sheena surindran md 7/12/2011 - nyu langone health · classified as pregnancy category d 2 forms of...
TRANSCRIPT
Sheena Surindran MD7/12/2011
32 yr old AAF with PMH of DM‐type 1 , s/p
DDKT x 2 presents to renal clinic for prenatal counseling.
1st
transplant –immediate graft non function
due to thrombosis
2nd
transplant ‐6 months ago
Currently on Tacrolimus, MMF and steroids
What are your recommendation?
What further information would you like?
Colorado birth and death certificate from
1989‐2001
911 births from women with kidney disease
and 4606 births from women without kidney ds
Women with kidney ds
had adverse fetal
(18.2% vs
9.5%) and maternal (13.7% vs
4.3%) outcomes –
p<0.001. this is independent of
other risk factors.American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol
43, No 3 (March),
2004
Incidence is about 7%
40‐60% successful outcome, 85% infants
premature
Adverse maternal outcomes includes
preeclampsia, eclampsia
or abruptio
placenta
Mechanisms develop to promote maternal tolerance to fetus and
fetal tolerance to mother to prevent fetal loss and inflammation
Cyclical changes in immune system occur in women to protect
fetus
Maternal tolerance to fetus is dependent on CD25+ regulatory
cells which expand 3‐4fold during pregnancy but returns to pre
pregnancy levels post partum.
The exact mechanism by which this happens is unknown.
EVT cells neither express MHC‐class 1 or class II which are the
main targets for alloreactive
T cells in transplant rejection and thus
evade immune attack by T cells
Systemic immunosupression
would be disadvantageous as it
would weaken this system by suppressing T regs
Immunological Reviews 241/2011
Observational study using medicare
claims
data
16195 txp
patients between 1990‐2003
Excluded repeat txp
and multiple organs
Used to calculate population based live birth
rates and pregnancy rates
Pregnancy rate 33 per 1000 females txp
pts
Live births 19 per 1000 female txp
pts
American Journal of Transplantation 2009; 9: 1541–1549
American Journal of Transplantation 2009; 9: 1541–1549
American Journal of Transplantation 2009; 9: 1541–1549
Increased blood volume
Increased gfr
and hyperfiltration
Fluctuations in immunosuppressant levels‐
need to be maintained at pre pregnancy levels
42% increased risk of UTI but risk of pyelo
rare.
Clin
J Am Soc Nephrol
3: S117–S125, 2008
Long term allograft function‐
creat
<1.3
confers little risk for short term graft loss
Graft rejection – difficult to diagnose due to
drop in creatinine
Mechanical compression of ureter
by gravid
uterus
Renal biopsy can be safely done under US
Clin
J Am Soc Nephrol
3: S117–S125, 2008
Hypertension‐
high prevalence in txp
pts
(73%)
Superimposed precclampsia
(32%)‐
difficult
to diagnose
Gestational diabetes
Anemia
Infections
Clin
J Am Soc Nephrol
3: S117–S125, 2008
Preterm birth
Low birth weight
Feto‐maternal transmission of infections
Developmental delay ‐26% (NTPR data), some
report 9‐10%
Congenital malformations
Depressed T and Bcells
at birth‐
normalizes in
few mths
Clin
J Am Soc Nephrol
3: S117–S125, 2008
AST Consensus Conference on Reproductive Issues & Transplantation
2005
AST Consensus Conference on Reproductive Issues & Transplantation 2005
Preferable to wait >/= 1 year following LDRT
& >/= 1‐2 years following CRT to avoid rejection‐related complications (drug doses
are lower & doses are stable)
Graft should preferably be functioning well
(stable Cr < 1.5 mg/dl, proteinuria
< 500mg/d)
Frequent monitoring
Clin
J Am Soc Nephrol
3: S117–S125, 2008
American Journal of Transplantation 2009; 9: 1541–1549
Possible increased risk of PROM & IUGR with
glucocorticoids
Crosses placenta but extensively metabolised
in placenta
Glucocorticoids
are excreted in breast milk
(small amounts), but considered ok if needed by mother
Animal data and case series suggest long
term effects – decreased IQ, childhood and adolescent hypertension and psychiatric
conditions with antenatal steroid use.
Cylosporine
Can induce/worsen hypertension
Drug levels may fall during pregnancy
Tacrolimus
Hypertension
Drug levels generally remain unchanged
Single center experience in KTx
and SPKTx
on
tacrolimus
Retrospective analysis from 1993‐2002
13 mothers delivered 19 babies after KTx
and 2
mothers delivered 3 babies post SPKTx.
All mothers survived and retained graft function
during pregnancy
No congenital anomalies noted in fetus but 41%
premature
No significant level change observed in
pregnancyTransplantation 2004
Retrospective analysis from 1992‐1998 of 100
pregnancies in 84 txp
(66% liver, 27% kidney)
Mean tacro
level 8‐11.5ng/ml
26months mean time to conception
Out of 100, 71 progressed to delivery, 24 were
terminated (12 spontaneous miscarriages), 2 ongoing and 2 lost to follow up
59 % of neonates were preterm
Hyperkalemia
and anuria‐
transient in neonates
TRANSPLANTATION Vol. 70, 1718–1721, No. 12, December 27, 2000
TRANSPLANTATION Vol. 70, 1718–1721, No. 12, December 27, 2000
TRANSPLANTATION Vol. 70, 1718–1721, No. 12, December 27,
2000
Reversible inhibitor of inosine
monophosphate
dehydrogenase
which blocks de novo purine synthesis in T and B lymphocytes
Classified as Pregnancy Category D
2 forms of contraception should be used a few
weeks before & after therapy, as well as during therapy
If planning pregnancy, should switch to azathioprine
Should be off of MMF >/= 6 weeks before
conception
Excreted into breast milk – lactating mothers should
avoid
Animal and limited human data have raised
concerns of in utero
exposure to MMF and Rapamycin
Study examines outcome of pregnancy in 30
pts from national transplant pregnancy registry
Limited data available for sirolimus‐
no live
births in the 7 pts that received sirolimus
Crosses placenta but fetus lacks enzyme
inosinate
pyrophosphorylase
this drug is not converted into active metabolite 6 MP
Lactation: 31 breast milk samples – 29 had no
6‐MP and 2 had minimal
6‐MP and 6‐thioguanine were not detectable
in neonatal blood
Preferable to MMF
Single center case control trial
39 women in study grp
and 3 matched controls
per patient
44% DDKT and 56% LRKT
Median follow up ‐14years
5 patients progressed to ESRD
4 deaths (3 cancer, 1 terrorist attack)
Transplantation • Volume 81, Number 5, March 15, 2006
Transplantation • Volume 81, Number 5, March 15, 2006
Transplantation • Volume 81, Number 5, March 15, 2006
Australian and New Zealand registry
40yrs of pregnancy related outcomes on txp
pts
444 live births reported from 577 pregnancies
97% of pregnancies beyond 1st
yr of txp
Also studied 120 nulliparous
to 120 parous
women, age matched, year of txp, sr
creat
Caveats‐
43% had kidney ds
sec to GN, 34%
reflux ds
J Am Soc Nephrol
20: 2433–2440, 2009
J Am Soc Nephrol
20: 2433–2440, 2009
J Am Soc Nephrol
20: 2433–2440, 2009
J Am Soc Nephrol
20: 2433–2440, 2009
J Am Soc Nephrol
20: 2433–2440, 2009
Studied 11 post txp and 8 pts on HD
Txp 6mths ‐2yrs post
Azathioprine and steroids –
immunosuppression
All pts in txp grp had semen analysis and testicular bx vs 5 pts on hd goup had both
Hd grp‐
potency reduced, spermatogenesis grossly abnormal, severe oligozoospermia, decreased sperm
motility and abnormal sperms
Txp grp‐potency back to normal, all biopsies showed adequate cellularity, spermatogenesis, complete
maturity. Semen analysis showed sperm counts and motility excellent except in 1 patient with testicular atrophy
C.M.A. JOURNAL/MAR. 28, 1970/VOL. 102