shamrock valley dangerous goods training 2009

8/8/2019 Shamrock Valley Dangerous Goods Training 2009

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There is more to TDG than Chemicals and LoudThere is more to TDG than Chemicals and LoudBoomsBooms


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10-22-09

Acetylene bottle

stored in plumbersvan

Gas ignited by

10-22-09

Acetylene bottle

stored in plumbersvan

Gas ignited by


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1. Legislation

2. Safety Advisers

3. Duties of participants

4. Driver training

5. Documentation

6. Packaging

7. Vehicle equipment and marking

8. Quantity exemptions and Limited Quantity

9. Examples how much can I carry with exemptions?

10. General exemptions and questions


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Who wants to take the next load of TDG without

Training


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Transportation of Dangerous Goods(TDG) Overview of TDG Regulations

Classification of Dangerous Goods Safety Marks & Placards

Empty Containers & Vehicles

Emergency Response

Documentation


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Definition Under the Law Dangerous goods means any product,

substance, or organism included by its natureor by the regulations in any of the classeslisted in the schedule.

The Schedule referred to above is ScheduleII of the Transportation of Dangerous GoodsRegulations.


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ObjectivesTo promote public safety during handling and

transport

Different from WHMIS which focuses onemployee health & safety

Prohibits anyone from transporting dangerousgoods unless it is with the requirements of theAct and TDG Regulations.


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TDG Regulations, Section 9.7

No person shall handle, offer for transport,or transport dangerous goods unless they

are: Trained in aspects of the TDG Regulations, and

issued a Certificate of Training, or

Under the direct supervision of a trained person.

Training Certificate is valid for 3 years.


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Handlingmeans loading, packing or placing, unloading, unpacking orremoving, or reloading, repackaging or replacing dangerousgoods in or from any container, packaging, or means oftransport or at any facility for the purposes of, in the course ofor following transportation and includes storing dangerous

goods in the course of transportation of dangerous goods.

Safety Markincludes any design, symbol, device, sign, label, placard,letter, word, number, abbreviation or any combination thereofthat is to be displayed on dangerous goods or containers,

packaging, means of transport or facilities used in thehandling, offering for transport or transporting of dangerousgoods.

Continued ...


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Shipping Documentmeans any document that accompanies dangerous goodsbeing handling, offered for transport or transported and thatdescribes or contains information relating to the goods, and

in particular, but without restricting the generality of theforegoing, includes a bill of lading, cargo manifest, shippingorder, way-bill, and switching order.

Packing Groupindicates the degree of danger within a given classification

of dangerous goods. Group I, great danger; Group IImoderate danger; Group III, minor danger.


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Nine Classes Based on Hazard Type Class 1: Explosives Class 2: Gases Class 3: Flammable Liquids

Class 4: Flammable Solids Class 5: Oxidizers Class 6: Poisons Class 7: Radioactive Materials

Class 8: Corrosives Class 9: Miscellaneous


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Step 1: Determine if material is exempt Refer to Part II (Section 2.3) of TDG

Regulations to determine if exempt. If so,classification is not required.

Step 2: Determine Classification Refer to Schedule II of TDG Regulations.

List I consists of explosive materials.

List II consists of more than 3000 dangerousgoods, other than explosives.


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Gasoline & Diesel FuelTDGR Section 2.31 makes partial

exemptions for transportation by road if:

Containers are transported in open vehicle so

label or placard is visible from outside thevehicle;

Each container is secured to the vehicleduring transport; and

Total capacity of containers in/on vehicle isnot more than 2,000 liters.

Continued ...


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PropaneTDGR Section 2.31makes partial exemptions

for transportation by road if:

Containers are transported in open vehicle solabel or placard is visible from outside thevehicle;

Each cylinder is secured to the vehicle duringtransport; and

Total quantity being transported is not greaterthan 500 kg.


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Herbicides & PesticidesTDGR Section 2.31makes partial exemptions

for transportation by road if:

The product or solution is transported in a tankhaving a volume of5000 L or less.;

Tank is being used for mixing or holding ofproduct prior to or during applicationprocedures;

Tank is properly placarded


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Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, & Propane Exempt from:

Using TDG shipping document

Using placards on vehicles (exceptherbicides/pesticides)

Training, registration, reporting

Not exempt from:

Immediately notifying authorities ifdangerous goods are lost or released.

Filing written report for spills/releases.

Labeling containers.


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Herbicides & Pesticides Exempt from:

Using TDG shipping document

Training, registration, reporting

Not exempt from: Immediately notifying authorities if

dangerous goods are lost or released.

Filing written report for spills/releases.

Labeling containers.


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Division 2.1 - FlammableGases

Propane, acetylene

Division 2.2 - Non-

Flammable Gases Refrigerant, nitrogen,

oxygen

Division 2.3 - Poisonous

Gas Carbon dioxide, sulfur

dioxide


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Hazards Explosion or fire

Container rupture

Container rocketing

Frostbite

Asphyxiation

Toxicity

Irritation


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Liquids with a flash point < 61deg C

Commonly used as fuels Gasoline, fuel oil, diesel

Flash Point Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives

off sufficient vapour to form an ignitablemixture with air at the surface of the liquid.


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Hazards Fire

Explosions

Toxic fumes Corrosivity

Water contamination


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Poisonous or InfectiousMaterials A solid or liquid that is poisonous

by inhalation of vapours, by skin

contact or by ingestion. Examples: pesticides, lead

compounds, disinfectants, somesolvents, hospital wastes.

6


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Types

Labels: used for packages, cylinders, smallcontainers

Placards: used for large containers, trucks,other transport units

Signs: special placards such as Danger

Other Marks: additional information (e.g.,

shipping name, PIN, container orientation,etc. on smaller containers).


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Mandatory Use Safety marks used to indicate:

Presence of dangerous goods

Type and degree of associated risk Safety marks must be used on all containers,

packages, tanks, cylinders and transport unitsused for transporting dangerous goods.


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Special Placards If the quantities of individual

classes do not exceed the smallquantity limit, but the total

quantity of dangerous goodsexceeds 454 kg, the a dangerplacard must be displayed on thevehicle.

D A N G E


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Segregation of Incompatible MaterialsTDGR have requirements and prohibitions

for transporting incompatible materials(see Compatibility Chart) on the samevehicle.

Examples: Liquid fuels may be transported with propane

Propane & herbicides can only be transportedtogether if separated such that leakage willnot impact the other material

Liquid fuels must not be transported withherbicides/pesticides


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Special segregated storage is required for the following Dangerous Goods Classes:Special segregated storage is required for the following Dangerous Goods Classes:

Prescribed substances' under the Dangerous Goods Code are assigned a specific UnitedPrescribed substances' under the Dangerous Goods Code are assigned a specific UnitedNations "UN" number and are divided into the following nine classes according to theirNations "UN" number and are divided into the following nine classes according to theirpredominant hazard:predominant hazard:

Class 1- Explosives

Class 2- Gases (flammable, non-flammable, toxic)

Class 3- Flammable liquids

Class 4- Flammable solids, solids liable to spontaneous combustion,and substances that emit flammable gases when wet

Class 5- Oxidising substances (oxidising agents and organic peroxides)

Class 6- Toxic and infectious substances

Class 7- Radioactive material

Class 8- Corrosive substances

Class 9- Miscellaneous dangerous substances

Subsidiary Risk- dangerous goods that pose more than the risk that is denoted bytheir class.

Storage Considerations what goes with what?

Each class is identified by a distinctive coloured, diamond shaped label


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A discharge, emission or escape from anycontainer must be reported if: Greater than quantity for immediate

reporting

Class 2.1 (Propane): 100L

Class 3 (Gasoline, Diesel): 200L

Class 6: (Herbicide, Pesticides): 5kg / 5L

All fires and explosions involvingdangerous goods must be reported.


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Immediate Notification A person who has charge of dangerous

goods and discovers or is advised of a spill,release or fire shall immediately notify: Local police

His/her employer Owner, lessee of vehicle

Owner or consignor or shipment

Written Report Employer must complete Form 2 within 30

days and forward it to Transport Canada.


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Class 1 - Explosives

Class 1.1 Class 1.1 Explosives with a mass explosion hazard such as TNT,Explosives with a mass explosion hazard such as TNT,

Gunpowder, Gelignite, etc.Gunpowder, Gelignite, etc.

Class 1.2 Class 1.2 Explosives which are a projectile or fragmentationExplosives which are a projectile or fragmentation

hazard, but not a significant mass explosion hazard eg. grenades,hazard, but not a significant mass explosion hazard eg. grenades,

ammunition, etc.ammunition, etc.Class 1.3 Class 1.3 Explosives which are a fire and minor blast hazard,Explosives which are a fire and minor blast hazard,

with minor projectile or minor fragmentation hazards.with minor projectile or minor fragmentation hazards.

Class 1.4 Class 1.4 Explosives which are not a significant mass explosionExplosives which are not a significant mass explosion

hazard eg. flares, fireworks, safety cartridges, etc.hazard eg. flares, fireworks, safety cartridges, etc.

Class 1.5 Class 1.5 Explosives with a mass explosion hazard, but areExplosives with a mass explosion hazard, but are

insensitive substances.insensitive substances.

Class 1.6 Class 1.6 Substances which are a minor explosion hazard, verySubstances which are a minor explosion hazard, very

insensitive substancinsensitive substances.


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Pressurized or Liquefied

Compressed nitrogen and liquefied petroleumgases (LPG) are examples

Product and container present hazards

Subdivided into 4 divisions

Class 2 Gases


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Class 2.3 Gases likely to cause death or seriousinjury to human health if exposed or by skin contact.These gases are toxic or corrosive. Lingering andirritating odours often identify some but not all toxicgases.

Example: ammonia and sulphur dioxide.

See also Subsidiary Riskfor special cases

Class 2 - Gases(flammable, non-flammable, toxic)

Completely gaseous at 20 degrees at Standard TemperatureCompletely gaseous at 20 degrees at Standard Temperature

and Pressureand Pressure


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Flammable liquids can be ignited at roomtemperature.

Combustible liquids require some degreeof pre-heating to ignite.

Number 1RULE-ELIMINATE IGNITIONELIMINATE IGNITIONSOURCES.SOURCES.


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Liquids, the vapours of which can ignite in air on

contact with a source of ignition. Liquids that cangenerate a vapour, forming a flammable mixture withair.

The vapour can flash momentarily when an ignition

source is present. This property of a flammable liquidis regarded as the flash point. Therefore this is thelowest temperature of a liquid which generatesvapours to form a flammable mixture with air and cancatch fire when a flame is applied.

Examples of Class 3 substances:petrol, alcohols, thinners, solvents, lacquers andvarnishes

Class 3 - Flammable liquids


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Store in an approved flammables cabinet

Vent cabinet to the outside with forcedextraction

Max. storage 250 Litres

Cabinet to be placarded as flammable

Pratt Safety

Flammables Cabinetmodel 5560 AS

Class 3 - Flammable liquids

Class 3 is divided in the following way for packing/transport:Class 3 Packing Group I is Boiling Point 23C to 35C.
http://www.prattsafety.com.au/safety_cabinets/flammable_liquid_storage


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Class 4 - Flammable SolidsSolid substances which are flammable in air and can sustainspontaneous combustion and emit flammable gases upon contact withwater.

Class 4.1 Solids easily ignited eg. by sparks or

flames, or liable to cause fire through friction.Example: red phosphorus, picric acid, hexamine,sulphur and naphthalene.

Class 4.2 Substances liable to spontaneously heat

up and ignite

Examples: activated carbon and white phosphorus.

Class 4.3 Substance which emits flammable ortoxic gases when wet

Examples: sodium and calcium carbide.


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Storage:

All Class 4 substances must be segregated

from Classes 5.1 and 5.2

Class 4.1 and 4.3: Store in segregated storagearea, or with Class 3 substances (eg in

Flammables storage unit). Signed Class 4.1,

4.3: Flammable Solids

Class 4.2: Separate from all other classes in a

designated cupboard lined with cement

sheeting or similar flame proof material. Must

be segregated from Classes 3, 4.1, 4.3, 5.1,

5.2. Signed Class 4.2: Spontaneously

Combustible

Class 4 - Flammable SolidsSolid substances which are flammable in air and can sustainspontaneous combustion and emit flammable gases upon contact withwater.


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Oxidizers release oxygen to enhance or intensify burn

Strong fuels, oxidizers can create conditions which can leadto violentviolentcombustioncombustion

Many organic peroxides are very unstable


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Class 5.1 Substances likely to increase the risk and intensityof fire in other materials (ie Contribute to the combustion of

other materials).

Examples: Hydrogen peroxide and ammonium nitrate,chlorates.

Class 5 Oxidising substances(oxidising agents and organic peroxides)

Oxygen is generally provided in a reactive form or is liberated to cause an oxidation process.


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Class 5.2 - Substances that are thermally unstable and likelyto react dangerously with other substances. Substances withthe ability to undergo exothermic self accelerating

decomposition as the substance contains its own oxygen in thechemical structure.

Decomposition of organic peroxides can lead to flammable andtoxic gases being generated. Many organic peroxides also burnrapidly and are very sensitive to impact or friction.

Examples: dibenzoyl peroxide and methyl ethyl ketoneperoxide (MEKP)


continued

Oxygen is generally provided in a reactive form or is liberated to cause an oxidation process.


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CLASS 5 STORAGE:

Separate from all other classes in a designatedcupboard, particularly from Classes 3, 4, and 8

LockableCement sheet lined (eg Hardiflex)

Signed (Class 5: Oxidising Agents)

These substances are incompatible with other substances,particularly Flammables (solids and liquids), Corrosives.Flammable matter such as sawdust require segregatedstorage away from other materials


continued

Oxygen is generally provided in a reactive form or isOxygen is generally provided in a reactive form or isliberated to cause an oxidation process.liberated to cause an oxidation process.


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Cl 6


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Class 6Toxic and infectious substancesClass 6.1 Toxic substances likely to cause death or severe

injury to human or animal health if swallowed, inhaled or by skin

contact.

Examples: Calcium cyanide and lead arsenate.

Class 6.2 - Infectious substances liable to cause death or severe

injury to human or animal health if swallowed, inhaled or by skincontact.

Substances containing disease yielding organisms and are notsubject tothe regulations of the Australian Dangerous Goods Code.

However, theyare incorporated in the Code if they are capable of spreadingdiseaseupon exposure.Stringent clothing and personal protective equipment controls arerequired

when handling or in contact with these substances.


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Three Types: Alpha, Beta, Gamma

Ionizing radiation hazard

Exposure does not always result in

contamination Safety Rules:

Time, Distance and Shielding

Shipped in specialized containers


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Class 7 - Radioactivematerial

Class 7 Substances (solid or liquid) which spontaneouslyemit ionising radiation. Category I, determined by radiationlevel of transport package. (Lowest level)

Class 7 - Substances (solid or liquid) which spontaneouslyemit ionising radiation. Category II determined by radiationlevel of transport package.

Class 7 Substances (solid or liquid) which spontaneouslyemit ionising radiation. Category III determined by radiationlevel of transport package


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Those materials which can causeirreversible damage to human tissue.

In addition, the fumes or vapors from

many of the materials are also veryhazardous.

Examples: nitric acid, sodium hydroxide(caustic soda or lye), hydrochloric acid.


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Class 8 Corrosive


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Class 8 - Corrosivesubstances

Solids or liquids able to cause, to varying severity, damage to

living tissue. Maybe either acidic or caustic in nature.

Cause burns in contact with skin and eyes.

Many form vapours that are harmful to respiratory system.Exposure can occur through breathing vapours.

In the event of a leak, these substances also have the ability todamage or destroy goods and materials or cause other hazards.

Class 8 Corrosive


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Examples:

Zinc Chloride and soldering fluxes with Zinc

Chloride

Hydrochloric Acid (Spirits of Salts)

Nitric Acid

Sulfuric Acid (battery acid)

Sodium Hydroxide (caustic soda) Ammonia solution

Class 8 - Corrosivesubstances


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Division 9.1 Misc. dangerous goods.

Division 9.2 Environmentally

hazardous

substances.

Division 9.3 Dangerous waste.


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Class 9


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Class 9Miscellaneous dangerous

substancesSubstances and articles that present a danger especiallyduring transport, not covered by other dangerous goods

classes.

Class 9 substances have separate storage and transportrequirements.

Examples: dry ice and asbestos. NB - Aerosols are no

longer Class 9 dangerous goods. They are Class 2.1 or 2.2

(gases) depending on flammability.


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Situation AnalysisTransporting the following materials using a

pick-up truck from supplier to bush camp.

3 x 100 lb. propane cylinders

2 x 205 L drums of diesel fuel

2 x 205 L drums of gasoline

2 x 205 L drums of drinking water


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Required TDG Measures Individually, quantities of gasoline, diesel

& propane are exempt under s2.31fromhaving to carry TDG shipping document

and use of placard.Total quantity of dangerous goods is

greater than 454 kg: Danger placard is required.

Containers must be secured to the vehicleand labels must be visible from outside thevehicle.


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It Doesnt have to be a Semi or aTraining of Compressed Gas

But it will be Dangerous Goods


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The result of a vessel failure in afire and release of a pressurized

liquid rapidly into the fire A pressure wave, a fire ball, vessel

fragments and burning liquiddroplets are usually the result

B L E VO

ILING

I

QUID

X

PANDING

X

PLOSIONS

EA

POR


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FUELSOURCE


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Fuels: Liquids

gasoline, acetone,ether, pentane

Solids

plastics, wooddust, fibers, metalparticles

Gases

acetylene,propane, carbon

monoxide,hydrogen

AIR

(OX

YGEN)

FUEL

Oxidizers Liquids Gases

Oxygen,fluorine,

chlorine hydrogen

peroxide, nitricacid, perchloricacid

Solids

Metalperoxides,ammoniumnitrate

Ignition sourcesIgnition sources Sparks, flames, staticSparks, flames, static

electricity, heatelectricity, heat

IGNITION SOURCE


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Liquid Leakage

After an accident or a malfunction a flammable gasleaks. (Associated probabilities for large and smallleaks)


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Liquid pool formation

A liquid pool forms pool formation model.


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Pool fire

There is a probability (e.g. 30%) of ignition.


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Pool fire

As the pool fire develops the other compartments areheated and the enclosed liquid may reach its boilingpoint after a while. (Associated probabilities and

models)


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Explosion (BLEVE) Pressure builds up while the container walls weaken

because of the intense heat. This may result(depending on the amount of leakage and prevailingconditions) in a boiling liquid expanding vapour

explosion (BLEVE).(Associated probability and consequence modeling)


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Flash Point Lowest temperature at which a

flammable liquid gives off enoughvapor to form an ignitable mixturewith air

Flammable Liquids (NFPA)

Liquids with a flash point < 100F

Combustible Liquids (NFPA)

Liquids with a flash point 100F


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Flammable / Explosive Limits Range of composition of material in

air which will burn

UFL Upper Flammable Limit

LFL Lower Flammable Limit HEL Higher Explosive Limit

LEL Lower Explosive Limit

SAME

SAME

Measuring These Limits for Vapor-AirMeasuring These Limits for Vapor-AirMixturesMixtures

Known concentrations are placed in aKnown concentrations are placed in a

closed vessel apparatus and then ignitionclosed vessel apparatus and then ignition

is attemptedis attempted


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UPPERLIMIT

LOWERLIMIT

VAPOR

PRE

SSURE

AUTOIGNITION

AIT

MISTFLAMMABLE REGION

TEMPERATURE

CONCENTRATION

O

F

FUEL

FLASHPOINT

FLAMMABLEREGION


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1 Atmosphere25C

FLAMMABLEMIXTURES

HE

L

LEL

LOC

Limiting O2

Concentration:Vol. % O2 below

whichcombustion cantoccur


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Hazard: the property of asubstance or situation with thepotential for creating damage

Risk: the likelihood of a specific

effect within a specified periodcomplex function ofprobability,

consequences and vulnerability


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Risk assessment and risk analysis of

technical systems can be defined as a set

of systematic methods to:

Identify hazards

Quantify risks

Determine components, safety measures

and/or human interventions important for

worker safety


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Risk analysis is teamworkIdeally risk analysis should be done by bringing

together experts with different backgrounds:

chemicals

human error process equipment

Risk assessment is a

continuous process!


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Risk Analysis

Hazard Identification

Hazard & Scenario Analysis

Likelihood Consequences

Risk

What if Checklists HAZOP Task analysis

Interpretation of theInterpretation of the


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Interpretation of thep

valuesvalues


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I m m e d i a t e

B L E V E

N e a r m i s I g n i t i o n a n d

E x p l o s i o

D e l a y e d I g

F l a s h f i r e

D i s p e r s i o

I n s t a n t a n e o

P o o l E v a p

I n s t a n t a n e

T a n k R u p

P r e s s u r e

l i q u e f i e d


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N o i g n i t i

N e a r m i s

D e l a y e d I g

F l a s h f i r

I g n i t i o n a n d

E x p l o s i o

N o i g n i t i

D i s p e r s i

I m m e d i a t e

J e t F i r e

T w o - p h a s

P r e s s u r

l i q u e f i e d


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Jet High speed (high momentum), rapid mixing,

single direction

Dense (= denser than air) clouds: Dense gas slumps in all directions (even

against the wind)

Dense clouds are shallow

Density layering (stratification) reduces mixing

Buoyant (= lighter than air)plume plume rise


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Dispatch 0230 hours for car fire (Engine10)

E10 arrived and requested FIB formultiple vehicles with possible structural

exposures (freeway columns andoverpasses)

12 vehicles damaged or destroyed

Firefighter near miss when CNG vehicle

exploded as E10 crew approached with ahandline (approximately 50-75 away)

Determined to be arson

FireFireFireFire


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FireFire

GarageGarageFireFire

GarageGarage


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E10 parked outsidE10 parked outsid

the gate herethe gate hereE10 parked outsidE10 parked outsid

the gate herethe gate here

Debris from the explosion was thrownDebris from the explosion was thrown

up to 100 in all directions includingup to 100 in all directions including

on the over-passes above theon the over-passes above the

Debris from the explosion was thrownDebris from the explosion was thrown

up to 100 in all directions includingup to 100 in all directions including

on the over-passes above theon the over-passes above the


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++++++++++++++++

BackhoeBackhoeBackhoeBackhoe

Fuel tankFuel tank(original location)(original location)

Fuel tankFuel tank(original location)(original location)

Trunk lidTrunk lidTrunk lidTrunk lidBumper frameBumper frameBumper frameBumper frame

Roof debrisRoof debrisRoof debrisRoof debris

Roof debrisRoof debrisRoof debrisRoof debris

100


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Honda CNG VehicleHonda CNG Vehicle


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Rear of vehicleRear of vehicle


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oof is blown completelyoof is blown completely

ff vehicle and doors blownff vehicle and doors blown

penpen


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Metal mountingMetal mounting

traps for CNG tanktraps for CNG tank

Metal mountingMetal mounting

traps for CNG tanktraps for CNG tank

Trunk lidTrunk lidTrunk lidTrunk lid


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ank initially landedank initially landedere, about 100 awayere, about 100 awayank initially landedank initially landedere, about 100 awayere, about 100 away

then was moved downthen was moved down

the hill for extinguishmethe hill for extinguishmethen was moved downthen was moved down

the hill for extinguishmethe hill for extinguishme


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Evidence indicates itEvidence indicates itmay have ricocheted offmay have ricocheted off

the underside of athe underside of a

freeway overpassfreeway overpass (next(next

picture)picture)..

Evidence indicates itEvidence indicates itmay have ricocheted offmay have ricocheted off

the underside of athe underside of a

freeway overpassfreeway overpass (next(next

picture)picture)..


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90909090


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Rear bumper frame 90+ awayRear bumper frame 90+ away

Bumper shrapnelBumper shrapnel

(note b rn marks on(note burn marks on


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(note burn marks on(note burn marks on

ground)ground)

Roof section about 75 awayRoof section about 75 awayRoof section about 75 awayRoof section about 75 away


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This may be your only warning oThis may be your only warning o

a CNG fueled vehicle. Typicallya CNG fueled vehicle. TypicallyThis may be your only warning oThis may be your only warning o

a CNG fueled vehicle. Typicallya CNG fueled vehicle. Typically


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a CNG fueled vehicle. Typicallya CNG fueled vehicle. Typically

located on the trunk lid or bumplocated on the trunk lid or bumpa CNG fueled vehicle. Typicallya CNG fueled vehicle. Typically

located on the trunk lid or bumplocated on the trunk lid or bump


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mposite tank is carbon-fiber / fiberglassmposite tank is carbon-fiber / fiberglass

rapped for strength similar to our SCBA tanrapped for strength similar to our SCBA tanmposite tank is carbon-fiber / fiberglassmposite tank is carbon-fiber / fiberglass

rapped for strength similar to our SCBA tanapped for strength similar to our SCBA tan


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LEL / UEL = 4 16% (gasoline = 1.3 7.6) 1 cubic foot of CNG = 245 cu.ft. of natural

gas at sea level (uncompressed)

1 cubic foot of CNG weighs 13# 5.66# = 1 Gasoline Gallon Equivalent

(GGE)

Honda Civic tank = 8 GGE

Note: 1 gallon of gasoline properlyvaporized has the explosive equivalency of83 pounds of dynamite (CDC).


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Determine vehicle type during size-up Use 45 approach angle

Watch for additional hazards

Consider cooling streams from a distance If CNG vehicle, remember best practices:

#1 KEYS

#2 ELECTRICAL

#3 GAS


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Inerts

Temperature

Pressure


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SourceSource Percent of AccidentsPercent of Accidents

ElectricalElectrical 2323

SmokingSmoking 1818

FrictionFriction 1010

Overheated MaterialsOverheated Materials 88

Hot SurfacesHot Surfaces 77

Burner FlamesBurner Flames 77

Cutting, Welding, Mech. SparksCutting, Welding, Mech. Sparks 66

Static SparksStatic Sparks 11

All OtherAll Other 2020


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Fire A slow form ofdeflagration

Deflagration Propagating reactions in which the energy

transfer from the reaction zone to the unreactedzone is accomplished thru ordinary transport

processes such as heat and mass transfer.

Detonation / Explosion Propagating reactions in which energy is

transferred from the reaction zone to theunreacted zone on a reactive shock wave. Thevelocity of the shock wave always exceeds sonicvelocity in the reactant.


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PRESSURE, psig TNT EQUIV., lbs. perft3

101001000

10000

0.0010.021.426.53

TNT equivalent = 5 x 10TNT equivalent = 5 x 1055 calories/lbcalories/lbmm

Stored Volumes of Ideal Gas at 20 C


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V C EU


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V C EU

NCONFI

NED

APOR

LOUD

XPLOSI

ONS

An overpressure caused when a gas clouddetonates or deflagrates in open air ratherthan simply burns.


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Cloud will spread from too rich, throughflammable range to too lean.

Edges start to burn through deflagration(steady state combustion).

Cloud will disperse through natural convection. Flame velocity will increase with containment

and turbulence.

If velocity is high enough cloud will detonate.

If cloud is small enough with little confinementit cannot explode.


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Confinement Prevents escape,

increases turbulence

Cloud composition

Unsaturated molecules

all ethylene cloudsexplode; low ignitionenergies; high flamespeeds

Good weather

Stable atmospheres,low wind speeds

Large Vapor Clouds Higher probability of finding

ignition source; more likely togenerate overpressure

Source

Flashing liquids; high

pressures; large, low ordownward facing leaks


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70160290

470670

940

12510152030

355065

Peak

Overpressurepsi

Equivalent

Wind Velocitymph

Knock personneldown

Rupture eardrums

Damage lungs

Threshold fatalities50% fatalities99% fatalities

Effects


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World of explosives is dominated by TNTimpact which is understood.

Vapor clouds, by analysis of incidents,seem to respond like TNT if we can

determine the equivalent TNT. 1 pound of TNT has a LHV of 1890 BTU/lb.

1 pound of hydrocarbon has a LHV ofabout 19000 BTU/lb.

A vapor cloud with a 10% efficiency willrespond like a similar weight of TNT.


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12

5102050100

2005001000

INVENTORY(tons)

1836

609013020

0280400

60

BLEVE

120150

200250310420530

6709001150

UVCE

20303650

60100130

FIRE

Distancein Meters


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Typical Control Spacing and Layout

Spacing and Layout

Work Procedures

Work Procedures Sewer Design, Diking,

Weed Control,Housekeeping

Procedures

Fire or Flames Furnaces and Boilers

Flares

Welding Sparks from Tools

Spread from Other AreasMatches and Lighters


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GROUNDING

BONDING


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137

Several thousands of trucks carrying dangerous goods circulatewithin Canadian roads on dailybasis.

They utilise urban roads, rural roads, highways, tunnels andlong bridges and in some casethey are not allowed in some ofthem.

However the actual accident risk and impact is not calculated. In addition, when, due to unforeseen events (traffic jams,

accidents, etc.), they need to change route, they do not have anyparticular guidance on the safest alternative nor areconsequences of road choice to the business chain andsocietalrisk calculated.


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138

Liquid Leakage After an accident or a malfunction a flammable gasleaks. (Associated probabilities for large and smallleaks)


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139

Explosion (BLEVE) Pressure builds up while the container walls weaken

because of the intense heat. This may result(depending on the amount of leakage and prevailingconditions) in a boiling liquid expanding vapour

explosion (BLEVE).(Associated probability and consequence modeling)


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140

The Individual Riskfor apoint-location around thedangerous goodstransportation activity isdefined as the probabilitythat an averageunprotected person

permanently present atthat point location, wouldget killed due to anaccident during thedangerous goodstransportation activity.

It is used to estimate therisk of a hypotheticalaverage individual as afunction of distance fromthe hazard. Individual


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NationalElectricalCode (NEC)defines areaclassifications as a

function ofthe natureand degreeof processhazardspresent

Class IClass I Flammable gases/vapors presentFlammable gases/vapors present

Class IIClass II Combustible dusts presentCombustible dusts present

Class IIIClass III Combustible dusts present but notCombustible dusts present but notlikely in suspensionlikely in suspension

Group AGroup A AcetyleneAcetylene

Group BGroup B Hydrogen, ethyleneHydrogen, ethylene

Group CGroup C CO, H2SCO, H2S

Group DGroup D Butane, ethaneButane, ethane

Division 1Division 1 Flammable concentrationsFlammable concentrations

normally presentnormally present

Division 2Division 2 Flammable materials are normallyFlammable materials are normallyin closed systemsin closed systems


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Anyone involved in the transportation ofregulated hazardous materials must betrained Packaging shipments

Preparing shipping papers Receiving hazardous materials


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CANUTEC (Canadian Transport Emergency Centre)provides 24-hour-a-day bilingual emergency advisory andregulatory information service. CANUTEC's experiencedprofessional chemists assist emergency responders in theevent of a dangerous goods accident.

It includes information on accident flows and trends,regulatory interpretations, reports on national andinternational events, regulatory and compliancerequirements and activities, risk management andassessment techniques, emergency response and datacompilation and reports.
http://www.tc.gc.ca/canutec/en/menu.htmhttp://www.tc.gc.ca/canutec/en/menu.htm

shamrock valley dangerous goods training 2009

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