discussions with their doctors as informative as possible. ■

How To

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Pain is not always a side e� ect of cancer, but many people do

experience pain while battling this potentially deadly disease. People who have been diagnosed with cancer should know that they don’t have to accept pain as a normal part of their disease, and there are plenty of options at their disposal to allevi-ate their pain.

According to the American Cancer Society, all pain can be treated, and most of it can be con-trolled or relieved. How physicians treat pain will depend on the type of pain and its cause, but the following are some options doctors may discuss with their patients who are experiencing pain.

• Medication: The type of medication doctors prescribe will

depend on a host of factors, including the level of pain their patients are dealing with. Non-opioids like acetamino-phen, aspiring or ibupro-fen may be used to treat mild to moderate pain, though patients who are having surgery or receiv-ing chemotherapy may need to steer clear of non-steroidal, anti-in� amma-tory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen because they can slow blood clotting. Opioids, which include oxycodone and morphine, may be prescribed for moderate to severe pain. Pain caused by swelling or pressure may be treated by prescription steroids, such as prednisone and dexamethasone.

• Surgery: � e ACS notes that surgery may be an option to reduce pain associated with cancer.

Nerve pathways carry pain impulses to the brain, but when these impulses are interrupted, they never make it to the brain and the feelings of pain and pressure cannot be felt. To block these pathways, neurosurgeons may cut nerves, but such surgery is irreversible, so cancer patients should expect their physicians and surgeons to explore other avenues before rec-ommending surgery.

• Epidural: An epi-dural is a method of pain relief in which medicine is injected into the space around the layers of the spine. Doctors may implant a pump so they can get pain medicines right around the nerves, and the treated area may experience numbness or weakness as a result.

• Ner ve bl o ck: Another way to treat pain associated with cancer is via a nerve block, a pro-cedure in which a local anesthetic is injected into or around a nerve. If doctors do not choose that option, the anes-thetic, which is often combined with a steroid, may be injected into the space around the spinal cord to block pain. While the injection makes it impossible for the nerve to relay pain to the brain, the nerve block may cause muscle paralysis or a loss of all feeling in the a� ected area.

Managing pain associ-ated with cancer can be difficult, but patients dealing with such pain can discuss the many pain treatment options at their disposal with their physicians. ■

TREATING PAIN A S S O C I AT E D W I T H CANCER


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Cancer screenings play an impor-tant role in can-cer prevention.

Screenings may not pre-vent people from get-ting cancer, but they can detect the presence of cancer before a per-son begins to experience any signs or symptoms. Screenings also can help doctors catch cancer before it metastasizes, or spreads, to areas of the body outside the area where it originated.

Many women get routine mammograms to detect for breast cancer, but women are not the only ones who should include cancer screen-ings in their healthcare routines. Men also can benefit from screenings, discussing the pros and cons of each with their physicians during routine health examinations.

• Colon cancer: Men should begin get-ting screened for colon cancer at age 50, though those with family histo-ries of colon cancer or other colon issues should begin even earlier, as family history increases a man’s risk of develop-ing colon cancer. Colon cancer screenings may discover a type of growth known as a polyp, which is typically benign and can be removed before it develops into cancer. The

American Cancer Society notes that men have vari-ous options to choose from with regard to screening for colon can-cer. Such options include a colonoscopy, a stool DNA test and a camera pill. Speak to your physi-cian about these options and discuss your family history, which will influ-ence how frequently you need to be screened for colon cancer.

• Lung cancer: Screening for lung can-cer is most important for men who currently

or recently smoked. The United States Preventive Services Task Force rec-ommends annual screen-ing for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for men between the ages of 55 and 80 who have a 30 pack-year smoking his-tory and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontin-ued once a man has not smoked for 15 years or has developed a health problem that substan-tially limits a man’s life

expectancy or his ability or willingness to under-go curative lung surgery. (Note: Pack-year history is calculated by multiply-ing the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day by the number of years the person has smoked.) The ACS notes that the risks associated with lung cancer screen-ings typically outweigh the benefits for men who have never smoked or quit long ago.

• Prostate cancer: The National Cancer Institute notes that pros-tate cancer is the most common nonskin cancer among men in the United States. Being 50 years of age, black and/or having a brother, son or father who had prostate can-cer increase a man’s risk of developing the dis-ease. The NCI notes that screening tests for pros-tate cancer, which include a digital rectal exam and a prostate-specific anti-gen test, come with risks, and men should discuss these risks and the poten-tial benefits of prostate cancer screenings before deciding to be screened.

Cancer screenings can detect cancer in its earliest stages, and as men get older, they should discuss their screening options with their physi-cians. ■

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Chemotherapy is often part of cancer patients’ treatment plans. The use of medicine or drugs to treat cancer, chemotherapy can work throughout the body to kill cancer cells that have spread to parts of the body far away from the original tumor.

Chemotherapy drugs are often used in com-bination to kill cancer cells. While it’s possible that doctors will use only a single chemo drug to treat cancer, using mul-tiple drugs can reduce the risk that the cancer will become resistant to a specific drug. In addition, chemotherapy is often used along with surgery or radiation therapy, as the American Cancer Society notes that chemotherapy can be used to shrink a tumor prior to surgery or radiation therapy or used after such treatments to kill any cancer cells that might remain.

Because they can be

so potent, chemotherapy drugs can produce side effects, the severity of which varies from per-son to person. Doctors can help cancer patients prepare for potential side effects, which can disap-pear quickly after treat-ment or last longer as healthy cells take time to recover. Some side effects of chemotherapy treat-ments, such as long-term damage to the heart, lungs, kidneys or repro-ductive organs, can last a lifetime, and men and women will need to work with their physicians to manage these side effects even after treatments have ended.

Long-term side effects do not affect everyone who undergoes chemo-therapy treatments, but the following are some of the more common side effects that men and women undergoing che-motherapy may experi-ence during and after their treatments.

Potential Side Effects Of Chemotherapy

(Continued on next page)


FatigueSome people expe-

riencing chemotherapy-related fatigue will be only mildly tired, while others may feel exhaust-ed. The ACS notes that such fatigue tends to be worst at the end of a treat-ment cycle but typically goes away once treatment ends. Rest, including rest during the day, can help combat fatigue from che-motherapy. It’s also good to eat a well-balanced diet, drink plenty of liq-uids and limit your activ-ities if fatigue is extreme.

Hair lossCertain chemothera-

py drugs will contribute to hair loss, which can range from mild thinning of the hair to more com-plete hair loss. Hair lost during chemotherapy treatment typically grows

back once treatments are over, but the hair that grows back may be a dif-ferent color or texture. Hair loss typically occurs after a handful of treat-ments, and hair may fall out slowly or in clumps.

Nausea and vomiting

The frequency and severity of chemotherapy patients’ bouts of nausea and vomiting depends on the drugs they are tak-ing to treat their cancer. Nausea and vomiting

may begin during treat-ment and last a few hours, but severe nausea and vomiting can last several days. Patients experi-encing difficulty keep-ing liquids down should notify their physicians, as should those experienc-ing nausea or vomiting for more than a day. The ACS notes that antiemet-ics are drugs that can help relieve chemother-apy-related nausea and vomiting, and patients may need to try various anti-emetics before find-ing one that’s effective for them.

Chemotherapy is an effective tool in the fight against cancer, and men and women about to begin treatments should expect some side effects as those treatments prog-ress. ■


Q. What is a colonoscopy?

A. � e colon, which is shaped like a very large question mark with many twists and turns, begins in the right lower abdomen and ends in the rectum. A colonoscopy is a safe, e� ec-tive method of visually examining the colon using a very narrow lighted, � ex-ible � ber optic tube called a colonoscope. At the end of the tube is a miniature camera with a wide-angle lens that helps your doc-tor examine the lining of your digestive tract on a video monitor. More accu-rate than a barium enema X-ray and much simpler than exploratory abdomi-nal surgery, colonoscopy

is safe and generally well-tolerated by patients.

Q. How do I know if I need a colonoscopy?

A. Your physician may recommend a colo-noscopy if you have chang-es in bowel habits, blood in your stool, an unusual abdominal pain, a history of colon polyps or a his-tory of colon cancer in your family, or if you su� er from in� ammatory bowel disease (colitis) or Crohn’s disease. Colonoscopies also can verify � ndings of polyps or tumors locat-ed with a barium enema exam, as well as evaluate intestinal inflammation, ulcerations and diverticu-litis.

Q. What should I do before the procedure?

A. Always tell your doctor if you are taking any medications – particu-larly those that may a� ect blood clotting — or if you have any special medical conditions, including dia-betes, pregnancy, lung or heart conditions. Also let your doctor know if you are allergic to any medi-cations. If you have ever been told to take antibi-otics before a dental or surgical procedure, you may need to take antibiot-ics before a colonoscopy. Your physician can answer all your questions.

Q. Is any preparation necessary before the procedure?

A. Yes. Your colon must be completely empty for the colonoscopy to be thorough and safe. � ere are a variety of prepara-tions your doctor can

choose from to � ush the colon, including tablets or a liquid solution that you drink. In addition, you will be asked to drink only clear liquids for one or two days before the proce-dure and you will be given advice on taking regular medications during that time. A list of detailed instructions will be pro-vided by your physician.

Q. What happens during the procedure?

A. On the day of the procedure you will be given a mild sedative to help you relax. During the procedure, you will lie on your le� side on an exam-ining table and the physi-cian will insert the colo-noscope into the rectum and gently move it through your colon. � ere are sev-eral tiny instruments in the scope that help the physi-cian during the procedure: one to blow air into your

Nearly one in every 20 adult Americans will develop colon

cancer in his or her life-time. Research has con-firmed that the single best prevention for colon cancer is the early detec-tion and removal of all colon polyps. And the best method for detection and removal is a colonoscopy.

Colonoscopy is a valu-able tool for the diagno-sis and treatment of many diseases of the large intes-

tine. As a result of the progress made in the field of fiber optics, colonosco-pies are now considered a

safe, relatively simple and highly effective diagnos-tic technique. Increased awareness of the value of

early diagnosis has made the procedure part of many people’s comprehen-sive physical examination.

Through the use of colonoscopy, a physician can detect and remove polyps without abdomi-nal surgery, and perform biopsies, which may reveal early signs of cancer. In addition, periodic colo-noscopy is critical in mon-itoring patients who have had polyps, colitis or colon cancer, or who have a fam-ily history of colon cancer.

About Colonoscopy

Frequently Asked Questions About Colonoscopy


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colon, which in� ates it to help the physician see bet-ter; one to remove pol-yps or take biopsies; and one to stop any bleeding. A� er the procedure, you may experience a little dis-comfort, like the feeling of having gas, but that soon subsides. � e entire pro-cedure usually takes less than 30 minutes and most people can resume their regular diet later that day.

Q. What happens after the examination?

A. Your physician will explain the � ndings to you. If a biopsy was performed or a polyp removed, you should get the results in about a week. Your physi-cian may give you other special instructions as

well. Even though you should feel � ne, you must have someone else drive you home a� er the proce-dure because of the seda-tives. You should not drive, operate heavy machinery or make important deci-sions for up to six hours a� er your procedure.

If you’ve had pro-longed e� ects from the sedative, you may need to make a follow-up appoint-ment. If you have excessive or prolonged rectal bleed-ing or severe abdominal pain, fever or chills, call your doctor right away.

Q. Are there any risks associated with having a colonoscopy?

A. Serious complica-tions from this procedure

are very rare. Of course, as with any medical pro-cedure, they can occur. Complications might include excessive bleeding, especially if a large polyp was removed, or, in rare cases, a tear in the lining of the colon, which might require hospitalization or surgery. Again, these com-plications are rare.

Q. What is Fuse®?A. Fuse®, or ‘Full

Spectrum Endoscopy™,’ is the latest advancement in colonoscopy. It provides your physician with a pan-oramic 330 degree � eld of view (as compared to the 170 degree view common with standard, forward-viewing scopes). This

increased � eld of view pro-vides your physician with the ability to see and detect more abnormalities.

Q. Will the procedure be any di� erent if my physician uses Fuse® technology?

A. No. Your experi-ence is exactly the same. � e di� erence with Fuse is the enhanced � eld of view experienced by your physician.

Q. Does Fuse® colonos-copy cost more than standard colonoscopy?

A. No. Fuse® colonos-copy is covered by your insurance in the same way as standard colonoscopy. ■


A cancer diagnosis can catch a person off-guard and drum up all types of feelings. Many people diag-nosed with cancer become anxious about treatment and any potential side effects it may produce.

Hair loss is one side effect widely associated with cancer treatment, though not all cancer patients will lose their hair. For example, Breastcancer.org notes that patients undergoing radiation ther-apy for breast cancer will not lose the hair on their heads because radiation is a localized treatment. Hair loss in the area of treat-ment, such as under the

arms or on the breast itself, may occur. But hair loss on other areas of the body is more likely to occur as a result of chemotherapy treatment, as chemothera-py affects the entire body. Chemotherapy targets rap-idly dividing cells. Hair follicles are some of the fastest-growing cells in the body and chemotherapy targets fast-growing cancer cells.

Various studies show that many women fear los-ing their hair more than losing a breast, as breast loss can be concealed more easily than hair loss. However, there are ways to cope with hair loss, par-

ticularly through the use of wigs and head coverings.

• Ask your doctor to write a prescription for a wig, which may be covered by your health insurance. If you are covered, that can help to offset the cost of the wig.

• Start shopping for a wig early on — even before hair loss occurs. As you get further along into treat-ment, you may feel fatigued and not up to shopping for wigs.

• Choose a color that is similar to your natural hair color. This will help the wig look more natural.

• If possible, purchase more than one wig so you have a backup or another style choice.

• Visit a wig store at least once for a proper fit-ting so you will know what to look for. Wigs come in

different cap sizes. Once you know your size, you can consider shopping for wigs online.

• Human hair wigs are more expensive, but they can be more durable than synthetic wigs and offer more styling choices. However, synthetic wigs can usually be worn out of the box and require less daily styling.

• Head wraps and hats are an alternative when you need a break from wearing a wig. Choose a variety of options so you can coordi-nate with your clothing.

Losing hair due to can-cer treatment is seldom easy. Being prepared for the transition by having a qual-ity wig and comfortable head wraps at the ready can make dealing with hair loss easier. ■

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Cancer can take on many forms and spread throughout the body, infiltrating healthy cells and causing an uncontrolled division of abnor-mal cells that often turn into tumors.

Various cancer-treatment options are available to treat men and women diagnosed with this potentially deadly disease, but the ones most familiar to many people are radiation and chemotherapy. Working with their doctors, patients can explore their treatment options to determine which therapies may be most effective.

ChemotherapyChemotherapy is a cancer treat-

ment in which a patient is admin-istered drugs that are designed to kill cancer cells. These drugs work by attacking the components that allow cells to divide, grow and spread. Many chemotherapy drugs are given intravenously, in cycles, over a couple of weeks, but some chemotherapy medications may be

taken orally. Chemotherapy primar-ily targets cells that divide rapidly, like cancer cells. But because other healthy cells also divide rapidly, such as cells in the hair and digestive tract, patients may experience side effects in these areas when undergoing che-motherapy treatment, according to the Southeast Radiation Oncology Group.

RadiationRadiation surrounds us in vari-

ous forms. Many people are familiar with ultraviolet radiation from the sun, and radiation can be present in certain minerals and substances as well. The high-energy particles and waves contained in radiation can be used in cancer therapy, accord-ing to the American Cancer Society. Radiation therapy can be delivered in various forms. External radiation uses a machine that precisely directs high-energy rays from outside of the body into a tumor and nearby tissue. Internal radiation relies on a radioac-

tive implant placed inside the body near the tumor. Systemic radiation is the delivery of radioactive materi-als to a patient orally or through an injection.

Hormone TherapyDoctors may suggest hormone

therapy to treat breast cancer. The American Cancer Society says estro-gen promotes the growth of cancers that are hormone receptor-positive (roughly 67 percent of breast cancers are). Hormone therapy will lower estrogen levels or prevent estrogen from acting on breast cancer cells. However, it will not work on tumors that are hormone receptor-negative.

Doctors use a combination of therapies to treat breast cancer and other forms of cancer. Learn more about various cancer therapies at The National Institutes of Health’s MedLine Plus website www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html or speak with an oncologist. ■

The Differences Between Chemotherapy And Radiation


Coach Dick Carpenter brings years of � tness experience. is class is geared to: Cardiovascular Weight Training, Agility Training and Flexibility. Coach Carpenter and the Complex do ask that any person wishing to take this class that is under a physician’s care, bring a release from their doctor.

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A variety of water exercise and aquatic � tness classes are o� ered at the CRC. ese classes are ongoing and do not require pre-registration. ese programs are free to passholders and non passholders may participate by paying an entrance fee into the complex.

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e Recreation Complex is proud to o� er this program. Program participants are led by trained personnel through a series of spe-cially designed exercises. It is not necessary to know how to swim or even get your hair wet to attend this class.Program Dates / Fees:Tuesday & ursday 11:00 a.m. - 12:00 Noon. May be paid daily for $4.00 Adults or $3.00 Senior Citizens. You may also purchase a monthly pass and have complete use of the facility, as well as attend the Aqua Arthritis class for the cost of the pass.

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Cancer can take both a physical and emotional toll on a person.

Treatments designed to combat cancer cells are often effective, but they also may compromise the body in certain ways, including causing extreme fatigue in patients.

Causes of fatigueThe Mayo Clinic

advises that fatigue can result from the treatment

or the cancer itself. The exact causes of cancer-related exhaustion aren’t always clear, and the cop-ing mechanisms may dif-fer from person to person. Some doctors believe that cancers release proteins called cytokines that con-tribute to fatigue. Other cancers may tax the body’s immune system, causing it to expend more energy to fight the disease.

Chemotherapy and radiation may damage

healthy cells in addi-tion to targeted cancer cells, which may result in fatigue. If treatment destroys too many red blood cells, patients may develop anemia and relat-ed fatigue.

Another potential cause of fatigue is the emo-tional toll cancer can take on a person. Concerns or depression may lead to lack of sleep, and inter-rupted or inconsistent sleep can add to fatigue.

Additionally, poor nutrition, medications, lack of exercise, and hormonal changes may contribute to feelings of fatigue.

Fighting fatigueMen and women

undergoing cancer treat-ments can take steps to alleviate any fatigue they might be feeling. First, pri-oritize your daily to-do list, doing only those things

that are most important to you. This way you will have enough energy to tackle those tasks that can’t go undone. Then you can employ these guidelines for conserving energy.

• Don’t be shy about asking for help. Ask rela-tives and friends to run errands or handle tasks that take up too much of your limited energy. Your friends and family will no doubt be happy to lend a helping hand.

• Do one thing at a time, and don’t worry about multitasking.

• Try to maintain a daily routine that keeps your energy levels up. Balance activity with rest so you can recharge.

• Get outdoors to enjoy fresh air and sun-shine. Simply spending time outside can improve your mood and replenish your energy levels.

• Reorganize your home to put important items within your reach.

• Limit work that requires reaching over your head.

• Follow a healthy meal plan that is loaded with vitamins and miner-als.

• Avoid extremes in temperature, including long, hot baths or show-ers. Steer clear of smoke or harmful fumes.

• Talk to your doc-tor about which exercises you can continue to do or incorporate into your treatment regimen.

Fatigue is a common side effect of cancer treat-ments, but cancer patients can employ several strate-gies to restore their energy levels. ■

Handling Cancer-Related FATIGUE

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No one is immune to cancer, a disease so prevalent the World Health Organization estimates it will claim more than eight million lives across the globe in 2015 alone. While even the healthiest man, woman or child can get cancer, there are steps everyone can take to lower their risk of developing the disease.

According to the National Cancer Institute, reducing your exposure to avoidable risk factors may lower your risk for certain cancers. Some risk factors for can-cer, such as age, cannot be avoided. However, the following are some risk factors that you have control over, and avoiding these might help you lower your risk for developing certain cancers.

ALCOHOLThe NCI notes that drinking

alcohol can increase your risk of developing cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx, liver, and breast. The more alcohol a person consumes, the greater that person’s risk of developing cancer becomes. And that risk only increases when alcohol consumption is combined with tobacco use. When consum-ing alcohol, follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans estab-lished by the federal government.

These guidelines define moderate alcohol consumption as one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men.

OBESITY Maintaining a healthy weight

and taking steps to avoid obesity can help people reduce their risk for several cancers. According to the NCI, people who are obese have an increased risk for cancers of the breast (among women who have been through menopause), colon, rectum, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder. An added benefit to avoiding obe-sity is that the steps you take to do so, such as eating healthy and being physically active, can reduce your risk for illnesses like heart disease, type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

SUNLIGHT Limiting time spent in the sun,

particularly between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., can reduce your risk of developing skin cancer. Exposure to UV radiation, whether its source is the sun or tanning beds, can cause early aging of the skin and skin damage that can lead to skin cancer. When spending time in the sun, the NCI advis-

es that adults and children wear long sleeves, pants, hats with wide brims, and sunglasses that absorb UV radiation. Sunscreen, especially products with a minimum sun pro-tection factor of 15, can reduce one’s skin cancer risk. But applying such products is still not as effective as staying out of the sun and wear-ing protective clothing.

TOBACCO Tobacco is one of the lead-

ing causes of cancer-related deaths. Tobacco products and secondhand smoke contain chemicals that dam-age DNA, increasing a person’s risk for cancers of the lung, larynx, mouth, esophagus, throat, blad-der, kidney, liver, stomach, pan-creas, colon and rectum, and cer-vix. Unlike alcohol, which can be consumed in moderation, tobacco use is unhealthy no matter the level of a person’s use. Upon quitting smoking, a smoker’s life expectancy increases considerably compared to those who continue smoking. In addition, quitting smoking at the time of a cancer diagnosis reduces a cancer patient’s risk of death.

Anyone can get cancer, but men and women can take proac-tive approaches to reducing their risk by avoiding several cancer risk factors. ■

HOW TO AVOID RISK FACTORS AND REDUCE

YOUR CANCER RISK


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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer can have a substantial impact on a person’s health, affecting how well the body is able to process oxygen. Both can be a serious side effect of smoking, but is there a relationship between cancer and COPD?

Various experts, including the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in collaboration with the Division of Cancer Prevention of the National Cancer Institute, have weighed in on the link between COPD and lung cancer. COPD appears to be a strong risk factor for lung cancer, even among people who have never smoked.

“Recent studies suggest that the genetic risk factors that predis-pose smokers to COPD may overlap

with those that predispose smokers to lung cancer,” said Brian Carlin, M.D., a pulmonologist and chairman of the COPD Alliance. “A major-ity of patients with lung cancer have underlying, but often undiagnosed, COPD.”

The Cancer Prevention and Treatment Fund organization notes that more than half of all people with lung cancer also have COPD. Very often the symptoms of both condi-tions mesh. A person may discover he or she has COPD and then lung cancer, or vice-versa. Patients with either lung cancer or COPD often experience coughing and shortness of breath. They also may experience repeated episodes of pneumonia or bronchitis. But cancer may have its own distinct symptoms, such as

hoarseness, blood in sputum, weight loss, and lack of appetite.

Lung cancer and COPD both can be fatal conditions when detected too late. Although COPD cannot be reversed, there are lifestyle chang-es and medications that can make breathing easier. Quitting smoking can prevent more serious conse-quences down the line, and many people with early stage cancers can be cured. As with many types of can-cers, the stage of the cancer at diag-nosis heavily influences prognosis.

People can take steps to stay on top of their pulmonary health. Quitting smoking and avoiding sec-ondhand smoke is one of the most important things people can do. Recurring symptoms of coughing, shortness of breath or fatigue should be brought to the attention of your doctor. If COPD is diagnosed, recog-nize that lung cancer may not be far behind. ■

A Connection Between

COPD And Lung Cancer?


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Many people have detected lumps or swelling in their neck, only to visit

their physicians and learn they have thyroid cancer. Though thyroid cancer is uncommon, the American Cancer Society estimates that more than 62,000 new cases of thyroid cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2015. And while the death rate from thyroid cancer is low com-pared with most other cancers, it is the most rapidly increasing cancer in United States.

Such a reality only empha-sizes the importance of learning about thyroid cancer and if there is anything you can do to lower your risk.

What is the thyroid?

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the front part of the neck that is made up of two main types of cells. Follicular cells use iodine from the blood to make the thyroid hormones that help regulate metabolism. Excessive thyroid hormones is described as “hyperthyroidism,” which can cause irregular heart-beat, difficulty sleeping, ner-vousness, hunger, weight loss, and feelings of being too warm. Hypothyroidism occurs when a person has too little of the thy-roid hormone, which can cause fatigue and weight gain and may lead to a person slowing down. The thyroid gland also is made up of C cells that produce the hormone calcitonin, which helps control how the body uses cal-cium.

What is thyroid cancer?

Thyroid cancer occurs when cells in the thyroid gland grow

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abnormally and out of control. Papillary carcinoma is the most common form of thyroid can-cer, accounting for roughly 8 out of 10 instances, according to the ACS. Papillary carcinomas typi-cally grow very slowly, but they often spread to the lymph nodes in the neck. As common as papil-lary carcinomas are with regard to instances of thyroid cancer, they are rarely fatal.

Follicular carcinoma is another form of thyroid cancer. Follicular carcinoma does not usually spread to the lymph nodes and is more common in countries where people do not get enough iodine in their diets. The progno-sis for follicular carcinoma is very good, though slightly less so than papillary carcinoma.

Hürthle cell carcinoma accounts for about 3 percent of thyroid cancers and is a variant

follicular carcinoma. Hürthle cell carcinoma is harder to find and treat than other forms of thyroid cancer.

Additional types of thyroid cancer include medullary thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, thyroid lymphoma, and thyroid sarcoma.

Risk factors for thyroid cancerThe following are a handful

of risk factors that increase a per-son’s risk of developing thyroid cancer.

• Gender: The ACS notes that women are at greater risk of developing thyroid cancer than men. Thyroid cancer occurs about three times more often in women than in men.

• Age: Thyroid cancer does not discriminate based on age, but women are most often diagnosed

in their 40s and 50s while men tend to be diagnosed in their 60s and 70s.

• Diet: Areas of the world where diets are low in iodine have more cases of follicular carcinoma than areas, such as the United States, where iodine, which is typ-ically added to table salt and other foods, is more likely to be a regu-lar part of a person’s diet.

• Radiation: According to the ACS, exposure to radiation is a proven risk factor for thyroid can-cer. Head or neck radiation treat-ments during childhood increase a person’s risk, though imaging tests such as X-rays and CT scans use low doses of radiation, mak-ing their connection to thyroid cancer risk unclear.

More information on thyroid cancer is available at www.cancer.org/cancer/thyroidcancer. ■


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Receiving a cancer diagnosis can be a life-changing event, and the impacts are both immedi-ate and long-term. Upon being diagnosed with can-cer, men and women may find themselves perusing their dictionaries to learn the meanings of certain terms related to their dis-ease and treatments. The following are a handful of terms that men and women may encounter when they or someone they love is diagnosed with cancer.

• Acute: When cancer symptoms are acute, they begin and worsen quickly but do not last over an extended period of time.

• Benign: Describes tumors that are not can-cerous.

• Carcinoma: A cancer that starts in the epithe-lial tissue of the skin or a cancer of the lining of the internal organs.

• Chemotherapy: The use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs are often used in combina-tion to fight cancer.

• In situ: Also called “non-invasive cancer,” “in situ” refers to cancer that has not spread to nearby tis-sue.

• Invasive cancer: Cancer that has spread outside the layer of tissue in which it

started. Such cancer may grow into other tissues or parts of the body.

• Malignant: A term that describes tumors that are cancerous and capable of invading nearby tissue or spreading to other parts of the body.

• Metastasis: The develop-ment of secondary malig-nant growths away from the primary site of the cancer. When cancer has metastasized, that means it has begun to spread to others part of the body.

• Oncologist: Doctors who specialize in treating patients with cancer.

• Pathologist: Doctors who specialize in inter-preting lab tests and eval-uating cells, tissues and organs to diagnose disease.

• Sarcoma: A type of can-cer that develops in the tissues that support and connect the body, includ-ing fat and muscle.

• Stage: A term used to describe how advanced a cancer is. Stages differ for each type of cancer, and the stage may shed light on where in the body the cancer is, whether or not is has spread and its effects on the body at the time of diagnosis.

• Tumor: Masses that form when cells start to change and grow uncon-trollably. ■

Cancer Terms To Know


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While no single food or ingredient can prevent people from getting cancer, research has shown a link between excess body fat and various cancers. A poor diet that’s high in fat can contribute to excess body fat, which the American Institute for Cancer Research has linked to higher risks for developing cancers of the esophagus, pancreas, colon and rectum, and gallbladder, among others.

The AICR notes that research on foods that fight cancer is ongoing, but the fol-lowing are some of the foods that can play a role in cancer prevention.

ApplesApples are a good

source of fiber, which can help men and women lower their cancer risk. Dietary fiber can increase feelings of fullness, which reduces the like-lihood that people will overeat. Men and women who do not overeat are less likely to accumulate the excess body fat that increases their risk for various cancers. In addition, apples’ dietary fiber contains pec-tin, a polysaccharide that bacteria in the stomach can use to produce compounds that protect colon cells.

BroccoliBroccoli is a cruciferous vegetable, and nearly all

cruciferous vegetables, which get their name because their four-petal flowers resemble a cross, or crucifer, are great sources of vitamin C. Broccoli also is a great source of the B vitamin folate as well as potassium. The AICR notes that studies have shown folate helps to maintain healthy DNA and keep cancer-promoting genes inactive. But men and women should speak with

their physicians regarding how much folate to include in their diets, as animal studies have suggested that high amounts of folate may promote development of certain types of cancer, including colon cancer.

CranberriesLike apples, cranberries are high in dietary fiber and vitamin C. Diets high in foods

containing vitamin C have been linked to a reduced risk for cancer

of the esophagus. In addition, studies have shown that vita-min C protects cells’ DNA by trapping free radicals, which can damage the body, and inhibiting the formation of substances called carcino-gens, which are capable of causing cancer in living tis-

sue.Legumes

Legumes include kidney and black beans, yellow split peas

and red lentils. Dry beans and peas are great sources of fiber and good

sources of protein, and each also make excellent sources of folate. In addition to their

ability to contribute to the protection of colon cells, legumes also contain various phytochemicals, which researchers feel may decrease chronic inflammation, a risk factor for many cancers. In addition, these phyto-chemicals may increase the self-destruction of cancer cells.

While there are no magic foods that can guarantee men and women won’t one day develop cancer, there are many foods that research has shown are capable of reducing a person’s risk of developing this potentially deadly disease. More information on cancer-fighting foods is available at www.aicr.org. ■

While no single food or ingredient can prevent their physicians regarding how much folate to include

Foods That Help Fight Cancer

According to the National Cancer Institute, research has indicated strong and consistent associations between wood dust and cancers of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. These associations were observed in stud-ies of people whose occupations were associated with wood dust exposure and in studies that estimated wood dust exposure. Wood dust forms when machines or tools are used to cut or shape wood, so men and women who

work in the furniture-manufacturing industry as well cabinet makers and carpenters figure to be at a higher risk of cancers associated with wood dust than those who do not work in such industries. One way to reduce exposure to wood dust is to install exhaust ventilation systems that collect wood dust at points where it is pro-duced. Workers also can wear respirators to reduce their exposure to wood dust. ■

Did You Know?

Research has linked to higher risks for developing cancers of the esophagus, pancreas, colon and rectum, and

The AICR notes that

fullness, which reduces the like-lihood that people will overeat. Men and women who do not overeat are less likely to accumulate the excess body fat that increases their risk for various

Like apples, cranberries are high in dietary fiber and vitamin C. Diets high in foods

containing vitamin C have been linked to a reduced risk for cancer

of the esophagus. In addition, studies have shown that vita-min C protects cells’ DNA by trapping free radicals, which can damage the body, and

causing cancer in living tis-sue.

and black beans, yellow split peas and red lentils. Dry beans and peas

are great sources of fiber and good sources of protein, and each also make

excellent sources of folate. In addition to their


Your Health is Our FocusSalem Medical Center believes everyone deserves quality healthcare, regardless of your ability to pay. Why? Because you’re our neighbor, and we want you to lead the healthiest life possible!

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