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Page 1: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Sheena Surindran MD7/12/2011

Page 2: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

32 yr old AAF with PMH of DM‐type 1 , s/p

DDKT x 2 presents to renal clinic for prenatal  counseling.

1st

transplant –immediate graft non function 

due to thrombosis

2nd

transplant ‐6 months ago

Currently on Tacrolimus, MMF and steroids

What are your recommendation?

What further information would you like?

Page 3: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Colorado birth and death certificate from 

1989‐2001

911 births from women with kidney disease

and 4606 births from women without kidney ds

Women with kidney ds

had adverse fetal 

(18.2% vs

9.5%) and maternal (13.7% vs

4.3%)  outcomes –

p<0.001. this is independent of 

other risk factors.American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol

43, No 3 (March), 

2004

Page 4: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Incidence is about 7%

40‐60% successful outcome,  85% infants 

premature

Adverse maternal outcomes includes 

preeclampsia, eclampsia

or abruptio

placenta

Page 5: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Mechanisms develop to promote maternal tolerance to fetus and 

fetal tolerance to mother to prevent fetal loss and inflammation

Cyclical changes in immune system occur in women to protect 

fetus

Maternal tolerance to fetus is dependent on CD25+ regulatory 

cells which expand 3‐4fold during pregnancy but returns to pre 

pregnancy levels post partum.

The exact mechanism by which this happens is unknown.

EVT cells neither express MHC‐class 1 or class II which are the 

main targets for alloreactive

T cells in transplant rejection and thus 

evade immune attack by T cells

Systemic  immunosupression

would be disadvantageous as it 

would weaken this system by suppressing T regs

Immunological Reviews 241/2011

Page 6: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Observational study using medicare

claims 

data

16195 txp

patients between 1990‐2003

Excluded repeat txp

and multiple organs

Used to calculate population based live birth 

rates and pregnancy rates

Pregnancy rate 33 per 1000 females txp

pts

Live births 19 per 1000 female txp

pts

American Journal of Transplantation 2009; 9: 1541–1549

Page 7: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

American Journal of Transplantation 2009; 9: 1541–1549

Page 8: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

American Journal of Transplantation 2009; 9: 1541–1549

Page 9: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Increased blood volume 

Increased gfr

and hyperfiltration

Fluctuations in immunosuppressant levels‐

need to be maintained at pre pregnancy  levels

42% increased risk of UTI but risk of pyelo

rare. 

Clin

J Am Soc Nephrol

3: S117–S125, 2008

Page 10: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Long term allograft function‐

creat

<1.3 

confers little risk for short term graft loss

Graft rejection – difficult to diagnose due to 

drop in creatinine

Mechanical compression of ureter

by gravid 

uterus

Renal biopsy can be safely done under US

Clin

J Am Soc Nephrol

3: S117–S125, 2008

Page 11: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Hypertension‐

high prevalence in txp

pts 

(73%)

Superimposed precclampsia

(32%)‐

difficult 

to diagnose

Gestational diabetes

Anemia

Infections

Clin

J Am Soc Nephrol

3: S117–S125, 2008

Page 12: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Preterm birth

Low birth weight

Feto‐maternal transmission of infections

Developmental delay ‐26% (NTPR data), some 

report 9‐10% 

Congenital malformations

Depressed T and Bcells

at birth‐

normalizes in 

few mths

Clin

J Am Soc Nephrol

3: S117–S125, 2008

Page 13: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

AST Consensus Conference on Reproductive Issues & Transplantation 

2005

Page 14: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

AST Consensus Conference on Reproductive Issues & Transplantation 2005

Page 15: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Preferable to wait >/= 1 year following LDRT 

& >/= 1‐2 years following CRT to avoid  rejection‐related complications (drug doses 

are lower & doses are stable)

Graft should preferably be functioning well 

(stable Cr < 1.5 mg/dl, proteinuria

< 500mg/d)

Frequent monitoring

Page 16: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Clin

J Am Soc Nephrol

3: S117–S125, 2008

Page 17: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

American Journal of Transplantation 2009; 9: 1541–1549

Page 18: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during
Page 19: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during
Page 20: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during
Page 21: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during
Page 22: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during
Page 23: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Possible increased risk of PROM & IUGR with 

glucocorticoids

Crosses placenta but extensively metabolised

in placenta

Glucocorticoids

are excreted in breast milk 

(small amounts), but considered ok if needed  by mother

Animal data and case series suggest long 

term effects – decreased IQ, childhood and  adolescent hypertension and psychiatric 

conditions with antenatal steroid use.

Page 24: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Cylosporine

Can induce/worsen hypertension

Drug levels may fall during pregnancy

Tacrolimus

Hypertension

Drug levels generally remain unchanged

Page 25: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Single center experience in KTx

and SPKTx

on 

tacrolimus

Retrospective analysis from 1993‐2002

13 mothers delivered 19 babies after KTx

and 2 

mothers delivered 3 babies post SPKTx.

All mothers survived and retained graft function 

during pregnancy

No congenital anomalies noted in fetus but 41% 

premature

No significant level  change observed in 

pregnancyTransplantation 2004

Page 26: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during
Page 27: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Retrospective analysis from 1992‐1998 of 100 

pregnancies in 84 txp

(66% liver, 27% kidney)

Mean tacro

level 8‐11.5ng/ml

26months mean time to conception

Out of 100, 71 progressed to delivery, 24 were 

terminated (12 spontaneous miscarriages), 2  ongoing and 2 lost to follow up 

59 % of neonates were preterm

Hyperkalemia

and anuria‐

transient in neonates

TRANSPLANTATION Vol. 70, 1718–1721, No. 12, December 27, 2000

Page 28: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

TRANSPLANTATION Vol. 70, 1718–1721, No. 12, December 27, 2000

Page 29: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

TRANSPLANTATION Vol. 70, 1718–1721, No. 12, December 27, 

2000

Page 30: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Reversible inhibitor of inosine

monophosphate

dehydrogenase

which blocks de novo purine synthesis in T and B lymphocytes

Classified as Pregnancy Category D 

2 forms of contraception should be used a few 

weeks before & after therapy, as well as during  therapy

If planning pregnancy, should switch to azathioprine

Should be off of MMF >/= 6 weeks before 

conception

Excreted into breast milk – lactating mothers should 

avoid

Page 31: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Animal and limited human data have raised 

concerns of in utero

exposure to MMF and  Rapamycin

Study examines outcome of pregnancy in 30 

pts from national transplant pregnancy  registry 

Limited data available for sirolimus‐

no live 

births in the 7 pts that received sirolimus

Page 32: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during
Page 33: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Crosses placenta but fetus lacks enzyme 

inosinate

pyrophosphorylase

this drug is not  converted into active metabolite 6 MP

Lactation: 31 breast milk samples – 29 had no 

6‐MP and  2 had minimal

6‐MP and 6‐thioguanine were not detectable 

in neonatal blood

Preferable to MMF

Page 34: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Single center case control trial

39 women in study grp

and 3 matched controls 

per patient

44% DDKT and 56% LRKT

Median follow up ‐14years

5 patients progressed to ESRD

4 deaths (3 cancer, 1 terrorist attack) 

Transplantation • Volume 81, Number 5, March 15, 2006

Page 35: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Transplantation • Volume 81, Number 5, March 15, 2006

Page 36: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Transplantation • Volume 81, Number 5, March 15, 2006

Page 37: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Australian and New Zealand registry

40yrs of pregnancy related outcomes on txp

pts

444 live births reported from 577 pregnancies

97%  of pregnancies beyond 1st

yr of txp

Also studied 120 nulliparous

to 120 parous

women, age matched, year of txp, sr

creat

Caveats‐

43% had kidney ds

sec to GN, 34% 

reflux ds

J Am Soc Nephrol

20: 2433–2440, 2009

Page 38: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

J Am Soc Nephrol

20: 2433–2440, 2009

Page 39: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

J Am Soc Nephrol

20: 2433–2440, 2009

Page 40: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

J Am Soc Nephrol

20: 2433–2440, 2009

Page 41: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

J Am Soc Nephrol

20: 2433–2440, 2009

Page 42: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during

Studied 11 post txp and 8 pts on HD

Txp 6mths ‐2yrs post

Azathioprine and steroids –

immunosuppression

All pts in txp grp had semen analysis and testicular bx vs 5  pts on hd goup had both

Hd grp‐

potency reduced, spermatogenesis grossly  abnormal, severe oligozoospermia, decreased sperm 

motility and abnormal sperms

Txp grp‐potency back to normal, all biopsies showed  adequate cellularity, spermatogenesis, complete 

maturity. Semen analysis showed sperm counts and  motility excellent except in 1 patient  with testicular  atrophy

C.M.A. JOURNAL/MAR. 28, 1970/VOL. 102

Page 43: Sheena Surindran MD 7/12/2011 - NYU Langone Health · Classified as Pregnancy Category D 2 forms of contraception should be used a few weeks before & after therapy, as well as during