sem-11
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 11Sense Relations:
Oppositeness and dissimilarity of sense
and ambiguity
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Entry Test
• analytic/synthetic/contradiction
• synonymy/hyponymy
• paraphrase/entailment
• Synonymy is to paraphrase as hyponymy is to entailment.
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Introduction
• A traditional view of antonymy is that it is simple ‘oppositeness of meaning’.
• This view is not adequate, as words may be opposite in meaning in different ways.
• We will not talk of simple oppositeness of meaning, but will define four basic types of antonymy.
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Exercise
• What would you say are the opposites of the following?hot: male:thick: dead:buy: lunch:lend: liquid:
• Hot is not the opposite of cold in the same way as borrow is the opposite of lend.
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Binary Antonym
• Binary antonyms are predicates which come in pairs and between them exhaust all the relevant possibilities.
• If the one predicate is applicable, then the other cannot be, and vice versa.
exercise) chalk - cheese; same - different; copper - tin; dead - alive; love - have
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• Sometimes two different binary antonyms can combine in a set of predicates to produce a four-way contrast.ex) man, boy, woman, girl adult/non-adult, male/female ex) bachelor, spinster, husband, wife married/unmarried, male/female
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Converse
• When two things/people can be mentioned in the opposite order, then the two predicates are converses of each other.ex) parent-child X is the parent of Y = Y is the child of X, buy-sell; below -above; love - have, conceal - reveal
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Multiple incompatibility
• In binary antonymy and converseness, the antonyms come in pairs.
• incompatibility between more than two members
• In multiply incompatible system, all the terms in a give system are mutually incompatible & the members of a system cover all the relevant area.ex) season, week, cards, month
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Open-ended system
• Besides hears, clubs, diamonds and spades, there are no other suits.
• color names
• plant names
• names of metals
• vehecle system
• flower system
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Gradable antonym
• Two predicates are gradable antonyms if they are at opposite ends of a continuous scale of values.
• A good test for gradability is to see whether a word can combine with very/ very much, or how/how much.
• tall - short; clever - stupid; top - bottom; love - hate
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Exercise
• Binary/Multiple/Gradable/Converse
• cat - dog (M)
• easy - difficult (G)
• good - bad (G)
• deciduous - evergreen (B)
• pass - fail (B)
• urban- rural (B/G)
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Contradictory
• Antonymy is a relationship between predicates, and the corresponding relationship between sentence is contradictoriness.
• Given two sentences, both identical except that: (1) one contains X where the other contains Y, and (b) X is an antonym of Y, then the two sentences are contradictories of each other.
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Exercise
• John murdered BillBill was murdered by John
• John murdered BillJohn did not kill Bill
• Mary is Ann’s parentMary is Ann’s child
• This doorhandle is brassThis doorhandle is plastic
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Ambiguity
• A word or sentence is ambiguous when it has more than one sense. – A sentence is ambiguous if it has two
paraphrase which are not themselves paraphrases of each other.
– A word or phrase is ambiguous if it has two synonyms that are not themselves synonyms of each other.
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• The chicken is ready to eat.
• Visiting relatives can be boring.
• The thing that bothered Bill was crouching under the table.
• The captain corrected the list.
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Homonymy
• A homonymous word has some different senses which are far from each other and not obviously related to each other.
• Cases of homonymy seem very definitely to matters of mere accident or coincidence.– mug: drinking vessel vs. gullible person
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Polysemy
• A polysemous word has several very closely related senses. – mouth (of a river vs. of an animal)– cup (drinking vessel vs. brassiere cup)– Earth/earth
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• In practice it is impossible to draw a clear line between homonymy and polysemy.
• clear cases– tail (of a coat vs. of an animal) (P)– lip (of a jug vs. of a person) (P)– steer (to guide vs. young bull) (H)– punch (blow vs. fruit) (H)
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Lexical/Structural Ambiguity
• Structural AmbiguityAny ambiguity resulting from structural relationships between words or phrases
• Lexical ambiguityAny ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a word
• A phrase is referentially versatile if it can be used to refer to a wide range of different things or persons. ex) she
• referential vagueness ex) hill-mountain
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Summary
• Oppositeness of meaningbinary antonymy, converseness, gradable antonymy, multiple incompatibility
• Contradictoriness
• Lexical/structural ambiguity
• Polysemy
• Referential versatility
• Referential vagueness