session 1 materials 22 july 2020 · from rome to byzantium, which he then renamed constantinople...
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Session 1 Materials
22 July 2020
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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)
TIMELINE OF ISRAEL 1: 1000BCE – 1900CE
KingDavid1000BCE
DavidrulesJudea,firstunitedkingdominthearea,fromJerusalem.
KingSolomondies,kingdomdividedintoJudea(south)
andIsrael(north).
DividedKingdom931BCE
Assyrians722BCE
TheAssyriansinvadeanddestroythenorthernKingdomofIsrael.
TheBabyloniansconquerJerusalem,destroythefirsttempleandexileinfluential
JewstoBabylon.
Babylonians586BCE
Persians538BCE
ThePersiansdefeattheBabylonians,allowJewstoreturntoJerusalem.
AlexandertheGreatdestroysthePersian
Empire,conquersJudea.
Greeks332BCE
Maccabees142BCE
TheMaccabeesrevoltagainsttheGreeks,JudeaonceagainindependentJewishstate.
TheRomansconquerGreekEmpireincluding
Judea,Jewsgrantedsomemeasureofautonomy.
Romans63BCE
HerodtheGreat37BCE
HerodTheGreatadministerstheRomanprovinceofJudea.
TitusquashesyetanotherJewishrebellion,Jerusalem
reducedtorubble.
DestructionofJerusalem70AD
BarKochvaRevolt135
BarKochvaRevolt,manyJewsdeportedorkilledbyRomans,Judearenamedto"Palaestina".
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ByzantineEra,RomanEmperorConstantinemakesChristianityofficialreligion
ofentireempire.
ByzantineEra313
PersiansReturn629
PersiansretakeJerusalem,ByzantineemperordefeatsPersians,killsJews,burnssynagogues.
ArabCaliphOmarinvadesJerusalem,buildsAl-Aqsa
mosqueonruinsofJewishtemple.
ArabRule638
Fatimids969
JerusalemconqueredbyCairo-basedFatimiddynasty.
Fatimidsejectedbythe
SeljukTurks,endofArabdominance.
SeljukTurks1071
Crusaders1099
TheCrusadersconquerJerusalem,massacremanyJewsandMuslims.
KurdishgeneralSaladin,rulerofEgyptandSyria,
capturesJerusalem.
Saladin1187
Mamelukes1291
MamelukestakeoverEgypt,ejectlastCrusa-dersfromtheHolyLand.
OttomanTurkstakeCairo,ruleentireMiddleEastfromConstantinople(Istanbul)
for400years.
OttomanEmpire1517-1917
TimelineSource: http://history-of-israel.org/history/time_line.php
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LittleState–BigStorySession1:EarlyTimes(1000BCE–1900CE)CE)
CHRONOLOGY OF ISRAEL 1: 1000BCE – 1900CE Ca.1000(BCE)-TheJewishKingdomsKingDavidruledwithJerusalemashiscapitaloverJudea,thefirstunitedkingdominanarea,whichroughlycorrespondstotoday'sIsraelincludingtheWestBank.AfterthedeathofDavid'sson,Solomon,in931BCEthekingdomwasdividedintoasouthernpart,Judea,andIsraelinthenorth.
722(BCE)-TheAssyriansTheAssyrians,apowerfulpeoplefromnorthernMesopotamia(todaynorthernIraq),invadedthenorthernKingdomofIsraelanddeportedtheJewstootherpartsoftheAssyrianEmpire.TheKingdomofIsraelperished.
586(BCE)-TheBabyloniansAfterthefalloftheAssyrianEmpiretheBabylonianking,NebuchadnezzarII,conqueredJerusalem.ThemostinfluentialJewsofJudeaweredeportedtoBabylon(insouthernMesopotamia,todayIraq).ThefirstJewishtempleinJerusalemwasdestroyed.
TheKingdomofSolomon,thedividedkingdomandJudeaatthetimeoftheMaccabees(theexactbordersaresubjecttosomeuncertainty).TheredlinedescribesIsrael'scurrentbordersincl.Gaza,theWestBankandtheGolanHeights.
538(BCE)-ThePersiansKingCyrusofPersia(todayIran)conqueredtheentireBabylonianEmpire,allowedtheexiledJewstoreturnfromBabylon,andacceptedaformofJewishhomeruleinJerusalem.TheJewishtemplewasrebuilt.
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332(BCE)-TheGreeksTheGreek-MacedonianrulerAlexandertheGreatdestroyedthePersianEmpire,therebygainingcontroloverJudea.AfterthedeathofAlexanderhisHellenistic(Greek)Empirewasdividedintothreeparts,andtheJewsgotsqueezedbetweenthecompetingGreekrulers.
164(BCE)-TheMaccabeesAJewishtribe,the"Maccabees",revoltedagainsttheHellenisticoccupiers,andfrom142BCEandthefollowing80yearsJudeaonceagainwasanindependent,Jewishstate.
63(BCE)-TheRomanConquestTheRomansinvadedGreeceandalsoconqueredtheHellenisticSeleucidEmpireintheMiddleEast.ThoughtheJewsweregrantedsomemeasureofautonomyinJerusalem,JudeawasinrealityruledfromRome.
AmodelofJerusalematthetimeoftheSecondTemple.
37(BCE)-HerodTheGreatFollowingafailedJewishrebellion,theRomansturnedJudeaintoaregularRomanprovince,andinstalledtheJewishKingHerodtheGreatasadministrator.Afterhisdeathin4BCEtheprovincewasdividedbetweenHerod'ssons.Oneofthem,HerodAntipas,whoisbestknownforhisroleintheNewTestament,administeredGalileeinthenorthandPereatotheeast(theeastbankoftheJordanRiver,todaypartoftheKingdomofJordan).
70-TheDestructionofJerusalemTheRomanEmperorTitusquashedyetanotherJewishrebellion.TheJewishtempleandtherestofJerusalemwerereducedtorubble.AgroupofespeciallypersistentJewssoughtrefugeonthemountainofMasadainthedesertneartheDeadSea,butwerethreeyearslaterdefeatedbytheRomans.
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135-JudeaRenamedPalestineDuringafinalJewishuprisingagainsttheRomans(theBarKochvaRevolt)Jerusalemwasonceagain,forashort,three-yearperiod,underJewishcontrol.AftertheRomans'inevitable,crushingvictorymanyhundredsofthousandsofJewswereeitherdeported,soldasslavesorkilled.TheRomanEmperorHadrianlevelledJerusalemtotheground,andbarredJewsfromenteringthecity.
InanattemptatdefinitivelyeliminatingtheJewishconnectiontotheland,theRomansrenamedJudeato"Palaestina",awordbelievedtobederivedfromthe"Philistines",apeoplefromCrete,whichathousandyearsearlierroamedtheMediterraneancoastofJudea.Jewsstilllivedinthearea,though,andlessthan100yearslatertheywereonceagainallowedaccesstoJerusalem.
ThedestructionoftheSecondTemple,70AD(byFrancescoHayez,1867).
313-TheByzantineEraTheRomanEmperorConstantinedecreedthatChristianitywouldhenceforthbetheofficialreligionoftheRomanEmpire,andin331ADhemoveditscapitalfromRometoByzantium,whichhethenrenamedConstantinople(todayIstanbulinTurkey).AttheendofthecenturyJudeatoo,nowknownasPalestine,wasamainlyChristianarea.ChurchesandmonasterieswerebeingbuiltintheholyplacesinJerusalem,BethlehemandGalilee,andJewsagainweredeniedaccesstoJerusalem.
614-ThePersiansReturnThePersians(fromtoday'sIran)brieflygainedcontroloverJerusalem.ButwhentheByzantineemperor,Heraclius,repulsedthePersianinvasion,andin629reconqueredthecity,heorderedallJewskilledandallsynagoguesburned.ManyJewssoughtrefugeinEgyptorotherpartsoftheempire.
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637-ArabRuleInthe630'sanewreligion,Islam,beganspreadingfromtheArabianpeninsula,andwithinonlyafewyearsboththePersianandByzantineempiresweredefeated.In638JerusalemfelltotheArabcaliphOmarandbecamepartoftheMuslimempire,whichwasruledfromthecaliphateinthecityofMedina(intoday'sSaudi-Arabia).OmarfoundedthefirstmosqueatthesiteinJerusalem,wheretheJewishtemplehadpreviouslybeenlocated.
ThefollowingcenturieswerecharacterizedbyinternalstrifeintheMuslimworld.ChangingcaliphsruledovermostoftheMiddleEastfromDamascus(from661)andBaghdad(from750).JewsandChristiansweretolerated,butsubjecttospecialrestrictions,whichledmanytoeitheremigrateorconverttoIslam.In969JerusalemwasconqueredbytheFatimiddynasty,therivallingcaliphateinCairo,andin1071theArabdominanceended,whentheFatimidwereejectedbytheSeljukTurks.
Jerusalem(paintedbyDavidRoberts,1842).
1099-TheCrusadersPopeUrbanIIcalledforacrusadeagainsttheMuslimsinordertoreclaimtheHolyLandfortheChristians,andin1099thefirstcrusadersconqueredJerusalem,whilemassacringalargenumberofJewsandMuslims.DuringthefollowingtwocenturiestheEuropeancrusadersfoughtvariousMuslimrulersforcontrolofthearea.In1187Saladin,aKurdishgeneralwhoruledoverbothEgyptandSyria,succeededinrecapturingJerusalemfortheMuslims.
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1291-TheMamelukesIn1250theMamelukes(originallyanarmyofslavesmainlyfromTurkeyandnorthernCaucasia)seizedpowerinEgyptfromSaladin'sAyyubiddynasty.TheCrusaders'lastbastionintheHolyLand,theportcityofAcre,felltotheMamelukesin1291.Inthenext200years,withPalestinebeingruledfromDamascus,theprovinceceasedtofunctionasacentrefortradefromtheFarEast,andthepopulation,includingthefewthousandJewishfamiliesthatwereleft,livedinextremepoverty.Severaltownslayinruins,andevenJerusalemwasalmostdeserted.In1351Palestinewasstruckbytheplague,andaround1500thearea'spopulationnumberedamere200.000souls.TheMamelukesruledtheareafromEgypttoSyriauntiltheyweredefeatedbytheOttomanTurks.
1517-1917-TheOttomanEmpireIn1517KairofelltotheOttomanTurks,whothenruledtheentireMiddleEastfromConstantinople(nowIstanbul)forthenext400years.TheareaknownasJudeaorPalestinewasnolongerconsideredapoliticalentityofitsown,butbecamepartoftheOttomanEmpire'sSyrianprovincewithDamascusasitslocaladministrativecapital.Theregionremainedneglectedandunderdeveloped,andlargelyisolatedfromtheoutsideworld.
ChronologySource: http://history-of israel.org/history/chronological.php
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MapSources:https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Israel%20in%20Maps.aspx
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MapSources:https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Israel%20in%20Maps.aspx
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MapSources:https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Israel%20in%20Maps.aspx
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MapSources:https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Israel%20in%20Maps.aspx
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MapSources:https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Israel%20in%20Maps.aspx
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MapSources:https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/Israel%20in%20Maps.aspx