sg apptc 2014 10 paper 12 presentation

1Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

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t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

: Cal

cula

tion

for

Prot

ectio

n, A

pplic

atio

nan

dJu

dgin

gFa

ult

Con

sequ

ence

sC

once

rnin

gSa

fety

ofPe

ople

Uni

v.-P

rof.

Dip

l.-In

g. D

r. Lo

thar

Fic

kert

Dip

l.-In

g. D

r. Er

nst S

chm

autz

erD

ipl.-

Ing.

Tho

mas

Mal

lits

www.

ifea.tugr

az.at

Inst

itute

of E

lect

rical

Pow

er S

yste

ms

Uni

vers

ity o

f Tec

hnol

ogy

Gra

z

2

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

3

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

We

are

oblig

edto

: tru

thob

ject

ivity

neut

ralit

y

Philo

soph

yan

dA

ctiv

ities

Uni

v.-P

rof +

Ao.

Uni

v.-P

rof +

Sen

ior S

cien

tist

3

Uni

v.-A

ss. +

Uni

v.Pr

ojec

t-Ass

.3 +

13

=

16

Stud

ent-e

mpl

oyee

s7

Gue

st le

ctur

ers

15

Part

ners

/ con

tact

s10

5el

ectr

icity

indu

stry

auth

oriti

es(A

T, E

U)

priv

ate

indu

stry

AT, I

T, D

E, C

Z, T

R,

BLG

, FYR

OM

, TR

, GB

, C

H, R

Oco

rpor

atio

ns P

roje

cts

(per

yea

r) ~

60

4

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Typi

calf

aults

in p

ower

grid

s

shor

tcirc

uit

eart

hfa

ults

Presentation 12.1

OMICRON - Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference

5Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Line

to g

roun

dfa

ult

Hig

h vo

ltage

OH

L on

gro

und

6

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Sim

plifi

edca

lcul

atio

nm

etho

dfo

rear

thfa

ults

7

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Theo

ryan

d R

ealit

y of

Ear

th F

aults

Sym

met

rical

Com

pone

nts

(1)

Cab

leLa

ndlin

e

Pete

rsen

coil

1)1)

Pete

rsen

coi

l(19

17):

arc

supp

ress

ion

coil

Wal

dem

ar P

eter

sen

Rel

ay

8

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Faul

t cal

cula

tion

in s

ymm

etric

alco

mpo

nent

s

I0=

I E/3

=

(I Pet

IC

E)/3

X CE0

= 3*

UN/I C

E

R0

= 3*

Rtr

ans

Sym

met

rical

Com

pone

nts

(2)

Rel

ay

Neu

tral

impe

danc

eH

ealth

y ne

twor

kX P

et0

= 3*

UN/I P

et

Presentation 12.2


9Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Step

1

isol

ated

neut

ral

I F=

UN/

Rtr

ans2

+ X N

etw

ork,

cap2

X Net

wor

k,ca

p=

(UN/

3) /

I

Sim

plifi

edC

alcu

latio

n(1

)

X Net

wor

k,ca

p

Rtr

ans

10

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

I F=

UN/

Rtr

ans2

+ X r

esid

ual2

Step

2

neu

tral

with

arc

supp

ress

ion

coil

(ASC

)

X res

idua

l= (U

N/

3)/ (

m* I

CE)

X res

idua

l

Rtr

ans

Sim

plifi

edC

alcu

latio

n(2

)

11

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

I F=

UN/

Rtr

ans2

+ X r

esid

ual2a

ccur

acy,

e.g

. for

Rtr

ans

=0:

Z 1=

(UN/

3)/ I

sc

X res

onan

t= (U

N/

3)/ (

m* I

CE)

I F=

3*(U

N/

3)/ (

2 Z

1 +

3*X r

esid

ual)

=

(UN/

3)/ (

2/3Z

1+

X r

esid

ual)

=

2/3

Z 1/

X r

esid

ual

=

2

/3*(

m*I C

E) /

Ik

=

2

/3*

60A

/ 4

000A

=

1

%

Rtr

ans

Sim

plifi

edC

alcu

latio

n(2

)

X res

idua

l

Step

2

neu

tral

with

arc

supp

ress

ion

coil

(ASC

)

12

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n I F=

UPh

ase

/ [(R

Stp

// X r

esid

ual)

+ Z L

(1+k

E) +

Rtr

ans]

Step

3

neu

tral

with

arc

supp

ress

ion

coil

(ASC

) and

neu

tral

resi

stor

Z L k 0*Z

L

Rtr

ans

Sim

plifi

edC

alcu

latio

n(3

)

Presentation 12.3


13

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Que

stio

ns: I

nflu

ence

of th

e le

ngth

to g

roun

d? S

oilr

esis

tivity

? G

rass

etc

?

U =

800

V +

120

*I=

R(I)

*I =

U(I)

Res

ista

nce

of a

line

to g

roun

dfa

ult

14

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

050100

150

200

250

300

05

10

- 2

,000

4,0

00 6

,000

8,0

00 1

0,00

0 1

2,00

0 1

4,00

0

05

10H

[m]

H[m

]

U[Volt]

R[/m]

Res

ista

nce

of tr

ees

15

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n Glo

bal E

arth

ing

Syst

em

16

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Dan

ger

Tole

rabl

e To

uchi

ngVo

ltage

Dur

atio

n in

ms

Voltagein V

Presentation 12.4


17

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

I Ear

th

Uto

uchi

ng, m

ax

Gro

und

Cur

rent

(1)

REa

rth

=

/ (2

r 1)

UEa

rth

= I E

arth

REa

rth

(r

) = U

Eart

h r

1 /r

Uto

uch,

max

= U

E [

1 -r

1 /(r

1+

1m)]

U

E 1

m /

r 12

1/r2

18

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

I Ear

th

I Ear

th

Gro

und

Cur

rent

(2)

~

19

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

I Ear

th

I Ear

th

Gro

und

Cur

rent

(3)

Prin

cipa

llyw

rong

!!

~

20

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Impa

ct o

n cu

rren

tdis

trib

utio

n

Indu

ctan

ceco

nduc

tor-

eart

h-lo

op

Impe

danc

e-re

latio

ns o

f who

lese

tup

(par

alle

l con

duct

ors)

Ret

urn

path

follo

ws

itsco

nduc

torc

lose

ly

Late

ral v

iew

Top

view

Like

Thi

s!

Gro

und

Cur

rent

(4)

Presentation 12.5


21

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Sour

ce

Cur

rent

flow

in p

ower

grid

(1)

22

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Sour

ce

3%

Ear

th fa

ult c

urre

nt

Cur

rent

flow

in p

ower

grid

(2)

23

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Typi

cals

ituat

ions

low

ove

rall

resi

stan

ce is

hel

pful

, but

is n

ot a

gua

rant

eel

ow fa

ult c

urre

nt le

vel

sui

tabl

e ca

ble

shea

th re

duct

ion

fact

or o

r ear

th w

ire re

duct

ion

fact

ors

hort

faul

t dur

atio

nv

erifi

catio

n by

typi

cal m

easu

rem

ents

or c

alcu

latio

nss

ubst

atio

n su

rrou

nded

by

build

ings

with

foun

datio

n ea

rth e

lect

rode

s an

d in

terc

onne

cted

ear

thin

g sy

stem

s c

ity c

entre

or d

ense

ly b

uilt

up a

reas

sub

stat

ion

with

man

y di

strib

uted

ear

th e

lect

rode

s in

terc

onne

cted

by

prot

ectiv

e ea

rth c

ondu

ctor

s of

low

vol

tage

sys

tem

man

y ne

arby

sub

stat

ions

man

y ou

tgoi

ng e

arth

ele

ctro

des

fee

ding

ext

ende

d in

dust

rial a

reas

sub

stat

ion

is p

art o

f sys

tem

with

mul

ti ea

rthed

hig

h vo

ltage

neu

tral

cond

ucto

r

Glo

bal e

arth

ing

syst

em: T

ypic

alap

plic

atio

ns

24

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Glo

bal e

arth

ing

syst

em

criti

cals

ituat

ions

Exce

ptio

ns/ c

ritic

alsi

tuat

ions

Mea

sure

men

ts(C

alcu

latio

ns)

M

itiga

tion

Exam

ple:

Situ

atio

nsat

the

frin

ges

of s

ettle

men

ts

Out

liers

: C

able

rise

r pol

es(m

.v.)

Out

lyin

gR

MU

s (

recr

eatio

nho

me

)O

utly

ing

Bui

ldin

gs (

Saus

age

stan

d in

the

woo

ds)

Ins

talla

tions

at th

e fr

inge

sof

den

sely

use

area

s

Con

nect

ion

of l.

v. e

arth

(TN

) and

m.v

. ear

th a

nd u

nd tr

ansf

erre

dpo

tent

ials

(EPR

F

UTP

: ce

men

tmix

erin

the

back

yard

with

ext

ensi

onlin

e)

Presentation 12.6


25

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n Glo

bal e

arth

ing

syst

em: r

ealit

y(1

)

Tran

sfor

mer

sta

tion

Glo

bal e

arth

ing

syst

em

26

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

UW

Exam

ple

forc

ritic

alpo

ints

Glo

bal e

arth

ing

syst

em: r

ealit

y(2

)

27

Uni

v.-P

rof.

DI D

r.L.

Fic

kert

Shor

t Circ

uits

and

Eart

h Fa

ults

Sing

apor

e, O

ctob

er 1

5th

-16t

h , 20

14

Inst

itutf

r E

lekt

risch

e An

lage

n

Sum

mar

y: trad

ition

ally

:ty

p 6

0A

60

Vol

t

lin

ear s

calin

g

300A

30

0 Vo

lt

for

sg apptc 2014 10 paper 12 presentation

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