sepsis campaign: guidelines on the adults with coronavirus

Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Guidelines on the Management of Critically Ill Adults with Coronavirus

Disease 2019 (COVID‐19)

Disclaimer

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Welcome to the Webcast!

Moderator:

Mitchell M. Levy, MD, MCCMProfessor of Medicine, Division Chief Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Brown University School of Medicine Providence, Rhode Island, USA Nothing to disclose

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Today’s SpeakersWaleed Alhazzani, MD, MSc, FRCPCDirector, GUIDE Methodology Group, McMaster UniversityAssociate Professor, Division of Critical Care and Department of MedicineAssociate Member Clinical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsActive Staff, Intensive Care, General Internal Medicine, and GastroenterologySt. Joseph’s HealthcareHamilton, Ontario, CanadaNothing to disclose

Laura E. Evans, MD, MS, FCCMCo‐Chair, Adult Surviving Sepsis Campaign GuidelinesAssociate Professor, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep MedicineMedical Director, Critical Care ServicesUniversity of Washington Medical CenterSeattle, Washington, USANothing to disclose

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SSC COVID Guidelines Panel Members

Waleed AlhazzaniMorten H. MøllerYaseen M. ArabiMark Loeb Michelle Ng GongEddy Fan Simon J.W. OczkowskiMitchell M. Levy Lennie DerdeAmy L. DzierbaBin DuMichael Aboodi

Hannah WunschMaurizio CecconiYounsuck KohDaniel S. Chertow Kathryn MaitlandFayez E. AlshamsiEmilie Belley‐Cote Massimiliano Greco Matthew LaundyJill S. MorganJozef KeseciogluAllison McGeer Leonard Mermel

Manoj J. MammenPaul E. AlexanderAmy ArringtonJohn E. CentofantiGiuseppe CiterioBandar BawZiad A. MemishNaomi E. Hammond Frederick G. Hayden Laura E. EvansAndrew Rhodes

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Expert Identified evidence

Evidence ProfileCertainty of Evidence

PICOquestions

Expedited Review & Publication

Dissemination

Panel Discussion

Recommendation

COVID-19

Summarize the evidence

Systematic reviewsARDS, MERS, SARS,

shock Assess quality

New evidence

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Desirable consequences

Undesirable consequences

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Strong Recommendation for the Intervention



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Weak Recommendation for the Intervention



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Patients

For Patients

Strong Recommendation Weak RecommendationMost individuals in this situation would want the recommended course of action, and only a small proportion would not.

The majority of individuals in this situation would want the suggested course of action, but many would not.

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Clinicians

For Clinicians

Strong Recommendation Weak RecommendationMost individuals should receive the recommended course of action.

Formal decision aids are not likely to be needed to help individuals make decisions consistent with their values and preferences.

Different choices are likely to be appropriate for different patients.

Therapy should be tailored to the individual patient’s circumstances, such as patient’s or family’s values and preferences.

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Policymakers

For Policymakers

Strong Recommendation Weak RecommendationCan be adapted as policy in most situations, including for use as performance indicators.

Policies will likely be variable.

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Infection Control

• Aerosol‐generating procedure versus not• Negative‐pressure room versus regular room• Surgical masks versus respirator masks

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Aerosol‐Generating Procedures

Procedure Studies EstimateIntubation 4 OR 6.6 (2.3, 18.9)

Manipulation of BiPAP mask 1 OR 6.2 (2.2, 18.1)CPR 1 OR 4.5 (1.5, 13.8)

Tracheostomy 1 OR 4.2 (1.5, 11.5)Noninvasive ventilation 2 OR 3.1 (1.4, 6.8)Manual ventilation 1 OR 2.8 (1.3, 6.4)

PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35797.

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Infection Control

For healthcare workers performing aerosol‐generating procedures on patients with COVID‐19 in the ICU, we recommend using fitted respirator masks (N95 respirators, FFP2,* or equivalent), as compared to surgical/medical masks, in addition to other personal protective equipment.

*FFP3 respirators are more commonly used in many parts of the world.

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Infection Control

For healthcare workers providing usual care for nonventilated COVID‐19 patients, we suggest using surgical/medical masks, as compared to respirator masks in addition to other personal protective equipment.

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Infection Control

For healthcare workers who are performing non‐aerosol‐generating procedures on mechanically ventilated (closed circuit) patients with COVID‐19, we suggest using surgical/medical masks as compared to respirator masks in addition to other personal protective equipment.

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Oxygen Targets

SPO2

Mortality

?92% 96%90%

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Oxygen TargetsMortality

?92% 96%90%

We recommend that SPO2 be maintained no

higher than 96%.

SPO2

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?92% 96%90%

We suggest starting supplemental oxygen if

SPO2 < 92%.

SPO2

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?92% 96%90%

We recommend starting oxygen if SPO2 < 90%.

SPO2

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SPO2 and Mortality

Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693‐1705.

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Hypoxemia

For adults with COVID‐19 and acute hypoxemic respiratory failure despite conventional oxygen therapy, we suggestusing high‐flow nasal cannula (HFNC) over conventional oxygen therapy.

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Hypoxemia

For adults with COVID‐19 and acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, we suggest using HFNC over noninvasive positive‐pressure ventilation (NIPPV).

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Hypoxemia

For adults with COVID‐19 and acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, if HFNC is not available and there is no emergent indication for endotracheal intubation, we suggest a trial of NIPPV with close monitoring and short interval assessment for worsening of respiratory failure.

27JAMA. 2016 Jun 14;315(22):2435‐41

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Endotracheal Intubation

For healthcare workers performing endotracheal intubationon patients with COVID‐19, we recommend endotracheal intubation be performed by healthcare workers experienced with airway management, to minimize the number of attempts and risk of transmission.

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Videolaryngoscopy

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Endotracheal Intubation

For healthcare workers performing endotracheal intubationon patients with COVID‐19, we suggest using video‐guided laryngoscopy over direct laryngoscopy, if available.

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COVID‐19 with hypoxia

Indication for endotracheal intubation?

Tolerating supplemental oxygen?

Do it:Endotracheal intubation

Do it:Expert in airway to intubate

Do it:Use N95/FFP2 or equivalent and other PPE/infection control precautions

Do it:Minimize staff in the room

Consider: if availableVideolaryngoscopy

Yes

No

Do it:Monitor closely for worsening

Do it:Target SPO2 92 to 96%

Do it:Appropriate infection control precautions

Do not:Delay intubation if worsening

Yes

No

Indication for endotracheal intubation?Yes

No

Consider: HFNC Tolerating HFNC

Not tolerating HFNC or HFNC is not available

Consider: Trial of NIPPVDo it: Monitor closely at short intervalsDo not: Delay intubation if worsening

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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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We recommend using lowVt (4‐8 mL/kg) and targeting

Pplat < 30 cm H2O.

ARDS

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Pplat < 30 cm H2O.We suggest using ahigher PEEP strategy.

Moderate to Severe ARDS

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Pplat <30 cmH2O.We suggest using a higherPEEP strategy.

We suggest using aconservative, over a liberal,

fluid strategy.

Moderate to Severe ARDS

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Prone Ventilation

For mechanically ventilated adults with COVID‐19 and moderate to severe ARDS, we suggest prone ventilation for 12 to 16 hours, over no prone ventilation.

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Outcomes № of participants(studies)

Relative effect(95% CI)

Certainty of the evidence

Mortality >12 hours prone

1,002(5 RCTs)

RR 0.71(0.52 to 0.97)

MODERATE

Mortality <12 hours prone

1,135(3 RCTs)

RR 1.04(0.89 to 1.21)

MODERATE

Mortality –Moderate to severe ARDS

1,002(5 RCTs)

RR 0.71(0.52 to 0.97)

MODERATE

Mortality ‐ All ARDS 1,135(3 RCTs)

RR 1.04(0.89 to 1.21)

MODERATE

Accidental CVC Removal 635(2 RCTs)

RR 1.72(0.43 to 6.84)

VERY LOW

Pressure Sores 1087(3 RCTs)

RR 1.22(1.06 to 1.41)

HIGH

Airway Complications –Unplanned extubation

2067(6 RCTs)

RR 1.14(0.78 to 1.67)

LOW

Airway Complications –ETT Obstruction

1594(3 RCTs)

RR 1.76(1.24 to 2.50)

MODERATE

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Neuromuscular Blocking Agents?

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For mechanically ventilated adults with COVID‐19 and moderate to severe ARDS, we suggest using as‐needed intermittent boluses of NMBA, over a continuous NMBA infusion, to facilitate protective lung ventilation.

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

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In case of persistent ventilator dyssynchrony, requirement of ongoing deep sedation, prone ventilation, or persistently high Pplt, we suggest using a continuous NMBA infusion for up to 48 hours.

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

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Corticosteroids

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Steroids in ARDS: Mortality Outcome

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Steroids in ARDS: Mortality Outcome

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Steroids in ARDS: DMV

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Steroids in ARDS: VFD

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Steroids for Viral ARDS: Mortality

All observational studies

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Direct Evidence

Retrospective studyN = 201With COVID‐19 pneumonia

JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Mar 13.

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Corticosteroids• For mechanically ventilated adults with COVID‐19 and ARDS, we suggest using systemic corticosteroids over not using corticosteroids.

• Remark: The majority of our panel support a weak recommendation (i.e., suggestion) to use steroids in the sickest patients with COVID‐19 and ARDS. However, because of the very low‐quality evidence, some experts on the panel preferred not to issue a recommendation until higher‐quality direct evidence is available.

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Steroids for Viral Pneumonia: Mortality

All observational studies

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Corticosteroids

For mechanically ventilated adults with COVID‐19 and respiratory failure (without ARDS), we suggest against the routine use of systemic corticosteroids.

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Do: Vt 4‐8 mL/kg and Pplat <30 cm H2O

CONSIDER: NMBA boluses to facilitate ventilation targets

CONSIDER:Prone ventilation 12‐16 hr

COVID‐19 with mild ARDS

CONSIDER : if proning, high Pplt, asynchronyNMBA infusion for 24 hr

COVID‐19 with Mod to Severe ARDS

CONSIDER: if PEEP responsiveTraditional Recruitment maneuvers

CONSIDER: Conservative fluid strategy

Rescue/Adjunctive therapy

CONSIDER : if proning, high Pplt, asynchronyNMBA infusion for 24 h

CONSIDER:Prone ventilation 12‐16 hr

Don’t do: Staircase recruitment maneuvers

CONSIDER : STOP if no quick responseTrial of inhaled nitric oxide

CONSIDER : Follow local criteria for ECMO

VV ECMO or referral to ECMO center

Uncertain: Systemic corticosteroids

Do: Investigate for bacterial infection

CONSIDER: Empiric antibiotics

Do: Target SPO2 92%‐96%

CONSIDER:Higher PEEP

CONSIDER:Short course of systemic corticosteroids

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Antibiotics• For mechanically ventilated patients with COVID‐19 and respiratory failure, we suggest using empiric antimicrobials/antibacterial agents, compared to no antimicrobials.

• Remark: If the treating team initiates empiric antimicrobials, they should assess for de‐escalation daily, and reevaluate the duration of therapy and spectrum of coverage based on the microbiology results and the patient’s clinical status.

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Therapy• For critically ill adults with COVID‐19, we suggest againstthe routine use of standard intravenous immunoglobulins.

• For critically ill adults with COVID‐19, we suggest againstthe routine use of convalescent plasma.

• For critically ill adults with COVID‐19, we suggest againstthe routine use of lopinavir/ritonavir.

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Therapy

• Insufficient evidence to support recommendations for:– Antivirals– Hydroxychloroquine– Immunomodulators

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Hemodynamic Support

For adults with COVID‐19 and shock, we suggest using dynamic parameters, skin temperature, capillary refilling time, and/or lactate over static parameters to assess fluid responsiveness.

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Hemodynamic SupportFor the acute resuscitation of adults with COVID‐19 and shock, we suggest using a conservative, over a liberal, fluid strategy.

Outcomes № of participants

(studies)

Relative effect

(95% CI)

Certainty of the

evidence

All‐cause Mortality 637

(9 RCTs)

RR 0.87

(0.69–1.10)

VERY LOW

Serious Adverse Events 637

(9 RCTs)

RR 0.91

(0.78–1.05)

VERY LOW

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Hemodynamic Support• For adults with COVID‐19 and refractory shock, we suggestusing low‐dose corticosteroid therapy (shock reversal), over no corticosteroid therapy.

• Remark: Typical corticosteroid regimen in septic shock is intravenous hydrocortisone, 200 mg/day, either as an infusion or intermittent doses.

Outcomes № of participants

(studies)

Relative effect

(95% CI)

Certainty of the

evidence

Short‐term Mortality (<90 days) 7297

(22 RCTs)

RR 0.96

(0.91–1.02)

HIGH

Long‐term Mortality (>90 days) 5667

(5 RCTs)

RR 0.96

(0.90–1.02)

MODERATE

Serious Adverse Events 5908

(10 RCTs)

RR 0.98

(0.90–1.08)

LOW

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Questions and Answers

Speaker:Laura E. Evans, MD, MS, FCCM

Moderator:Mitchell M. Levy, MD, MCCM

Speaker:Waleed Alhazzani, MD, MSc, FRCPC

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A Special Thank You

• Guidelines panelists• Methodologists• SCCM and ESICM• Colleagues around the world who are caring for patients

sepsis campaign: guidelines on the adults with coronavirus

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