Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700

Martin Luther and his 95 Theses

Critic of IndulgencesThe Bible alone was

the word of God (not Pope)

People are saved by faith alone

Sparks mainland European Protestant

Reformation

John Calvin and predestination1536 Institutes of

the Christian Religion

Only predestined go to heaven…Calvinists sought “conversions” (signs they were one of predestined) and afterwards led “sanctified lives”

Protestant Work Ethic

Calvinist were famous for their dusk to dawn work ethic to prove their worthiness.

England’s Puritan wave to New World

Some English Puritans wanted to further purify King Henry VIII’s Anglican Church. Radical Puritans (Separatist) wanted not to purify but to break away totally from Anglican Church

Pilgrims escape religious persecution in England

King James I feared if Separatists could defy his religious authority the Separatist would later defy his political authority. As such, Pilgrims (Separatist Puritans fled religious persecution to Holland.

Pilgrims arrive in PlymouthFearing their

children were getting to “Dutchified” the Pilgrims left for either the Virginia Colony or their own “squatter area”. Squatter means not entitled legally to land.

The Pilgrims (Separatists) arrive in Plymouth

After 65 days at sea, with one death and the birth of Virginia Dare, the Pilgrims disembarked in Plymouth

Separatist believed only visible saints could attain church membership

Less than half Pilgrims on Mayflower were Separatists

Pilgrim leadersMyles Standish (Captain Shrimp) was a great military leader and Indian negotiator

Governor William Bradford led Plymouth 30 different times and helped develop the fur, fish and lumber trades

The Mayflower Compact, was a signed set of rules that set a precedent for modern Constitutions. Theory was majority (men) rule.

The First Thanksgiving

After a horrible winter of 1620, when only half colony survived, 1621 brought bountiful harvest and a shared feast with Native Americans

The Bible CommonwealthIn 1629, some non-Separatists Puritans got a

royal charter and set sail to New world in 11 well equiped ships

Led by Governor John Winthrop these Puritans set up Massachusetts Bay Colony as a “city upon a hill”

In the 1630s over 70,000 English migrated to New World

In 1691 the larger Massachuseets Bay colony merged with Plymouth

Early Colonial Map circa 1691

Virginia Dare

Building the Bay Colony

Religious leaders wielded powerful political influence over government (theocracy)

•Strove for religious and social harmony

•The franchise was extended to all “freemen” (adult males) that owned land and belonged to Congregationalist church

Religious sentiments in Massachusetts Bay•John Cotton was one prominent clergyman•Congregations hired / fired ministers at will•Many Blue laws•Hell was considered very serious and frightening

John Cotton’s Gravestone in Massachusetts

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postage s

tamp

from 1953

Trouble in the CommonwealthFounding Rhode Island

Monument to William Blackstone

William Blackstone was actually the first settler in Rhode Island. He was a hermit and settled in Cumberland Rhode Island

The largest Native American nation in Rhode Island were the Narragansetts.

The Bible Commonwealth was very autocratic. While the settlers to Massachusetts Bay had sought to purify, or separate from the Church of England, the leaders in Massachusetts Bay wanted little dissention from religious orthodoxy.

Anne Hutchinson Roger WilliamsChallenged authority of

ministers by proclaiming that the truly saved need not bother to obey laws of man or God. ( Antinomianism)

Exiled first to Portsmouth and later to New York

Preached separation of church and state

Compensation to Indians for land

Founded first Baptist church in New World

Founded Rhode Island near modern day East Providence

Anne Hutchinson

“The first feminist”

Roger Williams

Founding of Rhode Island The root that ate Roger

Williams

New England Spreads Out

In 1635 the Reverend Thomas Hooker led an energetic group of Puritans to Hartford (New Haven also founded in 1638). This group drafted a trailblazing document called The Fundamental Orders which was basically a written Constitution.

The Original Fundamental Orders

Maine (Mass) and New HampshireSir Ferdinando Gorges founded Maine for trading. Maine became part of Massachusetts until 1820 Missouri Compromise.

New Hampshire was founded by John Mason for trading and fishing reasons

Early Colonial Native American Wars

Pequot War 1675 King Philip’s War

The English settlers and Pequot nation fought a devastating war around Mystic Connecticut in 1637.

Metacom, led a last effort to stop colonial settlement. Providence burned to the ground and a massacre occurred at The Great Swamp Fight.

Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence

By 1643 four (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, and Hartford and New Haven) colonies had formed The New England Confederation. This group formed to unite for protection against the Indians, French and Dutch.

Thus began the tradition of semi autonomous colonies not asking the English crown for permission to act.

The Dominion of New EnglandUnder James II, in an

effort to stem the tide of salutary neglect, in 1686 the Dominion of New England was created.

Under Sir Edmund Andros the Navigation Acts were enforced for the first time on the British colonies in America.

Sir Edmund Andros

The Navigation Acts and the Theory of Mercantilism

Navigation ActsCertain goods shipped

from a New World port were to go only to Britain or to another New World colonial port

Enumerated goods from the colonies, like sugar, cotton, and tobacco, were to be provided only to England

Mercantilism• Economic theory

that benefits the mother country at the expense of the colony

Unpopular Mr. AndrosAndros established the

Dominion’s headquarters in Boston

He openly showed his association with the hated Church of England

Andros curbed town meetings , restricted the courts and press, revoked land titles

After the Glorious Revolution, which installed William and Mary on the throne of England the Dominion collapsed

The New NetherlandsThe Dutch East

India Company with a fleet of 10,000 and Dutch West India Company were established to raid Spanish ships and settle in the New World

The New NetherlandsIn 1609 Henry

Hudson ventured into Delaware and New York Bay and claimed the area for the Netherlands

The Dutch set up patroonships (large areas of land) that were given to patroons that brought indentured servants to work land

New NetherlandsThe Swedes

also planted a colony on the Delaware River (New Sweden)

The Dutch often came into conflict with Swedes and Native Americans

In 1655 the Dutch sent Peter Stuyvesant to eliminate the Swedes from the area

New NetherlandsIn 1664 Charles II

granted the area of modern day New York to his brother the Duke of York. British troops landed and quickly eliminated the Dutch from the area.

PennsylvaniaThe Holy Experiment

Founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers in 1681

Thousand of squatters already lived in Pennsylvania

Philadelphia was one of the first “planned” cities and unofficial “capital” of the colonies

The Quakers became ardent abolitionist

Characteristics of Southern Colonies Plantation systemSlaves and slave

codesSome major

seaportsLocated near

Spanish Florida and French Louisiana

Characteristics of New England ColoniesVarious religionsDiverse

economicallyGold Mines of New

England (the sea)Predisposed to early

public educationOld Deluder Law

Characteristics of the Middle Colonies

Fertile soil / Bread Colonies

Ethically diverse population

Considerable economic and social democracy

The First American Benjamin Franklin