SettlementSettlementColonizationColonization

1500-17631500-1763

1. Students will understand that the discovery and settlement of North America destroyed traditional Native American cultures and profoundly affected Europe, as well.2. Students will understand that European colonists had different visions of America based upon their perspectives and goals.3. Students will understand how a distinctive American culture developed in the colonies and that many characteristics of that culture endure today and influence the way Americans view their country’s mission and purpose.4. Students will understand that liberty had different meanings to colonists and that the pursuit of freedom by some groups of people limited the liberty of others.

European Possessions

• Three major powers controlled the known world:

a) Great Britainb) Spainc) France

• In 1492 Columbus sailed to the Americas for Spain• 1497 and 1498 John Cabot sailed to North America for

Britain• 1577 Sir Francis Drake landed in San Francisco• Events in Europe shaped the nature of exploration• Britain and France both looked for the Northwest

Passage to Asia• First English attempts were in Newfoundland – they

failed

SpainSpain

• Spanish explorers dominated Central and South America

• 1519-21 Cortes conquers Mexico• De Soto explores the southeast• 1532 Pizarro conquers Peru• 1540 Coronado explores the southwest• 1588 – The Armada is defeated

• French explorers sailed along the St. Lawrence River, through the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico

• They were focused on furs and establishing trade with the Indians – the Spanish focused on wealth and exploitation of the Indians

• 1524 Verrazano explores the east coast• 1534 Cartier journeys along the St. Lawrence• 1680 La Salle sails down the Mississippi

FranceFrance

Reasons for ColonizationReasons for Colonization1. Population increase in Britain

2. Enclosure movement

3. Primogeniture – first-born sons gets everything

4. Religious freedom – Puritans and separatists

5. Economic opportunity –a) based on Spanish wealth b) Jamestown

6. Joint-stock companies facilitated exploration

7. Dumping unwanted people - Georgia

The Settlement The Settlement of the of the

ChesapeakeChesapeake

Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

Geographic/environmental problems??Geographic/environmental problems??

• The first attempt at colonization was by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584

• In 1585 a small group tried establish a colony at Roanoke. The area was named Virginia after Queen Elizabeth I of England

• Sir Francis Drake rescued the first settlers, but in 1587 another group arrived

• By 1590 this group had disappeared without trace – this was the “lost colony” – “Croatoan”

• The next attempt to colonize would be 20 years later

Jamestown - VirginiaJamestown - Virginia

• In 1606 the Virginia Company received a charter from James I for settlement

• Settlers were guaranteed same rights as Englishmen

TheTheLondonLondon

Company,Company,16061606

Get rich quick!Get rich quick!

Jamestown HousingJamestown Housing

Jamestown Chapel, 1611Jamestown Chapel, 1611

• Dec. 1607 about 100 settlers landed at Jamestown (40 had died on the voyage)

• Virginia was terrible – disease, cold, wet• The colonists/adventurers had not intended to

stay – they wanted to get rich and return to England, but because of poor location, swampy land, laziness, and disease many died

• There was no incentive to work• 1608 Capt. John Smith took over and forced the

colonists to work

Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??

There was no talk…but dig gold, wash There was no talk…but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold…gold, refine gold, load gold…

• Smith developed good relations with the local Indians - Powhatan

• 1609 Smith forced to return to England

• 1609-10 “starving time”

• Gradually relations with the Indians deteriorated

Chief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief Powhatan

English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660

River Settlement River Settlement PatternPattern

Large plantations [>100 acres].Large plantations [>100 acres].Widely spread apart [>5 miles].Widely spread apart [>5 miles].

Social/EconomicSocial/EconomicPROBLEMS???PROBLEMS???

Why Was There Such High Why Was There Such High Mortality?Mortality?

POPULATION:POPULATION: 1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants

1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%

WidowarchyWidowarchy

• High mortality among High mortality among husbands and fathers husbands and fathers left many women left many women in the Chesapeake in the Chesapeake colonies with colonies with unusual autonomy and unusual autonomy and wealth!wealth!

John RolfeJohn Rolfe

• By 1612 John Rolfe found a way to grow tobacco which enabled to colony to survive

• By 1616 tobacco is a staple export

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco

16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710

HeadrightHeadrightSystemSystem

Indentured SevitudeIndentured Sevitude

Indentured ServitudeIndentured Servitude

Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract: 5-7 years.5-7 years.

Promised “freedom dues” [land, $]Promised “freedom dues” [land, $]

Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.

1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!indentured contracts!

Headright System:Headright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres for each Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paidperson whose passage they paid

PocahontasPocahontas

• The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 when John Rolfe married Pocahontas

A 1616 engravingA 1616 engraving

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

Indian FoodsIndian FoodsIndian FoodsIndian Foods

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal a pivotal year for the year for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

• 1n 1619:a) the Virginia Company formed the first law-making representative body in America – the Virginia House of Burgessesb) Colonists given same rights as Englishmenc) the first Africans arrivedd) 90 women arrived and sold to husbands

• The first shipment of slaves arrived on a Dutch ship• The first ship full of women looking for husbands

arrived - guaranteeing continued occupation of the land

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

• In 1622 James I dissolved the Virginia Company and made Virginia a royal colony in 1624

• He also established the Church of England and the clergy were supported by the tax payers

Powhatan UprisingPowhatan Uprisingof 1622of 1622

• In 1622 the Indians, fearing a lose of land, attacked again and killed over 300 settlers including Rolfe

Population of Population of Chesapeake Colonies: Chesapeake Colonies:

1610-1750 1610-1750

Population of Population of Chesapeake Colonies: Chesapeake Colonies:

1610-1750 1610-1750

Richard Frethorne’sRichard Frethorne’s1623 Letter1623 Letter

In-Class ActivityIn-Class Activity:: Identify the FACTS presented in your Identify the FACTS presented in your section of the document.section of the document.

Be skepticalBe skepticalIs there any obvious Is there any obvious bias/POV?bias/POV?

What conclusions can you draw from the What conclusions can you draw from the facts presented?facts presented?

•Anticipate a problem/future issue?Anticipate a problem/future issue?

•See any historical relationships between See any historical relationships between past events or future ones?past events or future ones?

New England ColoniesNew England Colonies

• In 1530s Henry VIII created the Anglican Church – but still very Catholic

• The Puritans wanted to completely purify the Anglican Church of Catholic influence

• Separatists (extreme Calvinists) wanted to break away from the Anglican Church because of philosophical differences

• James I kicked the Separatists out of England and they went to Holland

• They hated Holland!• They negotiated with the Virginia Company and agreed

to relocate to the New World• In 1620 they arrived off the coast of New England• They surveyed the area and agreed to settle Plymouth,

not Virginia• They created a colony without authority and became

squatters• Only about the colonists were Separatists but they were

all hard working and determined – unlike Virginia

The MayflowerThe Mayflower

Pilgrims?Pilgrims?

vs. vs.

Puritans?Puritans?

Covenant Theology

““Covenant of Grace”:Covenant of Grace”:

between Puritan communities and God.between Puritan communities and God.

““Social Covenant”:Social Covenant”:

Between members of Puritan communities Between members of Puritan communities with each other.with each other.

Required mutual watchfulness.Required mutual watchfulness.

No toleration of deviance or disorder.No toleration of deviance or disorder.

No privacy.No privacy.

Colonizing New England

Colonizing New England

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Low mortality Low mortality average life average life expectancy was 70 years of age.expectancy was 70 years of age.

Many extended families.Many extended families.

Average 6 children per family.Average 6 children per family.

Average age at marriage:Average age at marriage: Women – 22 years oldWomen – 22 years old

Men – 27 years old.Men – 27 years old.

Patriarchy

Authoritarian male father figures Authoritarian male father figures controlled each household.controlled each household.

Patriarchal ministers and Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled magistrates controlled church church congregations congregations and household and household patriarchs.patriarchs.

Population of the New England Colonies

Population Comparisons:New England

v. the Chesapeake

New England Colonies, 1650

PlymouthPlymouth

• Before landing they agreed upon the Mayflower Compact

• The compact was not a Constitution, but a set of rules• Almost half the settlers died that first winter, but the

next year the harvest was plentiful• William Bradford was chosen governor 30 times• In 1691 Plymouth merged with Massachusetts Bay

Colony

The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

Massachusetts Bay ColonyMassachusetts Bay Colony• In 1629 Puritans gained a

royal charter to settle in the New World

• They were a large, well-equipped group led by John Winthrop who wanted to create “a city upon a hill”

• Matthew 5:14 “You are a light to the world. A city on a hill cannot be hid”

• Thanks to fishing, furs, and ship building the colony thrived

• Almost immediately the franchise was extended to all males who were “freemen” and who belonged to the Puritan Churches

• About two-fifths of the population could vote• The provincial government was not a democracy• Winthrop feared democracy• Religious leaders dictated who would be allowed in the

Church and so they controlled the society• Quakers were fined, flogged, and/or banished

• Anne Hutchinson claimed a pure life was no sign of salvation – angered the Church

• She claimed she was instructed by God• In 1638 she was banished and went to Rhode Island• The Great Migration – 75,000 Puritans• Roger Williams went further – demanding a break from

the Church of England• Argued that civil decisions should not make religious

dictates• In 1635 he was banished to Rhode Island

Rhode IslandRhode Island

• The land of outcasts – “Little Rhody” “Rogues Island”• People who settled there were not necessarily similar but

not wanted elsewhere• Most were against special privileges• It secured a charter in 1644 which:

a) recognized freedom of religionb) accepted a separation of church and statec) no taxes to support the churchd) no compulsory church attendance

Puritan “Rebels”

Roger Williams

Threatened Threatened patriarchal control.patriarchal control.

Anne Hutchinson

Religious toleration.Religious toleration.

Separation of church Separation of church and state.and state.

ConnecticutConnecticut

• In 1635 Hartford was founded by Rev. Thomas Hooker• The settlers were Puritans• In 1639 they drafted the Fundamental Orders

- a modern constitution and the first written constitution in the colonies

New YorkNew York

Manors &Manors &

Land GrantsLand Grants

• The Middle Colonies are New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware

• All had fertile, gently sloping land• Farms generally not huge• Usually friendly with the Indians• Incredible cultural and religious diversity• Colonies were more ethnically mixed• Very socially and economically democratic

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies

Settling the Middle Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”] Colonies[or “Restoration”] Colonies

• GOALS profit and individual betterment..

New Netherlands &New Netherlands &New SwedenNew Sweden

Founded in the 1660s by:

Friends of British King Charles II.

Land speculators.

Middle class farmers & craftsmen.

Economic diversity.

Large cities more cosmopolitan culture.

Some slavery [6%-12% of the population].

Ethnic and religious diversity.

Religious toleration.

“Bread Colonies.”

New AmsterdamNew Amsterdam

New YorkNew York• In 1609 Henry Hudson explored the coast of New York

and Delaware and claimed the area for the Dutch• The Dutch West Indies company purchased Manhattan

Island from the Indians for some trinkets• They established New Amsterdam and gave large tracts

of lands to promoters who brought groups of settlers to the New Netherlands

• The settlers were from all across Europe • The Indians, New Englanders, and Swedes all attacked

the Dutch• The Swedes established New Sweden on the Delaware

River• In 1655 the Dutch sent the one-legged Peter Stuyvesant

to remove the Swedes• Stuyvesant besieged the Swedes and forced them to

surrender – thus ending New Sweden• In 1664 Charles II granted the area of New York to his

brother the Duke of York• The English easily defeated the Dutch and renamed the

area New York

Peter StuyvesantPeter Stuyvesant

• Governor of New Amsterdam

New JerseyNew Jersey

• After the Dutch were forced out the land between Virginia and New England the Duke of York made a proprietary grant to Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley

• The plan was to sell the land and make a fortune from real estate

• The area was called New Jersey

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

• In 1681 William Penn received a massive land grant from the king

• The area was already inhabited by thousands of squatters

• Philadelphia was well-organized and much better than most other cities

• Penn acquired land by purchasing it from the Indians• The colony developed a dislike towards slavery and

attracted people from all classes and cultures

William PennWilliam Penn

• The “Holy Experiment”The “Holy Experiment”

Royal Land Grant to PennRoyal Land Grant to Penn

• The colony was a “Holy Experiment” for Quakers• The Quakers were against war and violence and lived

simple lives• Freedom of worship extended to all except Jews and

Catholics• The colony welcomed all people and the Quakers treated

the Indians with respect. However, non-Quakers were often violent towards the Indians

• By 1700 only Virginia was richer and more populated

Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans

Penn’s Treaty with thePenn’s Treaty with theNative AmericansNative Americans

• In contrast to the New England and middle colonies the southern colonies:Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina, and Georgia, were predominantly rural settlements

• The social, political, and economic structure was dominated by the wealthy farmer

MarylandMaryland

• Was the fourth colony founded (second plantation colony)

• In 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a “Catholic Haven”• Large tracts of land were given to Catholics, but

Protestants were also welcome• Maryland Toleration Act decreed religious freedom for

all except Jews and atheists (death penalty)• The colony prospered thanks to tobacco• Initially depended upon indentured servants

George Calvert, George Calvert, Lord BaltimoreLord Baltimore

George Calvert, George Calvert, Lord BaltimoreLord Baltimore

CarolinaCarolina• In 1663 Carolina was named after King Charles II• Virginia colonists inhabited the region which was known

as Albermarle and resented being part of Carolina• The king gave 8 proprietors the rights to the colony, but

they focused on the southern part• 1669 3 ships under the command of Sir Anthony Ashley-

Cooper sailed to Barbados to collect sugar farmers• Many settlers in the Carolinas were squatters – people

who owned no land• They were rough and rugged and defied authority• Because of their immunity to malaria, slaves were hired

to work the fields

• Fundamental Constitution of Carolina was written by Ashley-Cooper and his secretary, John Locke offered religious toleration to encourage settlers

• In 1690s rice was introduced and became the staple crop• In 1691 the northern region was recognized by the

crown and called North Carolina

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

Ethnic GroupsEthnic Groups

18c Southern Colonies18c Southern Colonies

Settling the Lower Settling the Lower SouthSouth

1660s – 1730s

The Carolinas & Georgia (buffer state)

Planters & yeomen farmers from VA or the Sugar Islands.

Debtors & other petty criminals.

Spanish in Florida

Port of Charles Town, Port of Charles Town, SCSC

• The only southern port cityThe only southern port city

Crops of the CarolinasCrops of the Carolinas

Rice

IndigoIndigo

Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-1775from SC & GA: 1698-1775

GeorgiaGeorgia• Philanthropic experiment, founded by

James Oglethorpe in 1733 – the last colony• Intended as a buffer between the French in Louisiana

and Spanish in Florida• Was meant as a refuge for English debtors• All Christians –except Catholics enjoyed religious

freedom• Missionaries, including John Wesley, tried to convert

the Indians• Constant struggles with the Spanish in Florida• Georgia became a buffer between the Spanish and the

English colonies

Founder of GeorgiaFounder of Georgia

• A “buffer zone” between Britain’s North American colonies & Spanish Florida.

James Oglethorpe

Plantation ColoniesPlantation Colonies

• All used slavery• Development of cities was secondary• All aspects of life centered on the plantation• Tobacco and rice were the main crops• All permitted some religious freedom• Indians and Spanish were a continual problem• More closely associated with Britain

IroquoisIroquois• The Iroquois lived in New York State and included the

Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Deganawidah, and Hiawatha

• They fought other Indian groups before the Dutch, French, and English

• They allied with the French or British depending on the best deal

Iroquois Lands & Iroquois Lands & European Trade CentersEuropean Trade Centers

Puritans and IndiansPuritans and Indians

• Initially the Indians tried to befriend the settlers• Squanto, a Wampanoag, helped keep the peace• In 1637 after mounting tension the Pequot War started• The settlers annihilated the Pequot and established

almost 40 years of peace• In 1675 Metacom (called King Philip by the English)

united the Indians in an attempt to remove the settlers – he failed

• 100 years after Columbus, 90% of the Indians that came into contact with Europeans died

Colonial UnityColonial Unity• In 1643 four colonies created the New England

Confederation (almost totally Puritan) Mass. and Plymouth, Ct. and New Haven

• The colonies became semiautonomous entities with 2 votes

• When Charles II was restored in 1660 he was shocked how little power he had in the colonies

• First domestic attempt at unity

Opposition GrowsOpposition Grows

• In 1686 the Dominion of New England (CT, RI, MB, PL) was created to bolster defenses against the Indians. 1688 NY and NJ added

• Imposed by England

• Led by Edmund Andros

• Sir Edmund Andros:a) prohibits town meetingsb) restricts courtsc) taxed people without their consentd) revoked land titles

• All of this happened while the Glorious Revolution (1688) was taking place in England

• British monarch loses power – Parliament accepts John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government

• Rebellions start in the colonies

• The Dominion of New England collapsed

• Andros escaped to England

• The first State issue of notes (in north America) was made in 1690 by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1691 Massachusetts gets a new charter allowing all male land owners to vote and religious freedom

• Salutary neglect allowed businessmen free reign to develop the colonies as a source of trade

Colonial Society in the 17Colonial Society in the 17thth Century Century

Part 2Part 2

Life in the coloniesLife in the colonies• Life in all the colonies was hard – dictated by religion,

economics, and/or geography• Most migrants were indentured servants• Poor whites lost the economic opportunity, much like the

slaves• Most planters grew tobacco because it was easy to grew

and profitable – but it seriously depleted the soil• Farmers cultivated more land to keep up with the

demand• Virginia and Maryland used the headright system to

encourage workers – whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the rights to 50 acres of land

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion• Gov. William Berkeley gave tax-free land grants to

himself and his friends• The corrupt House of Burgesses voted to exclude

landless freemen from voting• The poor yeoman wanted the Indians removed from the

frontier to make more land available• Wealthy farmers wanted to limit the amount of land

available and trade for furs• The yeomen formed a militia and began killing Indians• Berkeley did not want the fur trade disrupted so he

agreed to build forts along the frontier

Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”

Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon came to Virginia as a gentleman in the 1670s, but his resentment of the economic and political domination of the colony by a small group of planters transformed him into a backwoods rebel. In 1676, Bacon led an army of discontented farmers, servants, and slaves against the powerful coastal planters--and almost won. In this stained glass window, discovered and restored in the twentieth century, Bacon's social class and his commanding presence are both evident. (The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities at Bacon's Castle, Library of Virginia)

Nathaniel Bacon

• Nathaniel Bacon, a member of the governing council, protested and killed some peaceful Indians – Berkeley arrested Bacon

• Bacon’s men threatened to release him by force• Berkeley agreed to political reforms to keep the peace

and restored the vote to the landless freemen• Bacon’s men still burned Jamestown and issued a

“Manifesto and Declaration of the People” and an end to rule by the wealthy

• Although Bacon died in 1676 the rebellion resulted in lower taxes and an expansion into Indian land

• Virginia and Maryland stopped accepting indentured servants and focused instead on slaves

• 1730s the economy was collapsing because of British control

• When the colonists looked for other markets the British cracked down

• The colonists resorted to smuggling

SlaverySlavery• 75% of English immigrants were indentured servants• 40% died before the seven years ended• By the end of the 1600s the supply of indentured

servants was running low, forcing southern farmers to resort to slave labor

• The first Africans were treated even worse than indentured servants, but they were not legally enslaved and through hard work some did achieve relative success

• By 1660 slavery was a hereditary and permanent position

• The land was taken from the Indians, the workers came from Africa, the capital came from Europe

• Sophisticated slave-catching systems were implemented in Africa to keep the colonies supplied

• Sugar became the most profitable crop• Slave who survived the Middle Passage were worked to

death in the sugar fields

PlantationsPlantations• The land and climate in the South led to the plantation

system• Huge plantations grew rice, tobacco, and indigo• The plantation owners became the wealthy aristocracy

and dominated the political and social life of the South• The plantations needed a plentiful supply of labor• By 1750 over 200,000 slaves worked on plantations

MercantilismMercantilism• Economic policy to protect the Mother country• Colonies provide a market and raw materials• 1660s – Navigation Acts

a) all colonial imports and exports must be on English shipsb) certain items could only be shipped through British ports

• In 1675 Charles II created the Lords of Trade to enforce the mercantilism, but they became colonial administrators

SocietySociety• Puritans believed the world was full of evil and danger –

very superstitious• Between 1647-62 Massachusetts and Connecticut

hanged 14 people for witchcraft• In 1692 at Salem 175 people were arrested, 20 women

were hanged• After the trials people began to look at religion in a

different light – there were no more witch trials after 1692

• Arthur Miller The Crucible• Enlightenment philosophy emphasized reason - Franklin

PeoplePeople• Puritans encouraged self-government with all

landowners having a voice• This was far more democratic than in England• They believed in a social and economic hierarchy – the

largest plots of land went to the families with high social status

• A society of yeoman farmers emerged• Town meeting decided town policy

ReligionReligion• Gradually the Puritan ideals started to fade and Church

membership dropped• In 1662 the Church changed the requirements for

membership in what was known as the Half-Way Covenant

• By allowing allowing baptism but not full communion to the unconverted children of existing members the Church increased participation, but weakened its own power

• The Enlightenment caused people to think differently about religion

• Some including Franklin turned to Deism• Less wealthy colonists turned to Pietism, which

emphasized pious behavior and religious emotion

• The Great Awakening was a religious revival that swept through the colonies in 1730s and 1740s

• The first major preacher was Jonathan Edwards who stressed complete dependence upon God

• “The road to Hell is paved with the skulls of unbaptized children”

• Starting in 1739 George Whitefield ( a follower of John Wesley) began a new style of preaching which was based on religious zeal and emotional appeal

• Hundreds felt the “New Light” of God and became followers of Whitefield

• “Old Lights” – the conservatives, criticized the emotion of the New Lights

• Thus the Great Awakening undermined the authority of the church and ministers

• As a result of the Great Awakening colleges opened to prepare ministers for preaching – Princeton, Columbia, and Brown

IndiansIndians• Puritans believed they were acting in the name of God,

so the land was really theirs• In 1636 the Pequot attacked the English who had

intruded on their land• The English allied with other Indians and killed over

500 Pequot• Puritans saw the Indians as savages• Disease and violence subdued the Indians in New

England

The Pequot Wars:

1636-1637

• In 1675 Indians had killed an Indian missionary and 3 Indians were captured put on trial and executed at Plymouth

• Metacom (King Philip to the English) allied with some other tribes against the English but it was to late

• Land-hungry settlers started a war against the Indians• Both sides resorted to unimagined violence resulting in

hundreds of deaths• Eventually, of course, the Indians lost – and lost

everything

King Philip’s War,King Philip’s War,1675 – 1676)1675 – 1676)

European ConflictsEuropean Conflicts• For most of the 1700s Britain and France fought for

control of western Europe and other parts of the world• 1702-1713 War of Spanish Succession• British armed the Creek Indians to protect Georgia

from the French and Spanish while the French armed the Mohawks in New England and attacked frontier settlers

• 1713 Treaty of Utrecht solidifies British control of the Americas

• The New Englanders still considered the French their greatest threat

The Zenger trialThe Zenger trial• In the colonies it was acceptable for a newspaper to

publish stories about people - regardless of the truth• In 1735 John Peter Zenger, publisher of a new York

newspaper, was charged with libel against the governor of New York

• Zenger’s lawyer, Alexander Hamilton, claimed Zenger had printed the truth

• According to English law it was an offense to injure the reputation of a royal governor - regardless of truth

• The jury voted for Zenger • It didn’t establish freedom of the press but it did

encourage newspapers to criticize the government

Ben Franklin • Franklin spent a great deal of his adult life traveling

• He was an inventor, philosopher, patriot, and diplomat

• Representatives from most colonies and the Iroquois met in Albany

movie

Albany Congress• In 1754 the British government called for a

meeting in Albany• The idea was colonial unity against the French• Franklin published the “join or die” snake• Franklin called for

colonial home rule• Each colony would

elect representatives who would form an assembly under a royal governor

EnlightenmentEnlightenment• American leaders were attracted to the ideas of the

European Enlightenment• The colonies had been founded on various religious

philosophies - but no one religion gained prominence• American leaders then agreed to disagree on the issue of

religion• Jefferson and Franklin were both Francophiles, but

realized the need for a separation of Church and state