serii_numerice
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not
S.R.
SERII REMARCABILE
A.
SERIA GEOMETRICA
not
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Sg
Nr.
F.G. – forma generala
Natura seriei Sg
Suma serie Sg
Crt.
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C / D
1.
Sg qn
C
Sg
1
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1 q
n 0
un!e q ratia "
q
#1
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$.
Sg qn
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C
Sg
q
1 q
n 1
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un!e q ratia "
q
#1
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%.
Sg qn
D
Sg
n 0
& n 1'
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un!e q ratia "
q
1
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B.
not
Sa
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SERIA ARMONICA GENERALIZATA ( RIEMANN )
Nr.
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Crt.
F.G. – forma generala
Natura seriei Sa
C / D
1.
Sa
1
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C
n
n 1
un!e
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R " (1
$.
Sa
1
D
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n
n 1
un!eR "1
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)
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Obs 10
Criteriile de convergenta se a*li+a astfel,
*entru serii numeri+e +u termeni oare+are CRT.1
*entru serii numeri+e +u termeni *o-itii & stri+t *o-itii ' CRT.2 CRT.8
*entru serii numeri+e alternate CRT.9
Obs 11
CRITERII DE CONVERGENTA
CRT.1 & Criteriul ne+esar !ar nu sufi+ient !e +onergenta '
fie seria numeri+a,
S an
n o& n 1'
+al+ulam limita,
a lim ann
atun+i,
1' !a+a a 0 ? 0 stu!iem natura seriei numeri+e !ate S & C / D ' +u alte CRT. !e+onergenta
$' !a+a a 0 & a R ' " a sau a nu seria numeri+a !ata S este D
CRT.2 & Criteriul +om*aratiei , I , II , III '
I.
fie seriile numeri+e,
A an
n 1
B bn astfel in+at an bn " n n0
n 1
an , bn (2 " n N
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atun+i,
!a+a seria numeri+a B este C seria A este C
!a+a seria numeri+a A este D seria B este D
3
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II. & +riteriul ra*oartelor inegale al lui 4ummer '
fie seriile numeri+e,
A an
n 1
B bn
astfel in+ata
n 1
bn 1
" n n0
an
bn
n 1
an , bn (2 " n N
atun+i,
!a+a seria numeri+a B este C seria A este C
!a+a seria numeri+a A este D seria B este D
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III. & +riteriul ra*ortului la limita '
fie seriile numeri+e,
A an
n 1
B bn
+al+ulaml lim
an
" n n0
n 1
n bn
an , bn (2 " n N
atun+i,
!a+a l 0
!a+a l 0
!a+a l
seriile numeri+e A si B au a+eeasi natura & am5ele Csau am5ele D '
si seria numeri+aB este Cseria numeri+aA este Csi seria numeri+aB este Dseria numeri+aA este D
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6
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Observatii:
71. fre+ent utili-at in +al+ule & a*li+atii serii numeri+e ' este CRT.2 & III ' 7$. inre-olari se or utili-a seriile remarcabile astfel, *entru C seriile remar+a5ile +onergente ,
Sg
+uratiaq
1sau
Sa+u1
*entru D seriile remar+a5ile !iergente ,
Sg
+uratiaq
1sau
Sa
+u1
CRT.3 & Criteriul +on!ensarii al lui Cau+89 '
fie seria numeri+a,
A an
n 1
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formam seria numeri+a condensata A & $n ',
an (2 " an , n N
A & $n ' $n a$n
n 1
& in seria numeri+a !ata A " fa+em , n $n '
atun+i,
!a+a seria numeri+a condensata A & $n ' este C seria numeri+a A este C
!a+a seria numeri+a condensata A & $n ' este D seria numeri+a A este D
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CRT.4 & Criteriul ra!a+inii al lui Cau+89 '
fie seria numeri+a,
A an
n 1
+al+ulam limita ,
a lim n an
n
an (2 " n N
atun+i,
1'!a+aa 1seria numeri+aA este C
$'!a+aa 1seria numeri+a
A este D
%'!a+aa 1? & a*li+am un alt +riteriu *entru a sta5ili natura seriei numeri+e A '
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CRT.5 & Criteriul ra*ortului al lui D:Alem5ert '
fie seria numeri+a,
A an
n 1
+al+ulam limita ,
an (2 " n N
a lima
n 1
n an
atun+i,
1'!a+aa 1seria numeri+a
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A este C
)'!a+aa 1
seria numeri+aA este D
3'!a+aa 1? & a*li+am un alt +riteriu *entru a sta5ili natura seriei numeri+e A '
;
CRT.6 & Criteriul lui Raa5e 0 Du8amel '
fie seria numeri+a,
A an
n 1
+al+ulam limita,
an
an
(2 " n N
a lim n
1
sau
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n
an 1
an 1
a lim n 1
n
an
atun+i,
1'
!a+aa 1seria numeri+aA este D
6'!a+aa 1seria numeri+aA este C
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<'!a+aa 1
?& a*li+am un alt +riteriu *entru a sta5ili natura seriei numeri+eA '
CRT.7 & Criteriul logaritmi+ '
fie seria numeri+a,
A an
n 1
+al+ulam limita ,
an (2 " n N
a lim
ln&an '
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nln n
atun+i,
1'!a+aa 1seria numeri+aA este D
;'!a+aa 1seria numeri+aA este C
='!a+aa 1?& a*li+am un alt +riteriu *entru a sta5ili natura seriei numeri+eA '
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Observatie:
*entru +riteriile CRT. 4 " 5 " 6 " 7 aem urmatoarea +ores*on!enta ,
CR>.) & ra!i+al 'CR>.3 & ra*ort '
CR>.6 & R – D 'CR>.< & logaritm '
=
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CRT.8 & Criteriul integral '
fie seria numeri+a,
A an
n 1
!eterminam fun+tia f & x ' astfel,
an
(2 " n N
f & x ' an
" un!e f , 1"R
n x
+al+ulam ,
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not
I
f & x 'x ! & x ' ?
I lim ! & x ' ! &1'
l
1
n
1
atun+i,
1'!a+al R & limita finita ' seria numeri+a A este C$'!a+al sau nuseria numeri+a A este D
Obs 12
SERII NUMERICE ALTERNATE
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forma generala,
&F1' S = & 1'n an
, an 0 , n N
n0
sau
&F$' S = & 1'n 1 an
, an (2 " n N
n 1
CRT.9 & Criteriul !e +onergenta *entru serii alternate – +riteriul lui Lei5nit- '
fie seria numeri+a,
S = & 1'n 1 an
, an (2 " n N
n 1
atun+i !a+a sirul,
an n 1 este si lim an 0 seria numeri+a S este Cn
Exe"#l$Seria armoni+a alternata
S = & 1'n 1
1" un!e S este C si are suma S = ln $
n
n 1