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Senate of the Philippines

Senado ng Pilipinas

15th Congress of the Philippines

Type

Type Upper house

Term limits 2 terms (12 years)

Leadership

Acting President of the Senate Jinggoy Estrada, UNA

Since June 5, 2013

President of the Senate pro tempore Jinggoy Estrada, UNA

Since July 26, 2010

Majority Leader Tito Sotto, NPC

Since June 6, 2013

Minority Leader Alan Peter Cayetano,Nacionalista

Since July 26, 2010

Structure

Seats 24 Senators

Political groups Majority Bloc:

Liberal (4)

UNA (3)

Lakas (2)

Nacionalista (2)

NPC (2)

PDP-Laban (1)

LDP (1)

PRP (1)

Independent (4)

Minority Bloc:

Nacionalista (3)

Lakas (1)

Vacant (1)

Committees See list

Length of term 6 years

Authority Article VI, Constitution of the Philippines

Elections

Voting system Plurality-at-large voting

Last election May 13, 2013

Next election May 9, 2016

Meeting place

GSIS Building, Financial Center, Macapagal Boulevard, Pasay

Website


The Senate of the Philippines (Filipino: Senado ng Pilipinas or "Mataas na Kapulungan ng Pilipinas") is the upper

house of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, the Congress; the House of Representatives is the lower house. The

Senate is composed of 24 senators who are elected at-large with the country as one district under plurality-at-large voting.

Senators serve 6-year terms, with half of the senators elected every 3 years to ensure that the Senate is maintained as a

continuous body, though staggered. When the Senate was restored by the 1987 Constitution, the 24 senators who were

elected in 1987 served until 1992. In 1992 the candidates for the Senate obtaining the 12 highest number of votes served

until 1998, while the next 12 served until 1995. Thereafter, each senator elected serves the full 6 years.

Aside from having its concurrence on every bill in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law, the

Senate is the only body that can concur with treaties, and can try impeachment cases. The Senate Presidency is currently

held by Jinggoy Estradain acting capacity.

Contents

[hide]

1 History

2 Composition

3 Qualifications

4 Organization

5 Powers

6 Current members

o 6.1 Party composition

o 6.2 Blocs

o 6.3 Seating arrangement

7 Committees

8 Seat

9 Prominent Senators

o 9.1 Assumed Philippine Presidency

o 9.2 Other

10 References

11 External links

History[edit]

The post-World-War-II Philippine Senate in 1951:Cipriano P. Primicias, Sr. , far left, debates Quintín Paredes, far right. In the middle are Justiniano Montano, Mariano Jesús

Cuenco, Enrique B. Magalona, and Francisco Delgado; in the foreground is Edmundo Cea. Deliberations were once held at the Old Congress Building, Manila.

From 1907 to 1916, the Philippine Commission headed by the U.S. Governor-Generalserved as the upper chamber of the

colonial legislature at the same time exercised executive powers. On August 29, 1916 the United States Congress enacted

thePhilippine Autonomy Act or popularly known as the "Jones Law" which paved the way for the creation of a

bicameral Philippine Legislature wherein the Senate served as the upper chamber and while the House of

Representatives as the lower chamber of it. Then Philippine Resident Commissioner Manuel L.

Quezon encouraged Speaker Sergio Osmeña to run for the leadership of the Senate, but Osmeña preferred to continue

leading the lower house. Quezon then ran for the Senate and becameSenate President for the next 19 years (1916–1935).

Senators then were elected viasenatorial districts via plurality-at-large voting; each district grouped several provinces and

each elected two senators except for "non-Christian" provinces where theGovernor-General of the Philippines appointed

the senators for the district.

This setup continued until 1935, when the Philippine Independence Act or the "Tydings–McDuffie Act" was provided by

the U.S. Congress which granted the Filipinos the right to frame their own constitution in preparation for their

independence, wherein they established a unicameral National Assembly, effectively abolishing the Senate. Not long after

the adoption of the 1935 Constitution several amendments began to be proposed. By 1938, the National Assembly began

consideration of these proposals, which included restoring the Senate as the upper chamber of Congress. The amendment

of the 1935 Constitution to have a bicameral legislature was approved in 1940 and the first biennial elections for the

restored upper house was held in November 1941. Instead of the old senatorial districts, senators were elected via the

entire country serving as an at-large district, although still under plurality-at-large voting, with voters voting up to eight

candidates, and the eight candidates with the highest number of votes being elected. While the Senate from 1916 to 1935

had exclusive confirmation rights over executive appointments, as part of the compromises that restored the Senate in

1941, the power of confirming executive appointments has been exercised by a jointCommission on

Appointments composed of members of both houses. However, the Senate since its restoration and the independence of

the Philippines in 1946 has the power to ratify treaties.

The Senate finally convened in 1945 and served as the upper chamber of Congress from thereon until the declaration

of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. which shut down Congress. The Senate was resurrected in 1987

upon the ratification of the 1987 Constitution. However, instead of eight senators being replaced after every election, it

was changed to twelve.

In the Senate, the officers are the Senate President, Senate President pro tempore, Majority Floor Leader, Minority Floor

Leader and the Senate Secretary and the Senate Sergeant at Arms who shall be elected by the Senators from among the

employees and staff of the Senate. Meanwhile, the Senate President, Senate President pro-tempore, the Majority Floor

Leader and the Minority Floor Leader shall be elected by the Senators from among themselves.

Composition[edit]

See also: Philippine senatorial elections

Election results from 1916 to the present. Note that some senators may switch to another party mid-term.

Article VI, Section 2 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution provides that the Senate shall be composed of 24 senators who

shall be elected at-large by the qualified voters of thePhilippines, as may be provided by law.

The composition of the Senate is smaller in number as compared to the House of Representatives. The members of this

chamber are elected at large by the entire electorate. The rationale for this rule intends to make the Senate a training

ground for national leaders and possibly a springboard for the presidency.

It follows also that the Senator, having a national rather than only a district constituency, will have a broader outlook of

the problems of the country, instead of being restricted by narrow viewpoints and interests. With such perspective, the

Senate is likely to be more circumspect, or at least less impulsive, than the House of Representatives.

Senatorial candidates are chosen by the leaders of major political parties or coalitions of parties. The selection process is

not transparent and is done in "backrooms" where much political horse-trading occurs. Thus, the absence of regional or

proportional representation in the Senate exacerbates a top heavy system of governance, with power centralized in Metro

Manila. It has often been suggested that each region of the country should elect its own senator(s) to more properly

represent the people. This will have the effect of flattening the power structure. Regional problems and concerns within a

national view can be addressed more effectively. A senator's performance, accountability, and electability become

meaningful to a more defined and identifiable regional constituency.

The Senate Electoral Tribunal (SET) composed of three Supreme Court justices and six senators determines election

protests on already-seated senators. There had been three instances where the SET has replaced senators due to election

protests, the last of which was on 2011 when the tribunal awarded the protest of Aquilino Pimentel III against Juan Miguel

Zubiri.[1]

Qualifications[edit]

The qualifications for membership in the Senate are expressly stated in Section 3, Art. VI of the 1987 Philippine

Constitution as follows:

No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines,

and on the day of the election, is at least 35 years of age, able to read and write, a

registered voter, and a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years

immediately preceding the day of the election.

The age is fixed at 35 and must be possessed on the day of the elections, that is,

when the polls are opened and the votes cast, and not on the day of the

proclamation of the winners by the board of canvassers.

With regard to the residence requirements, it was ruled in the case of Lim v.

Pelaez that it must be the place where one habitually resides and to which he, after

absence, has the intention of returning.

The enumeration laid down by the 1987 Philippine Constitution is exclusive under

the Latin principle of expressio unius est exclusio alterius. This means

that Congress cannot anymore add additional qualifications other than those

provided by the 1987 Philippine Constitution.

Organization[edit]

Under the 1987 Philippine Constitution, "Congress shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for its

regular session...". During this time, the Senate is organized to elect its officers. Specifically, the 1987 Philippine

Constitution provides a definite statement, to it:

The Senate shall elect its President and the House of Representatives its Speaker by a vote of all its respective members.

Each House shall choose such other officers as it may deem necessary.

By virtue of these provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the Senate adopts its own rules, otherwise known as the

"Rules of the Senate." The Rules of the Senate provide the following officers: a President, a President pro tempore, a

Secretary and a Sergeant-at-Arms.

Following this set of officers, the Senate as an institution can then be grouped into the Senate Proper and the Secretariat.

The former belongs exclusively to the members of the Senate as well as its committees, while the latter renders support

services to the members of the Senate.

Powers[edit]

The Senate was modeled upon the United States Senate; the two chambers of Congress have roughly equal powers, and

every bill or resolution that has to go through both houses needs the consent of both chambers before being passed for the

president's signature. Once a bill is defeated in the Senate, it is lost. Once a bill is approved by the Senate onthird reading,

the bill is passed to the House of Representatives, unless an identical bill has also been passed by the lower house. When a

counterpart bill in the lower house is different from the one passed by the Senate, either a bicameral conference committee

is created consisting of members from both chambers of Congress to reconcile the differences, or either chamber may

instead approve the other chamber's version.

While money bills originate in the House of Representatives, the Senate may still propose or concur with amendments.

Only the Senate has the power to approve, via a two-thirds supermajority, or denounce treaties, and the power to try and

convict, via a two-thirds supermajority, an impeached official.

Current members[edit]

Main article: List of members of the 15th Congress of the Philippines

For winners of the 2013 election, see List of senators elected in the Philippine

Senate election, 2013.

Philippines

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Senator Party

Terms

Bloc

Number Starts Ends

Edgardo Angara LDP 2 2007 2013 Majority

Joker Arroyo Lakas 2 2007 2013 Minority

Alan Peter Cayetano Nacionalista 1 2007 2013 Minority

Pia Cayetano Nacionalista 2 2010 2016 Minority

Franklin Drilon Liberal 1 2010 2016 Majority

Jinggoy Estrada UNA 2 2010 2016 Majority

Francis Escudero Independent 1 2007 2013 Majority

Teofisto Guingona III Liberal 1 2010 2016 Majority

Gregorio Honasan UNA 1 2007 2013 Majority

Panfilo Lacson Independent 2 2007 2013 Majority

Lito Lapid Lakas 2 2010 2016 Majority

Loren Legarda NPC 1 2007 2013 Majority

Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. Nacionalista 1 2010 2016 Majority

Sergio Osmeña III Independent 1 2010 2016 Majority

Francis Pangilinan Liberal 2 2007 2013 Majority

Aquilino Pimentel III 1 PDP-Laban 1 2011 2013 Majority

Juan Ponce Enrile UNA 2 2010 2016 Majority

Ralph Recto Liberal 1 2010 2016 Majority

Bong Revilla Lakas 2 2010 2016 Majority

Miriam Defensor Santiago PRP 2 2010 2016 Majority

Tito Sotto NPC 1 2010 2016 Majority

Antonio Trillanes IV Nacionalista 1 2007 2013 Minority

Manny Villar Nacionalista 2 2007 2013 Majority

(vacant)2 — — 2007 2013 —

^1 Assumed office on August 15, 2011, after winning an election protest against Juan Miguel

Zubiri (independent, formerly Lakas-Kampi, now with PMP/UNA) who had earlier resigned on August 3,

2011.[2]

^2 Vacancy occurred on June 30, 2010 after the inauguration of Benigno Aquino III (Liberal) as President

of the Philippines.

Party composition[edit]

Party Total %

Nacionalista 5 20.8%

Liberal 4 16.7%

Lakas 3 12.5%

UNA 3 12.5%

NPC 2 8.3%

PDP-Laban 1 4.2%

LDP 1 4.2%

PRP 1 4.2%

Independent 3 12.5%

Total 23 95.8%

Blocs[edit]

Bloc

Total Vacant

Majority Independent Minority

End of previous Congress 16 0 7 23 1

Begin 17 3 3

23 1August 2, 2010 19 0 4

August 4, 2010 20 3

August 3, 2011 19 22 2

August 15, 2011 1

23 1

August 17, 2011 20 0

September 21, 2012

19

1

September 23, 2012 0 4

Latest voting share 83% 0% 17% 100% 4%

Seating arrangement[edit]

Minority members are italicized.Osmeña Lacson Pangilinan Lapid HonasanLegarda Pimentel Trillanes Drilon Guingona Recto

Villar Marcos Defensor Santiago Escudero Revilla Angara

Arroyo P. Cayetano A.P. Cayetano Sotto EstradaPonce Enrile

Committees[edit]

Further information: List of Philippine Senate committees

At the core of Congress’ lawmaking, investigative and oversight

functions lies the committee system. This is so because much of the

business of Congress, it has been well said, is done in the

committee. Specific problems, whether local or national in scope,

are initially brought to the forum of congressional committees

where they are subjected to rigid and thorough discussions.

Congressional hearings and investigations on matters dealing with

every field of legislative concern have frequently been conducted

by congressional committees.

To a large extent, therefore, the committee system plays a very

significant role in the legislative process. Congressional responses

and actions vis-a-vis growing national problems and concerns have

considerably relied upon the efficiency and effectiveness of the

committee structure, system and expertise. As pointed out

by Woodrow Wilson regarding the important roles played by

different committees of Congress:

"The House sits, not for serious discussion, but to sanction the conclusions of

the Committees as rapidly as possible. It legislates in its committee rooms; not

by the deliberation of majorities, but by the resolutions of specially-

commissioned minorities; so that it is not far from the truth to say that

Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, while Congress in its

committee rooms is Congress at work."

On the other hand, the merits of Nelson W. Polsby's view with

regard to the importance of the committee system can be well

considered:

"Any proposal that weakens the capabilities of congressional committees

weakens Congress. Congressional committees are the listening posts of

Congress. They accumulate knowledge about the performance of

governmental agencies and about the effects of governmental programs and

performance on private citizens. They provide incentives to members of

Congress to involve themselves in the detailed understanding of governmental

functioning. They provide a basis - virtually the only well institutionalized

basis in the House of Representatives - for understanding and for influencing

public policy."

"The present committee system in the Senate has by far been the product of

strong years of Philippine legislative experience. It draws its strength from the

inherent functions it is mandated to perform, i.e., to assist the Congress in

coming up with well studied legislative policy enactments. Yet the complexity

of problems that our country is currently facing and the growing needs and

demands of our people for a more assertive role on the part of Congress

cannot but require us to assess the effectiveness as well as the responsiveness

of the congressional committee structure and system. In order to survive and

meet the challenges, Congress must adjust to external demands and cope with

internal stresses. It must be pointed out that social, economic, and political

developments generate demands that the legislature pass legislation or take

other action to meet constitutional and public expectations concerning the

general welfare. The continuing rise of unemployment, poverty, economic

depression, scandals, crises and calamities of various kinds, energy problem

and accelerating technological innovations, all intensify pressures upon

Congress. Political or governmental shifts, aggressive presidential leadership,

partisan realignments, and momentous and controversial Supreme Court

rulings, among other things, also drive the congressional workload."

However, the effects of external demands create

interpersonal stresses within Congress, and in the

Senate in particular. For instance, a ballooning

workload (external demand) of some committees has

caused personal or committee scrambles for

jurisdiction (internal stress). Other tensions that may

be considered range from the growth in the member-

ship of various committees, jurisdictional disputes

among several committees, shifts in its personnel,

factional disputes and members’ shifting attitudes or

norms. Such conflicts surface in recurrent debates

over pay, requisites, committee jurisdictions, rules

scheduling, and budgetary procedures which

necessitate the call for an assessment of the present

structure of the Senate Committee System.

Seat[edit]

The GSIS Building in Pasay, the seat of the Senate.

The Senate currently meets at the GSIS Building

in Pasay. Built on land reclaimed from Manila Bay,

the Senate shares the complex with the Government

Service Insurance System (GSIS).

The Senate previously met at the Old Congress

Building in Manila until May 1997. The Senate

occupied the upper floors while the House of

Representatives occupied the lower floors, with the

National Library at the basement. When the

Congress Building was destroyed in World War II,

Congress met at the Old Japanese Schoolhouse in

Manila; the Senate met at night while the House of

Representatives met at daytime. Congress returned

to the Congress Building on 1950. When

President Ferdinand Marcos dissolved Congress in

1972, he built a new legislative complex in Quezon

City. The unicameral parliament known as

the Batasang Pambansaeventually met there on

1978. With the restoration of the bicameral

legislature on 1987, the House of Representatives

inherited the complex at Quezon City, now called

the Batasang Pambansa Complex, while the Senate

returned to the Congress Building, until the GSIS

Building was finished in May 1997. Thus, the

country's two houses of Congress meet at different

places in Metro Manila.

Prominent Senators[edit]

See also: List of Senators of the Philippines

Assumed Philippine Presidency[edit]

Manuel L. Quezon , 2nd President. Was also the

first Senate President who lobbied for a

nationally-elected senate that was established in

1940.

José P. Laurel , 3rd President

Sergio Osmeña , 4th President

Manuel Roxas , 5th President

Elpidio Quirino , 6th President

Carlos P. Garcia , 8th President

Ferdinand E. Marcos , 10th President

Joseph Ejercito Estrada , 13th President

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo , 14th President

Benigno Aquino III , 15th President

(Incumbent)

Other[edit]

Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. , Marcos-era opposition

leader, husband of 11th President Corazon C.

Aquino and father of incumbent President

Benigno Aquino III.

Pablo Angeles y David , statesman, youngest

Filipino to pass the Bar; pre-World War II,

oppositionist to Pres. Elpidio Quirino

Jose W. Diokno , nationalist, former Secretary

of Justice, Bar topnotcher, founder of the Free

Legal Assistance Group

Teofisto Guingona, Jr. , 11th Vice President of

the Philippines

Eva Estrada Kalaw , first woman to be re-

elected senator,

Raul Manglapus , former Minister of Foreign

Affairs and former presidential candidate

Blas Ople , former Director-General of

the International Labour Organization (ILO)

and former Secretary of Foreign Affairs

Cipriano P. Primicias, Sr. , statesman, Majority

Floor Leader and Member of The Council of

State, 1953–1963

Gil J. Puyat , statesman, Senate President

(1967–1972).

Claro M. Recto , statesman

Jovito Salonga , Three-time top elected senator,

Marcos-era opposition leader, former Chairman

of the Presidential Commission on Good

Government (PCGG).

Vicente Sotto , father of "Press Freedom Law"

Lorenzo Tañada , statesman and Marcos-era

opposition leader

Arturo Tolentino , 9th Vice President of the

Philippines

References[edit]

1. ̂ Calonzo, Andero (August 11, 2011.). "Pimentel

proclaimed 12th winning senator in '07 polls". GMA

News Online. Retrieved August 11, 2011.

2. ̂ "Koko Pimentel cries foul over Senate tribunal

vote". Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 15, 2010. Retrieved

July 26, 2010.

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Cabinet

Secretary of Foreign AffairsAlberto Romulo (August 23, 2004–February 23, 2011)

Albert del Rosario (February 23, 2011–present)

Executive Secretary Paquito Ochoa, Jr. (June 30, 2010–present)

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Secretary of the Interior and Local Government Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010–July 9, 2010)

Jesse Robredo (July 9, 2010–August 18, 2012)

Paquito Ochoa, Jr. (August 21, 2012–August 31, 2012)

Manuel Roxas II (August 31, 2012–present)

Secretary of Health Enrique Ona (June 30, 2010–present)

Secretary of Agriculture Proceso Alcala (June 30, 2010–present)

Secretary of Public Works and Highways Rogelio Singson (June 30, 2010–present)

Secretary of Transportation and Communications

Jose de Jesus (June 30, 2010–July 4, 2011)

Manuel Roxas II (July 4, 2011–October 18, 2012)

Joseph Emilio Abaya (October 18, 2012–present)

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Secretary of Social Welfare and Development Dinky Soliman (June 30, 2010–present)

Secretary of Labor and Employment Rosalinda Baldoz (June 30, 2010–present)

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Secretary of National Defense Voltaire Gazmin (June 30, 2010–present)

Secretary of Science and Technology Mario Montejo (June 30, 2010–present)

Secretary for Agrarian Reform Virgilio de los Reyes (June 30, 2010–present)

Secretary of TourismAlberto Lim (June 30, 2010–September 1, 2011)

Ramon Jimenez, Jr. (September 1, 2011–present)

Secretary of Trade and Industry Gregory Domingo (June 30, 2010–present)

Secretary of Energy Jose Rene Almendras (June 30, 2010–November 4,

2012)

Jericho Petilla (November 4, 2012-present)

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and Natural ResourcesRamon Paje (June 30, 2010–present)

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Vice President Jejomar Binay (June 30, 2010–present)

National Economic and Development AuthorityCayetano Paderanga, Jr. (June 30, 2010–May 10, 2012)

Arsenio Balisacan (May 10, 2012–present)

Secretary of Presidential Communications

Development and Strategic PlanningRicky Carandang (July 30, 2010–present)

Secretary of Presidential

Communications OperationsHerminio Coloma (July 30, 2010–present)

Presidential Adviser on National Security Cesar Garcia (July 9, 2010–present)

Presidential Management

Staff Director-GeneralJulia Abad (June 30, 2010–present)

Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process Teresita Deles (June 30, 2010–present)

Secretary to the Cabinet Jose Rene Almendras (November 4, 2012-present)

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