shea chapter 13
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The Policy Process and Economic Policy 1
3
Video: The Big Picture 13
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Video: The Basics 13
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13.1Expansion of the Electorate and Other Legal Issues Constitutional Amendments
Voting and Legislative Acts
The Controversy Over Voter ID Laws
Effect of the Amendments Fourteenth Amendment Fifteenth Amendment Nineteenth Amendment Twenty-fourth Amendment Twenty-sixth Amendment
13.1Constitutional Amendments
13.1Woman’s Suffrage Headquarters
13.1Voting and Legislative Acts
Challenging Discriminatory Practices
Civil Rights and the Voting Rights Act Voting Rights Act of 1965
13.1Voting and Legislative Acts
Residency and Registration Laws Motor Voter Law
Help America Vote Act
13.1The Controversy over Voter ID Laws
Supporters ID Law protects integrity of voting process
Opponents ID law disenfranchises voters who lack state-issued
identification
13.113.1 This is the common name for the law passed to encourage voter registration:
a. Help America Vote Act
b. Motor Voter Act
c. Voting Rights Act of 1965
d. None of the above
13.113.1 This is the common name for the law passed to encourage voter registration:
a. Help America Vote Act
b. Motor Voter Act
c. Voting Rights Act of 1965
d. None of the above
13.2Individual Participation in Elections
Voter Turnout
Explaining Modest Turnout
Voting and Demographic Characteristics
Young Voters
13.2FIGURE 13.1: Forms of Electoral Participation
13.2Voter Turnout
Turnout Easily quantifiable number based on number of
citizens who vote divided by total number of citizens
Low early in nation’s history, then climbed steadily before dropping off New immigrants didn’t vote right away
Voter turnout surged in 2008 Greatest increases among lower income, young,
African Americans and Hispanic Americans
13.2FIGURE 13.2: Participation in Presidential Elections
13.2Explaining Modest Turnout
Attitudes Greater cynicism, distrust and alienation
Lifestyles Busier than at previous times in history
Local party strength Higher turnout in communities with strong local party
Nature of campaigns and news media Longer, more negative campaigns and media “feeding
frenzies”
13.2FIGURE 13.3: Why People Don’t Vote
13.2Voting and Demographic Characteristics
Mobile populations Must register to vote every time they move Less likely to own a home
Education Length of education reliable predictor of voting rate for
individuals Sense of civic duty increases with education
13.2FIGURE 13.4: Self-Reported Voter Turnout in Presidential Election by Education
13.2Young Voters
Less completed education Less affluent Less likely to own a home
More mobile Can get stuck in residency requirements for registration
Recent initiatives and issues have boosted young voter turnout – but will it last? MTV’s Rock the Vote MoveOn.org
13.2Young Voters
13.2TABLE 13.1: Percentage of Turnout by Age Groups in 2000, 2004 and 2008 Elections
13.2FIGURE 13.5: Volunteerism by Age Group
13.213.2 Which of the following could account for low voter turnout?
a. increased cynicism and alienation
b. busier lifestyles
c. nature and length of today’s campaigns
d. all of the above
13.213.2 Which of the following could account for low voter turnout?
a. increased cynicism and alienation
b. busier lifestyles
c. nature and length of today’s campaigns
d. all of the above
Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist
13.2
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13.3Political Parties in America
Party Functions
Party Elements
The Debate over Party Polarization
Rational Party versus Responsible Party
Functions Organize the election process Facilitate voter choice Recruit candidates Aid Candidates Organize a complex government Educate citizens and promote involvement Ensure accountability
13.3Party Functions
Party-in-Government Officials who were elected under a party banner
Party-in-the-Electorate Citizens who attach themselves to a political party
Party-as-Organization Formal organization of the party: headquarters, offices and
leaders
13.3Party Elements
13.3FIGURE 13.6: The Three Interrelated Elements of American Political Parties
13.3FIGURE 13.7: Party Unity in Congressional Voting
13.3FIGURE 13.8: Trends in Party Identification 1989-2010
Party polarization Defining characteristic of American politics in early
twenty-first century
Geography Distinct partisan regions of the country
13.3The Debate over Party Polarization
13.3FIGURE 13.9: Partisan Leanings of the Nation, Based on County-Level Election Returns
13.3FIGURE 13.10: Party Leaders and a Willingness to Compromise
13.313.3 Party headquarters, offices and leaders belong to:
a. party-in-government
b. party-in-the-electorate
c. party-as-organization
d. none of the above
13.313.3 Party headquarters, offices and leaders belong to:
a. party-in-government
b. party-in-the-electorate
c. party-as-organization
d. none of the above
Explore the Simulation: You Are a Campaign Strategist
13.3
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13.4Party Eras in American History
The Emergence of Parties in America (1790s-1828)
The Heyday of Parties (1828-1900)
Party Decline (1900-1970s)
Organizational Resurgence (1970s-Present)
Video: In Context 13.4
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13.4The Emergence of Parties in America (1790s-1828)
James Madison’s “factions” Democratic-Republicans
Federalist Party
13.4The Heyday of Parties (1828-1900)
Corrupt Bargain of 1824
National Republicans
Whig Party
Democratic Party
Curbing the corruption of party machines Civil service system created Secret ballot adopted Direct primary
13.4Party Decline (1900-1970s)
13.4Boss Tweed
The Great Depression Destroyed the jobs “safety net” parties provided Replaced by New Deal programs
Television and Direct Mail Party not needed to deliver message
Candidate-Centered Era Role of parties lessened
13.4Party Decline (1900-1970s)
Parties expanded services to candidates Service oriented Developed direct-mail operations Sophisticated polling operations
Expanded services cost money Added to campaign finance complexity
13.4Organizational Resurgence (1970s-Present)
13.413.4 This Framer warned Americans against political parties, calling them “factions”:
a. James Madison
b. George Washington
c. Alexander Hamilton
d. Thomas Jefferson
13.413.4 This Framer warned Americans against political parties, calling them “factions”:
a. James Madison
b. George Washington
c. Alexander Hamilton
d. Thomas Jefferson
13.5Minor Parties in American Politics
History of Minor Parties
Role of Minor Parties in Our Democracy
13.5History of Minor Parties
Fledgling parties versus true third parties
Presidential candidate H. Ross Perot – netted 18.9 percent of popular vote in 1992
Tea Party?
13.5TABLE 13.2: Third Parties in American History
13.5Role of Minor Parties in Our Democracy
Draw attention to particular issues
Threaten to draw support from major parties
Bring more citizens into the political process
13.513.5 Which of these is a barrier to the success of minor parties?
a. ballot access limitations
b. single-member districts
c. Electoral College
d. all of the above
13.513.5 Which of these is a barrier to the success of minor parties?
a. ballot access limitations
b. single-member districts
c. Electoral College
d. all of the above
13.6Parties and the Nomination Process
Different Primary Systems
Presidential Nominations
A Better Process?
Different Primary Systems Closed primary systems Open primary systems “Top two” nominations
Strategic voting Backing the other party’s weaker candidate in an open
primary
13.6Different Primary Systems
13.6FIGURE 13.11: Primary Systems in the United States
National nominating convention Result of the Corrupt Bargain of 1824 Delegates sent from all over every 4 years Opportunity to create national platform
Binding primaries Delegates pledge support
Nomination Caucus Neighborhood meeting used to nominate delegates
13.6Presidential Nominations
Nomination reforms of the 1970s Few people participate in primaries Cost and bitterness of primaries has increased Whoever can raise the most money, first, tends to win –
“invisible primary” States with early primaries carry disproportional amount
of influence
13.6A Better Process?
National Primary Day
Delaware Plan blocks of states based on population determine primaries
Rotating primary plan
13.6Reforming the Process
13.613.6 Caucuses and primaries are similar except for what key difference?
a. Primaries are binding and caucuses are not.
b. Caucuses are held in the open and primaries are closed-door.
c. Primaries resemble traditional elections and caucuses resemble town hall meetings.
d. Caucuses are held only in Iowa.
13.613.6 Caucuses and primaries are similar except for what key difference?
a. Primaries are binding and caucuses are not.
b. Caucuses are held in the open and primaries are closed-door.
c. Primaries resemble traditional elections and caucuses resemble town hall meetings.
d. Caucuses are held only in Iowa.
13.7The Electoral College
The Electoral College
What Were the Framers Thinking?
When Things Have Gone Wrong
How the Electoral College Shapes Campaign Activities
Dump the Electoral College?
Election outcome versus process Campaign strategy differs wildly state by state Undemocratic, or necessary but cumbersome?
13.7The Electoral College
13.7FIGURE 13.12: How to Get to the White House
Explore Political Parties: Is the Electoral College Democratic?
13.7
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Federalist No. 69 Worried about politicians with “talents for low intrigue,
and the little arts of popularity” Sought men of highest caliber and intellect
Large states versus small states Electoral College improves a small state’s chances of
sending a president to the White House
13.7What Were the Framers Thinking?
Political Parties Not around during the creation of the Electoral College Parties soon drove the process, not “enlightened men” Winner-take-all, or “unit rule”
Twelfth Amendment Electors must specify president and vice president
Popular vote versus Electoral College Four times in history different candidates took the
popular vote and the Electoral vote
13.7When Things Have Gone Wrong
Right combination of states Most states – 35 to 40 – are solidly Democratic or solidly
Republican Only 10-15 states are really “in play”
Swing states Get most of the campaign ads and commercials Leaves voters in non swing states feeling that their vote
doesn’t matter
13.7How the Electoral College Shapes Campaign Activities
13.7FIGURE 13.13: Electoral Votes for 2008 and 2012
Constitutional Amendment Considered unlikely
State Efforts Maryland passed law that would award its Electoral College
votes to popular vote winner if other states agree “National Popular Vote Interstate Compact”
13.7Dump the Electoral College?
13.713.7 Framers did not foresee this development when they crafted the Electoral College:
a. winner-takes-all
b. political party influence
c. difference in popular vote versus Electoral College vote
d. none of the above
13.713.7 Framers did not foresee this development when they crafted the Electoral College:
a. winner-takes-all
b. political party influence
c. difference in popular vote versus Electoral College vote
d. none of the above
13.8The Role of Money in Elections
The Rage for Reform
Political Action Committees
The Incumbent Fundraising Advantage
Term Limits
Reforming the Reforms: BCRA
The Citizens United Bombshell
Super PACs, too!
13.8Figure 13.14: Campaign Expenditures
Reform Symbolic efforts in the Progressive Era Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
13.8The Rage for Reform
Political Action Committees (PACs) Proliferated following Buckley ruling Designed to get around direct donation limits imposed
upon unions and corporations Increased from 600 in 1964 to 4,600 in 2008
13.8Political Action Committees
Incumbents already hold a seat PACs tend to support incumbents Greater incumbent advantage
Legislative activity geared towards securing re-election Credit claiming – praise for accomplishments Position taking – being on popular side of issues Advertising – reaching constituents
13.8The Incumbent Fundraising Advantage
Term limits Guarantee turnover Supporters claim new blood is needed Opponents say it denies a voter’s true choice
13.8Term Limits
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) Passed in 2002 Outlawed unlimited contributions to national political
organizations Barred group-sponsored ads prior to election Raised contribution limits for individuals Allowed wealthy donors to contribute soft money to state
and local party organizations
13.8Reforming the Reforms: BCRA
Citizens United Conservative non-profit organization barred by BCRA from
distributing documentary within 30 and 60 days of elections Sued, claiming BCRA violated First Amendment
Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission (2010) Ruled that unions and corporations can spend money directly
on federal elections. Supporters claim victory for free speech; Opponents claim it
returns us to robber-baron era Elections spending rose - $3.2 billion in 2010
13.8The Citizens United Bombshell
“Independent expenditure-only committees” Increased significantly in 2010 Can raise unlimited sums from unlimited sources Differ from traditional PACs in how they raise and spend
contributions Cannot coordinate with candidates’ campaigns
13.8Super PACs, too!
13.8FIGURE 13.15: The Dramatic Growth of Outside Spending
Video: In the Real World 13.8
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13.813.8 How do Super PACs differ from traditional PACs?
a. Super PACs can’t coordinate with campaigns.
b. Traditional PACs face contribution limits.
c. Traditional PACs face expenditure limits.
d. All of the above.
13.813.8 How do Super PACs differ from traditional PACs?
a. Super PACs can’t coordinate with campaigns.
b. Traditional PACs face contribution limits.
c. Traditional PACs face expenditure limits.
d. All of the above.
Why does the United States have a two-party system when most democratic countries have multiple parties? What role do parties serve in a democracy?
Discussion Question13
Video: So What? 13
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