senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (tik) - universitetet i oslo environments tirsdag 15....
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
Environments
Tirsdag 15. november 2005Forelesning 3
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
Core question
• Which factors determine how organizations relate to their environments?
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
Outline
1. Levels of environments
2. Characteristics of environments
3. Interdependence of Organizations and Environments
4. Buffering and bridging tactics
5. Change at multiple levels
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
1. Levels of environments
• Organizational sets:– Those organizations that a focal organization interacts
with.
• Organizational domain– Range of products/services, types of
clients/consumers
• Both view the environment from the standpoint of a focal organization
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
1. Levels of environments
• Organizational populations:– Aggregats of organizations that are similar in kind
(newspapers, hospitals, restaurants etc.)
– What determines the boundaries of populations?• Blueprint for organizational action• Dominant competences• Organizational forms – normative enforcement
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
1. Levels of environments
• Interorganizational communities– Geographical group of organizations– Collectively beneficial structures within the community
– But what about hierarchical linkages?
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
1. Levels of environments
• Organizational fields:– ”collection of interdependent organizations operating
with common rules, norms, and meaning systems.”• Interdependence and coevolution• Disappearance and emergence• Intermediary between organizations and larger
societal structures
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
2. Characteristics of environments
• Material-resource environments– Task environment (all aspects relevant for goal setting
and attainment)
– Stocks of resources (dependence on others for resources)
– Sources of information (uncertainty)
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
2. Characteristics of environments
• Institutional environments
– Regulative institutions
– Normative institutions
– Cultural-cognitive institutions
– Eksempel: Norske Skog og Union
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
2. Characteristics of environments
• Cultural-cognitive institutions
– Rationalized myths
• ”Organizations receive support and legitimacy to the extent that they conform to contemporary norms of the ”appropriate” way to organize.”
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
2. Characteristics of environments
• Institutional foundations of material-resource environments
– Technologies are shaped by social intentions and concerns
– Markets are socially constructed– Rules regulate activity– Institutions shape the nature of preferences and
courses of action
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
2. Characteristics of environments
• Technical control– Output control (What you produce is important)
• Institutional control– Procedural and structural control (How you do it is
important)
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
2. Characteristics of environments
BanksHospitals
Manufacturing
RestaurantsSchools
Stronger
Stronger
Weaker
Weaker
Institutional controls
Technical controls
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
3. Interdependence of Organizations and Environments
• Organizations interpret and choose their environments – Enactment– Attention structure (cannot attend everything)– Information systems (what you measure)
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
3. Interdependence of Organizations and Environments
• Organizations can influence their environment– Large org– Advertising– Lobbying – PR
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
3. Interdependence of Organizations and Environments
• Organizational boundaries may change– Expansion and contraction
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
4. Buffering and bridging
• Technical buffering tactics – Techniques that seal off the core technology from
the environment– Create stability and predictability
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
4. Buffering and bridging
• Technical buffering tactics – Coding (controlling inputs)– Stockpiling (keeping a stock of resources)– Leveling (keeping input and output steady)– Forecasting (anticipation of demands)– Adjusting scale (keeping output at the right level)
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
4. Buffering and bridging
• Technical bridging tactics• Techniques that secure support from other organizations
that are important – Bargaining– Contracting– Co-optation– Hierarchical contracts– Joint ventures– Strategic alliances– Mergers– Associations– Government connections
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
4. Buffering and bridging
• Institutional buffering tactics• Tactics that allow organizations to not
really adjust to changes in institutions– Symbolic coding– Decoupling (display elements that are
normatively required but have no real impact)
– Avoidance (ways to not comply)
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
4. Buffering and bridging
• Institutional bridging tactics• Tactics that create conformity with
environmental demands– Categorical conformity– Structural conformity– Procedural conformity– Personell conformity
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Senter for teknologi, innovasjon og kultur (TIK) - Universitetet i Oslo
5. Change at multiple levels
• Two main processes: adaptation and selection– Sub-organizational level– Organizational level– Population level– Field level