Sharmin Nasrin

Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Asia Pacific, Bangladesh

•A travel survey

conducted as

part of doctoral

thesis

•Exploratory

analysis

Qualitative

Analysis

•Multinomial Logit

Model with:

•-Revealed

Preference Data

•-Stated

Preference Data

Quantitative

Analysis •Explore

whether

gender issues

addressed in

BRT

Mapping with

BRT

Travel survey - October 2011-December 2012

Respondents “Employed in Paid Job”

Revealed Preference (RP) Survey (i.e., Current Travel Scenario)- Sample Size 912

Stated Preference (SP) Survey (i.e., Hypothetical Travel Scenario with BRT)- Sample Size 465

Paper and pencil based survey

Response rate 97% for RP and 93% for SP survey

00.20.40.60.8

1

In

vehicle

time

Walk

time

Cost

Distance

Low Income Female

Low Income Male

00.20.40.60.8

1

In

vehicle

time

Walk

time

Cost

Distance

Middle Income Female

Middle Income Male

Median Value of In-Vehicle Time, Distance, Cost and Walk time to Work Place in Normalised Scale for (a) Low Income & (b) Middle Income Commuters

(a) (b)

00.20.40.60.8

1

In vehicle

time

Walk

time

Cost

Distance

High Income Female

High Income Male

Walk time in maximum for low income female.

In-vehicle time is least for low income female commuters followed by low income male commuters.

Middle income female and male commuters’ in vehicle time is maximum- main bus users.

High income female commuters’ spend maximum for about same distance.

Median Value of In-Vehicle Time, Distance, Cost and Walk time to Work Place in Normalised Scale for High Income Commuter

Unreliable & Inefficient

Expensive

Long Travel Time

Unsafe and Insecure

Less Capacity than Demand

Less Space between Male and Female

Refuse to Give Service

About same distance, wide range of spending based on income.

Low Income Female-

Middle Income Female-

Personalized Public

Transport (PPT)- Unsafe,

Insecure, Unpredictable

High Income Female- Private Vehicle, but not very common for female commuters to drive their own private vehicle or to ride bikes and motorcycles.

Overall- transport system lacking in equity and

female comparatively more vulnerable.

Multinomial

Logit (MNL)

Choice Model

Model With RP

Data (i.e.

Current

Scenario)

Model with SP

Data (i.e.

Hypothetical

BRT Scenario)

𝑷𝒓 𝒊

=𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝒗𝒊

𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝒗𝟐 +⋯ .+𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝒗𝒋

Where, 𝑷𝒓 𝒊 = probability of choosing an alternative 𝒊 𝒗𝒊= utility function for alternative 𝒊 1, 2, 3, ……… j= available alternatives

Sensitivity analysis: MIDDLE INCOME COMMUTER GROUP (MAIN USERS OF BUS)

- Car use insignificant

- Males PPT; Females walk across sensitivity analyses of travel time in motion, waiting time, and travel cost

- Female pressing financial responsibilities

- and/or they may feel less welcome to use PPT than male

Female commuters slightly less sensitive to bus travel time in motion, bus travel cost, BRT travel time in motion and more sensitive to BRT travel cost.

Male overall chose BRT at reduction of bus travel time in motion and travel cost, more than female.

Low income female- balance between bus and walk

Females --more risk averse to switching from existing bus to BRT than males.

Women’s dignity of travel a distinct issue .

It is social matter that must be addressed through policy change and education.

Are Gender Issues been/being Considered?

20 km BRT corridor, from Hazarat

Shahjalal International Airport to

Gazipur Terminal.

Connecting Gazipur City Corporation

(GCC) and Dhaka North City

Corporation (DNCC).

Financed by Asian Development Bank

(ADB).

20 thousands

passenger/hour/direction and

travelling time half of the present.

Affordability

At least 70% of garments' workers will receive subsidized monthly travel passes (Half Fare)

60% female students of total will receive subsidized monthly passes (Half Fare)

Separate queuing system for male and female for selling ticket on equity basis

Advance ticket system

Gender Friendly

Structure of Bus

Provision of CCTV Camera

Audio system for announcement of bus movement, respect for women and any other relevant issues

Easy and safe access to bus with proportion to female mean height

2 doors auto lock system

Gender Friendly

Bus Service

Introduce bus for RMG workers from Gazipur Chourasta-Konabari-to Uttara

At peak hours introduce quota of 30% female passengers pick up

Separate queuing system for male and female to access into BRT bus

Priority riding for female

20% reserved seat at convenient location; enforce, high fine

Separate queuing system for male and female for selling ticket on equity basis

Ensure Safety and

Security

Employ minimum 10% female Stuart/crew

Frequent orientation of Bus staff, Operators, Owners on behavioral aspect, cultural norms and values

On board announcement for passengers on the awareness of bus service rules

elevators/escalators, at FOB in front of schools/markets/hospitals

User friendly decorated FOB with roof. Lighting facility /Underpass near RMG industries

Increase female police near FOB, Bus Stop

Improve Access

Widening road, Improve drainage system

Improve Feeder roads where garments are densely located

Construct footpath with standard width from Tongi Bridge to Joydebpur Chowrasta and ensure that footpaths are clear for pedestrians’ locomotion

Foot paths protection with railing systems of standard height - will be open up at BRT stations, Zebra Crossing point, Bus Counters

Street Lightening

Improve Policies for NMT

Cost √ Travel time reduction √ Easy access to female √ Bus driver, helper and male co-passenger’s attitude change √ Efficient, safe and secure service √ Bus interior better √ Pedestrian facility √ Infrastructure √ Space between male and female √

Subsidy given only to garment workers and female students------- other female commuters?

Implementation??

snasrin@uap-bd.edu

For RP Model:

- Choices: Walk, Personalized Public Transport (PPT), Bus, Car

- Significant Attributes: Cost, Time in Motion, Waiting Time, Gender, Income, Education, Age

For SP Model:

-Choices: On Street Bus, BRT, Car & Personalized Public Transport, Walk

-Significant Attributes: Cost, Time in Motion, Income, Gender, Education, Age

https://eprints.qut.edu.au/89770/4/Sharmin_Nasrin_Thesis.pdf

Female commuters less sensitive to travel time in motion of “On Street Bus”.

Increased travel cost of “On Street Bus” both male and female workers BRT,

BRT mode share gains more for male workers.

Reason for this may be

- female commuters’ financial burden

- females’ attitude of spending less money for own personal travel comfort

0102030405060708090

100

5 15 35 55 75 95

Per

cen

tage

Bus Travel Time in Motion

(min)

Bus BRT Car & PPT Walk

0102030405060708090

100

5 15 35 55 75 95

Per

cen

tage

Bus Travel Time in Motion

(min)

Bus BRT Car & PPT Walk

(a) (b)

0102030405060708090

100

5 15 35 55 75 95

Per

cen

tage

Bus Travel Cost (BDT)

Bus BRT Car & PPT Walk

0102030405060708090

100

5 15 35 55 75 95

Per

cen

tage

Bus Travel Cost (BDT)

Bus BRT Car & PPT Walk

(a) (b)

Male and female commuters are almost similarly sensitive to BRT travel time in motion.

However, the probability of mode share of BRT slightly higher for male compared to female commuters.

0102030405060708090

100

5 15 35 55 75 95

Per

cen

tage

BRT Travel Time in Motion

(min)

Bus BRT Car & PPT Walk

0102030405060708090

100

5 15 35 55 75 95

Per

cen

tage

BRT Travel Time in Motion

(min)

Bus BRT Car & PPT Walk

(b) (a)

Female commuters are more sensitive to BRT travel cost compared to their male counterparts.

0102030405060708090

100

5 15 35 55 75 95

Per

cen

tage

BRT Travel Cost (BDT)

Bus BRT Car & PPT Walk

0102030405060708090

100

5 15 35 55 75 95

Per

cen

tage

BRT Travel Cost (BDT)

Bus BRT Car & PPT Walk

(b) (a)