Mechanics

Heat

Electricity

Optics

Atomic

Labware

Tables

www.sfscientific.com

SFSCIENTIFIC

SF Scientific---

SF Scientific Co., Ltd. is a design and manufacture company in Taiwan. We specialize in

developing, manufacturing, and distributing physics experiment equipment for high schools.

We have supported students in honors class and science class with their international physics

competition in Taiwan, and also engaged in international bids for high school science

experiment equipment in a few countries. Now, we are pleased to show you an economic and

complete set of 23 experiment equipment for high school teachers. The equipment will help

teachers demonstrate and students learn through experiments such as mechanic, optics,

thermodynamics, electricity, and modern physics.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

M1

M1

M1

M1

M1

M1

M1

M2

M2

M3

M3

M3

F01

F02

F08

F07

F11

F12

F13

F03

F14

F05

F15

F04

Mechanics of Machinery

Newton's Law Experiment

Projectile and Collision Experiment

Centripetal Force and Rotational Inertia

Compound Pendulum & Torsion Pendulum

Determine the Young's Module

Fundamental Fluid Experiment

Experiment of Venturi-Tube

Ripple Tank Experiment

Standing Waves and Resonance

Resonance Tube Experiment

7

4

3

3

3

2

3

13

4

8

5

1

Topic Item No. Ti t le Objectives

Pendulum, Free Fall and Spring Harmonic Oscillation

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

H1

H2

O1

O2

O3

E1

E2

E3

E4

A1

A2

F16

F09

F10

F21

F20

F06

F17

F18

F19

F22

F23

3

4

7

2

13

7

4

10

2

3

2

Topic Item No. Ti t le Objectives

Specific Heat, Equivalent of Heat and Thermal Expansion

The Measurement of Wavelength Spectrum on Grating Observation

Universal Law of Idea Gas

Geometrical Optics, and Interference

Polarization of Light

Microwave Optics

Fundamental Electricity and Electronics

Electric Field Mapping Apparatus

Magnetic and Electromagnetic Experiments

RC & RLC

Labware

Science Tables

Mechanics Heat Optics Electricity Atomic

Determine the Planck's Constant h by Laser

No. No.

W ith some fundamental principles

regarding mechanical work-energy

conservation proposed, Archimedes once

exaggeratedly said, "give me a place to

stand on with a lever, and I will move the

Earth". To further qualify physical

phenomena demonstrated above, our

experimental equipment including lever

arms and assembly pulley evaluating

effort-saving are established in this

subject. Of course, the spring coefficient

on Hooke's Law as well as static frictional

investigation is also examined. Thus the

identification of effort-saving might be

effectively implemented through the

performance of experimental devices

carried out in our mechanics package.

Objectives

1.Static equilibrium forces combination, force decomposition.

2.Torque balance- parallel force of plummet, lever experiment on the

different/same side, multiple torque, wheel & axle, the center of mass

& gravity.

3.Force of inclination-maximum static friction, coefficient of static friction,

coefficient of dynamical friction and pulley system.

4.Pulley- single/double sheave pulley, the comprehensive experiment of

pulley.

5.A variety of comprehensive experiments for practical application.

6.Hooke's law.

7.Single Pendulum.

Features

1.The board formed by one-piece plastics makes experimental device

more stable and easily mounted.

2.Some parts have strong magnets on the back in order to avoid falling

off during the experiment.

Experiment

Static Equilibrium--- resultant forces at common point

As the force equilibrium is reached, the resultant forces acted upon a point must be equal to be zero using the method of

parallel combination. Thus equation might be established.

The photograph of experimental device

Force combination in parallel method

Back adherence of strong magnets avoid the falling off part during

experimental operation.

The rigid materials are made out of one-piece plastics.

The force-length (cm)

01

0.074

0.321

1.84

1.770

3.9%

0.074

0.421

1.46

1.404

3.9%

0.094

0.421

1.79

1.757

2.0%

1 2 3

0.844

1.194

1.771

0.844

1.197

1.770

0.858

1.205

1.768

0.741

1.056

1.396

0.738

1.057

1.408

0.746

1.061

1.408

0.817

1.172

1.765

0.823

1.174

1.752

0.821

1.173

1.754

No.

m2 (kg)

m1(kg)

average 2av(m/s )

(%)

V0(m/s)

V(m/s)

experiment2a(m/s )

theory m2 g

m1 + m2

Objectives

1.With the aid of optical timers, slider's acceleration to verify Newton's

Second Law of Motion could be determined.

2.Slider's acceleration along the component of inclined plane, 'gsin '

is found to be dependent on the inclined angle, but irrelevant to

slider's mass.

3.Conservation of momentum in elastic and inelastic collisions.

4.Kinetic energy not conserved in inelastic collision.

Features

The self-designed slider on aluminum track not only provides a special

advantage in precision demand as well as easy-to-use characteristic,

it also could be extended to force vibration, damping analysis and

friction experiments if additional unit is involved.

Experiment---Acceleration

Invoke fixed pulley system subjected to hanged weight, the slider,

with velocity of V and Vo, travels through both optical timers in

separated distances, its acceleration ,compared to theoretical

value, could be formulated by

02

g2(s2t1 s1t2 )t1t2(t2 t1 )

s1 (cm)

s2 (cm)

t1 (s)

t2 (s)

1

0.07180

0.13056

946.9373

3.3

20

40

980

2

0.07174

0.13039

954.3902

2.6

3

0.07165

0.13046

934.2869

4.7

4

0.07187

0.13059

954.4257

2.6

Introduction

By means of air resistance (also called drag), parachute helps the pilot

drift to the ground slowly and safely. That is attributed to the drag

counteracting free falling initiated by gravity acceleration. To meet this

purpose, a comprehensive experiment kit features several characteristic

are proposed: (1) experimental gravity acceleration might be figured out

using a photogate timer to measure the falling velocity of object at both

different heights. (2) According to the period recorded by photogate timer

and the length of pendulum, the experimental gravity acceleration can

also be determined.

Objectives

1.The period of simple pendulum is measured by photogate timer in

order to study the phenomena of isochronism.

2.The velocity of free-falling object is measured by photogate timer, so

the user can estimate the acceleration of gravity.

3.The elastic coefficient of spring can be calculated on Hooke's Law.

Features

1.Using magnetic adherence avoids operational error.

2.Adjusting the length of pendulum by double screws makes periodic

swing oscillation become more stable.

Experiment---Free fall

With a object freely falling through both vertical positions s1, s2

corresponding duration t1, t2 determined, gravity acceleration,

in this experiment, might be estimated using a photogate timer

Iron ball, weight 63.6 g

error(%)

times

gravitational acceleration

g 2(cm/s )

experiment

theory

03

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

00 20 40 60 80

Horizo

n R

ange

x(m

)

Angle

Experiment

Theory

vb 2gRcm (1 cos )Mm

O1O

O2'

O1'

O'

1

P1i P2i P1f P2f

m1 v1i m1 v1f cos 1 m2 v2f cos 2

0 m1 v1f sin 1 m2 v2f sin 2

2

IntroductionThese experiment kits is designed to demonstrate the dynamic projected motion, which provides the user an useful manner to understand the conservation of mechanical energy. Here the transformation of potential/kinetic energy in elastic/inelastic collision will be clearly discussed. When the steel ball is jetted horizontally with three different velocities in various angles, the initial velocity can be predicted by the horizontal distance of a projected particle travels. Coupling with 2D or 3D of momentum conservation momentum conservation, the lost of kinetic energy will be converted to potential energy, and the initial velocity of a steel ball for ballistic pendulum might be computed under the consideration of perfectly elastic collision.

Objectives1.Kinematic equation of projectile motion can be formulated.2.Momentum conservation of a steel ball in elastic collision can be verified.3.With conservation of momentum and mechanical energy for perfectly elastic collision, the initial velocity of a ballistic pendulum in can be computed.

Experiment---Projectile motionWith adjustment of different angle and time, the horizontal distance of a projectile can be computed and compare to the measured value.According to equation: x xo (vocos )t y yo (vosin )t gt 2

21

Experiment---Elastic collisionAs elastic collision between two balls is assumed, the momentum

conservation will be satisfied during the collision process.

According to the equation:

Experiment---Inelastic collisionWhen the mass m is released from initial height of Rcmcos , the impacted velocity of body M, after inelastic collision, might be

estimated base on formula given

h cm

R cmR cm

04

Introduction

As our daily appliance, the rotational device could be found everywhere

at anytime. Just like the rolling wheels in car's motion, gyroscope in the

steamer, even the spinning skill in the athletic game, hurricane arisen

from air of large vortex and the existence of spiral galaxy in universal

space, they all are assessed from the dynamical characteristic of body

rotation. In this subject, the experimental kit is designed to experience

the characteristic of force responsible for rigid body in circular motion,

and rotational inertia for rotating object induced by torque.

Objective

1. Centripetal force induced by various mass in different radius.

2. Angular acceleration and moments of inertia of different bodies.

3. Steiner's theorem (parallel-axis theorem).

Experiment--- Centripetal force

A body of mass M moves on a circular path, variable angular velocity

might be produced by adjustable radius and rotating rate. The required

centripetal force for the body, in terms of relative parameters, will be

developed below.

Experiment---Moment of rotational inertia

Base on the Newton's second law F=ma and rotation motion for T=I ,

systematic moment of inertia could be summarized by individual

moment of inertia, which depends on the separated mass and their

distance to the rotating axis. I m ri i2

Generalized from these experiments,

a disk, mounted as the vertical shaft,

is subjected to an external torque

induced by a mass connected to a

stretched string around pulley. Based on

the value of hanged mass m, radius of

disk R and angular acceleration, the rotational inertia

of disk can be determined.

35

45

55

65

75

weights (g)

0.03484

0.04489

0.05478

0.06485

0.07483

repeat I repeat II repeat III

2Acceleration, a (m/s ) Mean a2(m/s )

2I' (g cm )

0.03491

0.04492

0.05490

0.06490

0.07486

0.03491

0.04491

0.05489

0.06491

0.07478

0.03489

0.04491

0.05486

0.06489

0.07482

mean

61230

61096

61066

60951

60926

61054 2Theoretical value 50977 g cm

2Experiment value [I'-I -I ]= 49802 g cm 0 theo

error=2.30%

Disc

05

O'

T

r

IntroductionBase on Newton's second law and energy conservation, we will forward

torque and rotational theory to study harmonic motions in reversal

compound pendulum and torsion pendulum, which have been widely

used in practical application such as torsion or pendulum clocks, crank

system of engine, mechanical pressure gage, damping device and rotary

flow meter etc.

Objectives 1. compound pendulum the magnitude of gravity acceleration

2. torsion pendulum the stiffness coefficient of metal wire.

Experiment---Torsion pendulumA torsion pendulum, in Fig.a ~ Fig.b, is made up by a circular disk of

mass M suspended at a copper wire of length L. Here the smaller periodic

oscillation will be induced while the distortion of material's stiffness

recovers from the torque subjected.

Experiment---Compound pendulumConsider a mechanism of compound pendulum as the sketch below.

Here both nuts, taken as rotating pivot by turn, might be screwed on

the pendulum, in which one is fixed and the other might be regulated.

Thus both corresponding periodic profiles of T1 and T2 , resulted from

the exchange of rotating shaft, could be accessed. While survey the

equilibrant period T1=T2 as setting the moving nut at appropriate

situation, the maximum value of + ( the addition of distance from

mass center to individual rotating axis) coupling with corresponding

period T will be used to precisely predict the magnitude of gravity

acceleration. That is the working principle of so called" inverted

pendulum (another style of compound pendulum) " proposed in this

experiment.

Here I indicates disk- rotating moment of inertia and I , means the total 0 1

rotating moment of inertia if additional circular shell is co-axially

positioned above. Base on the oscillating period of rotation T, material

stiffness coefficient n might be determined.

06

Axis2T2

Axis1T1

Mass Center

F

H

L

Introduction

The Young Modulus, named after Thomas Young (1773 to 1829) who

was an outstanding British polymath in material fields, is usually used to

define the proportionality of normal stress and normal strain for metal

material subjected to external force. Such proportionality constant only

prevails within the working region below elastic limit i.e., transient

distortion or deflection of material might be recovered after the external

force is removed. It is, of course, far lower than ultimate limit accessed

where the permanent strain or failure of material will occur. Thus using

the Young Modulus to predict the validity of substance, especially in

elastic behavior, seems to be inevitable prior to it being in engineering

application. Also it could be treated as an effective manner for engineer to

evaluate the safety factor of substance selected for public construction.

Objectives

1.Determine the Young' Module by metal wire

2.Determine the Young' Module by deflection of a beam

3.Determine the length and thickness by caliper gauge and micrometer

Experiment--- Determine the Young' Module by metal wire

To estimate the Young's Module of material, tension method and beam-

deflection method are usually introduced using the instrument of load cell,

vernier calipers and scalar meter. Firstly in tension method, the

measurement of wire -enlargement ration L/L, caused by force F

subjected to metal wire of one end fixed, might carried out, here radial

displacement is assumed to be far smaller than the axial extension, i.e.,

only the shear stress and strain along the force component, in this subject,

will be taken into account.

Experiment---

Determine the Young' Module by Deflection of a Beam

Secondly in beam-deflection method, the central deflection will be

gradually augmented as the force F is enforced at. And Young's

modulus based on the ration of bending stress and bending strain,

might be yielded below while the state of material still falls within the

elastic region.

F external force (N)

L the elongation of bar (m)

L the length of bar (m)

d the diameter of bar (m)

L initial length of bar (m)0

2S cross section area of wire (m )

Steel wire

F(N)

L (mm)0

L(mm)

L(mm)

D(mm)2Y(dyne/cm )

80.9

848

851.13

3.13

0.37

20.4

Y: Young Modulus

H: central deflection of beam

F: driving force

L: the length of beam between both supports

B: the width of beam

t : the thickness of beam

F(N)

H(mm)

L(mm)

B(mm)

t(mm)2Y(dyne/cm )

27.5

8.36

139.56

22.97

0.75

23.1

Steel bar

07

F F

L0

Introduction

it is generally designed as a venturi meter to measure the flow rate or

flow velocity, includes liquid or gas, inside the piping system of varying

cross-section. Base on the conservation of flow as well as mechanical

energy (Bernoulli equation), i.e. V(flow velocity) x A( cross-section area)

=constant and P (hydraulic static pressure)/ g + V2 /2g =constant, the

fluid flowing through pipe-throat will have the maximum local speed and

minimum hydraulic pressure which will induce the rise of water. While

refer to the elevation of liquid, the fluid velocity flowing along the center

line of piping system might be successfully.

Objectives

1. Measure flow rate by timing the water collection.

2. Measure flow rate by flow meter of float-sink.

3. Measure flow rate by dynamical tube.

4. Measure flow rate by venturi tube.

Experiment ---Venturi Tube

The magnitude of static pressure, dynamical pressure as well as

estimated flow velocity might be easily accessed from the profile of liquid

elevated at each tube, which is mounted at different scale of diameter

along the pipe and used to confirm the validity of Bernoulli equation.

Coupling with volumetric flow continuity and Bernoulli equation in Eqs.(1)

~Eqs.(2), flow velocity traveling through venturi-pipe of variable diameters

will be developed in Eqs.(3).That also means local flow velocity might be

expressed in terms of liquid elevation indicating the static pressure

induced.

Here V is the local velocity flowing across the corresponding diameteri

D of pipe cross-aera A with liquid elevation h and Q means i i i

volumetric flow rate.

09

1

D D D D D D1 2 3 45 6

2 3 4 5 6

IntroductionWith the development of sound and hearing technology, such mechanical

or digital device, widely applied in our daily lives, has attracted public

interest and attention. By way of air medium, sound source, for example,

conveying some specific frequency and amplitude could be easily detected

by human ears, even the intensity is in lower state. In this subject, substance-

wave behavior for ripple experience on the water pool is designed and

experimented.

ObjectivesIn this subject, the water tank experiments are intended to produce different

wave pattern depending on various geometry of actuator. Relevant ripple-

experiment listed below will be surveyed.

1.point wave

2.straight wave

3.wave's reflection

Features1.The special designed product of aluminum and stainless behaves an

easy-to-use characteristic, which makes the self-assemble accomplished,

in five minutes, become possible.

2.The primary LED irradiated source including white light, green light and

blue light is enforced. Here Sine-wave signal source is used to configure

free space wave-pattern, which could be also available in static and

dynamical photo.

3.By way of transparent projection board, ripple-profile might be promptly

accessed with the paper drawing on above.

4.Sparking frequency of irradiated source might be fitted while the photo

is performed by IPHONE.

4.wave's refraction

5.wave's diffraction

6.wave's interference

7.reflection mirrors

8.refractive lens

9.Doppler effect

10

theory (cm) relative error (%)No. of wave node freq. f (Hz) experiment (cm)

average

Wavenumber n

closed pipe

open pipe

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

B C A E

N A N A N

/2

IntroductionTo survey the pipe-resonance of sound waves, a small amount of tiny Styrofoam balls is uniformly deposited in the transparent horizontal tube initially. And then related wave patterns of specific frequency, emitted from the loud-speaker, might be generated by regulating frequency-function generator. Just for sound resonance inside half open and half-closed pipe are concerned, an incident sound wave released from the speaker will be interfered by the traveling wave reflected from the end of pipe. As both identical but opposite-sign waves collide, the resonance of standing wave, through the superposition of wave packets, will be developed out if proper frequency is well-defined by function generator. Thus the resultant graphic profile could be easily visualized by the separated group of Styrofoam balls distributed inside the pipe. That will also lead the user to understand the characteristic of standing wave such as the accessed wavelength, fluctuated amplitude corresponding to individual resonance frequency.

preasure node preasure antinode

Standing antinode Standing node

Objectives1.As the resonance occurs in open or closed pipe, the experienced nodes and antinodes of standing waves might be determined from the experiment as well as theory.2.View from the ripple pattern, the crest and trough existing at sound wave profile will be characterized.3.Base on the measured wavelength, the traveling velocity of sound wave could be calculated.4.With the fallouts accessed from experiment, the discrepancy of resonance- formations for open and closed pipe will be investigated.

Experiment---Standing wave in closed pipeThis experiment is designed to investigate the standing waves in

closed pipe. When the released sound wave is interfered with the

wave reflected off the end of closed tube, the standing waves might

occur due to the superposition of identical waves with opposite sign.

By way of the envelope of Styrofoam balls, user can characterize its

formation and characteristic.

Wave

length

(cm

)

Experimental values

Theoretical values

: pipe-lenghth

12

pV k

V bT

Pressure (kPa) Carnot cycle

Pulley 11mm (mm)2012 3 26 09:27:46

-20 00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

252015100500

b

ad

c

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

50.045.040.035.030.025.020.015.010.05.00.0

Pressure (kPa) Boyle's law

3volume (mm )

2y=-0.001x+47.401 r =0.998

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

80.070.060.050.040.030.020.010.0

0.0

Temperature ( ) Charle's law

3volume (mm )

40000

2y=0.002x+17.982 r =0.991

IntroductionTo survey fundamental thermodynamics, experiment kit of thermal engine,

build-in-piston and gas cylinder, is developed to investigate the relationship

among gas pressure, volume and temperature. Here the essential

experiments including Boyle's law, Charles, Gay-Lussac's law, combined

gas law, as well as Carnot cycle will be performed in this subject. Through

thermal expansion or compression, work done accessed from heat engine

cycle, operated in closed thermodynamic system, could be determined.

Objectives1.In this subject, ideal gas, used as a working medium, will be taken into

account. Here the magnitude of pressure multiplied by volume will remains

constant under the isothermal process. And a linear proportionality between

volume occupied and thermal temperature will exist if iso-bar process is

embarked. In addition, a linear relation for ideal gas pressure vs. thermal

temperature is found to be followed for constant volume held.

2.Examine the reversibility of Carnot Cycle.

Experiment---Carnot cycle

The objective of this experiment is to establish a reversible gas power-

cycle system. Here the work diagram, constituted by four p-v process,

indicates a net work done/cycle (area bounded by the work diagram), and

each might be estimated from the variation of gas pressure (p) with volume.

Experiment---Boyle s lawThrough isothermal expansion performed by thermal engine, gas

pressure varying with volumetric expansion could be formulated by

pressure sensor, which will be used to examine the suitability of

Boyle's law. From the equation:

Experiment---Charles and Gay-Lussac's lawThrough isobar expansion achieved by thermal engine, the relation

of gas volumetric expansion varying with working temperature could

be determined by thermometer, which will be used to examine the

suitability of Charles and Gay-Lussac's law.

'

14

Experiment---Colors mixing and propagation

y 2a a

L L

Experiment---The measurement of lens focus

Experiment---Single slit diffractionAs the light travels through a small

size slit, it will diffract and spreads

out to the both sides on the screen

which is located at a specific distance

from lens. After comparing theoretical

and experimental value, the width of

central bright line and the spacing

dark line might be yielded below.

y c d

y dy c

IntroductionAs we know, optics is very influential in everyday lives i.e., various colorful objects, from the moment we open our eyes in the morning, will be captured promptly. Maybe that is primarily attributed to different wavelengths of lights, reflected off objects, irradiated into eyes. Base on it, camera works might be carried out and developed. That means light rays from an object will pass through the lens of the camera and get recorded on a film. This experimental kit is designed to familiarize the user with the properties of geometrical optics and physical optics by observing light of different wavelength, reflection, refraction, interference, etc.

Objectives1.Propagation of light.2.Colors--Additive and subtractive mixing of colors.3.Mirrors--Determine the focal length of images on concave or convex mirror.4.Lenses--Determine the focal length of images on concave or convex lens.5.Prism--Deviation and invertion from refraction.6.Snell's Law--Determining the refractive index from rectangular lens or refraction tank.7.Wave optics--Compare the single slit, double slit and multiple slit, and determine the wave length of laser light source.

Features1.Easy to use measuring tape on the optical bench will be beneficent to the experimental performance.2.Magnetic accessories are designed for effective demonstration.3.Record data on the bench could be easily accessed by varying the position of displaying screen.4.Laser generator on the micro-scale adjustment will help effective demonstration.

15

Introduction

The electromagnetic waves consisting of most common light source,

such as Sun or laser ray might have its oscillation in different plane by

turn as it travel toward specified direction (unpolarized light). Of course,

we also might use a polarizer to change the mean distribution of light

energy i.e., the intended component of incident ray (polarized light) will

be allowed to pass through while the other components are left to be

filtered.

Objectives

Malus' Law of Polarization

Brewster's angle

Experiment---Law of Malus

As a completely plane polarized light is incident on the analyzer, the

intensity I of light transmitted to analyzer is directly proportional to the

square of cosine of angle between the transmission axes of the

analyzer and polarizer.

Experiment---Brewster's angle

When an unpolarized light reflects off a nonconducting surface, it

is partially polarized parallel to the plane of the reflective surface.

There is a specific angle, , called Brewster's angle at which the 1

reflected ray and the refracted ray are 90 degrees apart and the

light energy parallel to reflected plane will disappear.

As unpolarized light is sent at Brewster's angle into a series of glass

sheets, electric field vector of refracted ray will become weaker due

to the component perpendicular to incident plane might be partially

disappear.

Inta

nsi

ty(m

W)

Angle(degree)

Reflected ray(polarised)

Refracted ray(slightly polarised)

unpolarized

p-polarized

s-polarized

incident ray(unpolarised)

16

IntroductionSimilar to light behavior, microwave, known as a style of electromagnetic

wave, possess both volatile characteristic including wave propagation

as well as matter particles. Here three fundamental wave propagations,

such as micro-diffraction, reflection as well as absorption, have been

acknowledged. To effectively undergo the intended experiment, the

wavelength 3cm of frequency 10.5GHz, far greater than 400~700nm

of visible light and 1.7cm of ultimate wavelength in sound wave, is

selected. That not only features as a strong diffused manner to

investigate the microstructure of substance, but the lower energy

required also meets the demand of local experiment related to geometric

and wave optics, acoustics, and electromagnetic communication.

Objectives1.Geometric optics reflection, refraction and standing wave.

2.Interference diffraction, double-slit interference, Michelson

interference, Fabry-Perot interference, Lloyd's mirror and Bragg's

diffraction.

3.Polarization Brewster's angle, light polarized experiment.

4.Bragg diffraction

5.Fiber optics

Experiment---Bragg Diffraction

Experiment---polarization and Brewster's angle

Experiment---Michelson interference

Experiment---Double Slit Interference

(0 )(90 )

~56i

I

dsin dsin d

17

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

00 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

VD(V)

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

ID(m

A)

IntroductionJust for the twentieth century, the electricity, widely used for a variety of applications, has played a significant role in our daily life. In this experimental kit, students could learn how to constitute circuit loop without breadboard needed, which makes the experiment undertaken easily. In addition, teacher's demonstration on teaching board will become effective using test component enclosed by transparent block whose back is designed to be attached with magnet. Thus the user could instantly check the working state of electrical component inside the box and change it if necessary. This experiment is designed to familiarize the user with the concept of resistance, current, voltage, and basic properties of the transistor

Objectives1.Base on the measurement of voltage, current and resistance, Ohm's Law might be examined.2.Using Kirchhoff's Law to study current or voltage induced in multiple loop.3.Referred to Wheatstone bridges circuit- resistance is measured.4.Study the properties of diode and its working performance.

5.Study the properties of PNP and its I-V characteristic curve.6.Study the gain value of PNP.7.Study PNP resistor's I-V curve.

Features1.Multiple experments regarding the electric circuit might be quickly constituted, which the breadboard is no longer needed inside selfdesigned box.2.Teaching demonstration on classroom board of magnetism-adherence will provide students an advantage in subgrouped experiment. 3.With the special design of experimental box made of transparent plastic, the diorder component might be replaced through the perspective view of circuit embeded.

Experiment---Ohm's LawAs the voltage V is subjected to both ends of a conductor, the current I,

inversely proportional to the resistance R, will be induced. That means

V = IR

Experiment---the properties of diodes measurementThis experiment is designed to measure the current of diode under bias

specified. A closed circuit will present if forward bias is enforced, and

induced current will be cut off if the reverse bias is operated.

18

IntroductionBase on Coulomb's law, the magnitude of electric field E produced by single charge Q might be given below, which induce an irradiated outward electric field for + Q or irradiated inward direction of electric field for - Q. While consider the work done of charged particle moving in the electric field, the resultant potential difference might be formulated as below. Here the direction normal to measured equipotential lines, Vi =0,Indicate the intended electric field(as shown of dash line), in other words, the distributions of eletric field might be also concluded if the profile of equipotential lines is determined.

The designed device of smaller size, economical cost and easy-to-use offers a single conductor-bar shifting on the testing board of graphite,embedded in plastic plates with four popular patterns, permanently printed on in highly conductive paint to constitute the Wheatstone-bridge circuit, and then various equipotential lines, induced by different dipoles, might be easily outlined by individual contour with equal sub-potential accessed using single conductor-bar. In this subject, experimental knits will help us visualize the pattern of electric field (line of electrostatic force) which are orthogonal to the distributed equipotential lines measured from various aspects of electric dipoles.

Objectives

1. Parallel plate capacitor

2. Two points within a field

3. Point and plane

4. The lighting rod

Experiment results

19

reference position

Measuring position

+A

+Q Q

N=15

Current(A) Angle( ) Baxis H

0.500

1.005

1.495

2.000

51.5

66.5

74.0

78.5

0.367491

0.403775

0.396103

0.375979

4.620E-05

9.286E-05

1.381E-04

1.848E-04

Introduction

In1820, an electromagnetic theory was initiated by Oersted. Here the

physical experiment relative to magnetic field induced by a current-carry

wire was proposed. During 1820~1827, the theoretic model was further

quantified by Ampere's. In 1831, the so called Faraday's law amounted

the current induced along the closed loop while a time varying magnetic

flux, across the sectional area of coils, is undertaken. That also explains

the mutual relation between electric current and magnetic field, and has

become a fundamental principle for electromagnetic application in our

daily life. Base on quantity analysis from theoretic or empirical model,

the experimental kits, in this subject, also provides some interesting

demo related to electromagnetic demonstration.

Objectives

1.Geomagnetic measurement :

Tangent Galvanometer

Determination by the magnetic moment

2.Magnetic effect of electric current and applications :

Current Balance DC Motor

3.Electromagnetic induction and applications :

Faraday's law Lenz's law

Self-inductance and mutual inductance

Generator Transformer

Magnetic communication

Experiment---Tangent Galvanometer

With rotating angle of magnetic pin measured, axial magnetic field

induced from solenoid Baxis could be determined.

Experiment---Current Balance

Apparent weight on the load cell,

experiment of Lorentz force,

could be induced by a current

carried by two parallel magnets.

Experiment---Faraday's law

If a magnet is passed through a coil of conducting wire, a voltage

is induced (created) in the coil. The faster of the magnet moves

through the coil, the greater strength of voltage.

20

RLC circuit has a very important feature, that is, the produced amplitudes

of circuit-current will closely depend on the input frequency. Generally

speaking, partial signal will be filtered, but partial might be augmented as

several power sources with different frequency, in the circuit, are delivered

simultaneously. Here amplified signal of frequency is primarily determined

by the value of L and C selected. However the converse effect will appear

as the higher resistance R is involved. Thus the so called "filter effect"

might be taken as an important characteristic in RLC circuit. In addition,

RC circuit, in the absence of power supplier, is usually performed as a

convertor of electric energy in the envelope of electric field. Here the electric

energy charged into or discharged from capacitor C is based on the demand

of current flow in circuit. That might be also used as "Quick Battery" existing

in almost all electronic circuits.

Charge (discharge)circuit diagram

Objectives

1. Investigate the time constant for value of C in charging or

discharging process of RC circuit.

2. Learn the resonant-frequency response for RLC in series

deployment.

Experiment---RC

In RC circuit, the voltage across capacitor is relative to the charge and

discharge time of capacitance. In fact, dimensionless-time value of R*C

we said it as a time constant for

circuit. By way of time varying

voltage profile accessed from

charging or discharging

process, the needed value of

capacitor might be determined.

Charge on capacitor vs. time duration

Discharge from capacitor vs. time duration

Experiment---RLC

A fundamental RLC series circuit,

figured right, is primarily constituted

by electric resistor R, inductance

(L), capacitance (C) as well as AC

voltage. Specify a set of L,C in

circuit and a parallel voltmeter across the resistor R, a varying

voltage signal might be readable from voltmeter while adjust the

driving frequency of power source. As the regulated frequency is

close to natural oscillating frequency yielded below, signal resonance

will occurs in RLC circuit and the maximum voltage could be

displayed on the panel of voltmeter. Here the resonant frequency

accessed from the circuit-current and voltage signal across the

resistance. Referred to the so called "resonant frequency"

formulated above, corresponding response might be figured below,

and here the value of gain

of terminal voltage and

power supplied voltage,

might be estimated on

the profile sketched below.

Resonant response of voltage vs., time duration

will be also available to the fluctuated frequency

, defined as the ratio

n

Vs

R L C

21

h

Introduction

Rather than the energy continuity considered in classic physics, the

energy level of a photon or an electron, viewed from quantum theory,

exhibits an integer multiple of hf (here h is planks constant and symbol

of f indicates the frequency of light wave). That means a light is emitted

from or absorbed by an electron and the energy, hf, will be quantized.

While laser light is irradiated to a light-emitting diode, the induced current

will be further retarded due to weaker forward voltage unable to overcome

the energy barrier, i.e., most electrons are still constrained in depletion

layer. However, a current of fast growth starts being induced if potential

supplied V is just adequate to break through the barrier. Thus planck's 0

constant h might be determined from the equivalence of energy emitted

from laser diode, hf, and power absorption of photon e ( V-V ). 0

Objectives

1. Measure the Laser's wavelength by reflective diffraction or grid

diffraction.

2. Utilize the V-I characteristic of diode Laser to find the emitted voltage.

3. Determining Planck's constant.

Experiment---Laser wavelength by Reflective diffraction

Base on the pattern of interference fringes reflected from the multi-

gratings on steel straightedge, the wavelength of laser might be

determined. Here the bright fringes occurs at

=dCos -dCos( + n )=n where f= vc/

Experiment---V-I characteristic of diode laser

Base on V-I characteristic profile accessed from diode laser, an

approximated equation following the linear behavior might be given.

Here Vo, an interested point of linear equation and horizontal axis

( induced current), indicates the breakdown voltage of diode laser.

And then the estimated planck's constant h, yielded below, is close

to the result measured by Millikan (1916).

Reflecting Grating

diffracted light

Incident light

Linear Regression

Incident Grazing Angle (Rad)

100

x D

iffra

ctio

n A

ngle

(R

ad)

22

Introduction

In general, light spectrum could be classified into discrete spectrum

and continuous spectrum. However, both absorption and emission are

the main typical pattern for discrete spectrum. Unlike the discrete way

mentioned above, typical continuous spectrum, in this experiment, will

be investigated. Here a slice with 500line / mm grate will be used to

observe the spectrum from incandescent lamps, sunlight and candles

(experimental mechanism as shown in Fig.1). While the below condition

is subjected, the wavelength of first order bright fringe (bright line

spectrum) emitted from mercury-containing fluorescent lamps and

LED lamps could be accessed as you view from the grating, whose

corresponding intensity will be displayed in Fig.2. Symbols d, l, s

individually designate the grating spacing, half width of first order bright

line and the distance from light source to grating.

Fig.2 The plot of intensity for bright fringe

Objectives

1.Observation of continuous spectrum from incandescent lamp

2.Determination the wavelength of emission spectrum from

fluorescent lamp

Experiment---

Wavelength spectrum of mercury-containing fluorescent

Fig.1 Diffraction of grating light with wavelength

Lightsource

screen

eye

S

2

Red

Yello

w

Gre

en

Aqu

amar

ine

Purp

le

Dee

p Pu

rple

Red

1 2

3

4

5

6

78

70286908

6714

62346124

60735791

5770

5461

49644916 4358 4078

( )4047

1 2 33 2 1 m=0(b)

0(a)

m=0

Intensity

1 2 33 2 1

23