session 1 final

8/10/2019 Session 1 Final

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POLITICS OFDEVELOPMENT

Nadia Molenaers


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ASSIGNMENT FOR NEXT WEEK

1. Read (on BB required reading)

- Fukuyama, What is Governance

- Governance is governance as a governments ability to

make and enforce rules, and to deliver services, regardless of

whether that government is democratic or not. Governance

is about the performance of agents in carrying out thewishes of principals, and not about the goals that principals

set.

- Governance analytics, the next steps

2. Watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w06x8Q_hdMU

- And write down your aha- moments October 14,2014

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w06x8Q_hdMUhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w06x8Q_hdMU


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Starting with concepts

For back-up: see BB Required reading

-Leftwich A (2010) Beyond Institutions

-Institutions and Development: A Critical Review

-Fukuyama, What is Governance

-Governance is

-Governance analytics


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THE WOOLLY CONCEPTS

DEVELOPMENTDEMOCRACY - GOVERNANCE


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What is development?

Narrow definitions

Economic growth (income, GDP, economics indicators):

simple, can measure it everywhere and compare countries

to each other. But lots of criticisim because it is not about

only income, and growth; e.g. Poverty reduction (lots of

growth but not everyone experience the same; inequality;happiness; democracy

Open definitions: multidimensionality

Poverty reduction

Decreasing inequality

Equality

Equity

Well bein Nadia Molenaers5


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What is democracy? (e.g. election; freedom; human rights; accountability; seperation of

power; rule of law; jacksonville act for USA president) . No agreement on the definition of

democrart but its dimensions -> narrow definition: election, you can catalogue countries by

this definition, free and fair election; peaceful alternation power, seperation of 3 powers)

Narrow definitions

Procedural (Schumpeter)

Substantive qualifications

Alternation in power (more more alternation and peaceful power it becomes,

the more country democratic)

Open definitions (adding substantive qualifications)

Free and fair elections

Open, inclusive, transparent, accountable institutions

Participation, voice

Human rights (democracy can rely on the culture of tolerance)

Culture of tolerance

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNX31t7Cees

Consensus: political competitionpolitical participation (DahlPolyarchy)Nadia Molenaers6
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNX31t7Ceeshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNX31t7Cees


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Dahl - Polyarchy

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Models of Democracy (is an umbrela concept)

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Source: Smit & Oosthuizen 2011


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Source: Smit & Oosthuizen 2011October 14,

2014Nadia Molenaers9


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Substantive concernsideology

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Important: democracy can be looked at/assessed or idealized

from different perspectives (cfr Easton Political System)-Input: How to get into power (elections, electoral systems, voting rights, turnout,

but also role of money in campaigning, role of media in electoral campaigns) are

different (link between political elite and business elite/mixure between economics

and politics). Here you can qualify democracy i.e. more or less democratic.

-Throughput: How power is exercised and decisions are taken (majority rules, veto-rights, transparency, accountability, participation, responsiveness, access to justice,

how policies are enacted, implemented) - The functioning of state institutions

(meritocracy, effectiveness, efficiency)

-Outputs: fairness of decisions and implementation (that is the nature of policy and

act)

-Outcomes: impact on economy, on civil society, (how democracy has impact)

Problem: D brings the whole sets of question of what does it mean/what should it be? ) WHAT IS VERSUS WHATNadia Molenaers11


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What is governance?

Read

-Fukuyama, What is Governance

-Governance is

-Governance analytics, the next steps

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What is governance?

Leftwich 1996 distinguishes

1. Narrow, technocratic definition:

sound development management: set of rules and institutions and a system of publicadministration which is open, transparent, efficient and accountable

Needed because provides clarity, stability and predictability for the private sector(engine of economic development)

(World Bank position eschews political judgements)

2. Broad, political definition:

Narrow +

Democratic politics (system of competitive party politics, regular and fair elections,independent judiciary, free press and protection of human rights)

(Western governments position, UNDP)

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ANALYTICAL CONCEPTS

INSTITUTIONSINSTITUTIONAL ARENAS - POLITICS


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What are institutions?

Narrow: rules and norms that constrain human behaviour (Douglas North 1990)

More open: rules/norms and organisations that constrain and enable human behaviourThis course: institutions are the rules of the gameorganisations are the players of the game

(Leftwich 2010)

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What are institutional arenas?

State

Market

Civil society (organize themselves in a voluntary basis. You

join an organization based on similarity, identity that is more

value norm references)

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What are political institutions? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLWsvWIttjE

State (Power, rule of law and institutional accountability) vs

mordern stateAccountability:

Democratic Accountability: (to THE PEOPLE )

No-procedural acountability:

Moral accoutability: (more closely related to ideal type of CSO)

Being accountable is a behaviorwhat kind of incentive that

generates this behavior? (competitive appears here as an

influence to behavior as well).

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLWsvWIttjEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLWsvWIttjE


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Fukuyama: (based a lots on Weber)

Political institutions: 3 groups State power

Rule of law

Accountability

Definition of a modern state (Weber )

Monopoly on forcehas the right and ability to use violence, in legally defined

instances, against members of society, or against other states (state has monopoly

on violence and force e.g. arm forces. some countries in the reality doesnt have this

monopoly of force. This is the problem of Weber: at that time he doesnt have the

example of interest state: groups or region challenging the state)

Legitimacyits power is recognized by members of society and by other states asbased on law and some form of justice. (this is related a little bit accountability. A

helps to construct legitimacy

Territoriality and the populationthe state exists in a defined territory (which

includes land, water and air) and exercises authority over the population of thatNadia Molenaers20


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What is politics ?

Narrow definition

Open definition

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01/09/2010

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What is politics?

all the many activities of cooperation, conflict and negotiation

involved in decisions about the use, production and distributionof resources

Formal, informal, public, private, national local activities

All collective human activity: families, farms, companies,churches, sectors, issues.

Politics may be messy, stable, get in the way, but it isunavoidable, necessary and pervasive unique to the humanspecies


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01/09/2010

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Levels of politics

1) Rules of the game

Formal institutional arrangements Informal arrangements

Agreement on the basic rules of the games, and agreement on how tochange the rules lead to stable polities

Lengthy and conflict ridden process

Interaction between formal and informal institutional arrangements Complementarity

Undermining formal arrangements (patron-client)

Replacing dysfunctional formal arrangements

The critical level of politics because it establishes the regime, the

fundamental settlement


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01/09/2010

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Levels of politics

2) Games within the rules (how you play with the rule) this is the

second level of politics (e.g. country as an institution (the rule ofthe game) and then looks at individual cell within that country

e.g. hospitalhas its own rule and regulation)

The daily debates and contestations over policy and practice: = normalpolitics

Within the established rules of the game

Stability of rulesgradual change => predictable environment


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Rules of the game vs games within rules

Example: Olympic games

Rules of the game:

Rules are set per sport, formal and informal - No discussion, only interpretation

(arbiters, juries) - No respect for the rules: sanctions

Changing of the rules linked to specific procedures

Games within rules

Competition strategies (defensive play, aggressive play)


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01/09/2010

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The politics of development

Is about changing:

How resources are being produced, used and distributed

How decisions are taken about such changes and about the

politics which sustain, implement and extend them

States/governments which deploy such politics AND are able to

produce developmental results are DEVELOPMENTAL STATES (as

a concept are actually those state deliver development results

within a certain timeframe; state has sustain growth rate

overtime but they are not democratic e.g. Ethiophia, Ruanda,guranda..)

Are developmental states democratic? (

l d b d


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Developmentdemocracy combined

Developmental Non-developmental

Democratic

Non-democratic

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WHY OUR FOCUS ON POLITICS AND

INSTITUTIONS ?


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P liti il?


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Politics: a necessary evil?

Associated with Corruption and dirty business

Inefficiency

Ineffectiveness

Trust in politicians has decreased everywhere

In Africa: political institutions are the least trusted (african

trust business more than politic)

Fantasies of statelessnessanti-politics atmosphere A curious blindness to the importance of political institutions

L and R: Marx - Anti-globalists - Global economy replacing sovereign states

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Nonetheless

Political institutions are vital

and politics are unescapable

WHY ?

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P liti l i tit ti it l b


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Political institutions are vital because

A market economy rests on:

Institutional arrangements regarding property rightsRule of law

A basic political order

Democracy rests on:

Vigorous civil society

Free market

But most importantly: a strong hierarchical gvt that is Legitimate

Rule bound

Accountable

Poor countries are not poor because they lack resources, but because they lackeffective political institutions

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And politics are unescapable because


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And politics are unescapable because

most dimensions in our lives are affected by the actions of

others human interaction is fully rule-based

establishment (and enforcement) of rules is what politics is

about

If politics are th problem, then it is exactly there where

solutions must be found.

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Why dont we appreciate politics and political


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institutions?

A complex story of principles, expectations and reality

Worldwide an increased preference for democratic

principles

Transition to democratic governance raises theexpectations of population

Performance of democratically elected governments

remains problematic Critical citizens

Underperforming governments

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Where do institutions come from? How do you


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get to Denmark?

Mythical Denmark

How do you get Somalia, Haiti, Nigeria, DRC, Afghanistan

to Denmark? international community imports Denmarksinstitutions

Problems:

- Time horizon

- Cultural values

- History

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrl8yX10BBg&feature=relatedHistory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrl8yX10BBg&feature=relatedHistoryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrl8yX10BBg&feature=relatedHistory


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October 14,2014

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session 1 final

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