senior seminar mrs. civitella and mrs. verguldi-scott review of the history leading to the...
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SENIOR SEMINARMRS. CIVITELLA
AND MRS. VERGULDI-SCOTT
Review of the history leading to
The Enlightenment
Timeline
475-500 A.D. Fall of Rome
500-1300 A.D. Early Middle Ages
1050-1450 A.D. High Middle Ages
1300-1650 A.D. The Renaissance
1517-1600 A.D. Protestant Reformation
1543-1687 A. D. Scientific Revolution
1660s- 1800 A.D. Enlightenment
What was it?The word means “rebirth”
A time when western Europeans experienced a profound cultural awakening.
It was a bridge between the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern times.
Caused educated Europeans to develop new attitudes about themselves and the world around them.
The Renaissance 1300-1650 A.D.
In the 11th century, scholars began bringing manuscripts of Roman law to Italy from Constantinople
History of the Renaissance
1. Physical reminders of the Roman Empire (architecture, coins, statues)
2. Italian cities prospered during the High Middle Ages as trading cities (began with the Crusades)
3. A wealthy merchant class stressed the cultural rebirth of Ancient Rome (education, the arts, individual achievements)
4. Italian scholars stressed the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, the arts)
5. Renaissance scholars who studied the humanities were called humanists
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
Middle AgesGod centeredWhat is important is
the next lifeFeudal systemKnowledge is already
known and recorded by the Church
Catholic church is always right
Human centeredThe individual is
important, this life should be lived to the fullest
Social status based on talent and merit
Much knowledge yet to be discovered, man needed to use reason to gain knowledge
Church may not always be right
Differences between Renaissance and Middle Ages
Renaissance
Three geniuses of Renaissance Art
1. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452-1519)2. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
(1475-1564)3. Raphael Sanzio da Urbino (1483-1520)
1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)a) Called the “Renaissance Man”b) Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist,
mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer
Mona Lisaa. Women dressed in
Florentine fashionb. da Vinci utilized the
sfumato technique where the definition of form in a painting is without an abrupt outline. He blended one tone into another
c. The Mona Lisa’s expression is the cause of much controversy. She is both alluring and aloof.
d. It is said that da Vinci captured the mysteriousness of women in this painting
e. 1503-1505f. Oil on wood
Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper 1495-1498
Refectory, Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy
Michelangelo
Italian painter, sculptor, poet, architect , and engineer
Pieta by Michelangelo 1499
Michelangelo BuonarrotiDavid, 1501-1504
Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence
Michelangelo, The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Vatican City, Rome ,Italy, 1508-1512
Creation of Adam, by Michelangelo
Michelangelo’s Moses, San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, Italy 1513-1515
Last Judgment
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Fresco on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, Vatican City, Rome, Italy
1534-1541
Raphael Sanzio- Italian painter who studied the works of da Vinci and MichelangeloHe used bright colors for his traditional religious images
The School of Athens by Raphael 1509Congregation of great philosophers and scientists of the ancient worldIn Saint Peter’s Basilica
Madonna dell seggiola by Raphael 1513-1514
Other Italian Humanists
A. Francesco Petrarch1) Established a library of ancient
Greek and Roman manuscripts2) “The librarian of the Renaissance”
B. Baldassare Castiglione1) Book of the Courtier2) a courtier is a refined, well-educated
aristocrat3) Provided a handbook for behavior
for this class of people
C. Niccolo Machiavelli
1) Wrote The Prince2) Considered the handbook for politicians3) Studied Roman history and diplomacy4) Was a diplomat for the Medici5) Provided a theory of how to attain and keep
power6) “the end always justifies the means”7) A “prince” must be shrewed and immoral to keep
power8) The term “Machiavellian” now means
characterized by subtle or unscrupulous deception or dishonesty
Three Renaissance Authors
A. Francois Rabelais- French doctor who wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel story of a father and son and the study of war, travel, philosophy and politics
B. Miguel de Cervantes- Spanish writer1) Wrote Don Quixote which mocked the medieval
ideas of warfare2) Called for reform of medieval ideas
C. William Shakespeare
English playwright wrote 37 plays that made fun of or pointed out the corruption in society
1) He had to study history, sociology, and politics in order to write his plays
2) Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Richard III, and Romeo and Juliet
3) Patronized by Queen Elizabeth I
The Printing Revolution
A. 1456, Johann Gutenberg of Germany printed the first complete addition of the Bible using movable metal type on a new machine called the printing press
B. Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce than hand-copied books
C. Increased literacy throughout EuropeD. Significantly increased education
throughout the continent
Natural Law and the Scientific Revolution
During the Scientific Revolution, scientists began to look at how living things interacted with nature to find solutions to questions about the world
Isaac Newton used natural law to discover the law of gravity
natural law- laws found in natureScientists used the scientific method to
answer questions about the physical world
The Scientific Method
New approach to science
Like art and religion, the Renaissance inspired scientists not to rely on the past or the teachings in the Bible
The new scientific method depended on observation and experimentation
Introduction to the Age of Reason
reason- to use one’s intellect to come to a logical conclusion
natural law- laws found in naturephilosophers- intellectual theorists, thinkersIn the late 1600s and early 1700s,
philosophers reexamined society to try to find the natural laws that governed human nature
human nature- how people behave in nature
Age of Reason or Enlightenment
Philosophers believed that they could uncover these laws of human nature
This era is referred to as both the Age of Reason and The Enlightenment
enlighten- to give information toPolitical philosophers believed that they
could find the laws of nature that governed human nature and determine the best types of government to create a peaceful society
Hobbes and Locke
Two English philosophers, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, had a significant impact on the new area of political philosophy
Both men saw the violence of the English Civil War
They had opposing views about human nature
Mercantilism
Mercantilism- economic theory stating that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world and that in order to receive a larger share, one country has to take some wealth away from another country
1. Mercantilism led to a colonization race by European countries around the world
2. Europeans sought out colonies that could provide them with either
a) Gold and silverb) Raw materials (i.e. British colonies in N. America)
Mercantilism
Exports > Imports
The British victory in the Spanish Armada of 1588 marked the beginning of the end of Spanish dominance in colonizing the New World and issued in the era of British naval dominance in the North Atlantic.Britain was now united behind a popular queen and perched for exploration and settlement of the New World.
It was significant that the Charter for the Virginia Company to settle Jamestown guaranteed settlers the same rights of Englishmen in England. These rights were extended to all settlers of British colonies.
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations
Described how the economy worked based on supply and demand
Supplies will rise to reach demand because suppliers can make money
Profit motivates productionLiving in a time of mercantilism, Smith advocated
for free markets called laissez faireLaissez faire means to leave alone, no government
regulation of businessCountries would gain more wealth in a free market,
capitalist, society than in a mercantilist economy
The Big Idea!
The Enlightenment would be just theory in Europe at first
The American Revolution would allow the U.S. to be the first country in the world to attempt enlightenment theory
Giving people the power to govern themselves in a free market economy would be called the “American Experiment”
Most of the world did not think that we would survive