RASAD AKISIF MUKITKARP NAROPAL etomeR yrotarobaL

rotkudnokimeS I V kitsiretkaraK

tkarP amaN naki adnanA ikziR ydrA dammahuM :

MPN : 5099566001

idutS margorP/satlukaF niseM kinkeT/kinkeT :

mukitkarP kopmoleK B : -3

ukitkarP edoK 30RL :

ggnaT mukitkarP la : 1102 rebotkO 62

RASAD AKISIF MUIROTAROBAL RASAD NAUHATEGNEP UMLI NAKIDIDNEP ANASKALEP TINU

AISENODNI SATISREVINU 1102

30RL - rotkudnokimeS I V kitsiretkaraK

.I mukitkarP naujuT

ra nad )V( laisnetop adeb aratna nagnubuh irajalepmeM utaus adap )I( kirtsil su

rotkudnokimes

.II natalareP

.a rotkudnokimes nahaB

.b retemerepmA

.c retemtloV

.d ylppus rewop elbairaV

.e redrocmaC

.f sitamoto iladnegnep takgnarep nad QAD atreseb CP tinU

.III rasaD - iroeT rasad

rotkudnokimeS rasaD pisnirP .A

otkudnokimeS itrepes akinortkele nenopmok irad rasad nemele nakapurem r

( CI haubes nad rotsisnart ,adoid tiucric detargetni hagnetes uata imes tubesiD .)

nok ini nahab anerak ,rotkud nakub utaus hal .inrum rotkudnok

nahaB - nahab besid hamit ,iseb ,agabmet itrepes magol iagabes tu

.rotkudnok nortkele ,rotkudnok lairetam adaP - karegreb uata rilagnem tapad nortkele

nortkelE .sabeb araces - .kitatsortkele naadaek malad adareb tubesret nortkele akiJ

adeb naktapadid naka akam nagnaget rebmus nagned nakgnubuhid rotkudnok

laisnetop ret rotkudnok kitit paites adap nortkele nakbabeynem gnay tubes - nortkele

tubesid gnay narila kutnebmem karegreb nad igal sitatsortkele naadaek malad kadit

nakaregrep nagned haraes nakpatetid ini sura tauk narila harA .sura tauk nagned

gnay nupualaw ,notorp lada rilagnem aynranebes a .nortkele h

nakgnadeS 8 kaynabes isnelav nortkele ikilimem gnay mota halada rotalosi

nortkele naksapelem tapad kutnu raseb gnay igrene nakhutubid nad ,haub - nortkele

nay rusnu halada rotkudnokimes naklupmisid tapad aggniheS .ini aynmota nanusus g

gnilap gnay ajas utneT .8 irad gnaruk nad 1 irad hibel isnelav nortkele ikilimem

.isnelav nortkele 4 ikilimem aynmota gnay rusnu halada "rotkudnokimes"

pututret naiakgnar haubes adap laisnetop adeb naklisahgnem arac utas halaS

d halai gnay sura awhab tahilem naka atik ,ini nemirepske adaP .iaretab aynnnakanugi

nakirebid gnay laisnetop adeb nagned gnidnabes rilagnem gnuju adap - .tawak gnuju

ra gnadnapid aliB kele narila nakapurem kirtsil su nort narila awhab itapadid naka ,

adit kirtsil sura atames k - anerak aguj ipatet laisnetop adeb adap gnutnagreb atam

.tubesret ratnahgnep id natabmah aynada lairetaM imes dnok u uhus adap rotk gnay

.alup adebreb gnay naratnah kitsiretkarak ikilimem adebreb kimeS ikilimem rotkudno

miagab ihuragnepmem gnay naraseb tubesret lairetam adap rilagnem kirtsil sura ana .

.rutarepmet adap gnutnagreb sabeb nortkele halmuj rotkudnokimes malaD

tapad rotkudnokimes nahaB .sabeb nortkele kaynab nikam rutarepmet iggnit nikaM

talosi tafisreb 0 itakednem erutarepmet taas ro anerak K nortkele ada kat aynmaladid

magol malad mota narateg anerak kian R natabmah ,naksanapid magol aliB .sabeb

.kaynab nikames nataum awabmep imalaid gnay nakubmut nad sarek nikames

( sativitiser uata sinej natabmah ialiN ρ padahret habureb aynmumu adap nahab )

nagned itakedid pukuc ini nahaburep ,magol kusamret ,aynmumu adaP .uhus

naamasrep nagned kiripme raenil nagnubuh

d ,nagne

nagned ρ0 ,0T nauca uhus adap nahab sativitsiser halada α neisifeok halada

atar rutarepmet - sativitsiser atar .utnetret uhus narasik kutnu

sataid sumur iraD , neisifeok iaynupmem akij magol nakatakid nahab utaus

fitagen rutarepmet neisifeok iaynupmem rotkudnokimes nahaB .fitisop rutarepmet

rutarepmet iggnit nikames aggnihes inI .aynkirtsil natabmah agrah hadner nikam

erutarepmet aynkian nagned sabeb nortkele halmuj nahabmatrep anerak idajret

.R isnatsiser agrah adap mota narateg adapirad tauk hibel huragnep iaynupmem

nahaB naanuggneP .B - rotkudnokimeS nahab

adoiD .1

rotkudnok imes nahab gnudnagnem gnay nenopmok utas halas halada adoiD

nuJ NP tubesid gnay nahab irad taubid gnay c gnay narupmac nahab utaus utiay ,noit

2 ikilimem adoiD .)epyt N( evitagen nahab nad )epyt P( fitisop nahab irad iridret

ikak haub tubesid gnay butuk( adona nagned .)fitagen butuk( adotak nad )fitisop

sura adoid adaP butuk irad rilagnem aynah aynketkarp malaD .adotak ujunem adona

adap sura namagnep ,kirtsil nagnaget adap sura haraeynep iagabes isgnufreb adoid

rikolbmem tapad nad ,kirtsil nagnaget .kirtsil nagnaget adap sura

.2 rotsisnarT

aynitra refsnarT .rotsiser nad refsnart atak irad lasareb rotsisnarT

kadit gnay nahab utaus halada rotsiser nad nahaburep taubmem uata nakiladnegnem

art idaJ .kirtsil sura tabmahgnem tapad uata tapad gnay nahab utaus halada rotsisn

gnay nahab idajnem kirtsil sura ratnahgnem asib kadit gnay nahab haburem tapad

.rotkudnokimes aman nagned aguj tubesid ini tafiS .kirtsil sura ratnahgnem tapad

id ,rotime : nagned tubesid gnay ikak haub 3 ikilimem rotsisnarT ,sisab ,E takgnis

sinej 2 ada uti adapirad nialeS .K takgnisid gnay ,rotkelok nad ,B takgnisid gnay

adnat iulalem nakadebid lobmys malaD .NPN nad PNP rotsisnart utiay ,rotsisnart

nakgnades ,malad ek ujunem aynhanap kana adnat PNP rotsisnart kutnu ,hanap

PN .raul ek ujunem N

naka kirtsil sura helo itawelid alib lairetam nahab haubes ,ini naabocrep malaD

I halada sanap isapisid aynraseB .sanap isapisid naklubminem 2 naklisahid gnay sanaP .R

ret lairetam natabmah nahaburep naktabikagnem naka ini lairetam helo adap akiJ .tubes

imes lairetam /rolak nahabmatrep ,rotkudnok natabmah ialin ignarugnem naka sanap

rotkudnok imes nahab isnatsiser nahaburep nad sanap isapsid awitsireP .tubesret lairetam

.natiakreb gnilas ini

udokimes pututret naiakgnaR .1 rabmaG rotk

.VI naabocreP rudesorP

nemirepskE tapad ini ek kusam arac nagned nakukalid yrotarobale/di.ca.iu.lipmartis//:ptth

.1 Me em rak naabocrep bew namalah nakitahr otkudnok imes IV kitsiretka .r

.2 bmeM op adeb nakire .1V nagnaget rebmem nagned laisnet

.3 agneM .aynhalebes id nottub oidar kilkgnem nagned iaretab/ylppus rewop nakfitk

.4 ugneM !natabmah adap rukuret gnay sura nad laisnetop adeb ruk

.5 ugneM 8V aggnih 2V laisnetop adeb kutnu 5 aggnih 3 hakgnal ignal

y atad : natataC adeb irebid naiakgnar akij rihkaret atad haub 5 halada helorepid gna

atad nagned utas ek atad aratna kited 1 lavretni nagned )1V naklasim ( utnetret laisnetop

.ayntukireb tala ameks nad pututret naiakgnar utaus rabmag nakirebid ini tukireB

.naabocrep

naabocreP talA amekS .1 rabmaG

.V nad ataD nahalogneP isaulavE

.a atar ialiN - sura nad adeb atar kutnu rukuret gnay V1 V aggnih 8

Vn )tloV(V )Am(I V tr )V( I tr )Am(

V1

44,0 19,3

44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3

V2

39,0 28,7

0 39, 28,7 39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7

V3

73,1 4,11

73,1 235,11 73,1 37,11 73,1 4,11 73,1 4,11 73,1 37,11

V4

87,1 99,41

677,1 811,51 87,1 99,41 87,1 99,41 77,1 13,51 77,1 13,51

V5

72,2 88,91

72,2 449,91 72,2 88,91 72,2 88,91 72,2 2,02 72,2 88,91

V6

68,2 24,52

58,2 462,62 58,2 70,62 58,2 93,62 58,2 27,62 48,2 27,62

V7

61,3 56,92

451,3 203,03 61,3 89,92 61,3 3,03 51,3 36,03 41,3 59,03

V8

26,3 25,53

6,3 296,63 16,3 71,63

6,3 28,63 95,3 51,73 85,3 8,73

.b V nagnubuH kifarG atar - atar I nagned atar - atar

V atar - atar )V( I atar - atar )Am( 44,0 19,3 39,0 28,7 73,1 235,11 677,1 811,51

72,2 449,91 58,2 462,62 451,3 203,03

6,3 296,63

.c B I sv V nagnubuh avruk kutne

kutneB aynavruk ripmah raenil anrupmes tauk anerak nakbabesid ini lah

utaus malad nakirebid gnay laisnetop adeb nagned gnidnabes rilagnem gnay sura

.pututret naiakgnar nahab irad natabmah ,rotkudnokimes nahab malaD

.uhus adap gnutnagreb tagnas tubesret rotkudnokimes rutarepmet iggnit nikaM

talosi tafisreb tapad rotkudnokimes nahaB .sabeb nortkele kaynab nikam taas ro

0 itakednem erutarepmet l aliB .sabeb nortkele ada kat aynmaladid anerak K mago

t R natabmah ,naksanapid nuru sarek nikames magol malad mota narateg anerak

kaynab nikames nataum awabmep imalaid gnay nakubmut nad aggnihes ,

kiab nagned kirtsil sura nakratnahgnem nad karegreb hadum hibel nortkele . inI

nortkele halmuj nahabmatrep anerak idajret nkian nagned sabeb rutarepmet ay

.R isnatsiser agrah adap mota narateg adapirad tauk hibel huragnep iaynupmem

gnusgnalreb narukugnep amales nakirebid gnay uhus ,naabocrep malaD

halada fitaler nahab adap natabmah raseb irad ialin aggnihes ,patet

tubesret rotkudnokimes ripmah ialinreb nakbabeynem ini laH .patet aynukalreb

mhO mukuh natsnok ulales nahab utaus natabmah ialin awhab nakataynem gnay

adebreb gnay laisnetop adeb irebid tubesret nahab nupualaw - es uatA .adeb arac

,naksilutid tapad sitametam

I = V . R

d isreb R anami nakirebid gnay laisnetop adeb padahret nednepedni taf N . iali

rotkudnokimes natabmah narukugnep amales patet gnay nakbabeynem adeb

irad raseb nad naiakgnar utaus adap sura tauk ihuragnepmem aynah laisnetop

eb raseb nagned surul gnidnabreb tubesret sura tauk nakirebid gnay laisnetop ad

adeb aratna kifarg kutneb nakbabeynem gnay hal ini laH .nagnaget rebmus helo

p lisah atad nakrasadreb surul sirag kutnebreb sura tauk nagned laisneto

.naabocrep .

.d I sv V avruk nakrasadreb nakanugid gnay natabmah ialiN

naabocrep atad nakrasadreB n nakutnet atik tapad , gnay natabmah iali

id tapad tubesret avruk nakrasadreb nakanugid edotem nakanuggnem nagned irac

s tsael erauq pid tapad anamid ,tukireb iagabes nagnubuh helore

I R = V

y a = x b +

d :anami V = y R = b I = x

tauk nad laisnetop adeb nakrasadreb natabmah ialin nagnutihreP nagned sura

l edotem t tukireB .erauqs tsae op adeb aratna nagnubuh leba laisnet atar - ( atar Y )

atar sura tauk nad - ar at (X :)

,b ialiN

1412,0)(

)(22

=Σ−Σ

ΣΣ−Σ=

axxN

yxyxNa

ii

iiii

nad

8690,0

)()(

22

2

=Σ−Σ

ΣΣ−ΣΣ=

bxxN

yxxyxb

ii

iiiii

iX iY iX 2 iY 2 iYiX

44,0 19,3 6391,0 1882,51 61677959,2

39,0 28,7 9468,0 4251,16 67017098,25

73,1 235,11 9678,1 420789,231 3543306,942

677,1 811,51 671451,3 429355,822 8103998,027

72,2 449,91 9251,5 631367,793 366336,9402

58,2 462,62 ,8 5221 696797,986 687188,2065

451,3 203,03 617749,9 402112,819 582401,4319

6,3 296,63 69,21 468203,6431 21580,84471

halmuJ 93,61 285,151 296272,24 843650,0973 99750,16253

ialiN a R = halada helorepid gnay natabmah ialin aggnihes , 1412,0 nagned

nautas a halada Am/V aggnihes ,

1,412 = R mhO

d halasek nagne a ,rasebes fitaler n

= ])268,031()20371,8282(8

)850,16253(8)285,151()850,16253()285,151(2)93,61()296272,24(843650,0973[)28

1( 2

22

−+−

−−

= 49,3

s aggnihe ,

= 2)93,61()296272,24(8849,3−

= ,0 1 751

nad

= 2)93,61()296272,24(8296272,247511,0

−⋅

= 659,2

,fitaler nahalasek raseb ,akaM

:KT % 9,3 = %001 x 659,2/ 7511,0

.e sisilanA R I = V ,mhO mukuH

D R I = V nagnubuh ,mhO mukuh mala tapad d gnutihgnem kutnu nakanugi

adap rutarepmet uata uhus amales rotkudnokimes nahab malad natabmah ialin

hab utnetret tubesret rotkudnokimes na s , nad naabocrep lisah nagned iause

naiakgnar utaus malad rilagnem gnay sura tauk awhab helorepid atad nahalognep

utret .kirtsil rebmus helo naklubmitid gnay laisnetop adeb nagned gnidnabes put

ialin aynraseb ihuragnepmem kadit nakitkubid halet aguj tubesret laisnetop adeB

natabmah ada gnay rotkudnokimes irad natabmaH .rotkudnokimes utaus ikilimem

ialin iauses abmah naraseb sinej t uhus helo ihuragnepid gnay naksalejid nad

:naamasrep iulalem

nagned ρ0 T nauca uhus adap nahab sativitsiser halada 0 , α uhus neisifeok halada

atar - ivitsiser atar ialin ,naikimed nagneD .utnetret uhus narasik kutnu sat

aynnatabmah

.

IV . ataD sisilanA .a naabocreP asilanA

naabocreP rotkudnokimeS I V kitsiretkarak id nakrilagnem nagned nakukal

adebreb gnay raseb nagned nagnaget - adap adeb utaus tawak irebid gnay

rotkudnokimes ianegnem atad helorepid naka nagnaget raseb paites kutnU . aynraseb

tawak adap rilagnem gnay sura tauk imes nagned tubesret rotkudnok raseb nikameS .

.raseb nikames tawak adap rilagnem gnay sura ,nakirebid gnay nagnaget aynraseB

adeb raseb nagned surul gnidnabreb tubesret tawak adap rilagnem gnay kirtsil sura

.atad nahalognep naigab adap kifarg malad tahilret itrepes nakirebid gnay laisnetop

bmah ialiN ialinreb itrareb ini naabocrep adap nakanugid gnay nata fitaler

.patet naabocrep malad anerak nakbabesid ini laH ripmah kadit nahaburep idajret

helo ihuragnepid tagnas rotkudnokimes utaus irad natabmah raseb uata ialiN .uhus

ah ialin ,naabocrep malaD .uhus halada rukuret gay natabm rasebes 1,412 mho gnay

nahab natabmah ialin nakapurem tubesret natabmah ialin awhab itrareb

.nakukalid narukugnep uhus adap rotkudnokimes ialin akam ,habuid uhus akiteK

.habureb naka aguj tubesret natabmah uhus ,nagnaget lawa adaP rotkudnokimes

ALR ρ=

aynnatabmah ialin aggnihes sanamem ialum mulebes lawa uhus nakapurem hisam

uhus ,nakanugid amal nikameS .kifarg adap reinil sirag irad raseb hibel kaga

.nurunem nikames natabmah ialin nad sanamem rotkudnokimes malad aneraK

aynuhus naabocrep fitaler paggnaid rotkudnokimes irad natabmah ialin akam ,patet

naabocrep malad rukuret gnay sura raseb nakbabeynem nad patet aguj tubesret

.nakirebid gnay nagnaget raseb nagned gnidnabes

.b fitatitnauK sisilanA

ini naabocrep malad nakukalid gnay nagnutihreP raseb gnutihgnem halada

atar - tawak adap nakrilaid gnay nagnaget pait irad atar imes nagned kutnu rotkudnok

atar aynlasiM .amas gnay nagnaget raseb utaus - atar ,1V irad nagnaget atar - atar

V nagnaget 2 ep aynada tatacnem retemtlov anerak nakbabesid ini laH .tsd nahabur

atar aguj gnutihiD .narukugnep akitek licek tagnas gnay nagnaget - sura tauk atar

as gnay nagnaget raseb pait kutnu retemerepma helo tatacid gnay gnay sumuR .am

halada nakanugid

V atar - v atar ek -n =5

ndV ndV ncV nbV naV ++++

D lah nakukalid aguj naikime adap rukuret gnay sura tauk kutnu amas gnay

.retemerepma naidumeK , tsael edotem nakanuggnem nagned nagnutihrep nakukalid

.naiakgnar adap nakanugid gnay natabmah ialin naktapadnem kutnu erauqs

:tukireb iagabes nagnubuh nagneD

I R = V a + x b = y

,nagned I = x nad ,R = b ,V = y

edotem nakanuggnem nagneD erauqs tsael ialin helorepid b aguj gnay

nakukalid nahalasek nagnutihreP .nakanugid gnay natabmah irad ialin nakapurem

:tukireb iagabes

aggnihes

,akam takgnit nahalasek fitaler

:KT /mδ %001 x bδ

.c sisilanA nad fitatilauK kifarG

,sataid naabocrep nakrasadreB gnutnagret V nad ,I nagned gnidnabes V awhab

ikames sura tauk ,V raseb nikames ,nial atak nagneD .R adap natabmah nad raseb n

ripmah R nakkujnunem raenil gnay kifarg tahilret ,kifarg adaP .licek nikames

.rilagnem gnay sura tauk nakianek iatresid V nakianek paites nad natsnok

~ V , I I ~ R/1

nakanugid tapad R I = V nagnubuh ,mhO mukuh malaD gnutihgnem kutnu

adap rutarepmet uata uhus amales rotkudnokimes nahab malad natabmah ialin

nad naabocrep lisah nagned iauses ,utnetret tubesret rotkudnokimes nahab

naiakgnar utaus malad rilagnem gnay sura tauk awhab helorepid atad nahalognep

abes pututret .kirtsil rebmus helo naklubmitid gnay laisnetop adeb nagned gnidn

ialin aynraseb ihuragnepmem kadit nakitkubid halet aguj tubesret laisnetop adeB

ikilimem ada gnay rotkudnokimes irad natabmaH .rotkudnokimes utaus natabmah

sinej tabmah naraseb iauses ialin iulalem naksalejid nad uhus helo ihuragnepid gnay

naamasrep

nagned ρ0 T nauca uhus adap nahab sativitsiser halada 0 , α uhus neisifeok halada

atar - ivitsiser atar idajnem natabmah ialiN .utnetret uhus narasik kutnu sat

ALR ρ=

,naikimed nagneD ipatet ,rotkudnokimes nahab adap ukalreb patet mhO mukuH

atabmah ialin raseb sinej n ayn .

aratna nagnubuh kifarg nakapurem nakropalid gnay kifarG gnaget tauk nad na

g kutneb iraD .sura ra naklupmisid tapad surul sirag kutnebreb ripmah gnay kif

rukuret gnay sura tauk awhab gnay nagnaget aratna nailakrep lisah nakapurem

nakirebid nagned aynraseb gnay naraseb utaus ripmah patet atres ihuragnepid kadit

natabmah ialin halada tubesret patet naraseB .tubesret nagnaget uata laisnetop adeb

uhus adap rotkudnokimes irad fitaler gnay patet . B aynranebes ini natabmah rase

ameS .uhus helo ihuragnepid utaus irad natabmah ialin akam ,uhus iggnit nik

.licegnem naka rotkudnokimes

anerak anrupmes reinil kadit gnay kifarg adap tahilid tapad ini laH

irad nahab anerak licek tagnas gnay uhus nahaburep tikides aynidajret

aP .sanamem ialum tubesret rotkudnokimes rotkudnokimes uhus ,nagnaget lawa ad

aynnatabmah ialin aggnihes sanamem ialum mulebes lawa uhus nakapurem hisam

rotkudnokimes uhus ,nakanugid amal nikameS .reinil sirag irad raseb hibel kaga

D .nurunem nikames natabmah ialin nad sanamem uhus naabocrep mala gnay

nakirebid paggnaid akam ,patet d sura tauk nahabmatrep awhab tahilid tapa

gnaget nagned surul gnidnabreb .na

.IIV nalupmiseK tukireb iagabes naklupmisid tapad ,sataid sisilana nakrasadreB

.a elo ihuragnepid rotkudnokimes utaus irad natabmah raseB .uhus h

.b karegreb hadum nikames nortkele akam ,rutarepmet uata uhus raseb nikameS

nad sativitkudnok ialin naktakgninem aggnihes igrene nakhadnimem

.aynnatabmah ialin licekrepmem nad rotkudnokimes

.c nagnaget raseb helo ihuragnepid kadit rotkudnokimes utaus irad natabmah raseB

.nagnaget rebmus irad

.d ialin raseb ipatet ,rotkudnokimes nahab adap ukalreb patet mhO mukuH

natabmah sinej :naamasrep itukignem ayn

.e t neisifeok iaynupmem rotkudnokimes nahaB aggnihes fitagen rutarepme

.aynkirtsil natabmah agrah hadner nikam rutarepmet iggnit nikames

.IIIV akatsuP ratfaD

,JN ,llaH ecitnerP ,noitidE drihT ,sreenignE & stsitneicS rof scisyhP ;.C.D ,ilocnaiG

.0002

W ,kcinseR ,yadillaH slatnemadnuF ;rekla ,noitidE dednetxE ,noitidE ht7 ,scisyhP fo

.5002 ,JN ,.cnI ,snoS & yeliW nhoJ

:atrakaJ .)2 .diliJ 3.dE nahamejreT(.kinkeT nad sniaS kutnU akisiF .1002 .relpiT ,.A.P

aggnalrE

.XI naripmaL

.A naabocreP lisaH ataD

Vn )tloV(V Am(I )

V1

44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3 44,0 19,3

V2

39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7 39,0 28,7

V3

73,1 4,11 73,1 37,11 73,1 4,11 73,1 4,11 73,1 37,11

V4

87,1 99,41 87,1 99,41 87,1 99,41 77,1 13,51 77,1 13,51

V5

72,2 88,91 72,2 88,91 72,2 88,91 72,2 2,02 72,2 88,91

V6

68,2 24,52 58,2 70,62 58,2 93,62 58,2 27,62 48,2 27,62

V7

61,3 56,92 61,3 89,92 61,3 3,03 51,3 36,03 41,3 59,03

V8

26,3 25,53 16,3 71,63

6,3 28,63 95,3 51,73

3 85, 8,73

.B G kifar H lisa P naabocre