14 October 1966

Vol. 154, No. 3746

LETTERS: Water Proposals for New York: A. W. McCrone; R. U. Ayres; H. Lamport;W. 1. Neef and E. T. Merrill; Chemotaxis: Divided and Defined:A. J. MacInnis; Of Porpoises and Bedbugs: S. Melman ....................

EDITORIAL Academic Responsibility ...................................................

ARTICLES The Japanese Science Education Centers: B. Glass ............................Ionospheric Topside Sounding: W. Calvert ...................................

Internal Clocks and Insect Diapause: P. L. Adkisson ..........................

NEWS AND COMMENT

BOOK REVIEWS

Education-U.S. Commissioner under Fire; UFO's Condon To Head Study;China Policy-Conciliation or Collision ................................

Report fromn Europe: Conference on Insect Endocrines: V. K. McElheny ..........

Science and Economic Development: New Patterns of Living, reviewed byR. S. Rosenbloom; other reviews by A. H. Riesen, M. Mizushima,D. D. Dziewiatkowski, J. R. Porter, A. Alland, R. G. Pearson,F. K. Edmondson, 0. Holm-Hansen, P. Fong; New Books ................

REPORTS Radio Rotation Period of Jupiter: S. Gulkis and T. D. Carr.

Atomic Nuclei: Moments of Inertia and Quadrupole Moments: J. Strnad ..........

Photosensitizing Compounds in Extracts of Drinking Water:S. S. Epstein and F. B. Taylor.

Biodegradation of the Gamma Isomer of Benzene Hexachloride in Submerged Soils:K. Raghu and I. C. MacRae ...........................................

Fossil Occurrence of Murine Rodent (Nesokia indica) in the Sudan: P. Robinson

Continental Margin of Western Europe: Slope Progradation and Erosion:J. R. Curray et al...................................................

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248

252

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265

Muscle Postjunctional Membrane: Changes in Chemosensitivity Produced byCalcium: W. L. Nastuk and J. Hu Liu .................................. 266

Pyruvate Oxidation and the Permeability of Mitochondria from Blowfly FlightMuscle: C. C. Childress and B. Sacktor ................................ 268

Tetrachloroanisol: A Source of Musty Taste in Eggs and Broilers:C. Engel, A. P. De Groot, C. Weurman 270

Purification and Reconstitution of the Periodic Fibril and Unit Structure ofHuman Amyloid: G. G. Glenner and H. A. Bladen..... 271

Folk Taxonomies and Biological Classification: B. Berlin, D. E. Breedlove,P. H. Raven ......... ............. .................................. 273

Norepinephrine Methylation in Fetal Rat Adrenals: F. L. Margolis, J. Roffi, A. Jost .. 275

Gibberellin-like Substances in the Developing Apricot Fruit:D. I. Jackson and B. G. Cooinbe ...................................... 277

Viral Neoplastic Transformation of Hamster Pineal Cells in vitro: Retention ofEnzymatic Function: S. A. Wells, Jr., R. J. Wurtman, A. S. Rabson .... ...... 278

Protoplasts: Preparation from Higher Plants: A. W. Ruesink and K. V. Thimnann .... 280

Gamma-A Cold Agglutinin: Importance of Disulfide Bonds in Activity andStructure: B. R. A ndersen ............................................. 281

Protein Synthesis by Heart Muscle Ribosomes: An Effect of Insulin Independentof Substrate Transport: W. S. Stirewalt and I. G. Wool ..284

Rheumatic-like Cardiac Lesions in Mice: W. J. Cromartie and J. G. Craddock .... 285

Malaria Infection (Plasmodium lophurae): Changes in Free Amino Acids:I. W. Sherman and J. B. Mudd ....................... 287

Toxicity of Aquatic Herbicides to Daphnia magna: D. G. Crosby and R. K. Tucker .. 289

Stylet-Borne Virus: Active Probing by Aphids Not Required for Acquisition:C. B. Barnett, Jr., and T. P. Pirone ............. .......... ..... .. 291

Technical Comment: Middle Devonian Day and Month: S. K. Runcorn .292

MEETINGS Aerobiology: R. Ehrlich; Forthcoming Events . 293

COVER

ZO~L~I~AL$CIEICESF) $CE$ When this spiral is rotated, it appearsW~~4Tt1) *~~ to shrink or expand, dependin.g on

-the direction of rotation. But when0rUton Chance r* A: Ostrem stopped, it continues to appear to

shrink or expand, in -the opposite di-lATiON ANO OOM?AINIGATON(1)STATISTICS (U)rection. This cannot 'be caused by eyev, ~~ari~ns Rese4lth S~~tgre.vos movement since the apparent shri-nk-

........age or expansion occurs in all direc-tions at once. The effect is paradoxical-t-here is movement, but no change

I1. ~~in position or size. See review of~* h ~S m1 5#t* l ~ Ey ad ran,page 252. [World~~ ~~~4 ~~University Library, McGraw-Hill

~~~ ~Book Company]

14 October 1966, Volume 154, Number 3746

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Science serves its readers as a foruim forthe presentation and discussion of impor-tant issues related to the advancement ofscience, including the presentation of mi-nority or conflicting points of view, ratherthan by publishing only material on whicha consensus has been reached. Accordingly,all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment, and bookreviews-are signed and reflect the indi-vidual views of the authors and not officialpoints of view adopted by the AAAS orthe institutions with which the authors areaffiliated.

Editorial Board

ROBERT L. BOWMAN EVERETT I. MENDELSOHNJOSEPH W. CHAMBERLAIN NEAL E. MILLERJOHN T. EDSALL JOHN R. PIERCEEMIL HAURY KENNETH S. PITZERALEXANDER HOLLAENDER ALEXANDER RICHWILLARD F. LIBBY DEWrrr STETTEN, JR.GORDON J. F. MACDONALD CLARENCE M. ZENER

Editorial Staff

EditorPHILIP H. ABELSON

Publisher Business ManagerDAEL WOLFLE HANS NUSSBAUM

Managing Editor: ROBERT V. ORMES

Assistant Editors: ELLEN E. MURPHY, JOHN E.RINGLE

Assistant to the Editor: NANCY TEIMOURIAN

News and Comment: DANIEL S. GREENBERG, JOHNWALSH (European Office, Lime Tree Farm, East

Hagbourne, Berkshire, England), ELINOR LANGER,LUTHER J. CARTER, BRYCE NELSON, MARION ZEIGER,JANE AYRES

Book Reviews: SYLVIA EBERHART

Editorial Assistants: ISABELLA BOULDIN, ELEA-NORE BUTZ, BEN CARLIN, GRAYCE FINGER, NANCYHAMILTON, OLIVER HEATWOLE, ANNE HOLDSWORTH,KONSLYNNIETTA HUTCHINSON, KATHERINE LIVING-STON, BARBARA SHEFFER

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SCIE:NC:E

Academic ResponsibilityMany questions have arisen concerning the proper conduct of a

faculty member in relation to other persons, his university, and theagencies that provide research support. Some of the worrisome questionswere illustrated in the account in last week's Science of the summeractivities of Professor Stephen Smale. On a quite different front, medicaland behavioral scientists have been troubled by the disregard a few oftheir fellows have shown for the rights of human beings used as experi-mental subjects. Despite much discussion of the management of grants,problems persist. It seems likely that among all the persons whosework is supported by federal funds there are a few scoundrels whohave accepted salary from two sources for the same period, or in someother fashion have violated common standards of honesty. The numberwho are dishonest, callous, or foolish may be small, but frequency isnot the issue. It takes only a few to make a large amount of trouble,and they can continue to do so as long as the majority shrug off mis-behavior as the business of someone else.

Standards are established either by government decree or throughvoluntary self-discipline, and both methods have their appropriate uses.Penal codes and tax rates, for example, are subject to governmentcontrol, while academic standards, accrediting procedures, and codesof ethics are adopted voluntarily.When the federal grant program started, the scientific judgment,

honesty, and good sense of scientists were expected to control the waysin which money was used. Elaborate rules established by governmentaction were not considered necessary. More recently, as the number ofgrantees and the amount of money involved have increased many fold,government regulations have multiplied, for informal surveillance byprofessional colleagues and academic or research administrators has nolonger seemed to provide adequate controls.Many scientists object to this trend. They dislike time-keeping

requirements and the necessity of receiving advance permission forwhat their scientific judgment tells them are necessary changes in bud-get allocations or desirable changes in research plans. The trend towardgreater government control has also been a matter of controversy ingovernment circles. Critics have advocated stronger central controlsat the same time that science agencies have argued that control shouldbe primarily a voluntary and institutional rather than a governmentalresponsibility and have pleaded with universities and research labora-tories to accept that responsibility. University presidents have generallyunderstood the importance of keeping control at the institutional level.But scientists often have not, and some have failed to recognize theneed that there be public confidence that public funds are used prudentlyand honorably. They have talked much of academic freedom withoutaccepting the correlative requirement of academic responsibility.

Sooner or later there is going to be a messy public scandal. Whenthat happens, the damage will be much less if the universities, withthe wholehearted support of their faculties and the scientific com-munity, can demonstrate that they have recognized the danger, haveestablished responsible standards, and can deal promptly and effectivelywith violations. If they cannot, the warning is clear: government con-trols will grow stricter; reporting requirements will become moreonerous; and the whole enterprise will suffer.-DAEL WOLFLE