session 51 mats alaküla

Volvo Powertrain10701 / Mats Alaküla

Continuous ElectricEnergy Supply to Road Vehicles


Contents

• Motivation• Battery operation• Continuous supply operation• Technology• Cost• Dissemination speed• Conclusions


Motivation I


Motivation II


Why Electric?• The supply of fossil fuels will

fall• Renewable fluid and gaseous

fuels will not be enough to replace decline in fossil fuels

• Other primary energy forms, like hydro, wind, wave, solar, nuclear, … must be used for transport

• This requires electricity as energy carrier to the vehicle

• … and batteries on board the vehicle

• But, batteries is not enough either

• Electric energy must be transferred to the vehicle while it is driving

• The future of road transportation is in technology for continuous electric energy supply along the road

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Non-OPECConventional Projects

OPEC ConventionalProjects

Non-OPEC ExistingConventional

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AEO2009 ReferenceTotal Consumption

Source: EIA, AEO2009

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UnidentifiedProjects

Source: EIA, AEO

Bold Bio Fuel Plans

Electricity

Plug In

“Slide In”


Battery requirements for electric propulsion

45 000 tons of batteries. The take off weight is 413 tons ! Not possible!

10 kg for 10 km Possible!



20 tons for 1000 km Not possible!

CombDrive!

El Drive =

Plug In !

Battery operation alone not possible for Long Haul/Coach …


… unless we do it like this …

• A Plug In vehicle also able to “Slide In” and draw power from a track in/by/above the road

• Can REALISTICLY reduce the Energy Use by 50 % (Long haul) up to 75 % (Cars)

• Almost eliminates the use of fossil fuel

• Does not require any Rocket Science and can have realistic safety


Driving Modes

10090

4030

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SOC

time

1Charge Deplete

SOC* = 30%

“Electric Drive from Battery”

3Charge Sustain

SOC* = 40%

“3610 Hybrid Drive”

2“Slide In”

SOC* = 90%

“Electric Drive from Track”

Slide In Track Available


Is this realistic?• “Slide In” has been used for more than 100 years by the

Railroad, Tram and Trolley systems.

• “Slide In” has not been used in an open track in the road• Water, snow, ice, dirt, safety etc are challenges that solutions must prove

able to handle properly• A conductive system (INNORAIL) is recently developed for trams, used

since 2003.• Inductive systems (e.g. PRIMOVE, OLEV) are being developed by

several.• New conductive solutions exists that claims to be able to handle these

challenges• - IF any of these concepts can be implemented in a large scale, it is new

way of energizing ALMOST ALL road transport !


Properties of alternative solutions + / -

• Works for all road vehicles• Safe and rugged?• Low cost• High efficiency• EMC ?

• Works for all road vehicles• Rugged and Safe• Expensive ?• Low efficiency• EMC ?

Under

• Works for all road vehicles• Low cost• Unsafe for objects on

roadside• Only one lane possible

• Works for all road vehicles• Unsafe for objects on roadside• Low efficiency• Heavy, bulky and expensive• Only one lane possible

Side

• Already in use• Low cost• Does not work for cars• Visual impression

• Unrealistic due to size and weight

• Low efficiency• Visual impression

Top

ConductiveInductive


Sweden as an example …• An installation cost of 4 MSEK/km or < +10

% on new roads.• We have 20 000 km “Riksväg” in Sweden

• Total cost about 80 000 MSEK or 3.0 % of GNP• We produce Gasoline and Diesel for about 50

000 MSEK annually, without taxes.• If ALL Road Vehicles convert to Plug In +

Slide in, then:• The El Energy Generation will increase with <

18 % of todays production of 150 TWh• The El Power Generation will increase with < 17

% of todays max capacity of 28 GWPossible!

• A real alternative (maybe the only) to fossil based transportation !

• Makes EVs and PHEVs, with 40-200 km range, long distance transport vessels

200 km

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% of 28 GW

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Max17 % of Swedish

generation capacity


Energy to different vehicle types

Electric Energy Requirement,all road vehicles electric

[TWh]

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Commercial Vehicles

Non CommercialVehicles

Plug In

Plug In

Slide In

• Sweden generate about 150 TWh electric energy

• All Swedish road vehicles consume about 90 TWhfossil fuels

• If all road vehicles were electric, 27 TWh el would be enough:

• 10 TWh for Heavy Duty• 17 TWh for Light Duty

• Technology Selection should apply to all road traffic !


Cost Comparison

High speed railway

Cars Trucks Cars Trucks Cars Trucks1,2 150 150 0 150 0 1508 370 1820 370 1820 370

8<12 110 386 11012<30 872 249

CO2 saved in kton per year

150

Investment [GSEK] 120

9500

120 120 120

Length of electrification in thousand km

OH‐ lines Inductive Conductive

Investment 10 MSEK/km




CO2 saved [kton/year]

1000 5250

Ref: Gunnar Asplund / Elways AB


Development time• Gradually finer grid• IF technology exist / what would

be the speed of development?• Maybe as with GSM …

• Assume 20 years (pessimistic?)

• Coarse Grid (year 0 … 5)• Benefit for a few• Combustion dominates• Slide In and Plug In are exceptions

• Finer Grid (year 5 ... 15)• Benefit for many• Combustion significantly less used• Slide In / Plug In significantly used

• Dense Grid (year 15 …20)• = Swedish national Road network?• Benefit for all• Combustion rarely used• Slide In / Plug in dominates• Combustion a “Range Extender”

This may happen faster

… if technology proves reliable!


When can it be a reality?

• Experiments and evaluations: > 5 years

• International negotiations: 5 years• Altogether > 10 years?

• + 10 years until it gives a benefit for many …

• This influences the combustion engine industry significantly within 20 years from now.• Good timing with the fossil supply

perspective of today!

• The combustion engine generation on the drawing board today may be the last we do!

20 years


Conclusions

• IF a Continuous Supply of Electric Energy can be provided to moving road vehicles, then:• Energy efficiency would increase significantly, 2x ..3x• Road transport fossil fuel dependence would follow the electric

generation mix (towards renewable and CO2 neutral)• Existing and ongoing technology development

indicates that this is realistic• If there is a solution that works for both light and

heavy vehicles, this at least doubles the value of the investment!


Spare Slides


Subway Train Solution (from the side)

TRACK


Trams and trains (from above)


Cutting asphaltPreparation Digging/Leveling Support frame installation

FRP installation

Ferrite core installation

Cement concreteInverter installationSensors in the track

Surface finishing& lining

The OLEV (On Line Electric Vehicle) of South Korea

111111


INNORAIL, Bordeaux, I


INNORAIL, Bordeaux, II


PRIMOVE

Back to overview


Other Energy Sources …

• Solar• As e.g. CSP (Concentrated Solar Power, 100’s of

MW) or Photovoltaic (10’s of MW)• Global potential 1000 times I) the global energy

need, all forms included (!)• Wind

• Global Exploitable potential 39 000 … 278 000 TWh II)

• Exploited amount doubles every 3 years (!)• Wave

• Global Exploitable Potential 45 000 TWH/year III),• Many new large scale projects developed

I) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power

II) http://www.gwec.net/index.php?id=148

III) http://www.eu-oea.com/index.asp?bid=232

354 MW SEGS CSP

1.5 MW Pelarus

• Current Gobal El. Gen 16 000 TWh/year• Current Global Total Energy Use 130 000

TWh/year


Conclusions from a previous VPT study

4.8 kWh5 kWh10 kWh15 kWh20 kWh25 kWh27.5 kWh

• Compared to Volvos present hybrid system, if we use energy optimizedcells …

• A 34% heavier and 17 % larger battery gives 575 % more energy = 27.5 kWh total energy content

• Using 50..70 % of this energy takes a Plug In Bus in city traffic 11...18 km in pure electric drive only.


How new is the Idea?• Overhead lines (Trolley)

• In use but not realistic for both Cars and Buses/Trucks

• Inductive Power Transfer from the road• Expensive, heavy and bulky• Low efficiency

• Conductive Power Transfer from the road

• Several systems exist, the most modern is INNORAIL.

• Low cost• High efficiency• Very promising if safety and robustness

can be guaranteed. • Safety is adressed in INNORAIL with a

sequential (8 active + 3 isolation [m]) solution that is only feasible with rail bound vehicles. INNORAIL is in use in Bordeaux since 8 years.

• A new solution is developed by XX AB, also applicable to road traffic.

Overhead line voltage: 750 V Battery capacity: 38 kWh Battery autonomy: 12 km

http://www.kaist.ac.kr/english/01_about/06_news_01.php?req_P=bv&req_BIDX=10&req_BNM=ed_news&pt=17&req_VI=2207

Korean solution: “Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV)”$ 21 million / 2009 + $ 83 million / 2010

60 % Efficiency over 12 cm distance

INNORAIL developed for tram by Alstom/Spie, also called APS (Alimentation par Sol),sequential 8+3 meters sections. Used in Bordeaux, France


But extreme Battery Vehicles are also possible

• Great Dragon Bus in China builds 40 City Buses per day with 2.5 tons of batteries for all day, all electric operation !!!

• Battery cost will fall, but not size and weight …

session 51 mats alaküla

Technology

road vehicles unsafe

road vehicles rugged

road transport

road water

energy use

hybrid drive electric

opec conventional

energy generation