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SHIP TO SHORE

A Practical Guide to Coastal and Marine Interpretation

Based upon an original text, Wardening the Shore: a practical guide to furthering marine conservation by

Susan Gubbay (1988). Additional text by Sarah Welton, Brenda Green, Carolyn Heeps and David Masters.

Revised and edited by Sarah Welton and Carolyn Heeps (1999)

Photographs: Carolyn Heeps, Andrew Davies, Peter Tinsley

Illustrations: Bob Foster-Smith

N.B This version does not contain the original photographs orillustrations

CoastNET and Marine Conservation Society, 1999

Front Cover:All sites offer interpretive opportunities: Andrew Davies


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

This book is an updated and revised version of Wardening the Shore, written in 1988 for the Marine

Conservation Society by Susan Gubbay. Ship to Shore..a practical guide to coastal and marine interpretation,

is a joint production from CoastNET, the UK Coastal Heritage Network and the Marine Conservation Society.

This new edition has only been made possible through grant-aid from English Nature under the Maritime

Programme for National Conservation Development Grants, with additional support from the World Wide

Fund for Nature (WWF-UK).

We would like to thank all the original contibutors to Wardening the Shore and the Countryside Commission

and World Wide Fund for Nature (UK) for grant-aiding the initial publication. We would also like to thank

Kevin Buck, Dan Hillier, Yvonne Hosker, plus the many enthusiastic marine and coastal interpreters both in the

UK and overseas, who provided advice, assistance and examples for this publication.

Carolyn Heeps, CoastNET

Samantha Pollard, Marine Conservation Society

Sarah Welton, Sarah Welton Associates


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CONTENTS Page Number

Chapter ONE INTRODUCTION 6

1.1 A role for interpretation and education 6

1.2 Is coastal and marine interpretation different from interpretation on land? 6

1.3 What information does an interpreter need? 71.4 Does my site need to have any special qualities? 7

1.5 How much does it cost? 7

1.6 Where can I get more advice and training on interpretation? 7

1.7 How do I start? 8

Chapter TWO INTERPRETIVE PLANNING 9

2.1 Interpretive planning 9

2.2 Where to start your interpretation plan 9

2.3 Setting objectives 10

2.4 Your audience 10

2.5 Your interpretation messages 11

2.6 Choosing the right interpretation technique 14

2.7 Completing the plan 19

2.8 Opportunities to promote the marine environment to people with disabilities 19

Chapter THREE TECHNIQUES 20

3.1 What specific techniques can I use for marine interpretation? 20

3.2 How good are the different techniques? 20

SECTION 1 : PRINTED MEDIA 22

1) Leaflets 22

2) Waterproof guides 24

3) Outdoor display boards 26

4) Viewpoints 28

5) Bulletin boards 30

6) Mobile indoor displays 32

7) Booklets and bound publications 34

SECTION 2: ACTIVITIES 36a) Guided and Self-guided trails 36

1) Shore walks 36

2) Self Guided trails 38

3) Underwater nature trails 40

4) Boat trips 42

5) Glass-bottomed boat trips 44

b) Specialist activities 46

1) Games 46

2) Projects 48

3) Community Chests 50

4) Travelling Exhibitions and Mobile Activity Centres 52

c) Some techniques to be used during activities 54

1) Direct viewing techniques 54

2) Touch tanks 563) Touch boxes and tables 58

4) Plankton trawls 60

5) Submerged objects 62

SECTION 3 : SIGHTS AND SOUNDS: 64

1) Aquaria 64

2) Film and Slide-Tape shows 66

3) Hydrophones 68

4) Video : Underwater 70

Cliff-top 72


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5) Digital Interactive and Multi-media Systems 74

Page Number

SECTION 4 : ARTS AND EVENTS 78

SECTION 5 : INTERPRETATION AND VISITOR CENTRES AND

INFORMATION DUTY 82

SECTION 6 : LINKS WITH MUSEUMS AND SIMILAR

ORGANISATIONS 86

ChapterFOUR : HOW DO I KNOW IF I AM SUCCESSFUL ? 88

4.1 Evaluation 88

4.2 Sample checksheets to help you plan your programme 88

4.3 Risk Assessment and Health and Safety for coastal activities 93

4.4 Safety checksheets for coastal activities 94

4.5 Marine Conservation Society Seashore Code 94

CHAPTER FIVE - SOURCES OF ASSISTANCE AND INFORMATION 99

5.1 Who is doing it? 995.2 UK Organisations involved with marine conservation 99

5.3 Where books can give me a good background? 99

5.4 What other sources of information are available ? 99

5.5 How can CoastNET and the marine Conservation Society help me ? 99

5.6 Contact Addresses 100

FIGURES PageNumber

Figure 1: Key stages in planning interpretation at coastal sites 8

Figure 2: Specific objectives for different interest groups 11

Figure 3: Messages to promote 16

Figure 4: Suitability of various techniques for promoting 3 marine

and coastal interpretation aims 17

Figure 5: Ways in which people learn 18Figure 6: Practical factors 19

Figure 7: Examples of interpretive techniques used worldwide 20

Figure 8: Examples of interpretive techniques used in UK 21


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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

This manual is a practical guide to coastal and marine interpretation. It provides advice and information for

coastal managers and educators who work with the public, schools, user and interest groups on the coast. Ship

to Shore is an up to date, expanded version of the Marine Conservation Societys publication Wardening the

Shore, originally published in 1988,

Ship to Shore is not intended as a complete guide to the theory and practice of interpretation, but rather toprovide specific practical advice to those seeking to develop ways in which to interpret the coastal and marine

environment. There are a number of excellent publications which describe the background and standard

techniques of environmental interpretation, including Interpreting Our Heritage (Tilden, 1957) and

Environmental Interpretation: A Practical Guide for People with Big Ideas and Small Budgets (Ham, 1992).

1.1 A ROLE FOR INTERPRETATION AND EDUCATION

Interpretation and education can help build up an appreciation and concern for the marine environment amongst

the public: "through interpretation, understanding; through understanding, appreciation; and through

appreciation, protection" (Tilden, 1957).

Much interpretation on the coast is provided for people visiting the coast for recreational purposes - either on

holiday or just to enjoy the seaside. These people do not particularly want to be educated, but they do want to

enjoy themselves. Good interpretation should, therefore, increase awareness and understanding, but in an

enjoyable way. If the interpretation is not stimulating, interesting and enjoyable, it is unlikely to be effective ingetting messages across.

In the fomal education context, most usually with visiting school groups, the emphasis is on learning, although

the experience should still be fun. In effect, education groups are a captive audience, whereas for people on

holiday or you need firstly to gain, and then keep their attention.

This guide is primarily concerned with the range of techniques now available for interpretation, although many

of these can be adapted for use as educational tools for schools groups.

1.2 IS COASTAL AND MARINE INTERPRETATION DIFFERENT FROM INTERPRETATION ON

LAND?

The marine environment poses a particular challenge to the interpreter. How can we interpret an environment

that cannot easily be seen? How can we take people beneath the waves and introduce them to a hidden and

alien world? The fundamental principles of interpretation still apply, but a specialist and creative approach is

needed. We also need to be aware of a whole different set of safety considerations because the shoreline and

inshore waters can be inherently dangerous for visitors.

We are conditioned by dry land, and the low water mark presents both a physical and conceptual barrier to our

appreciation and understanding of the marine environment. To overcome this, coastal and marine interpreters

need to consider techniques which can connect an audience with the intertidal and underwater world. This may

mean using boats for interpretation cruises, installing aquaria in visitor centres and underwater hydrophones to

listen out for dolphins, and creating underwater nature trails for snorkellers and divers. Many countryside

services run 'rockpool rambles' along the shore, where bringing the shoreline environment to life depends on the

communication skills of the interpreter. Creating stories about coastal and marine wildlife works particularly

well with children and adults alike.

Videos, audio/visual displays, CD-ROM and multimedia systems can all be used in coastal visitor centres.

Radar and weather instruments can be used to interpret shipping and human uses of the sea, and video links can

relay live pictures of cliff nesting sea birds or life under the sea, thereby bringing the environment to the

audience. We must not forget, in our modern hi-tech world, the effectiveness of the simpler and much

cheaper techniques - leaflets, panels, self guided trails and touch tanks, for example and remember that there is

no better way of getting a message across than a knowledgable person talking enthusiastically to others and

enabling the audience to get first hand experiences.

This manual provides basic information on a wide range of techniques to give you the confidence to develop a

marine and coastal component to your activities. Whatever your budget and whatever your coastal environment

is like, Ship to Shore will help you overcome the challenges of coastal and marine interpretation.


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1.3 WHAT INFORMATION DOES AN INTERPRETER NEED?

In order to be an effective interpreter you will need to be familiar with the marine habitats and species on your

site. Many coastal areas have management plans and reports which provide detailed information about the

natural history and archaeological interest. There are also a number of national publications which provide

reference data about coastal areas. The JNCCs Coastal Directories series for example is a good general

source of information, with more detailed data available through county archaeological surveys and wildlife

registers. Where coastal areas are designated for their conservation or archaeological interest e.g. as SpecialAreas of Conservation (SACs), RAMSAR sites, Special Protection Areas (SPAs), SSSIs, Heritage Coasts or

Scheduled Ancient Monuments, management plans and scheduling documents will contain much useful

information. National agencies like English Nature, the Countryside Council for Wales and Scottish Natural

Heritage may be aware of marine issues specific to your area, and can help provide background information.

Sometimes the best starting point is to find someone who can point out the features of interest to you. If no

management plan exists, local expertise can be useful - for example, members of the local natural history

society, County Wildlife Trust, or staff at the local college, university or biological records centre.

You do not need great marine biological expertise to help people to appreciate marine areas. Simple stories

about the marine life are enough to start with and, from this, you can gradually build up your knowledge. Apart

from natural history, there are many physical, cultural and historical features of interest on the coast. Visitors

are usually interested in human stories, so interpretation about current and past use of the area should be a key

part of your programme. It can be more difficult to research local history, but you can usually find localenthusiasts with a wealth of knowledge and folklore. Your local museum, library or County Records Office

should be able to identify local historians whom you could approach.

Today, explaining the need for concern about the environment is very much a part of the job of coastal site

managers, and experience of this type of work can be expanded fairly easily into marine topics. There are

usually plenty of local examples, and it is particularly helpful to use those which are indicative of a national

problem, such as beach litter or sewage pollution. To find out about specific marine concerns related to your

site, refer to any existing management plan or talk to people who know and use the area, such as the local Sea

Fisheries Committee or individual fishermen, yachtsmen and SCUBA divers. CoastNET and The Marine

Conservation Society (MCS) are also good sources of information about coastal and marine environmental

issues. In addition, you could keep a newspaper cuttings file of all the marine events reported for your area and

you will soon find you have a useful list of issues which demonstrate local and national concerns about the

coastal and marine environment.

1.4 DOES MY SITE NEED TO HAVE ANY SPECIAL QUALITIES ?

There is rarely any shortage of material to interpret on the seashore or inshore waters. Sites where the

foreshore is rich in marine life are some of the easiest places to use, but marine life is only one example of the

available resource. Coastal processes, marine geology, archaeology, history and human use of the sea can all be

used as a focus to promote marine conservation. The pressure of coastal development can also be seen at many

sites and this too can be used to present the case for a balanced use of the coastal zone and the need to manage

resources at a sustainable level.

1.5 HOW MUCH WILL IT COST ?

Interpretation can cost as little or as much as you want. Always tailor your interpretation to available resources.

Overambitious projects which result in a poor quality product can be counterproductive, although there is much

that can be done for relatively little money with a bit of ingenuity, creativity and lateral thinking. At sites where

a warden is in place, the costs of guided shore walks will be negligible. At the other end of the scale a live

underwater video link can run to many thousands of pounds. The approximate costs of the techniques in this

booklet are summarised in each section, and range from a few pounds to thousands of pounds (however these

are normally capital costs only and do not include staff time). Remember, much can be achieved by a single

person in the field, and first person interpretation is widely recognised as the most effective, however appealing

the new technology.

1.6 WHERE CAN I GET MORE ADVICE AND TRAINING ON INTERPRETATION?

Interpretation is a specialist field, which, although based on a common sense approach, requires certain basic

skills to be delivered effectively (including planning, budgeting, scripting, design and presentation skills). Each

year a number of interpretation training courses are grant-aided by the country conservation agencies - look out


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for the training course programmes produced by CoastNET, Losehill Hall and Plas Tan y Bwlch. Details of

specific training on marine interpretation is available from the Centre for Coastal Conservation and Education,

Bournemouth University. The Society for the Interpretation of Britains Heritage (SIBH) produces a regular

bulletin on environmental interpretation and support for the development of professional interpretation in the

UK. National conservation agencies may also grant aid small project developent or subsidise small advisory

contracts which will enable specialists to visit and advise on good approaches at your site.

1.7 HOW DO I START ?Interpretation should always start with a clear and concise interpretive plan. Having goals set out in your mind

is fine as long as you put them in written form so that others (particularly your employers, staff and volunteers)

are aware of the aims and objectives. An interpretive plan helps you to clarify the aims of the interpretation, the

messages you want to promote and the audience you hope to. An interpretive plan provides a structure to

organise and deliver the interpretation in the most cost effective way. It also provides an action plan that can be

monitored and evaluated.

Figure 1:KEY STAGES IN PLANNING INTERPRETATION AT COASTAL SITES

Section in text

Identify aims and objectives | 2.2

| |

Identify target audience | 2.3

| |

Identify messages to communicate | 2.4

| |

Select suitable techniques for promoting | 2.5messages to target audience |

|

|Implement technique(s) | 3.1 | |

Evaluate success | 3.3|

||

Successful, Unsuccessful, continue until objectives are reached review previous stages and alter as necessary

CHAPTER TWO: PLANNING

2.1 INTERPRETIVE PLANNING

Planning is fundamental to providing good interpretation. Although the lack of a published interpretive plan

does not necessarily mean lack of interpretive planning because many wardens and site managers carry a plan

round in their head, this can lead to biased interpretation or the lack of a more strategic approach. In todays


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financial climate the needs and benefits of expenditure often need to be demonstrated through business

development plans. It is vital that interpretation is a key component of management plans for a site.

An interpretive plan helps to ensure that individual projects and media are complimentary and that resources

are used in the most effective way. Sometimes, feasibility studies will be needed to test the viability of

expensive proposals such as a visitor centre, or where detailed applications for grant-aid are required. Time

and money spent at the planning stage should always be seen as an investment to enable you to deliver the best

results.

There are many different ways that an interpretive plan can be prepared. You could consider appointing an

external consultant or facilitator; SIBH (the Society for the Interpretation of Britains Heritage) holds a register

of UK interptretation consultants. It is better however if you can produce your own interpretive plan, perhaps

with the additional input from a small advisory group made up of local expertise. Why not attend an

interpretive planning training course which will provide you with the necessary knowledge and confidence to

get started?

2.2 WHERE TO START YOUR INTERPRETATION PLAN:

Once you have made the decision to develop interpretation, the first step in the planning process is scoping,

data and information gathering. This should include:

(i) An assessment of current interpretive provision, i.e.what is already being provided and by whom.

(ii) Analysis of existing facilities e.g buildings, transport and access, availablility of personnel.

(iii) Understanding the nature of the resource and any constraints that it may present e.g what special

features does it have? Are there any particularly sensitive sites vulnerable to visitor pressure?

(iv) Knowledge of relevant plans or policies that exist for the site in question e.g site management

plans, nature conservation strategies, visitor management strategies, local plan development

proposals.

(v) Market research and pre-project evaluation e.g asking your visitors what they would like to find out

more about or how much they would be willing to pay to enter a visitor centre or for guided walks.

This scoping stage will help you to determine how detailed your plan needs to be and who you should

involve in its preparation.

2.3 SETTING OBJECTIVES

The next stage is to determine objectives for the interpretation. This will usually require consultation

with other user, interest groups or organisations, particularly where there are a number of management

interests in the site/area or when interpretation is being provided as part of a broader visitor

management strategy aimed at balancing recreation and conservation needs.

Outputs of the interpretive planning process can include:

A document that guides and timetables implementation

An application for grant aid and other funding opportunities

The creation of an interpretation advisory group to help develop interpretation for sites/areas under

multiple ownership or management

The involvement of local residents or interest groups in the decision making process

The formulation of policy statements for adoption by key agency and local government bodies


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2.4 YOUR AUDIENCE

The interpretive plan should then clearly identify your target audiences. This can be very varied, and

will influence your choice of interpretive and educational media. Typical audiences include:

Individuals and groups visiting the coast for recreation, e.g. family groups, coach parties of older

people, foreign tourists, ramblers.

Individuals and organisations with a specific interest in the coast, e.g. specialist water sport groups,

natural history enthusiasts, archaeologists, birdwatchers.

Individuals and organisations with a management interest in the coast, e.g.local government,

regulatory bodies, local residents and community groups.

Individuals and organisations with a commercial interest in the coast, e.g. fishermen, farmers,

tourist centres, caravan site owners.

Individuals and organisations with an educational interest in the coast, e.g. school parties, college

and university groups.

Remember, target your audience and tailor your story. Consider your target audience and objectives

together, and then clarify what you hope to achieve with specific audiences. Figure 2 summarises a

range of suitable objectives for different audiences.

Figure 2: SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES FOR DIFFERENT INTEREST GROUPS

MANAGEMENT

INTERESTS

ObjectivesAdd a marine

component to

management plan.

Promote marine

conservation

amongst those you

represent.

Promote marine

conservation to

other management

groups.

Typical interpretive objectives could be:

To raise awareness amongst visitors of the special qualities or features of your stretch of coast

To encourage visitors to support the conservation of the coastal and marine environment

To ensure your visitors feel welcome and have an enjoyable and rewarding experience

To encourage responsible behaviour by your visitors and a change in attitude (e.g not to disturb

wildlife or drop litter)

To encourage visitors to make a donation to your organisation or join a conservation body

To highlight the work of your organisation or management partnership.


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Be aware of how

to help through

your own actions.

RECREATION

INTERESTS

Objectives

Follow the

Seashore Code.

Enjoy the coast

and respect the

resource.

Be aware of the

needs of other

users.

Be aware of how

to help through

your own actions.

COMMERCIAL

INTERESTS

Objectives

Be aware of the

range of demands

and users of the

coast.

Support local

marine

conservation

initiatives.

Be aware of how

to help through

your own actions.

EDUCATION

INTERESTS

Objectives

Study a marine

component.

Contact site

manager before

visit.

Restrict collecting.

Be aware of how

to help through

your own actions.

2.5 YOUR INTERPRETATION MESSAGES

Once you have identified what, where, for whom, and why to interpret, you need to choose specific

messages you wish to get across to your audience. Interpretive messages should aim to produce a

response in the audience - such as a sense of appreciation, concern, and a wish to do something positive

to protect the environment.

In this section we suggest a series of specific messages that coastal and marine interpretation might

cover. They are grouped under a set of three broad aims:

AIM 1: APPRECIATION - how to foster appreciation for the marine environment from your

audience.

AIM 2: THE NEED FOR CONCERN highlight issues to explain why your audience should be

concerned about the coastal and marine environment.

AIM 3: HOW YOU CAN HELP - how to explain to visitors that their actions can make a difference,

what they can do to help, and how to get actively involved.

Each aim can be developed on its own, but together they also describe a useful sequence for you to

follow. To start with, try and build up appreciation for the marine and coastal environment, then explainthe need for concern and, finally, provide information on how individuals can take positive steps to help

prevent environmental impact and further marine conservation. Vary the emphasis of the interpretation

by concentrating on the aim which is most appropriate to your particular audience, but bear in mind that

it is always valuable to touch on the first aim, albeit briefly.

AIM 1: Appreciation

The most successful way of engaging public support for the marine environment is probably through

aesthetic appreciation. Showing visitors how attractive, colourful, intriguing and engaging features of

marine life and the attraction of unspoilt scenery and cultural heritage is can help them develop an


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interest in the marine environment. Building on aesthetics and interest anywhere on a scale from just

looking at scenery or observing marine life, to understanding something about the seascape

development or how the marine life is specially adapted to its environment can be used. Coastal

managers can play a very positive role in furthering marine conservation by concentrating on this aim

alone, through promoting the message that:

exploring the marine environment can be fun and there are lots of interesting and

attractive things to see.

Examples of more specific messages which you can use for this theme are listed below:

Inshore waters are particularly important.

Many people are unaware that the sea is not uniform throughout. There is great value in emphasising

that shallow inshore areas are the richest and most productive parts of the oceans or that temperature

and salinity varies with the amount of water mixing in different areas.

The marine environment is constantly changing.

Both natural and man-made factors are involved in the changes which take place in the marine

environment. There are seasonal differences and also differences resulting from human intervention.

The UK marine environment is just as interesting as tropical marine environments.

Most people are aware of the colourful and diverse wildlife of coral reefs. Far fewer appreciate that ourUK native marine life is equally interesting and attractive.

Have a closer look.

Many creatures are small and well camouflaged. To see them it is important to look closely. There is

also very little danger of getting hurt by the marine animals you find in the UK.

Much of the marine world is unexplored and exciting.

People often assume that we know all there is to know about our seas and oceans. This is far from true,

so explaining that this is not the case is another way of getting people interested in the sea and marine

life.

The marine environment and the life it contains is of value, interest and special importance to

humans.

The value and significance of the marine environment to different people is often underestimated.Furthermore, whether you live far inland or at the coast, the marine environment is crucial to life on

earth. Stressing this should emphasise the need for us to use its resources in a sensible and sustainable

way.

The marine environment is a complex system sustained by many interactions.

Some appreciation of the complex way the marine environment works helps to emphasise the danger of

interfering with, or damaging parts of the system because, ultimately, this can have serious implications

for the whole environment.

AIM 2: The Need For Concern.

A second aim centres around making people aware of why they should be concerned about the marine

environment. This builds upon the first aim, because without an appreciation of the environment, it is

difficult to generate concern. The key message here is:

individual and group actions are having an impact on the coastal and marine

environment

This can be demonstrated by looking at some of the ways in which we use the sea and seashore. Some

examples which can be used include:

Fisheries

Aggregate dredging


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Aquaculture

Control of predators

Coastal defence & flood protection

Urban and industrial development

Shipping & navigation

Reclamation

Military activities

Waste disposal

Recreation

Educational & scientific studies

Concentrate on examples which are particularly relevant to your site and audience. For example, near a

major shipping lane the potential impact of oil spills, ship generated litter and incremental pollution can

be pointed out, whereas the damage caused by driving cars or motorcycles onto sand dunes and tidal

sands may be the most appropriate topic at another site.

A second key message is:

we can live in harmony with the marine environment, if we manage our activities

To promote this message it is useful to explain the importance of balancing our use of the marine

resources. Commercial, health, and moral implications of a poorly-managed system are three main

reasons why we need to achieve a sensible balance. Inappropriate use of the marine environment can

also affect our health, for example, through the quality of bathing water and also the food we take from

the sea. There are also moral reasons for a balanced use of the marine environment which include

maintaining its quality for future generations.

More specific messages under the "need for concern" aim include the following:

Inshore waters are the most productive areas of the sea and the most threatened.

This emphasises that human activity is damaging areas which are very important for the productivity of

the oceans as a whole and that a significant impact on inshore areas has widespread implications.

Much damage to the marine environment comes from shore-based activities which can be

controlled.Most human activities which are causing concern can be controlled through existing legislation or by

strenghtening such legislation. However, the problems often arise through a lack of will to do this. This

message emphasises that solutions do exist but need to be implemented adequately.

Many substances are released into the marine environment without proof that they will not damage

marine life or the environment.

The lack of full environmental impact assessment of products and activities is a reason for concern and,

again, is one that can be rectified.

The pressures on the marine environment from human activity are increasing all the time.

It is important to be aware that the coast and inshore areas are under increasing human pressure each

year as more and more people want to live in coastal areas. With this in mind, conflicts of interest are

likely to arise more often and activities which are not necessarily damaging at present may be a cause

for concern in the future.

AIM 3: How You Can Help.

Having generated an awareness and concern about the marine environment individuals should be

encouraged to help improve the situation as well as preventing further damage.

The key message here is:

you can make a difference


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One of the most effective ways individuals can further conservation of the marine environment is

through their own actions. It is important to stress the need for individual environmental responsibility.

For example, threats to marine species through collecting, threats to marine habitats from digging and

trampling, and marine pollution from litter can all be improved by individuals behaving responsibly and

changing their attitudes. People can help in both active and passive ways and some examples of how

they can do this are listed below:

Join a concerned national or local organisation Donate money to conservation bodies

Act responsibly

Generate local publicity for issues

Respond to appeals/requests for action

Talk to other people/spread the word

Exercise your market choice, e.g.curios, non-lead weights

Consider the implications outside the U.K.

Report incidents to relevant authorities

Support local schemes or projects through volunteer programmes

Ask your site manager for further sources of information

Sensible disposal of litter

Learn and think about the possible effects your recreation/job has on the marine environment

Learn about your area and keep in touch with local issues which impinge on the marineenvironment

Offer your services (like typing skills) to conservation bodies

Respond to issues at both local and national level

Notify the Marine Conservation Society and other conservation organisations of environmental

impacts which concern you

Attend talks or short courses to learn more about marine and coastal environments

More specific messages under this theme include the following:

Bring problems to the attention of conservation bodies as well as to those responsible for their

occurrence.

People often assume that someone has already reported the problem which they see. It is always better

to assume that this is not the case.

Approach conservation bodies for advice.

Conservation bodies can provide advice on how to proceed and can also lobby on behalf of individuals

or groups about their concerns. They may also be able to provide contacts with people who can help

with specific problems relating to the marine environment.

Support marine conservation organisations.

With the support of their members, marine conservation bodies can be a powerful lobby for promoting

marine conservation, pressing for good practice and sensible use of the marine environment and

keeping a watching brief for potential problems. Both nationally and locally-based groups with broader

conservation interests should also be supported as they often have an interest in coastal issues.

2.6 CHOOSING THE RIGHT INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

Once you have decided the messages you wish to promote, you can identify the most appropriate

techniques to use. A basic principle in interpretation planning is decide what to say first, and then howyou want to say it (i.e. the message before the medium)

A wide range of interpretive tools is available to the coastal and marine interpreter, including:

Leaflets

Waterproof guides

Fixed outdoor display boards and panels

Viewpoint interpretation

Bulletin boards

Indoor displays


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Booklets and bound publications

Guided/Self-guided tours

Shore walks

Underwater nature trails

Boat trips

Glass-bottomed boat trips

Games

Projects

Community chests

Travelling exhibitions

Mobile activity and discovery centres

Direct viewing techniques

Touch tanks

Touch boxes and tables

Plankton trawls

Submerged objects

Aquaria

Film and slide-tape shows

Hydrophones

Live video links

Digital interactive and multi-media systems Arts, theatre and sculpture

Special events and festivals

Visitor centres

To select the most appropriate techniques for your needs ask yourself two simple questions:

* Will the technique convey the message I want to promote my target audience?

* What practical factors are involved in implementing the technique?

The practical factors will ultimately determine which techniques you can use, but the initial emphasis of

any discussion on techniques must be on whether they can convey the messages you want to promote,

and whether they are appropriate for the audience you are trying to reach. These questions will be

answered by the various steps in the interpretive planning process.

Suitability for promoting coastal and marine conservation

A number of key messages and specific messages which site managers can use as the focus for

furthering marine conservation have been summarised in Figure 3 under the three aims of:

(1) Promoting appreciation

(2) Prompting the need for concern

(3) Describing how visitors can help


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Figure 3: MESSAGES TO PROMOTE

AIM ONE: Promoting appreciation.

Key Message

Exploring the marine environment can be fun and there are lots of interesting and attractive things to

see.

Specific Messages

Inshore waters are particularly important

The marine environment is constantly changing

U.K. marine life is just as interesting and often as colourful as tropical marine life

Get in close to see the detail

Much of the marine world is unexplored and exciting

The marine environment and the life it contains is of value, interest and special importance to

humans

The marine environment is a complex system, sustained by many interactions

AIM TWO: Prompting the need for concern.

Key Messages

Individual and group actions are having an impact on the marine environment

We can live in harmony with the marine environment if we manage our activities

Specific Messages

Inshore waters are the most productive areas of the sea and the most threatened

Most of the damage comes from shore-based activities which can be controlled

Many substances are released into the marine environment without proof that they will not damage

marine life or the environment

There is inadequate liaison between shore-based and sea-based users

The pressures on the marine environment from human activity are increasing all the time

AIM THREE: Describing how visitors can help

Key Message

Your actions, as an individual, can make a difference

Specific Messages

Bring problems to the attention of conservation bodies as well as those responsible for their

occurrence

Approach conservation bodies for advice

Support marine conservation organisations

The information on each of the techniques, (described in section 3.1), reveals that certain techniques are

particularly appropriate for promoting some of these aims whilst others may be of little value. For

example, it is clear from Figure 4 that the majority of techniques can be used to promote appreciation,

but not all are suitable for the second and third aims.


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Figure 4: SUITABILITY OF VARIOUS TECHNIQUES FOR PROMOTING THREE

MARINE AND COASTAL INTERPRETATION AIMS

Technique Appreciation Concern Help Audience Size

SHORE-BASEDSeashore walks 3 2 2 2

Self-guided walks/talks 2 1 0 3

Viewpoints 2 1 1 3

Display boards 2 2 2 3

Leaflets 1 2 3 3

Impromptu events 3 3 3 2

Information duty 1 3 3 3

Interpretation centre 3 3 3 3

Touch tanks 3 2 1 2

Touch box 2 2 1 2

Games 2 2 1 2

Projects 2 3 3 2

Bulletin board 1 1 1 3Video 2 0 0 2

Community Chests 2 2 2 3

SEA-BASED

Underwater nature trail 3 1 0 1

Boat trips 3 2 1 2

Plankton trawls 3 2 1 2

Viewing tunnels 2 0 0 3

Underwater cable car 2 0 0 3

Glass-bottom boats 3 1 1 2

Direct viewing tubes 2 0 0 1

Waterproof leaflets 3 0 0 3

Submerged objects 3 2 1 2

Hydrophones 2 1 1 2

REMOTE

Displays 2 3 3 3

Slide shows 2 2 2 3

Aquarium 3 0 0 3

Films 2 2 2 3

Drama 2 2 2 3

Games/projects 2 2 1 2

Publications 2 3 3 3

Formal education 2 3 3 3

Computer games/interactive 1 3 3 1

Demonstrations 2 2 2 2

Media Radio/TV 3 2 1 3Camera Systems 3 2 1 3

Books and bound publications 3 2 1 3

Each technique is scored for its suitability to promote the three theme areas: appreciation, concern,

and how you can help (3=good, 2=fair, 1=poor, 0=none).


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An equally important aspect of this initial assessment is to consider whether the technique is appropriate

for the target audience. Most of the techniques listed in Figure 4 could be used for any audience.

Nevertheless, if groups are used to receiving information in a particular way, then those techniques

should be favoured in the first instance. For example, slide presentations are often used to present

information to managerial groups; recreational groups would identify with the use of trails; commercial

groups are familiar with displays; and educational groups might react favourably to projects. A number

of general principles should also be considered when selecting the most appropriate technique for an

audience. People are more likely to retain information if it is presented in a way which has the followingcharacteristics:

Uses and encourages active involvement

Shows the relevance of the information

Makes the experience enjoyable

Generates curiosity and interest, possibly stimulating a desire for futher information or study

Uses personal contact

The value of each of these is explained in Figure 5 and site managers are recommended to use

techniques which include these characteristics wherever possible, for all types of target audience. The

audience size also needs to be taken into account as some techniques will only be suitable for small

groups.

Figure 5: WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE LEARN

1. Active Involvement

It is easier to learn what you discover for yourself.

First-hand experience is very important.

(It has been estimated that people retain about 10% of what they hear, 30% of what they read, 50% of

what they see and 90% of what they do).

2. Show relevance

If you can show the relevance of an idea by relating it to everyday experiences, it is more likely to be

accepted. Good use can be made of analogies to demonstrate concepts.

3. Enjoyment

It is easier to learn if you and those around you are having fun.

4. Generate curiosity and interest

It is easier to learn if you ask questions because of your own curiosity and interest in a subject.

5. Use personal contact

It adds additional interest if people are used to convey and promote a message. This allows one to one

exchanges and enables individual questions to be answered. It helps if the interpreter is enthusiastic and

is able to put information across in a non-technical way without oversimplification.

Practical Factors

Having considered whether a technique is suitable for the message and audience, the next stage is to

decide whether it is practicable for the site in question. Five main factors need to be considered:

Logistics

Equipment Personnel

Policy

Finance

Figure 6 provides a useful checklist under these headings and can be used to ensure that all practical

factors have been taken into account.

Figure 6: PRACTICAL FACTORS


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LOGISTICS

Site features/natural resources

Site capacity to cope

Numbers of people visiting

Access and safety

Time to set up

Running time

Administrative back-up

Participation required

EQUIPMENT

Existing facilities

Reliability

Flexibility

Durability/vandal resistance

PERSONNEL

Personal skills

Numbers of staff/volunteers required

Supervision

POLICY

Management approval

Site disruption

Existing management plan provision

How it will affect other users of the area

FINANCE

Cost

Budget available

Fund raising opportunities

2.7 COMPLETING THE PLAN

With the objectives, audience, messages and media identified, the plan can be completed. The final

document should provide a costed list of projects with a timetable for their implementation. The plan

should identify who is responsible for each project - especially important if the project involves a

partnership of agencies. Critically, the plan should also explain how the interpretation is to be

evaluated to ensure your objectives are being met. Much interpretation has a limited life span, and you

may also wish to identify when a revised plan will be needed.

2.8 OPPORTUNITIES TO PROMOTE THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT TO PEOPLE WITH

DISABILITIES.The experience of freedom and enjoyment that the coastal and marine environment can give its visitors

is often marred for people with disabilities, as access has largely been modified by and for able-bodied

people. The result of denied access is the feeling of frustration and a loss of interest.

There are about 6.5 million adults in Great Britain who have a disability, representing a huge audience

which is not receiving the same level of interpretation about the coastal and marine environment as

more able-bodied people. Therefore it is vital, when planning your interpretation and access

programme, that the needs of your disabled visitors are included.

It is important to recognise that the provision of good, all-round interpretive techniques can and should

cater for the needs of people with disabilities as well as an able-bodied audience. Interpretive activities

developed to encourage the use of senses other than sight and hearing, benefit all visitors. Good

physical access allows all visitors to get around and on to sites. For example, providing good access

will not only help people who use wheelchairs but also people with walking difficulties, people withpushchairs, the elderly and so forth. It is often assumed that many techniques are not suitable for people

with disabilities, but some can be adapted easily and cheaply to be more user-friendly. Attractive,

accessible and popular interpretation on a low budget is definitely achievable, particularly when the

local community and special interest groups are involved. Work with the point of view of providing

for all from the start, and remember; think integration not segregation. Specialist advice on access

and interpretation for people with disabilities is available from the Fieldfare Trust.

CHAPTER THREE: TECHNIQUES

3.1. WHAT SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES CAN I USE FOR MARINE INTERPRETATION?


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With the large number of coastal nature reserves and an increasing number of marine protected areas

and marine parks worldwide, greater expertise in on-site interpretation of the marine and coastal

environment is now available. Although many of the ideas have been developed in the U.S.A. through

its Marine Sanctuaries Programme, in recent years, other countries, such as Canada, Japan, Australia

and New Zealand have also contributed significantly by developing exciting, innovative interpretive

techniques. In the U.K. there has been an increase in the interest and provision of marine interpretation,

particularly within voluntary marine conservation areas, Heritage Coasts and other coastal initiatives.

3.2. HOW GOOD ARE THE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES?

To make some judgement about which techniques to use, the interpreter needs to consider their

advantages, limitations and, as outlined above, their suitability for the message and audience. These

aspects are summarised for a range of shore-based and sea-based techniques. General information is

also provided on each technique, together with an indication of how easy it will be to fit the method into

the existing conservation programme of activities and facilities at a site.

Figure 7: EXAMPLES OF INTERPRETIVE TECHNIQUES USED WORLDWIDE

This table presents just a few examples of techniques being used.

TECHNIQUE LOCATION

Diver operated underwater camera plus live communication link

to visitor centre

Temporary touch tanks on shore, stocked with live specimens

brought up by divers

Sagunay Marine Park

Qubec, Canada

Remote, fixed underwater camera with live link to shore base

centre

Terra Nova National Park

Newfoundland, Canada

Microscope linked to video camera and large TV screen Cowichan Bay Ecology Centre,

Vancouver Island, Canada

Whale Watching Excursions Victoria, Vancouver Island, Canada

Snorkel Trails Turks and Caicos Islands and

Seychelles Marine Park

Wildlife Tours Otago Peninsula, New Zealand

Cliff top cameras Otago Peninsula, New Zealand

Guided Kayak Trips La Jolla, California

Aquaravan Monterey Bay Aquarium, California

Aquarium Science Camps and Sleepovers Stephen Birch Aquarium at Scripps

Institute, California

Computer controlled video monitoring of beach profile change Waikato, New Zealand

Interactive computer games CSIRO, Australia

Satellite tracking of sea turtles Caribbean

Underwater signs and laminated guide of marine life Barbados Marine Park

Figure 8: EXAMPLES OF INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES USED IN THE UK


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TECHNIQUE LOCATION

Underwater Hydrophone (fixed) Durlston, Dorset

Remoter underwater video Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset

Community Chest Scotland

Travelling exhibition and models Whale & Dolphin Roadshow

Young Scientists at the Seashore Project Bournemouth University, Dorset

Microscopes Wembury, Devon

Victorian Celebrations Week Ilfracombe, N. Devon

Board display in local schools Helford, Cornwall

Glass-bottomed boat Fleet & Portland Harbour, Dorset

Shore-based remote video camera St Marys Island, Tyne and Wear

Maritime Sunday Seven Sisters, Sussex

Street sculptures and pavement games Morecambe Bay, Lancashire

Beach Art Sefton coast

Beach Watch annual litter count and beach clean Nation-wide

Role play Formby, Merseyside

Interactive CD-ROMs Dee Estuary


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SECTION 1: PRINTED MEDIA

LEAFLETS

Leaflets are a popular method of providing information about a site, and can be an effective tool for

marine interpretation. Leaflets are used to provide information on many aspects of a site and can

indicate how visitors can help safeguard the site which they are visiting. The Seashore Code or a list of

organisations to contact for advice and to report environmental concerns can be included. As leaflets

are taken away, they can provide a more permanent reference and reminder than information whichremains at the site.

Audience

Leaflets can be aimed at specific groups, but they are not very good at reaching those with no interest in

the environment as such individuals are unlikely to pick up leaflets on a topic which does not interest

them.

Logistics

There is rarely a shortage of topics on which to produce leaflets for a site. The site must have a suitable

facility from which to dispense the leaflets unless they are to be handed out individually. The print run

is very flexible and, if not too large, will allow the material to be updated regularly as a new batch is

required.

Although the site manager can suggest topics for leaflets, they are often best written by people withspecialist skills in scripting interpretive material. Many site managers include overly detailed

information about their site in their leaflet scripts, discouraging the audience with too much text and

jargon. Administrative back-up is required for the design and production. There may be some advantage

in leaflets on certain topics being waterproof (see "Waterproof Guides"). One disadvantage of leaflets is

that they can add to, or even create a litter problem.

Equipment

Apart from the leaflet itself, a dispenser is the only other "equipment" required. Leaflets are a flexible

technique as new topics can be added to the collection fairly easily and others updated with each print-

run.

Personnel

Leaflet dispensers need to be checked regularly, but apart from this, there is no personnel requirement

once the leaflet has been produced. Its production should be part of the administrative back-up.

Policy

Site owners and managers may have a policy on the production of leaflets and the topics to be covered.

There may, for example, be some value in producing leaflets on aspects highlighted in the management

plan.

Finance

The cost of leaflets will depend on the quality and the print-run required This could be partly recouped

if they are sold as souvenirs of a visit.

Fitting into the existing programme for a site

Leaflets and leaflet packs are a popular way of providing information about a site. This technique

allows messages and topics to be built up gradually and fits in well with the currently accepted format

of presenting information at many sites.


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LEAFLETS

ADVANTAGES

Easy to initiate

Can experimentCan control expense

Gives lots of information cheaply

Can be sold as a souvenir

"Show off" value

Can be used off-site

LIMITATIONS

Creates litter

High loss for number readCannot influence who reads

Low attention value

No personal contact

Many on market

APPROPRIATENESS FOR MESSAGES Good Fair Poor

Aim 1: Promoting appreciation Aim 2: Prompting the need for concern Aim 3: Describing how visitors can help OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRESENTATION TECHNIQUE

Active involvement

Enjoyment Generate curiosity and interest Show relevance Personal contact

Notes:


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WATERPROOF GUIDES

Leaflets on appropriate topics could be prepared on waterproof paper or on heat-sealed cards.

Waterproof guides are suitable as aids to identification of marine life.

Audience

Waterproof guides can be aimed at SCUBA divers, swimmers and snorkellers as well as visitors on the

shore.

Logistics

The production of a waterproof guide involves much the same procedure as printing on paper. It needs

administrative back-up for the printing, experts can be brought in to write them and a series can be

produced. The cards should be kept fairly small and, if required, can be bound together using a key

ring. Waterproofing is an additional cost and is not necessary for all leaflets to be used on the shore. It

is necessary for any underwater trail notes or identification guides, which are intended to be used while

on an underwater trail, to be tough, clear, and easy to carry.

Equipment

No specialist equipment is necessary as the waterproofing will be done at a printers. Many organisations

now have a laminator, which can be used to waterproof a small number of items. The guides will need

to be displayed at a suitable location.

PersonnelUnmanned leaflet dispensers are not suitable for waterproof leaflets and guides because of the expense

of production.

Policy

There are no obvious policy implications of producing these materials.

Finance

Waterproofing can be costly but a range of methods is available including waterproof paper, heat-sealed

cards, formica boards, and plastic cards. The costs will depend on the quantity required and the material

used.


It is easy to add this technique into a programme as it does not necessarily need any input from the site

manager. Outside experts could produce the material which will be available for sale at the site.


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WATERPROOF GUIDES

ADVANTAGES

Extends tthe use of leaflets

Encourages identification on the beachNovelty appeal

LIMITATIONS

More costly than non-waterproof



Active involvement Enjoyment Generate curiosity and interest Show relevance Personal contact

Notes:


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OUTDOOR DISPLAY BOARDS

Display boards are a valuable way of presenting information to the public on topics which the site

managers would like to promote. The positioning of display boards normally coincides with the location

of viewpoints which enable the visitor to see directly to the feature or area being interpreted. Display

boards at locations where people congregate, e.g car parks, toilets, ferry teminals, can also be

effective.At some sites it may be appropriate to include safety information on the boards, especially if

they are located by launch points and slipways.

Audience

Coastal sites are visited by people with wide-ranging interests. Boards with general information are

therefore likely to be read by most visitors. However, if the site is of interest to a specialist audience,

specific topic display boards are valuable. Boards, targeted at an active recreation audience, will

normally need to include safety information and often identify specific zones for different activities.

Logistics

All sites have features that can be interpreted on outdoor display boards. However, it is important not to

over-interpret. All boards must be carefully sited, so as not to intrude on the natural features of the site

and, when used, they should be located where visitors are likely to come across them. Display boards

can reach large numbers of people but will require administrative back-up in the form of provision of

materials and design. Outside expertise can be brought in to provide text on specialist subjects.

It is very costly and inappropriate to erect boards in the intertidal zone. Temporary outdoor display

boards are therefore particularly helpful on this area. Site managers can set them up whilst on aparticular beach, perhaps to advertise a guided shore walk, and then remove them for use at other

locations. This approach also overcomes the problem of permanent displays disrupting views, and

leaves the site unspoilt.

Equipment

Display boards can be made from a range of materials, but need to be durable and vandal-proof. At

coastal sites they must also be resistant to salt-spray. Having done this, they are usually kept on site for

a long time and are therefore not a particularly flexible technique. Some sites use temporary display

boards which overcome this problem.

Personnel

No personnel are needed to man a display board once it is set up but it is advisable to check their

condition regularly.

Policy

The permission of landowners and site managers is required before display boards can be erected. Some

organisations may also have a policy of keeping the number of boards to a minimum or may not allow

any to be erected at a site.

Finance

The cost of outdoor display boards depends on the quality and durability of the materials. It may be

worth considering temporary display boards before commissioning funds on more permanent displays.

Fitting into an existing programme for a site

Outdoor display boards are already used at many sites. Marine aspects could therefore be added fairly

easily when the boards are being updated. Temporary boards could be used at a trial stage and may

even be appropriate on a long-term basis for the seashore.


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OUTDOOR DISPLAY BOARDS

ADVANTAGES

No manning necessary

Can bring in experts to write

Can be added to existing boards

Can determine what goes on

Experimental displays possible

LIMITATIONS

Durable types expensive

Long-term

Vulnerable to vandalism



Active involvement Enjoyment Generate curiosity and interest

Show relevance Personal contact

Notes:


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VIEWPOINTS

Viewpoints are often the best location for an interpretive panel or board. Viewpoints near a major

shipping channel could include boards displaying the silhouette of the types of vessels using the sea

lane. In the north of England and Scotland there are headlands from which seals, dolphins and basking

sharks are regularly sighted. A display board could highlight this and include some brief identification

features. Viewpoints over fishing ports can also help visitors appreciate the way we use the sea.

Audience

The audience attracted to a particular viewpoint will be influenced by its location and accessibility.

Some viewpoints are designed to be reached by car, whereas others are only accessible on foot. The text

on the display board should appeal to as wide an audience as possible.

Logistics

Careful thought must go into siting a viewpoint to ensure it provides a good view as well as being able

to withstand the pressure of large numbers of visitors without damaging the environment. Access to the

viewpoint needs to be kept in good condition, the site should be clearly marked and the area needs to be

managed to ensure the view remains clear.

A lot of time and work is involved in setting up a viewpoint correctly but, once it is designed, regular

maintenance is all that is required to keep it in good condition.

Equipment

A viewpoint requires signposting, a display board and, possibly, a viewing platform.

Personnel

Personnel are required for general maintenance work once a viewpoint is set up.

Policy

Agreement must be reached with landowners and managers of the area before viewpoints are set up.

There must also be a positive decision on whether it is advantageous to bring people into an area, as this

is often the result of setting up an "official" viewpoint. Viewpoints are often best appreciated when they

are discovered "by accident" rather than laid out for the visitor.

Finance

There can be considerable costs in setting up a viewpoint, particularly if it is associated with a road.

Regular maintenance costs must be taken into account and also the cost of an information board.


It may be possible to add a marine aspect to some viewpoints which are already in place when the

associated display panels need to be replaced. A new viewpoint cannot be set up quickly and will

therefore take time to be incorporated into an existing programme.


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VIEWPOINTS

ADVANTAGES

Directs visitors away from sensitive areas

Enables visitors to view directly the feature or

site being interpreted

No personnel required

Presents information site manager wants to

get across

LIMITATIONS

Not particularly flexible

Long-term once set up

Must be carefully sited



Active involvement

Enjoyment Generate curiosity and interest Show relevance Personal contact

Notes:


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BULLETIN BOARDS

Bulletin boards are often used at bird reserves to note down species sightings and numbers which have

been observed in the area. In a marine context they can be used to record sightings of dolphins and

seals, items washed up on the beach, pollution events, and marine conservation issues in the area. They

allow visitors to contribute their own observations and can also promote safety by posting tide times.

Audience

Bulletin boards usually appeal to the informed, who enjoy identifying items they see at the site during avisit.

Logistics

The board needs to be set up at a good vantage point which will be passed by visitors entering and

leaving the site. It will need to be checked on a regular basis by the site manager who should add

material as well as clarify details posted by visitors.

Equipment

A blackboard and chalk is all that is required to set up this system. It is very flexible and although it can

be removed from the shore at the end of each day, it will not be vandal-proof unless it is located where

the site manager can keep a regular check. If vandalism becomes a problem, one option may be for the

site manager alone to post records of observations at the site.

PersonnelThe site manager will be required to add new records to the board each day, and keep the information

up to date.

Policy

There should be no policy implications of setting up bulletin boards but a decision must be made on the

type of material to be posted. For example will it cover conservation issues relevant to the site, or

simply observations?

Finance

This is a low cost method.


There should be few problems with adding this technique to an existing programme.


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BULLETIN BOARDS

ADVANTAGES

Easy to set up

Regular updates possible

Flexible

Can encourage visitor involvement if they

post information

LIMITATIONS

Information only

Not vandal-proof



Active involvement Enjoyment

Generate curiosity and interest Show relevance Personal contact

Notes:


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MOBILE INDOOR DISPLAYS

ADVANTAGES

No manning is necessary

Involves experts

Very adaptable

LIMITATIONS

Can be expensive

Can be quite technical


Aim 1: Promoting appreciation

Aim 2: Prompting the need for concern

Aim 3: Describing how visitors can help

OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRESENTATION TECHNIQUE

Active involvement

Enjoyment

Generate curiosity and interest

Show relevance

Personal contact

Notes:


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BOOKLETS AND BOUND PUBLICATIONS

Booklets and bound publications are written to cover specific subjects and themes. Designed and

written well, they can very successfully raise awareness and promote any conservation message. They

provide an opportunity to raise site profiles and add greater depth and analysis of coastal and marine

issues.

Audience

This technique is potentially appropriate for all audiences. In practice, the audience is often restricted tothose who are actively wanting to increase their knowledge and understanding of coastal and marine

issues, and who can afford to purchase them.

Logistics

Similar to any printed form of interpretive medium it is important to consider your target audience, cost

and pricing, format and material, design and content, printing and outlets.

Booklets and bound publications often have a wider outlet than leaflets. For example, they can be sold

on-site but are also large and detailed enough to be sold in bookshops. Professional designers and

printers are vital in the production of any form of booklet or bound publication.

Equipment

Display and/or sales points are needed.

PersonnelOnce the booklets/publications are produced, staff time is necessary to cover the distribution and

selling.

Finance

The cost of producing booklets and bound publications will naturally depend on the size, content and

printing requirements and the number you wish to produce. Costs can therefore range from low

hundreds to several thousand pounds.


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BOOKLETS AND BOUND PUBLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES

Act as souvenir and site promoter

Can be widely distributed

Can have lasting appeal if well produced

Can be sold to cover costs

LIMITATIONS

Can be expensive to produce and for the

visitor to purchase


Aim 1: Promoting appreciation

Aim 2: Prompting the need for concern

Aim 3: Describing how visitors can help

OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRESENTATION TECHNIQUE

Active involvement

Enjoyment

Generate curiosity and interest

Show relevance

Personal contact

Notes:


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SECTION 2: ACTIVITIES

GUIDED AND SELF GUIDED TRAILS

GUIDED SHORE WALKS

Guided shore walks are one of the most popular ways of interpreting the marine environment. They are

easy to set up, inexpensive and there is rarely any shortage of material to interpret. Walks can show

visitors how to enjoy the seashore without removing live animals or disrupting the habitat. Goodpractice by the site manager (returning rock pool animals, turning back stones) will reinforce this.

Audience

Most shore walks are unsuitable for the elderly or infirm, because of the uneven and slippery terrain.

They are especially suitable for families, and the enthusiasm of a group is often greatest if children are

present. It is inadvisable to allow dogs to be brought along.

Logistics

There is no shortage of material to interpret on the shore and the site manager should try and highlight

both physical and biological aspects, as well as signs of the way it is used by man. If large numbers of

people are taken out regularly, the route should be altered or restricted to a specific area to limit any

damage which may be caused by this pressure.

Advance planning is an important part of shore walks to ensure they are successful. This includesadvertising the event, warning people that they should be suitably dressed for the shore and checking

tide times and heights. The starting point needs to be conspicuous but sheltered. Site managers should

also be prepared to cancel the walk or provide wet weather alternatives.

Walks should not be too long (one-and-a-half hours is suitable) and regular stopping points, for

example around a rock pool, are a useful part of the event, allowing people to catch up. Stops enable

the site manager to ensure that everyone gets a chance to look at particular features. Safety is an

important consideration on shore walks and this may require some administrative back-up in the form of

insurance.

A torch-lit, night-time expedition on an accessible rocky shore on a summer's evening is an exciting

alternative, as different creatures come out at night and glow in the torch-light. These events must be

carefully supervised and are only suitable for adults and accompanied children.

Equipment

Posters or leaflets need to be circulated in advance to advertise guided walks. No special equipment is

required during the walk but "bug boxes", buckets, trays and a spade are useful. If you wish to carry

identification guides and other small pieces of equipment you may want to put them in a ranger

rucksack in which you should also carry a first-aid kit.

Personnel

The guide needs to have a basic knowledge of the area and an idea of what is likely to be encountered.

Major topics could be selected by the site manager but interaction with visitors should be encouraged

and, consequently, there will inevitably be questions on items found during the walk. It is useful to have

a number of helpers on a walk, particularly if more than twenty people turn up. However, one of the

main problems with this type of event is that, unless a booking system operates, it is not possible to

predict how many people will wish to take part.

Policy

Site managers must ensure that other shore-users are not unduly disturbed by the guided shore walk, and

that the participants do not damage the site.

Finance

Guided shore walks are inexpensive to run, especially if there is already a guided walks programme at

the site. Costs include payment for the guide and advertising. This could be recouped if participants are

asked to contribute to the site management fund.


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Many coastal sites already run a guided walks programme, making it fairly easy to develop the marine

theme using this technique. Initially, perhaps, only part of a walk needs to highlight the marine aspects,

e.g. whilst crossing a beach as part of a walk on another theme. As the site manager builds up expertise,

marine theme walks can become a regular part of the guided walks programme.

GUIDED SHORE WALKS

ADVANTAGES

Timetable to own convenience

Inexpensive

Few materials required

Rewarding

Opportunity to distribute materialsCan be used for fund raising

Audience can regulate contact

Audience can ask questions

Flexible

LIMITAIONS

Unpredictable audience size

Skilled personnel required

Requires advance planning

Preparation and advertising

Influenced by weather


Aim 1: Promoting appreciation Aim 2: Prompting the need for concern Aim 3: Describing how visitors can help OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRESENTATION TECHNIQUE Active involvement Enjoyment

Generate curiosity and interest Show relevance Personal contact

Notes:


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SELF-GUIDED TRAILS

Self-guided trails have been set up at many sites to allow visitors to explore areas at their own speed

whilst following a suggested route and referring to notes that point out features of interest. The absence

of footpaths on the seashore means that routes would have to be more flexible but self-guided trails are

still possible.

Audience

Trails are generally used by slightly more adventurous visitors to a site and would, therefore, appeal toa limited audience.

Logistics

The advantage of a self-guided trail on the seashore is that no paths need to be maintained to keep it

open. This means that the route can only be described in general terms but it needs to be carefully

thought out so as not to cross sensitive habitats or take people into dangerous areas, for example where

there are unstable boulders. Any trail leaflet or panel must emphasise which states of the tide are

favourable for doing the walk and should take people across areas where there is the least possibility of

getting cut off by the tide. This is a major safety consideration when promoting this type of event. The

legal implications of producing a self-guided trail leaflet for the seashore must therefore be examined

closely before this technique is used.

The idea of a self-guided trail can be extended beyond those who use the shore. For example trail notes

could be produced for canoeists or yachtsmen. After the initial work of suggesting a route and writingthe notes for a self-guided trail, the site manager need have little further involvement.

Equipment

Self guided trails usually operate through the use of leaflets, although this can combine well with a

series of panels at key points on the trail. Trail markers are also often needed.

Personnel

No personnel are required to run and oversee self-guided trails on the seashore.

Policy

The safety aspect of self-guided trails across the shore and at sea is likely to have policy implications

and needs to be examined in advance. Most trail notes include a disclaimer pointing out that visitors

follow the trail at their own risk.

Finance

The costs for self-guided trails relate to the production of the trail leaflet, trail markers and any trail

panels. Some of the costs can be recouped if there is a charge for the notes.

Fitting into the existing programe for a site

There are few problems with adding the idea of a marine self-guided trail to a site which already

produces trail notes. The major consideration may relate to insurance.


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SELF-GUIDED TRAILS

ADVANTAGES

Visitor determines pace

No personnel needed

Can direct visitors away from sensitive areas

LIMITATIONS

Route can only be general across the shore

Difficult to cover safety aspects

Appeals to limited audience



Active involvement Enjoyment Generate curiosity and interest Show relevance

Personal contact

Notes:


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UNDERWATER TRAILS

Underwater trails have been set up for divers and snorkellers in a number of countries. The majority of

these have been in areas of clear warm water, although the idea has recently been tried in the U.K.

Underwater nature trails encourage divers and snorkellers to look at marine life. They can be

particularly useful in this role if visitors to the trail are encouraged to take down identification boards or

are taken around with a guide who points out items of interest. Underwater archaeology trails can be

used to interpret cultural history and shipwrecks.

Audience

Underwater trails are only suitable for SCUBA divers and snorkellers and therefore reach a limited

audience.

Logistics

Underwater trails need to be carefully sited. Ideally they should be easily accessible from the shore,

sheltered from wave action and the predominant wind direction, in a reasonable depth of water but not

too shallow, and in an area where there is a reasonably good variety of marine habitats and species. One

of the problems which has been associated with underwater trails in the tropics is that regular use by

many visitors tends to damage the coral communities along the trails. The kelp forest communities of

the U.K. will be more resistant to this type of damage which, in any case, is likely to be insignificant if

compared to the damage which can result from stormy weather.

There are many ways of setting down permanent markers for the trail and the technique chosen willdepend on the equipment, expertise and time available. The entire route can be marked using a glow

line, for example. It is important to produce back-up material for an underwater trail. For example,

species identification cards or leaflets describing the habitat types or archaeology along the trail could

be made available to those wishing to use the route. This will encourage people to look around them

whilst following the trail, rather than merely using it as an obstacle course to be followed.

Safety aspects are important for underwater trails and need to be taken into account when locating and

marking the trail. However, all information material about the trail should specify that visitors use the

trail at their own risk.

Equipment

Underwater trails can be marked with the minimum of sophisticated equipment but the technique used

will depend on the time, expertise and equipment available. Once set up they will need to be maintained

and, depending on the location, it may be appropriate to remove buoys and any guide ropes duringwinter. Signs or markers along the trail will become quickly fouled by marine growth. Harmless,

fouling resistant materials can be obtained but are expensive. The materials used to mark the trail

should be considered expendable as there are bound to be losses whilst setting the system up, as the

result of disturbance from storms and use by divers. A suitable waterproof leaflet or set of plastic cards

will be needed to interpret items of interest on the trail.

Personnel

Divers are needed to set up the trail and, once it is in place, regular checks will need to be made. Any

accompanying materials need to be designed by people who know the area well so as to ensure there is

a good possibility of visitors observing the items described. It is helpful to have a diving site manager

available to answer visitors' queries about the route and, if requested, to take visitors around the trail. If

this is popular, guided tours could become a regular feature of the site.

Policy

Managers of the site will need to consider whether they wish to encourage diving in the area. This can

lead to conflicts with other visitors because of the amount of equipment divers bring on to a site and the

need to change out of diving suits in public areas. Suggested "kitting-up" areas away from the general

public will avoid this problem.


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Finance

The equipment required to set up an underwater trail can be low cost, but divers' time to set it up must

also be considered in the budget. Materials to be used on a trail will be more expensive than standard

leaflets as they will need to be waterproof


Underwater nature trails will be a totally new concept at the majority of sites. They require a

commitment to interpreting the marine environment and, although similar in approach to trails on land,they will be a new addition to most site programmes.

UNDERWATER TRAILS

ADVANTAGES

Encourages observation

Active involvement

Accompanying material provides guidance

LIMITATIONS

Limited audience

Site limited

Expertise to set upVery strict health and safety regulations

Site damage potential



Active involvement Enjoyment Generate curiosity and interest Show relevance Personal contact

Notes:

BOAT TRIPS


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Site managers are already involved in taking visitors out on boat trips at a number of coastal sites. The

tours usually concentrate on looking at bird or seal colonies but additional topics can be included.

Boat trips can be especially valuable in providing a different perspective for the visitor, and can be used

to emphasise that the coastal zone needs to be thought of as a unit. This highlights that what we do on

land has a very direct effect on inshore waters, both in terms of scenery and other impacts. Boat trips

can also help build up an appreciation of the marine environment, for example using the "plankton

trawl" and "submerged object" techniques described later.

Audience

Boat trips appeal to a wide audience but can be unsuitable for the eldery, infirm or very small children.

Logistics

The easiest way of running boat trips is to hire a suitable local vessel for the day. It is best to use local

skippers and encourage them to participate in the tour, for example by giving visitors an idea of what it

is like to sail in the area. If possible the same vessel and skipper should be used for a programme of

boat tours. Boat hire needs to be arranged well in advance, along with the times of the tours so that they

coincide with favourable tides.Due to the costs involved the tours need to be well advertised and, where

possible, tickets sold in advance. A suitable route must be arranged with the skipper, along with poor

weather alternatives, if possible. However there is always the possibility that trips may have to be

cancelled and there is no way of planning for this eventuality. Small boats are usually only licensed to

carry small numbers of passengers (less than twelve), therefore limiting the tour group size.

Equipment

On a hired boat tour, all relevant equipment (e.g. life jackets) should be supplied but this must be

confirmed. The site manager may need to bring additional equipment if activities such as plankton

trawls are to be run or to

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