Senior Cycle Latin Indicative Vocabulary List

October 2008

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Senior Cycle Latin

Indicative Vocabulary List

The aim of this vocabulary is to provide students with a list of Latin words which it is felt are the most common words that the Latin student will come across at senior cycle level. It is intended that this list will act as a resource for teachers and students of Latin. The list is designed to support teachers in implementing the Latin syllabus in the classroom and in designing teaching and learning that will meet the aims and objectives of the syllabus. The list contains 1,479 words. It includes the 600 words contained in the Junior Certificate Defined Vocabulary already produced by the NCCA and has also drawn on the passages set for unseen translation in the Leaving Certificate Latin examinations over the past number of years. The words are arranged in alphabetical order. The usual conventions found in Latin vocabularies have been followed, but verbs are given in their fullest form to make their parts as clear as possible for students. The conventions followed are: Verbs: Principal parts are given in full as well as the conjugation number in brackets e.g. laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum (1). Irregular verbs are given without a conjugation number. Those verbs which take a case other than the Accusative are followed by that case name in italics e.g. persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum + dat. (2) Nouns: Nominative Singular and Genitive Singular are given with the gender added in italics e.g. captivus -i m. Adjectives and certain Pronouns: Nominative singular is given in the masculine, feminine and neuter forms e.g. bonus -a -um; omnis -is -e, qui - quae – quod. Adjectives with a common m, f, n in the Nominative Case will also be given in the Genitive Case e.g. audax –acis or vetus, veteris. Adverbs: The abbreviation adv. is added in italics to adverbs e.g. fortiter adv. Prepositions: These are given with the case which they take added in italics e.g. ad + acc. Proper Names: These will be glossed or not at the discretion of the SEC. As well as providing reassurance to students, the list should also prove beneficial when it comes to revision. By learning a number of words each day, students can revise these commonly used Latin words in a relatively short time. Teachers can also draw their pupils' attention to words in this list as they are encountered in the course of reading Latin in class. This practice has the merit of students seeing the words in a meaningful context before learning them by heart.

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Latin English a a a, ab + abl. from by ab tergo from the rear, in the rear abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditum (3) to hide absum, abesse, afui or abfui + abl. to be out, be absent, be away ac (atque) conj. and accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum (3) to approach accendo, accendere, accendi, accensum (3) to set on fire, to rouse accido, accidere, accidi (3) to happen accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum (3) to accept, take in, receive, welcome accuso, accusare, accusavi, accusatum (1) to accuse acer, acris, acre keen, eager acies, aciei f. line of battle, gaze acriter adv. keenly, eagerly ad + acc. to, towards, at addo, addere, addidi, additum (3) to add adeo adv. so much, so greatly, to such a degree adeo, adire, adii or adivi, aditum to approach, go up to adfero (affero), adferre (afferre), attuli, allatum to bring, carry, bring news adiuvo, adiuvare, adiuvi, adiutum (1) to help, assist adsentior (= assentior), adsentiri, adsensus sum (4) + dat. to agree with, assent to adsto, adstare, adstiti (1) to stand near, stand by adsum, adesse, adfui to be here, present, at hand adulescens, adulescentis m.or f. youth, young man, young girl advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum (4) to arrive at adventus -us m. arrival, approach adversus + acc. opposite, against adversus -a -um opposite, hostile aedes, aedis f. home, temple, dwelling aedificium -i n. building aedifico, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatum (1) to build aeger, aegra, aegrum sick aer, aeris n. air aestas, aestatis f. summer aetas, aetatis f. age, life age, agite come on ager, agri m field, territory agmen, agminis n. column, procession agnosco, agnoscere, agnovi, agnitum (3) to recognise, understand ago, agere, egi, actum (3) to do, act, pass, spend time, drive,

give (thanks) agrestis, agrestis, agreste rustic, country, savage ait, aiunt he,she, it says, they say ala -ae f. wing, wing of an army alii … alii some, others aliquando adv. sometimes, formerly aliquis, aliqua, aliquid someone, something alius, alia, aliud alter, altera, alterum

other, another, else the other, another, one of two,

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the one, a second

altus -a -um high, deep

ambo, ambae, ambo both ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum (1) to walk amica -ae f. friend, girlfriend amicitia -ae f. friendship amicus -i m. friend amitto, -ere, amisi, amissum (3) to lose amo, amare, amavi, amatum (1) to love amor, amoris m. love amplius adv. more, further ancilla -ae f. maidservant, slave angustus -a -um narrow anima -ae f. spirit, mind, life animadverto, animadvertere, animadverti, animadversum (3)

to notice, realize

animus -i m. spirit, soul, mind annus -i m. year ante +acc. before, in front of antea adv. before, formerly, previously antequam conj. before antiquus -a -um ancient, old aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum (4) to open, reveal aperte adv. openly appareo, apparere, apparui, apparitum (2) to appear, become visible appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum (1) to call (by name), call upon, address appropinquo, appropinquare, appropinquavi, appropinquatum + dat. or ad + acc. (1)

to approach, come near to

apto, aptare, aptavi, aptatum (1) to fit, get ready apud + acc. among, at the house of, in the presence of aqua -ae f. water ara -ae f. altar, refuge arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum (1) to think, observe, believe arbor, arboris f. tree arcesso, arcessere, arcessivi, arcessitum (3) to send for, summon ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsum (2) to burn, be on fire arduus -a -um steep, high argentum -i n. silver arma, armorum n.pl. arms armo, armare, armavi, armatum (1) to arm, equip ars, artis f. art, skill arx, arcis f. citadel, fortress ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum (3) to climb, rise asper -a -um rough, harsh aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectum (3) to catch sight of, look at at conj. but atque conj. and atrium -i n. hall atrox, atrocis m. f. n. fierce, cruel attollo, attollere, attuli, allatum (3) lift up, raise attonitus -a -um astonished, thunder struck

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auctoritas, auctoritatis f. authority, power, opinion, judgement audacia -ae f. boldness, daring, audacity audax -acis m. f. n. bold, daring audeo, audere, ausus sum (2) to dare audio, audire, audivi, auditum (4) to hear aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum to take away, carry off, steal augeo, augere, auxi, auctum (2) to increase, augment aura -ae f. air, wind aureus -a -um golden, made of gold auris, auris f. ear aurum -i n. gold aut conj. or aut..aut conj. either…or autem conj. but, moreover, however, now. autumnus -i m. autumn auxilia, auxiliorum n.pl. reinforcements auxilium -i n. help, assistance avis, avis f. bird b beatus -a -um happy, blessed bellum -i n. war bene adv. well bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum (3) to drink bonus -a -um good bos, bovis c. ox, cow bracchium -i n. arm brevis -is -e short, brief c c cado, cadere, cecidi, casum (3) to fall, be killed caecus -a -um blind, hidden, obscure caedes, caedis f. slaughter, murder caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum (3) to kill caelum -i n. sky, heaven, weather calidus -a -um warm, hot campus -i m. plain, field candidus -a -um white, beautiful canis -is m. or f. dog canto, cantare, cantavi, cantatum (1) to sing, chant capillus -i m. hair capio, capere, cepi, captum (3) to take, capture, seize, catch captivus -i m. prisoner, captive caput, capitis n. head carcer, carceris m. prison carmen, carminis n. song, poem carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum (3) to take, pluck, seize, catch carus -a -um dear castigo, castigare, castigavi, castigatum (1) scold, chide castra, castrorum n.pl. camp casus -us m. chance, misfortune, fall causa -ae f. cause, reason

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caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum (2) to beware of cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum (3) to yield, go, withdraw celer, celeris, celere swift, fast celeriter adv. quickly celo, celare, celavi, celatum (1) to hide, conceal cena -ae f. dinner ceno, cenare, cenavi, cenatum (1) to dine, have dinner censeo, censere, censui, censum (2) to think, judge, vote, reckon, centurio, centurionis m. centurion cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum (3) to perceive, decide, determine certamen, certaminis n. contest, struggle, rivalry certe adv. certainly, surely cervix, cervicis f . neck ceteri -ae -a the others, the rest ceterum adv. but, besides cibus -i m. food cinis, cineris m. ashes, ruin circa adv. around, near circiter adv. about, near circum + acc. around, near circumvenio, circumvenire, circumveni, circumventum (4)

to surround

civis, civis m. citizen civitas, civitatis f. a state clam adv. secretly clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum (1) to shout, cry aloud clamor, clamoris m. loud shout, cry clarus -a -um famous, clear, bright classis, classis f. fleet claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum (3) to shut, close, block coepi, coepisse, coeptum (3) (defective) I began cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum (1) to think, consider, reflect upon cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum (3) to learn, get to know, ascertain, find out cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum (3) to force, gather cohors, cohortis f. cohort, bodyguard colligo, colligere, collegi, collectum (3) to collect collis -is m. Hill colloco, collocare, collocavi, collocatum (1) to arrange, place together collum -i n. neck colo, colere, colui, cultum (3) to cultivate, cherish color, coloris m. colour comes, comitis c. companion comitor, comitari, comitatus sum (1) to accompany committo, committere, commisi, commissum (3) to entrust, to engage (in battle) commotus -a -um moved, upset communis -is -e common, public compleo, complere, complevi, completum (2) to fill complures -es -a several, a good many comprehendo, comprehendere, comprehendi, comprehensum (3)

to seize, attack, embrace

condo, condere, condidi, conditum (3) to hide, found, bury (me) confero, conferre, contuli, collatum to betake oneself, devote oneself

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conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum (3) to finish, exhaust confido, confidere, confisus sum (3) + dat. to trust, have confidence in confirmo, confirmare, confirmavi, confirmatum (1) to confirm, encourage confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum (2) to confess conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectum (3) to hurl, throw coniunx, coniugis c. wife, husband conor, conari, conatus sum (1) to try conscendo, conscendere, conscendi, conscensum (3) to climb on, embark on, go on board conscius -a -um knowing, conscious of consensus -us m. agreement consilium -i n. plan, idea, advice consisto, consistere, constiti, constitum (3) to stand, take up a position, endure conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum (3) to catch sight of, behold, observe, constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum (3) to decide, set up, resolve consul, consulis m. consul consularis -is -e consular, of consular rank consultum -i n. decree contemno, contemnere, contempsi, contemptum (3) to scorn, despise, defy contendo, contendere, contendi, contentum (3) to hasten, march, struggle contineo, continere, continui, contentum (2) to hold, keep together, control contio, contionis f. assembly, public assembly, address contra +acc. against contra adv. opposite convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum (4) to meet, assemble, put together, gather convoco, convocare, convocavi, convocatum (1) to call together coorior, cooriri, coortus sum (4) to rise, begin copia -ae f. supply, plenty copiae -arum f.pl. forces, troops coquo, coquere, coxi, coctum (3) to cook coquus -i m. cook cornu, cornus n. wing of an army, horn corona -ae f. garland, wreath corpus, corporis n. body cotidie adv. daily, every day cras adv. tomorrow credo, credere, credidi, creditum + dat. (3) to trust, believe, have faith in creo, creare, creavi, creatum (1) to make, create, elect, choose cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum (3) to grow crimen, criminis n. charge, crime crudelis -is -e cruel cruentus -a -um blood stained cubiculum -i n. bedroom cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum (1) to lie down, recline culpo, culpare, culpavi, culpatum (1) to blame cum conj. when, whenever, since cum prep. + abl. with cunctor, cunctari, cunctatus sum (1) to delay, hesitate cupidus -a -um + gen. desirous, eager cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum (3) to want, to desire cur adv. why? cura -ae f. care curia -ae f. senate-house

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curo, curare, curavi, curatum (1) to care for, look after, supervise, attend to curro, currere, cucurri, cursum (3) to run currus -us m. chariot custodio, custodire, custodivi, custoditum (4) to guard custos, custodis m. guard d d damno, damnare, damnavi, damnatum (1) to condemn de + abl. about, concerning, from, down from dea –ae f. goddess debeo, debere, debui, debitum (2) to owe, ought, should, must, decerno, decernere, decrevi, decretum (3) to decide, decree, determine declaro, declarare, declaravi, declaratum (1) to declare, explain, reveal decurro, decurrere, decurri, decursum (3) to run down decus, decoris n. glory, beauty, virtue deditio, deditionis f. surrender dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditum (3) to surrender, yield deduco, deducere, deduxi, deductum (3) to lead down, bring down defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum (3) to defend defessus -a -um tired, exhausted, weary deicio, deicere, deieci, deiectum (3) to throw down deinde adv. then, next delecto, delectare, delectavi, delectatum (1) to delight, please deleo, delere, delevi, deletum (2) to destroy demonstro, demonstrare, demonstravi, demonstratum (1)

to show, point out, demonstrate

denique adv. finally dens, dentis m. tooth, tusk depono, deponere, deposui, depositum (3) to put down, lay down, take off descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum (3) to climb down, go down, come down desero, deserere, deserui, desertum (3) to abandon, leave desertus -a -um abandoned desiderium -i n. longing, desire desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratum (1) to desire, long for desisto, desistere, destiti, destitum (3) to desist, cease despero, desperare, desperavi, desperatum (1) to despair (of) desum, desse, defui + dat. to fail, to be wanting deus, dei m. god dexter, dextra, dextrum right dico, dicere, dixi, dictum (3) to say, tell dictator, dictatoris m. dictator dies, diei m. day difficilis -is -e difficult difficultas, difficultatis f. difficulty diffugio, diffugere, diffugi (3) to scatter, to flee dignitas, dignitatis f. merit, worth dignus -a -um + abl. worthy (of) diligenter adv. carefully, diligently, hard diligentia -ae f. carefulness, diligence dimitto, dimittere, dimisi, dimissum (3) to send away, dismiss discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum (3) to go away, depart disciplina -ae f. discipline, instruction, training

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discipulus -i m. pupil disco, discere, didici (3) to learn, get to know, ascertain, find out discordia -ae f. disagreement, dissention, discord dispersus -a -um scattered, dispersed dispono, disponere, disposui, dispositum (3) to put in different places diu adv. for a long time diva -ae f. goddess diversus -a -um different dives, divitis m. f. n. rich divitiae -arum f.pl. riches, wealth divus -a -um divine divus -i m. god do, dare, dedi, datum (1) to give doceo, docere, docui, doctum (2) to teach doctus -a -um learned, educated, skillful doleo, dolere, dolui (2) to hurt, be in pain, ache, grieve dolor, doloris m. pain, grief domina -ae f. mistress dominus -i m. master, owner domus -us f. home, house donec conj. until dono, donare, donavi, donatum (1) to give as a present, to present donum -i n. gift dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum (4) to sleep dubito, dubitare, dubitavi, dubitatum (1) to doubt, hesitate dubium -i n. doubt dubius -a -um doubtful, uncertain duco, ducere, duxi, ductum (3) to lead, guide, take dulcis -is -e sweet, pleasant dum conj. while, until durus -a -um hard, rough dux, ducis c. leader e e e, ex + abl. from, out of ecce look! lo! behold! educo, educere, eduxi, eductum (3) to lead out, raise, bring up efficio, efficere, effeci, effectum (3) to do, make, bring about, cause effugio, effugere, effugi, effugitum (3) to escape, flee away effundo, effundere, effudi, effusum (3) to pour out, stream forth ego I egredior, egredi, egressus sum (3) to come out, leave eheu (= heu) alas eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum (3) to throw out, eject, cast out eligo, eligere, elegi, electum (3) to pick out, choose eloquentia -ae f. eloquence emitto, emittere, emisi, emissum (3) to send out, let loose, throw, emit emo, emere, emi, emptum (3) to buy enim conj. for ensis, ensis m. sword eo adv. to that place eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum to go

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eodem adv. to the same place epistula -ae (epistola) f. letter eques, equitis m. horseman, knight equidem adv. indeed equitatus -us m. cavalry equus -i m. horse ergo adv. therefore eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptum (3) to snatch away, rescue erro, errare, erravi, erratum (1) to wander, make a mistake, be mistaken et conj. and et …… et conj. both ….. and etenim conj. for indeed, truly etiam conj. even, also, yes etsi conj. although evado, evadere, evasi, evasum (3) to go out, escape evehor, evehi, evectus sum (3) to sail away, to ride away evenio, evenire, eveni, eventum (4) to come out, happen evoco, evocare, evocavi, evocatum (1) to call forth, call out, evoke excedo, excedere, excessi, excessum (3) to go out, to leave excipio, excipere, excepi, exceptum (3) to take up, receive excito, excitare, excitavi, excitatum (1) to rouse, wake up, awaken, arouse exclamo, exclamare, exclamavi, exclamatum (1) to shout, exclaim, call out exemplum -i n. example exeo, exire, exivi or exii, exitum to go out exerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitum (2) to exercise, drill exercitus -us m. army exilium (exsilium) -i n. exile existimo, existimare, existimavi, existimatum (1) to think, consider exitus -us m. way out, end experior, experiri, expertus sum (4) to test, to find by experience exploro, explorare, exploravi, exploratum (1) to explore, investigate, test expono, exponere, exposui, expositum (3) disembark, land, explain exsequor, exsequi, exsecutus sum (3) to follow to the end, carry out exspecto, expectare, expectavi, expectatum (1) to wait for, expect, look out for exstinguo, exstinguere, exstinxi, exstinctum (3) to put out, exstinguish, destroy extra + acc. outside extraho, extrahere, extraxi, extractum (3) to pull out, drag out, draw out. f f fabula –ae f. story, play, fable facile adv. easily facilis -is -e easy, good natured facinus, facinoris n. deed, crime facio, facere, feci, factum (3) to make, do factum -i n. deed, fact facultas, facultatis f. opportunity fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsum (3) to deceive fama -ae f. rumour, reputation fames, famis f. hunger, famine familia -ae f. household, family fas n. indeclinable right, (divine) law, command fatigo, fatigare, fatigavi, fatigatum (1) to tire

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fatum -i n. fate, destiny faveo, favere, favi, fautum + dat. (2) to favour, support fax, facis f. torch feliciter adv. luckily, successfully, happily felix, felicis m. f. n. lucky, successful, happy femina -ae f. woman fere adv. almost, nearly ferme adv. nearly, about, almost fero, ferre, tuli, latum to bring, bear, carry ferox -ocis m. f. n. fierce, spirited, ferocious ferreus -a -um of iron ferrum -i n. iron, sword ferus -a -um wild fessus -a -um tired festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum (1) to hurry, hasten fidelis -is -e faithful, loyal fides, fidei f. faithfulness, loyalty, faith, trustworthiness,

promise fido, fidere, fisus sum + dat. or abl.(3) to trust, believe, confide in fiducia -ae f. confidence, trust fidus -a -um faithful filia -ae f. daughter filius -i m. son fines, finium m.pl. boundary, territory fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum (3) to form, make up, compose finio, finire, finivi, finitum (4) to finish finis, finis m. end fio, fieri, factus sum to be done, be made, happen firmus -a -um firm flamma -ae f. flame flecto, flectere, flexi, flexum (3) to bend, turn fleo, flere, flevi, fletum (2) to cry, weep flos -oris m. flower fluctus -us m. wave, flood flumen, fluminis n. river fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluctum (3) to flow fluvius, fluvii m. river, stream foedus, foederis n. treaty, agreement fons, fontis m. fountain, source, spring for, fari, fatus sum to speak, say fore (= futurum esse) to be about to be, will, would be forma -ae f. beauty, form, shape formido, formidinis f. fear, terror formo, formare, formavi, formatum (1) to form, shape fortasse adv. perhaps forte adv. by chance, by accident fortis -is -e brave fortiter adv. bravely fortuna -ae f. fortune, luck, chance forum -i n. forum, market place, the Roman forum fossa -ae f. ditch, trench frango, frangere, fregi, fractum (3) to break, tear to pieces, shatter, crush

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frater, fratris m. brother frequens, frequentis m. f. n. frequent, crowded frigus, frigoris n. cold, (pl. cold spell) frumentum -i n. corn, grain fruor, frui, fructus sum (3) + abl. to enjoy frustra adv. in vain fuga -ae f. flight, exile fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum (3) to flee, run away fumus -i m. smoke, steam fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum (3) to pour, rout, put to flight funus, funeris n. funeral, death, ruin fur, furis m. thief furor, furoris m. madness, frenzy, passion g g galea -ae f. helmet gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum (2) to rejoice, be glad, be pleased gelidus -a -um cold, frozen gemitus -us m. groan, sigh genitor, genitoris m. father gens, gentis f. family, tribe, race genus, generis n. type, kind, family gero, gerere, gessi, gestum (3) to wear, conduct, wage gladiator -oris m. gladiator gladius -i m. sword gloria -ae f. fame, renown gradus -us m. step gratias ago, agere, egi, actum (3) to thank gratus -a -um pleasing gravis -is -e heavy, serious, important graviter adv. heavily, soundly, seriously grex, gregis m. flock, herd h h habeo, habere, habui, habitum (2) to have, consider, regard, hold habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum (1) to live, dwell haereo, haerere, haesi, haesum (2) to stick harena -ae f. sand, seashore hasta -ae f. spear haud adv. not, not at all herba -ae f. herb, grass heri adv. yesterday heros, herois m. hero hiberna -orum n.pl. winter quarters hic adv. here hic, haec, hoc this, (he, she, it) hiems, hiemis f. winter hinc adv. from here hodie adv. today homo, hominis m. man, person honestus -a -um honest, worthy, distinguished honor (= honos), honoris m. honour, public office

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hora -ae f. hour horribilis -is -e terrible, frightening, horrible hortor, hortari, hortatus sum (1) to encourage, urge hortus -i m. garden hospes -itis m. or f. guest, host hostis -is m. or hostes -ium m.pl. enemy huc adv. here, to this place humi adv. on the ground humilis -is -e humble, insignificant humus -i f. ground, soil i i ibi adv. there idem, eadem, idem the same idoneus -a -um suitable, fit igitur adv. therefore, and so ignavus -a -um lazy, cowardly ignis, ignis m. fire ignoro, ignorare, ignoravi, ignoratum (1) be ignorant of ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotum + dat. (3) to pardon ignotus -a -um unknown, strange ille, illa, illud that, (he, she, it) illic adv. there, at that place illuc adv. there, to that place imitor, imitari, imitatus sum (1) to imitate immanis -is -e immense immemor, immemoris m. f. n. forgetful immortalis -is -e immortal immotus -a -um unchanged, unmoved, inflexible, calm impedio, impedire, impedivi, impeditum (4) to delay, hinder imperator, imperatoris m. general, emperor imperium -i n. command, empire impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum + dat. (1) to order, command impetus -us m. attack, charge impleo, implere, implevi, impletum (2) to fill up, complete imploro, implorare, imploravi, imploratum (1) to implore, beg impono, imponere, imposui, impositum (3) to place upon, put into, put onto, place upon improbus -a -um wicked improvisus -a -um unexpected, unforeseen imus -a -um bottom, deepest, inmost in + acc. in to, on to in + abl. in, on incedo, incedere, incessi, incessum (3) to advance, march incendium -i n. fire incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum (3) to burn, set fire to incertus -a -um uncertain incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptum (3) to begin incito, incitare, incitavi, incitatum (1) to urge on, encourage, rouse incola -ae c. inhabitant incolumis -is -e safe, unharmed incredibilis -is -e incredible inde adv. thereupon, from that place, from that time

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indico, indicare, indicavi, indicatum (1) to disclose, reveal indignitas, indignitatis f. unworthiness, vileness, humiliation indomitus -a -um untamed, untamable induo, induere, indui, indutum (3) to put on, clothe ineo, inire, inivi or inii, initum to enter, go in inermis -is -e unarmed infans, infantis m. or f. infant, baby, child infelix, infelicis m. f. n. unlucky inferior, inferior, inferius inferior, lower infero, inferre, intuli, inlatum or illatum to bring in infirmus -a -um weak, infirm infra adv. below, under infra prep. + acc. below, underneath, under ingenium -i n. character, talent ingens -entis m. f. n. huge, enormous ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum (3) to enter inicio, inicere, inieci, iniectum (3) to throw on, over inimicus -i m. enemy iniquus -a -um unfair, unfair, unequal initium -i n. beginning iniuria -ae f. injury, wrong iniustus -a -um unjust innocens -entis m. f. n. innocent inopia -ae f. shortage, lack inquit, inquiunt he, she, it says, they say inrumpo, inrumpere, inrupi, inruptum (also irrumpo, etc) (3)

to burst in

insidiae -arum f.pl. ambush insignis -is -e conspicious, eminent inspicio, inspicere, inspexi, inspectum (3) to look at, inspect, view, examine, search instituo, instituere, institui, institutum (3) to set up insto, instare, institi (1) to pursue, threaten, stand in instrumentum -i n. tool instruo, instruere, instruxi, instructum (3) to construct, build, arrange, draw up insula -ae f. island, block of flats insurgo, insurgere, insurrexi, insurrectum (3) to rise up integer, integra, integrum untouched, complete intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum (3) to understand, perceive inter + acc. between, among, during interea = interim adv. meanwhile interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum (3) to kill, destroy intersum, interesse, interfui to be between intra + acc. within intro, intrare, intravi, intratum (1) to enter intueor, intueri, intuitus sum (2) to look at, consider invado, invadere, invasi, invasum (3) to attack, invade invalidus -a -um weak, ineffective invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum (4) to find invisus -a -um hated invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum (1) to invite invitus -a -um unwilling ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself, self

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ira -ae f. anger iratus -a -um angry is, ea, id he, she, it, that iste, ista, istud that (insulting) ita adv. in this way, thus, so ita vero adv. yes, yes indeed itaque adv. and so, therefore iter, itineris n. journey, route, progress iterum adv. again i i iaceo, iacere, iacui (2) to lie, lie down iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum (3) to throw iam adv. now, already ianua -ae f. door iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum (2) to order, command iucundus -a -um pleasing, delightful iudex, iudicis m. judge iudicium -i n. trial, judgement iudico, iudicare, iudicavi, iudicatum (1) to judge iugum -i n. yoke iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum (3) to join, unite iuro, iurare, iuravi, iuratum (1) to swear ius, iuris n. law, right iustitia -ae f. justice iustus -a -um just, fair iuvenis –is m. or f. youth, young man, young woman iuventus, iuventutis f. youth iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum (1) to help l l labor, labi, lapsus sum (3) to slip, fall labor, laboris m. work, toil, exertion laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum (1) to work lacrima –ae f. tear lacrimo, lacrimare, lacrimavi, lacrimatum (1) to cry, weep lacus -us m. lake laetus -a -um glad, happy laevus -a -um left, harmful lapis, lapidis m. stone late adv. widely lateo, latere, latui (2) to lie hidden latus -a -um wide, broad latus, lateris n. side laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum (1) to praise lavo, lavare, lavi, lavatum or lautum (1) to wash laxo, laxare, laxavi, laxatum (1) to loosen lectica -ae f. litter, sedan chair lectus -i m. bed, couch legatus –i m. envoy, deputy, commander, legate legio, legionis f. legion lego, legere, legi, lectum (3) to read aloud, recite, gather

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lente adv. slowly lentus -a -um slow, pliant, tough leo, leonis m. lion levis -is -e light, thin lex, legis f. law libenter adv. freely liber, libera, liberum free liber, libri m. book liberi -orum m.pl. children libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum (1) to free, set free libertas, libertatis f. freedom libertus -i m. freed man, ex slave licet + inf + dat. it is permitted lingua -ae f. tongue, language linquo, linquere, liqui, lictum (3) to leave littera -ae f. letter (of alphabet) litterae -arum f.pl. letter (= epistola) litus -oris n. sea shore, shore loco, locare, locavi, locatum (1) to place, put locus -i m. place, category longe adv. far off longus -a -um long loquor, loqui, locutus sum (3) to speak luctus -us m. grief ludo, ludere, lusi, lusum (3) to play ludus –i m. school, game lumen, luminis n. light, torch luna -ae f. moon lupus -i m. wolf lux, lucis f. light, daylight m m maestus -a -um sad, gloomy magis adv. more magister, magistri m. master (of pupils), captain (of ship) magnanimus -a -um brave, great, generous magnificus -a -um great, grand, splendid magnitudo, magnitudinis f. greatness, size, magnitude magnopere adv. greatly magnus -a -um great, big maior, maior, maius greater, bigger maiores, maiorum m.pl. ancestors male adv. badly, wrongly malignus -a -um unkind, spiteful malo, malle, malui to prefer malum -i n. evil, wrong malus -a -um evil, bad mane adv. in the morning, early maneo, manere, mansi, mansum (2) to stay, remain manus –us f. hand, band of men mare -is n. sea maritimus -a -um of the sea, maritime

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mater, matris f. mother matrona -ae f. married woman maxime adv. very much, very greatly maximus -a -um very big, very large, very great, greatest medicus -i m. doctor medius -a -um middle melior, melior, melius better melius adv. better membrum -i n. limb, member memini, meminisse + gen. to remember, mention memor, memoris m. f. n. mindful, remembering memoro, memorare, memoravi, memoratum (1) to mention, say, speak mens, mentis f. mind, heart mensa -ae f. table mensis, mensis m. month mercator, mercatoris m. merchant mereo, merere, merui (2) to deserve mergo, mergere, mersi, mersum (3) to sink, immerse, plunge meridies -ei m. midday meta, metae f. turning point, winning post metuo, metuere, metui, metutum (2) to fear metus, metus m. fear meus -a -um my, mine miles, militis m. soldier mille a thousand milia + gen. thousands minime adv. no, least, very little minimus -a -um smallest, very little ministro, ministrare, ministravi, ministratum + dat. (1) to serve, supply, manage minor, minari, minatus sum (1) to threaten minor, minor, minus smaller, less mirabile adv. marvellously, wonderfully mirabilis -is -e marvellous, strange, wonderful miraculum -i n. marvel, wonder, amazement miror, mirari, miratus sum (1) to wonder at miser, misera, miserum wretched, sad mitto, mittere, misi, missum (3) to send modo adv. just now, only modo……modo adv. at one time … at another, now …. now modus -i m. manner, way, kind moenia, moenium n.pl. defences, walls molestus -a -um troublesome, annoying moneo, monere, monui, monitum (2) to warn, advise mons, montis m. mountain monstrum -i n. portent, monster mora -ae f. delay, pause morbus -i m. illness, disease morior, mori, mortuus sum (3) to die moror, morari, moratus sum (1) to delay, linger mors, mortis f. death mortuus -a -um dead, having died mos, moris m. custom

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moveo, movere, movi, motum (2) to move, set in motion, begin mox adv. soon mulier, mulieris f. woman, wife multa n.pl. many things multitudo, multitudinis f. crowd, large number multum adv. much multus -a -um much munus, muneris n. gift, duty murus -i m. wall muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum (1) to change, alter n n nam for narro, narrare, narravi, narratum (1) to tell, relate nascor, nasci, natus sum (3) to be born nata -ae f. daughter natio, nationis f. tribe, nation nato, natare, natavi, natatum (1) to swim, float natus -i m. son nauta -ae m. sailor navigatio, navigationis f. voyage, sailing navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum (1) to sail navis, navis f. ship ne conj. that ..not, lest, in case, so that ..not ne … quidem not even nebula -ae f. cloud, mist nec = neque conj. and not, but not necdum conj. and not yet necessarius -a -um necessary necesse est it is necessary neco, necare, necavi, necatum (1) to kill (e.g. by poison) nefas n. indeclinable wickedness, wrong, sin negleglentia -ae f. carelessness, neglect neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum (3) to neglect, disregard nego, negare, negavi, negatum (1) to deny, say …. not negotium -i n. business, matter nemo, neminis m. no one nepos, nepotis m. grandson, nephew neque…neque conj. neither … nor nequiquam adv. for nothing, fruitlessly nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum (4) not to know nihil nothing nimis adv. too much nisi conj. except, unless nobilis -is -e noble, famous noctu adv. by night noli/nolite + infin do not, don’t nolo, nolle, nolui to be unwilling, not want nomen, nominis n. name non adv. not nondum adv. not yet nonne? adv. surely?

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nonnulli -ae -a some, several nonnunquam adv. sometimes nos we, us nosco, noscere, novi, notum (3) to know, learn to know noster, nostra, nostrum our nostri -orum m.pl. our men notus -a -um known, well known, famous novus -a -um new nox, noctis f. night nubes, nubis f. cloud, gloom nudus -a -um naked, bare nullus -a -um not any, no, none num whether num surely … not? numerus -i m. number numquam adv. never nunc adv. now, at present nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum (1) to report, announce nuntius -i m. messenger, message, news nuper adv. recently, lately nusquam adv. nowhere o o obicio, obicere, obieci, obiectum (3) to oppose, set before obscurus -a -um dark, shady obsecro, obsecrare, obsecravi, obsecratum (1) to beseech obses, obsidis c. hostage obsideo, obsidere, obsedi, obsessum (2) besiege, blockade obsto, obstare, obstiti, obstatum + dat. (1) to stand in the way of, block obtineo, obtinere, obtinui, obtentum (2) to hold, possess obviam eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum + dat. to meet obvius -a -um opposite, against occasio, occasionis f. opportunity occido, occidere, occidi, occisum (3) to kill occupatus -a -um busy, engaged occupo, occupare, occupavi, occupatum (1) to seize, occupy, take possession of occurro, occurrere, occurri, occursum + dat. (3) to run to meet, to meet, present itself oculus -i m. eye odium -i n. hatred offero, offere, obtuli, oblatum to present, bring forward, offer olim adv. once, once upon a time, some time ago omen, ominis n. omen, sign omitto, omittere, omisi, omissum (3) to let go, disregard omnia n.pl. all omnino adv. altogether omnipotens, omnipotentis m. f. n. almighty, all-powerful omnis -is -e all onus, oneris n. burden, load oportet it is necessary, proper oppidani -orum m.pl. townsfolk, inhabitants of a town oppidum -i n. town oppono, opponere, opposui, oppositum (3) to put against, set before

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opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressum (3) to crush, overwhelm oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum (1) to attack, besiege optime adv. best, very well optimus -a -um best, very good, excellent opto, optare, optavi, optatum (1) to choose, wish for opus, operis n. work, labour ora -ae f. coast, edge, region oratio, orationis f. speech orator, oratoris m. speaker, spokesman orbis, orbis m. circle, ring, world ordo, ordinis m. row, series, order orior, oriri, ortus sum (4) to rise, spring ornamentum -i n. equipment, decoration orno, ornare, ornavi, ornatum (1) to decorate oro, orare, oravi, oratum (1) to beg, beseech, pray os, oris n. mouth, face os, ossis n. bone ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostensum or ostentum (3) to show otium -i n. leisure, quiet ovis, ovis f. sheep ovum -i n. egg p p paene adv. nearly, almost panis -is m. bread paratus -a -um ready, prepared parco, parcere, peperci or parsi, parsum + dat. (3) spare, pardon parens, parentis m. or f. parent pareo, parere, parui + dat. (2) to obey pariter adv. equally paro, parare, paravi, paratum (1) to prepare pars, partis f. part parum too little parvus -a -um small passim adv. here and there passus -us m. pace, step pater, patris m. father patior, pati, passus sum (3) to suffer, allow patria -ae f. fatherland pauci -ae -a few, a few, little paulatim adv. gradually paulisper adv. for a short time paulum adv. a little pauper, pauperis m. f. n. poor pavidus -a -um fearful, trembling pavor, pavoris m. terror, trembling pax, pacis f. peace pectus, pectoris n. breast, heart pecunia -ae f. money pecus, pecoris n. cattle, herd pedes, peditis m. foot-soldier pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum (3) to drive out, expel

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per + acc. through, along, throughout perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditum (3) to lose, destroy pereo, perire, perivi or perii, peritum to pass away, perish, die perfero, perferre, pertuli, perlatum to carry through, finish perficio, perficere, perfeci, perfectum (3) to achieve, complete perfuga -ae m. deserter periculosus -a -um dangerous periculum -i n. danger permaneo, permanere, permansi, permansum (2) to remain, persist, last permitto, permittere, permisi, permissum (3) to let go, surrender permoveo, permovere, permovi, permotum (2) to move, excite permutatio, permutationis f. change, alteration perpetuus -a -um continuous, lasting persequor, persequi, persecutus sum (3) to pursue, overtake perseverantia -ae f. persistence, endurance persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum + dat. (2) to persuade, prevail upon perterritus -a -um terrified pertineo, pertinere, pertinui (2) to extend, reach pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventum +in/ad + acc. (4) to arrive at pes, pedis m. foot, paw pessimus -a -um the worst, very bad peto, petere, petivi or petii, petitum (3) to seek, ask beg for to make for, attack, pilum -i n. javelin piscis, piscis m. fish placet + dat. it pleases, it suits plebs, plebis f. common people, lower class, plebs plenus -a -um + gen. or abl. full, filled plerique, pleraeque, pleraque most, a good many pluit it is raining plura more (things) plures more (people) plurimi -ae -a very many plurimus -a -um very much plus, pluris more poena -ae f. punishment, penalty poeta -ae m. poet polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum (2) to promise, offer pono, ponere, posui, positum (3) to place, put, stake, put up pons, pontis m. bridge popularis -is -e popular, belonging to the people populus -i m. people porta -ae f. gate, doorway porto, portare, portavi, portatum (1) to carry portus -us m. harbour, port posco, poscere, poposci (3) to demand, request possideo, possidere, possedi, possessum (2) to hold, occupy possum, posse, potui can, be able post + acc. after, beind postea adv. afterwards postquam conj. after, when postremo adv. finally postridie adv. on the following day, next day

23

potens, potentis m. f. n. powerful, strong potestas, potestatis f. power, control potior, potiri, potitus sum + abl. (4) to take possession of, acquire praebeo, praebere, praebui, praebitum (2) to offer, supply praeceps, pracipitis m. f. n. headlong praecipue adv. especially praeda -ae f. booty praefectus -i m. commander, governor praefero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatum to carry in front praeficio, praeficere, praefeci, praefectum (3) to put in charge praemium -i n. reward, prize praesens, praesentis m. f. n. present, immediate praesideo, praesidere, praesedi (2) to sit before, guard praesidium -i n. protection, garrison praesum, praeesse, praefui + dat. to be in command of praeter + acc. except, beyond praeterea adv. besides, moreover praetereo, praeterire, praeterii or praeterivi, praeteritum to go past, pass by, surpass praetor, praetoris m. praetor, governor praetorium -i n. camp headquarters, governor's residence precor, precari, precatus sum (1) to pray, beg premo, premere, pressi, pressum (3) to press, tighten pretium -i n. price pridie adv. the day before primum adv. firstly, at first princeps, principis m.or f. chief, chieftain, leading citizen emperor prior, prior, prius former, previous prius adv. formerly, previously, earlier priusquam conj. before, sooner than pro + abl. for on behalf of, in return for, in front of procedo, procedere, processi, processum (3) to proceed, advance, step forward procul adv. far, in the distance prodigium -i n omen, portent prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditum (3) to betray proelium -i n. battle, fight profero, proferre, protuli, prolatum to carry forth, bring forth proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum (3) to set out progredior, progredi, progressus sum (3) to advance prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum (2) to prevent, hinder proles, prolis f. offspring, descendant promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum (3) to promise prope + acc. near propero, properare, properavi, properatum (1) to hasten, hurry propinquus -a -um neighbouring propior, propior, propius nearer propter + acc. on account of, beside prospicio, prospicere, prospexi, prospectum (3) to look forward, watch protinus adv. immediately, straightaway provideo, providere, providi, provisum (2) to look forward, make provision provincia -ae f. province proximus -a -um nearest prudens, prudentis m. f. n. foreseeing, prudent

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prudentia -ae f. knowledge, prudence publice adv. publicly publicus -a -um public, belonging to the state pudor, pudoris m. shame, disgrace puella -ae f. girl puer -i m. boy pugna -ae f. fight, combat pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum (1) to fight, contend pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful pulvis, pulveris m. dust punio, punire, punivi, punitum (4) to punish puppis -is f. stern, ship purus -a -um clear, pure, upright puto, putare, putavi, putatum (1) to think, reckon pyra -ae f. funeral pyre q q qua adv. where quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum (3) to look for, search qualis -is -e of what kind, such as quam than quam adv. how, in what way? quam diu adv. how long quam! how…! quamquam although quamvis although quantus -a -um how big, how much quare adv. why?, wherefore? quasi adv. as if –que conj. and queror, queri, questus sum (3) to complain, lament qui, quae, quod who, which quia conj. because quidam, quaedam, quoddam a certain thing, person quidem adv. indeed quidquam anything quies, quietis f. rest, peace quiesco, quiescere, quievi, quietum (3) to rest quis, quis, quid who? what? quisquam, quaequam, quicquam anyone, anything quisque, quaeque, quodque each, everybody, everything quo adv. where? where to? quod conj. because, which quomodo adv. how? in what way? quoniam adv. since quoque conj. also, too quot how many? quotiens adv. how often, as often as r r rabies, rabiei f. madness, rage, fury radius -i m. ray of light

25

rapidus -a -um impetuous, swift rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum (3) to seize, snatch, grab ratio, rationis f. reckoning, reason, motive recipio, recipere, recepi, receptum (3) to hold back, take back, retreat recito, recitare, recitavi, recitatum (1) to recite, read publicly rectus -a -um proper, correct, straight reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum (3) to give back, return redeo, redire, redivi or redii, reditum to go back, return redimo, redimere, redemi, redemptum (3) to buy back, redeem, recover reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductum (3) to bring, lead back, draw back refero, referre, retuli, relatum to carrry, bring back, refer reficio, reficere, refeci, refectum (3) to restore, revive, refresh regia -ae f. palace regina -ae f. queen regio -ionis f. region, district, territory regnum -i n. kingdom, royal power rego, regere, rexi, rectum (3) to rule regredior, regredi, regressus sum (3) to go back, return, retreat religio -ionis f. superstition, respect relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum (3) to leave, leave behind, abandon reliquus -a -um remaining, left behind removeo, removere, removi, remotum (2) to move back, withdraw remus -i m. oar reor, reri, ratus sum (2) to think, consider, suppose repello, repellere, reppuli, repulsum (3) to drive back, drive away repente adv. suddenly, unexpectedly repentinus -a -um sudden, unexpected reperio, reperire, repperi, repertum (4) to find, discover repeto, repetere, repetivi, repetitum (3) to demand back, seek again repleo, replere, replevi, repletum (2) to fill again, make full, satisfy reporto, reportare, reportavi, reportatum (1) to bring back reprimo, reprimere, repressi, repressum (3) to hold back, restrain, hinder requiesco, requiescere, requievi, requietum (3) to rest, repose requiro, requirere, requisivi, requisitum (3) to ask, to look for res publica, rei publicae f. the state, republic res, rei f. thing, matter, business, affair, situation reservo, reservare, reservavi, reservatum (1) to keep back, save, preserve resisto, resistere, restiti + dat. (3) to resist, oppose, withstand respicio, respicere, respexi, respectum (3) to look back, behind, care for respondeo, respondere, respondi, responsum (2) to reply, answer restituo, restituere, restitui, restitutum (3) to replace, restore retineo, retinere, retinui, retentum (2) to retain, keep, hold back retraho, retrahere, retraxi, retractum (3) to draw back, drag back, withdraw retro adv. backwards, behind revenio, revenire, reveni, reventum (4) come back, return reverto, revertere, reverti (3) to return, come back revoco, revocare, revocavi, revocatum (1) to call back, summon back rex, regis m. king rideo, ridere, risi, risum (2) to laugh, smile ripa -ae f. bank (of river) rivus -i m. stream robur, roboris n. oak, hardness, strength

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rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum (1) to ask rostra, rostrorum n.pl. platform ruina -ae f. collapse, ruin rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum (3) to break, shatter, force open ruo, ruere, rui, rutum (3) to rush, fall down, collapse rupes, rupis f. rock, cliff rursus adv. again rus, ruris n. country(side) s s sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred, holy saepe adv. often saevus -a -um savage, cruel, fierce sagitta -ae f. arrow salus, salutis f. health, safety, welfare saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum (1) to greet, welcome salve, salvete hello! good morning! greetings! sanctus -a -um consecrated, sacred sanguis, sanguinis m. blood, race, descendant sanus -a -um healthy, sane sapiens, sapientis m. f. n. wise, sensible sapientia -ae f. good sense, wisdom, prudence satis adv. + gen. enough saxum -i n. rock scaena -ae f. stage scelestus -a -um wicked scelus, sceleris n. crime scio, scire, scivi, scitum (4) to know scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum (3) to write scutum -i n. shield se himself, herself, itself, themselves seco, secare, secui, sectum (1) to cut secum with him(self), her(self), it(self), them(selves) secundus -a -um second, favourable securus -a -um safe, secure, free from care sed conj. but sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum (2) to sit sedes -is f. seat, chair seditio, seditionis f. revolt, rising, mutiny sella -ae f. seat, chair semen, seminis n. seed semper adv. always senator, senatoris m. senator senatus -us m. the senate senectus, senectutis f. old age senex, senis m. old man sententia -ae f. opinion, thought sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum (4) to feel, notice, realise, perceive sepulchrum -i n. tomb sequor, sequi, secutus sum (3) to follow serenus -a -um calm, clear, serene, cheerful, glad sermo, sermonis m. conversation, talk

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serus -a -um late servio, servire, servivi or servii, servitum + dat. (4) to serve, to be a slave servitudo, servitudinis f. slavery, servitude servo, servare, servavi, servatum (1) to keep, save, protect servus -i m. slave sese = se himself, herself, itself, themselves seu = sive conj. if seu...seu conj. whether...or severus -a -um serious, strict, stern si conj. if sic adv. thus, in this way siccus -a -um dry sicut/sicuti adv. just as sidus, sideris n. star, constellation signum -i n. sign, signal, standard silentium -i n. silence silva -ae f. wood, forest similis -is -e + gen. like, similar. simul adv. at the same time simulo, simulare, simulavi, simulatum (1) to pretend sin conj. but if, if however sine + abl. without singulus -a -um single, one at a time. sinister, sinistra, sinistrum left, on the left, wrong. sino, sinere, sivi, situm (3) allow, permit. sinus -us m. fold in cloth, lap, bosom, bay. sive conj. if sive...sive conj. whether...or socius -i m. friend, ally sol, solis m. sun, heat of the sun soleo, solere, solitus sum (2) to be accustomed solitudo, solitudinis f. loneliness sollicito, sollicitare, sollicitavi, sollicitatum (1) to worry sollicitus -a -um anxious, uneasy, worried solum -i n. ground, soil solus -a -um alone, lonely solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum (3) loosen, free, dissolve somnus -i m. sleep sono, sonare, sonui, sonitum (1) to sound, make a noise sonus -i m. sound sordidus -a -um dirty, filthy soror, sororis f. sister sors, sortis f. lot, fate, casting of lots spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsum (3) to scatter spatium -i n. space, extent, walk species, speciei f. sight, appearance, image, kind spectaculum –i n. sight, show, spectacle specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum (1) to look at, watch sperno, spernere, sprevi, spretum (3) put away, despise, scorn spero, sperare, speravi, speratum (1) to hope spes, spei f. hope splendeo, splendere, splendidi, splenditum (2) to shine, glitter

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spolio, spoliare, spoliavi, spoliatum (1) to plunder, rob, strip spondeo, spondere, spopondi, sponsum (2) to promise, pledge onself statim adv. immediately, at once statio, stationis f. position, post, anchorage statuo, statuere, statui, statutum (3) to settle, decide status -us m. position, standing, condition stella -ae f. star sto, stare, steti, statum (1) to stand, lie at anchor strepitus -us m. din, noise studeo, studere, studui + dat. (2) to be keen on, to support, to study studium -i n. zeal, eagerness, enthusiasm stultus -a -um stupid, foolish sua sponte adv. freely, voluntarily suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum + dat. (2) to advise, recommend, persuade sub + abl. under, in the power of sub + acc. close up to, just before subeo, subire, subii or subivi, subitum to go up to, to support, to come to the assistance subicio, subicere, subieci, subiectum (3) submit, place under, subject to subito adv. suddenly submergo, submergere, submersi, submersum (3) sink subsidium -i n. help, support subvenio, subvenire, subveni, subventum + dat. (4) to come to the help of sum, esse, fui to be summus -a -um highest, greatest, top of sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum (3) to take up, obtain, choose super + abl. over, above super + acc. upon, beyond superbus -a -um proud, arrogant supero, superare, superavi, superatum (1) to overcome, conquer, defeat supersum, superesse, superfui to survive supprimo, supprimere, suppressi, suppressum (3) to suppress supra + acc. above, over supremus -a -um last surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum (3) to get up, rise surripio, surripere, surripui, surreptum (3) to steal suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptum (3) to undertake suspicor, suspicari, suspicatus sum (1) to suspect, infer suus -a -um his, her, its, their (own) t t taberna -ae f. inn, shop tabernaculum -i n. tent taceo, tacere, tacui, tacitum (2) to be silent tacitus -a -um silent, quiet talis -is -e of such a kind tam adv. so tamen conj. however, nevertheless tamquam adv. so as, just as tandem adv. at last, finally, at length tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum (3) to touch, strike, hit, affect tantum adv only tantus -a -um so great, such a great

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tardus -a -um slow tectum -i n. roof, house, dwelling tego, tegere, texi, tectum (3) to cover, hide, protect tellus, telluris f. the earth, world, land telum -i n. weapon, missile tempestas, tempestatis f. storm, season, attack templum -i n. temple tempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatum (1) to attempt, prove, test tempus, temporis n. time tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentum or tensum (3) to stretch, go forwards, make for tenebrae -arum f.pl. darkness, night teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum (2) to hold, keep tenuis -is -e thin, fine, slight, unimportant tepidus -a -um lukewarm, tepid ter adv. three times tergum -i n. back terra -ae f. ground, earth, land terreo, terrere, terrui, territum (2) frighten, terrify terror, terroris m. fright, fear, panic testis, testis c. witness, eye witness timeo, timere, timui (2) to fear timidus -a -um timid timor, timoris, m. fear toga -ae f. toga tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum (3) to lift, raise, remove, take away torqueo, torquere, torsi, torsum (3) to twist, torture tot indeclinable so many totiens adv. so often totus -a -um tra(ns)mitto, tra(ns)mittere, tra(ns)misi, tra(ns)missum (3)

whole to send across, cross over

trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum (3) to hand over, relate, record traduco, traducere, traduxi, traductum (3) to bring over, lead past, show traho, trahere, traxi, tractum (3) to drag, draw traicio, traicere, traieci, traiectum (3) to throw, hurl, penetrate tranquillitas, tranquillitatis f. calm, peacefulness, quietness trans + acc. across, over transeo, transire, transivi or transii, transitum to cross transfero, transferre, transtuli, translatum to carry across transgredior, transgredi, transgressus sum (3) to go across, go over tremo -ere, tremui (2) to tremble (at) trepidatio -onis f. alarm, fear, anxiety, trepidation trepidus -a- um anxious, restless, agitated tribunal -alis n. tribunal, raised platform tribunus -i m. tribune, military tribune triclinium -i n. dining-room tristis -is -e sad triumpho, triumphare, triumphavi, triumphatum (1) to triumph, gain a victory triumphus -i m. triumph(al procession) tu you (sing.) tueor/tuor, tueri, tuitus/tutus sum (2) to take care of, protect, look after tum adv. then

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tumultus -us m. panic, tumult, din, confusion tumulus -i m. hill, mound tunc adv. then, at that time tunica -ae f. tunic turba -ae f. crowd turbidus -a -um confused, troubled, disturbed turpis -is -e disgraceful tutus -a -um safe tuus -a -um your u u ubi adv. when, as soon as ubi? adv. where? ullus -a -um any ultimus -a -um last ultra adv. beyond, besides ultra prep. + acc. beyond, past umbra -ae f. shadow, shade umerus -i m shoulder umidus -a -um wet, damp umquam, unquam adv. ever una adv. together unda -ae f. wave, water unde adv. from where? undique adv. on all sides universus -a -um whole, entire, urbs, urbis f. city usquam adv. anywhere usque ad + acc. right up to ut (+ indic.) as, when ut (+ subj.) that, in order that, so that, to uter, utra, utrum which (of two) uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of two), either utilis -is -e useful utor, uti, usus sum (3) + abl. use uxor, uxoris f. wife v v vacuus -a -um empty, vacant vado, vadere (3) to go, advance valde adv. extremely vale, valete goodbye! valeo, valere, valui, valitum (2) to be strong, to be able valetudo, valetudinis f. health validus -a -um strong vallis -is f. valley vallum -i n. rampart vanus -a -um empty, vain varius -a -um varied, different vates, vatis m. or f. prophet, prophetess -ve conj. or vel conj. or

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vel … vel … conj. either … or … velut adv. as, just as vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum (3) to sell venio, venire, veni, ventum (4) to come ventus -i m. wind verbero, verberare, verberavi, verberatum (1) to beat verbum -i n. word vereor, vereri, veritus sum (2) to fear vero adv. indeed verto, vertere, verti, versum (3) to turn, change verus -a -um real, true vesper -i (is) m. evening vester, vestra, vestrum your (plural) vestigium -i n. trace, footprint vestimentum –i n. garment vestis -is f. garment veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum (1) to forbid, prohibit vetus, veteris m. f. n. old vexo, vexare, vexavi, vexatum (1) to annoy, harass, tease via -ae f. road, street, way vicinus -a -um neighbouring victor, victoris m. conqueror vicus -i m. village video, videre, vidi, visum (2) to see villa -ae f. villa, house vinco, vincere, vici, victum (3) to conquer, overcome vinum -i n. wine vir, viri m. man, husband virgo, virginis f. maid, virgin virtus, virtutis f. courage, heroism vis, viris (acc. vim, abl. vi, pl.vires), f. power, force, strength vita -ae f. life vitam ago, agere, egi, actum (3) to spend one's life vitium -i n. fault, vice vito, vitare, vitavi, vitatum (1) to avoid vivo, vivere, vixi, victum (3) to live vivus -a -um alive, living vix adv. scarcely voco, vocare. vocavi, vocatum (1) to call volo, velle, volui to wish, want volo, volare, volavi, volatum (1) fly voluptas, voluptatis f. pleasure volvo, volvere, volvi, volutum (3) to roll, turn round vos you (plural) votum -i n. vow, prayer vox, vocis f. voice vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratum (1) to wound, injure vulnus, vulneris n. wound vultus -us m. face, expression, countenance Numbers Numbers unus -a -um one

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duo, duae, duo two tres, tres, tria three quattuor four quinque five sex six septem seven octo eight novem nine decem ten undecim eleven duodecim twelve tredecim thirteen quattuordecim fourteen quindecim fifteen sedecim sixteen septemdecim seventeen duodeviginti eighteen undeviginti nineteen viginti twenty triginta thirty quadraginta forty quinquaginta fifty sexaginta sixty septuaginta seventy octoginta eighty nonaginta ninety centum one hundred primus -a -um first secundus -a -um second tertius -a -um third quartus -a -um fourth quintus -a -um fifth sextus -a -um sixth septimus -a -um seventh octavus -a -um eighth nonus -a- um ninth decimus -a -um tenth

NCCA acknowledges the work of the Classical Association of Ireland – Teachers in preparing this vocabulary.