Seminar on

Prepared by: shamsadeen A. Muhammad BSC. Nursing

1. To identify the definition of the anemia

2. To know how the pathophysiology of anemia

3. To discuss clinical manifestation of anemia

4. Explain which the foods that rich of iron

5. To mention the etiology and physical etiology

6. List type of anemia

7. To select the nursing process of anemia

Erythrocytes are mature red blood cells (RBCs) to which hemoglobin is attached their function is to carry oxygen to cells and transport carbon dioxide (CO2) to the lungs.

Anemia is a term that refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin. Various terms are used to differentiate the features of erythrocytes and describe pathogenesis related to Them The term.

Anemia describes a condition in which there is a deficiency of RBCs, hemoglobin, or both in the circulating blood. Because hemoglobin carries oxygen

this results in a reduced capacity to deliver oxygen to the tissues, producing symptoms such as weakness and shortness of breath, which lead the patient to seek medical help

A decrease in the numbers of RBCs can be traced to three different conditions: (1) Impaired production of RBCs, as in aplastic anemia and nutrition deficiencies(2) Increased destruction of RBCs, as in hemolytic or sickle cell anemia(3) Massive or chronic blood loss.

1- Blood loss2- Increased RBC destruction (hemolysis)3- Decreased production of RBCs4- Nutritional etiologies include the following: Iron deficiency Vitamin B-12 deficiency Folate deficiency Starvation and generalized malnutrition5- Other Causes. Thalassemia anemia is a hereditary anemia

1- Trauma2- Burns3- Frostbite4- Chronic disease and malignant

etiologies include the following:o Renal diseaseo Hepatic diseaseo Chronic infections

5- Infectious etiologies include the following:

o Viral - Hepatitis, infectiou cytomegalovirus

o Bacterial - Clostridia

o Protozoal - Malaria, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis

1. Inadequate RBC Volume

Orthostatic hypotension

Thready pulses Oliguria Heart murmur2- Compensatory

Mechanisms for Lost RBC Function

Tachycardia Tachypnea Cool, clammy skin Amenorrhea

3. Decreased RBC Function Dyspnea Chest discomfort Acidosis Headache Vertigo Pallor Constipation Difficulty concentrating Decreased bowel sounds

1. Achrestic anemia 2. Aplastic anemia3. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) 4. Deficiency anemia 5. Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia 6. Iron-deficiency anemia 7. Macrocytic anemia 8. Mediterranean anemia 9. Megaloblastic anemia 10. Microcytic anemia 11. Nutritional anemia 12. Sickle cell anemia

Components Adult MaleAdult Female

Hematocrit

40%–54%38%–47%

Hemoglobin13.5–18 g/dL12–16 g/dL

1. dates2. Lentil3. Red meats4.Egg yolks 5. Dried fruit (prunes, raisins)

6. cereals and grains 7- Turkey or chicken giblets

8- Beans, lentils, chick peas and soybeans

9- Liver

1. dates2. Lentil3. Red meats4.Egg yolks 5. Dried fruit (prunes, raisins)

6. cereals and grains 7- Turkey or chicken giblets

8- Beans, lentils, chick peas and soybeans

9- Liver

Food rich in iron

Assessment1- Monitor hemoglobin and

hematocrit levels and other laboratory studies as ordered

2- Report any downward trend and Monitor responses to therapy

3- Assess the Patient’s fatigue level and ability to ambulate safely and perform activities of daily living (ADLs)

4- Monitor degree dyspnea5- Assess for pallor in the skin

and conjunctivae

1- Activity intolerance related to tissue hypoxia and dyspnea

2- Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements related to disease, treatment, and lack of knowledge of adequate nutrition

1- Plan care to conserve energy after periods of activity

2- Assist the patient with self-care activities as needed

3- Place articles within easy reach of the patient to reduce physiological demands on the body.

1- Allow rest periods between activities.2- Monitor vital signs to evaluate tolerance to activity. If the respiratory rate increases more than 20 percent from baseline during activity, the activity is too strenuous.3- Administer oxygen as ordered to relieve dyspnea4- Blood transfusions may be ordered if hemoglobin levels are very low or symptoms are severe.

1- If the anemia is caused by a dietary deficiency, consult the dietitian to provide diet modifications and instruction2- If the patient has a severe deficiency, dietary folic acid will not be enough; supplementation is the only way to correct the imbalance

1- Teach the patient with folic acid deficiency that daily requirements can be met by including2- foods from each food group at every meal3- Instruct the patient to continue taking the supplements until advised to stop by the physician.4- Vitamin B12 is administered by intramuscular (IM) injection.

5- Instruct the patient with iron deficiency in the use of iron supplements and side effects, which include nausea, diarrhea or constipation, and dark stools

6- Iron is sometimes given as an intramuscular injection (Imferon). It should be given by the Z-track method to avoid staining at the site

7- Instruct Foods high in iron should be included in the diet; vitamin C enhances absorption of iron.