ISSN 0036-8075

9 September 1983

Volume 221, No. 4615

LETTERS Math and Science Education: G. F. Davies; D. Moshman; L. B. Resnick;Soviet-U.S. Exchanges: W. M. Todd: Japanese Computer Project:G. E. Lindamood ......................................................

EDITORIAL Communication Between Scientists ..........................................

ARTICLES Current Status of Asymmetric Synthesis: H. S. Mosher and J. D. Morrison.

DNA-Binding Proteins: Y. Takeda et al. .....................................

Science, Risk, and Public Policy: W. D. Ruckelshaus ..........................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

Soil Microbes Pose Problems for Pesticides ...................................

First Trimester Prenatal Diagnosis ...........................................

Briefing: Medal of Technology to Debut Next Year; Acid Rain Researchers GetUp to Nitty-Gritty; Survey Documents Life After the Ph.D.................

Can Smoking Explain Ultimate Gender Gap? .................................

British Association Seeks Corporate Links...................................

What Killed the Giant Mammals?. ...........................................

Gambling on the Supercollider. ..............................................

Why 20 TeV? .............................................................

Whither Brookhaven? ......................................................

Precisely Measuring the Past Million Years ...................................

1029

1031

1032

1034

1035

1036

1038

1039

1040

1041

The Development of Mathematical Thinking, reviewed by R. S. Siegler;Long-Term Prediction in Dynamics, J. K. Percus; The Hummingbirds ofNorth America, W. A. Calder III; Books Received .... .................... 1042

1006

1011

1013

1020

1026

REPORTS N-Nitroso Compounds: Evidence for Their Presence in Airborne Particles:T. J. Kneip et al. ...................................................... 1045

Spontaneous Vesicles Formed from Hydroxide Surfactants: Evidence fromElectron Microscopy: Y. Talmon, D. F. Evans, B. W. Ninham .............. 1047

Patterns of Nitrogen Excretion by Embryonic Softshell Turtles (Trionyx spiniferus)Developing in Cleidoic Eggs: G. C. Packard and M J. Packard ..... ........ 1049

Burst Discharge in Mammalian Neuroendocrine Cells Involves an IntrinsicRegenerative Mechanism: R. D. Andrew and F. E. Dudek .................. 1050

Immunocytochemically Identified Vasopressin Neurons in Culture Show Slow,Calcium-Dependent Electrical Responses: D. T. Theodosis et al. .... ....... 1052

Differential Effects of Classical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs on A9 and AIODopamine Neurons: F. J. White and R. Y. Wang ...... .................... 1054

A Serological Test for Leprosy with a Glycolipid Specific for Mycobacteriumleprae: D. B. Young and T. M. Buchanan ....... ......................... 1057

Substance P and Somatostatin Regulate Sympathetic Noradrenergic Function:J. A. Kessler, J. E. Adler, I. B. Black .................................... 1059

Antibodies to Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Membrane Antigens (HTLV-MA) inHemophiliacs: M. Essex et al. .......... ................................ 1061

Is the Gramicidin A Transmembrane Channel Single-Stranded or Double-StrandedHelix? A Simple Unequivocal Determination: D. W. Urry, T. L. Trapane,K. U. Prasad .......................................................... 1064

Abnormal Ion Permeation Through Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Epithelium:M. R. Knowles et al. ................................................... 1067

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Alters Membrane Potential and Cyclic NucleotideLevels in Retinal Horizontal Cells: E. M. Lasater, K. J. Watling,J. E. Dowling ......................................................... 1070

Cerebral Cortices of East African Early Hominids: D. Falk ..................... 1072

Hand Preference Across Time Is Related to Intelligence in Young Girls, Not Boys:A. W. Gottfried and K. Bathurst ......................................... 1074

A Cholinergic-Sensitive Channel in the Cat Visual System Tuned to Low SpatialFrequencies: T. H. Harding, R. W. Wiley, A. W. Kirby ..... ............... 1076

On Seeing Reddish Green and Yellowish Blue: H. D. Crane and T. P. Piantanida 1078Performance of Concurrent Tasks: A Psychophysiological Analysis of the

Reciprocity of Information-Processing Resources: C. Wickens et al. ........ 1080

Lewy Bodies of Parkinson's Disease Contain Neurofilament Antigens:J. E. Goldman et al. ................................................... 1082

COVER

Softshell turtle (Trionyx spiniferus) inthe process of hatching from its rigid-shelled egg. Eggs like this exchangelittle, if any, liquid water with the sur-rounding environment du'ring thecourse of incubation. Although biolo-gists have come to expect embryosdeveloping in eggs of this kinid to con-vert wastes from protein catabolis'minto insoluble urates, embryonic soft-shell turtles convert nitrogenous'wastes into soluble urea and ammonia.See pag'e 1049. [Mary J. Packard, Colo-rado State University, Fort Collins80523]

9 September 1983, Volume 221, Number 4615

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Science serves its readers as a forum for the presenta- scientific ition and discussion of important issues related to theadvancement of science, including the presentation of literature Eminority or conflicting points of view, rather than by the equall)publishing only material on which a consensus has beenreached. Accordingly, all articles published in Sci- Those wence-including editorials, news and comment, and evolutionbook reviews-are signed and reflect the individualviews of the authors and not official points of view meetings dadopted by the AAAS or the institutions with which the were liftedauthors are affiliated.

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SCIENCEunication Between Scientists;hy long-term trends are evident in both written and verbalcommunication. The problems of the proliferating scientifichave been frequently discussed. Less attention has been given toy important verbal communication.vho are familiar with trends are especially concerned about theof annual meetings of scientific societies. Historical records oflescribe them as gatherings in which enthusiasm ran high, spirits1, and much exciting information was exchanged. Crowds werein, and meetings were held under agreeable circumstances, eithercamnpuses or at some other suitable spot.umber of scientists increased, it was inevitable that the characterual meeting would change. But the evolution was so slow that;ht was given to the danger that the values of personal interchangeost.nally at a big meeting attendees meet peers with whom they canual intellectual stimulus. However, it is decades since an annuals a whole was described in glowing terms. What do attendeesat a large annual meeting? The cold, impersonal, commercial

e of hotels sets the tone. Sessions with forty or more simulta-ers present a bewildering requirement for choice. Actually, thelade is not crucial. The typical session is loaded with 10- or 15-pers delivered with the crutch of slides. Almost invariably theremany slides; the content on each is so excessive that it cannot bealone comprehended. In the decades since slides came intouse, no substantive improvement in their design has occurred.the limited value of the meetings, the tradition of obligatorypersisted. But major societies are now experiencing a change.after meeting, attendance has been declining from earlier peaks.

verall costs for a participant average $1000 or more. In a time ofets, realism about the value of the annual meeting is overcoming

blished scientists, the decay of the typical meeting is no loss.in place a rich variety of communication links. The most deeplyof these in one-on-one conversations with peers. There they canmutual exchange of ideas and enthusiasm, as did scientists a,o. But the potential for excitement is even greater now since air;es their peers readily accessible. Once a level of mutual trust andling is achieved, the telephone and electronic mail constituteupplements to personal encounters. Some scientists are extro-hunger for the presence of a group of peers. This involves thef mutual scheduling, but can be arranged. A favorite form ofthe small closed symposium. Around the world there is increas-the formula initiated by the Gordon Research Conferences. Theseast a week and have about 100 invited attendees. They are held inspots where participants are free from distractions and thef nonscientists. Part of the time is spent in loosely scheduledlowever, there is adequate time for the personal interactions thatcial and enjoyable.diminishing attendance, the scientific societies will continue toial meetings. They will conltinue to follow firmly establishedThe simultaneous sessions will continue, often with audiences ofiten. The formula of 10-minute talks with scores of illegible slidesit. The scientific community, including its elite, should giveought to this. In a few large scientific centers, young peoplelequate stimulus from professors and peers. But in smallers, critical components of enthusiasm are missing. Professors mayiart in trying to indoctrinate an appreciation of the beauty ofs great structure of knowledge, and the intellects of those whoit they need help which the big annual meetings do not supply.

-PHILIP H. ABELSON