“self” as controller of behavior radical behaviorism causes of behavior are found in the...
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“Self” as Controller of BehaviorRadical behaviorism causes of behavior are
found in the environmentProblem:
Some causal variables are not apparent in the immediate environment,
Creates a tendency to point to internal causes of behavior Willpower, Drive, etc.
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SkinnerFirst to apply philosophy & theory of radical behaviorism to actions typically considered to be controlled by the self
Self-ControlTwo-response phenomenon
Controlling response Controlled response
See Science and Human Behavior by Skinner
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Controlling ResponseAffects variables in a way that influences the
probability of a controlled response occurring
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Controlled ResponseRelates to self-management of a behaviorIs the actual behavior emitted to control the
target behavior
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Three Terminology Problems with Self Control
Brigham: Self control implies the ultimate control of the behavior relies within the personControl is learned from interactions with the
environment (your experiences with the environment)
Baum: Self control implies there is a separate controlling self inside the personRelies on mentalistic models to explain behavior
Mischel and Gilligan: Self control implies ability to delay gratification The term becomes both the independent and
dependent variable for the same behavior. - Becomes confusing
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Better Term Self-ManagementTarget behavior the person wants to change
(i.e. “controlled response”)Self-management behavior (i.e. “controlled
response”)
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TodaySelf-Control is not the same as Self-
ManagementRelates to the relationship between
immediate and delayed consequences. Can be related to behavior change tactics
used to modify behavior.
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Immed. Vs. Delayed Conseq.Immediate Pos. Conseq. Taking Cod
Liver Oil Delayed Pos. Conseq. No Heart disease
Immediate Neg. Conseq. Going to DentistDelayed Neg. Conseq. Root Canal
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Self-Management: Points to NoteEncompasses one time & long running self-
management eventsDesired change in target behavior must occur
for self-management to be demonstrated
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Reasons for Self-ManagementLive a more effective & efficient daily lifeBreak bad habits & replace with good onesAccomplish difficult tasksAchieve personal goals
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Advantages of Self-ManagementInfluence behaviors not accessible to external
change agentsExternal change agents can miss important
instances of behaviorPromote generalization & maintenance of
behavior changeSmall repertoire of self-management skills
can control many behaviors
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More AdvantagesPeople with diverse abilities can learn self-
management skillsSome people perform better under self-
selected tasks & performance criteriaPeople with good self-management skills
contribute to more efficient & effective group environments
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Even More AdvantagesTeaching students to use self-management
skills provides meaningful practice for other areas of school curriculum
Ultimate goal of educationBenefits societyHelps a person feel goodFeels good
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Primary Feature of Self-ManagementManipulation of antecedent stimuli to the
target (controlled) behaviorEnvironmental planningSituational inducement
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Antecedent-Based Techniques
1. Manipulating MO’s to make a desired (or undesired) behavior more (or less) likely
2. Providing response prompts3. Performing initial steps of a behavior chain4. Removing materials required for an
undesired behavior5. Limiting undesired behavior to restricted
stimulus conditions6. Dedicating a specific environment for a
behavior
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Manipulating Motivating OperationsGeneral strategy:
Behave in a way (controlling behavior)…that creates a certain state of motivation that,
in turn…increases (or decreases as desired) the
subsequent frequency of the target behavior (controlled behavior)
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Providing Response PromptsWide variety of forms (e.g. visual, auditory,
textual, symbolic)Generic response promptSpecific response promptPrompt repeated performance of a behavior
in a variety of situations & settingsSupplemental response prompts (provided by
others)
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Performing Initial Steps of a Behavior Chain
Ensures you are later cued with a SD that reliably evokes the target behavior
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Removing Items Necessary for an Undesired Behavior to Occur
Alter the environment so that an undesirable behavior is less likely or impossible to emit
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Limiting Undesired Behavior to Restricted Stimulus ConditionsDecrease the frequency of an undesired
behavior by limiting the setting or stimulus conditions under which the person engages in the behavior
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Dedicating a Specific Environment for a Desired BehaviorReserve or create an environment where the
person will only engage in that behaviorSpecial stimulus arrangement that can be
turned on & off in a multipurpose setting
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Self-MonitoringProcedure whereby a person observes his
behavior systematically & records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behaviorAlso called self-recording or self-observation
Originally conceived as a method of clinical assessmentFor behaviors only the client could observe & recordBecame a major therapeutic intervention because of
reactance effectsProblem: Behavior revertd to old behavior as time
progresses
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Self-EvaluationComparison of person’s performance with a
predetermined goal or standard Involves the use of self-monitoring with goal
settingAlso called self-assessment
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Self-Monitoring with ReinforcementSelf-monitoring may be part of an
intervention package that includes reinforcementFor achieving self selected goalsFor achieving teacher selected goals
Reinforcer may beSelf-administeredDelivered by Others
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Guidelines & Procedures for Self-Monitoring
Good directions are essentialMust know what behaviors to include or excludeMust know what to record
Provide materials that make self-monitoring easy
Provide supplementary cues or promptsSelf-monitor the most important dimension of
the target behaviorSelf-monitor early & oftenReinforce accurate self-monitoring
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Technologies to help with Self-Monitoring Variety of mechanisms can be utilized to
measure the target behaviorDo not need to be complicated
Paper & pencilWrist countersPennies in different pockets
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Supplementary Cues or PromptsVariety of stimuli can prompt self-recording
(e.g. auditory, visual, & tactile)Auditory: prerecorded tones or signalsVisual: written instruction or symbolsTactile: Motivaider® – signals through
vibration
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TechniquesEach occurrence of the target behavior
should be self-recorded as soon as possibleAct of self-monitoring should not disrupt the
occurrence of the target behaviorSelf-monitoring should occur more often at the
beginning of a behavior change program Frequency of monitoring can decrease if
performance improves
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Reinforce Accurate Self-MonitoringEspecially when participants are utilizing
self-recorded data for self-evaluation & self-administered consequences
You need accurate data so you can tell if progress in changing the behavior is occurring
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Self-Administered ConsequencesSelf-reinforcement should not be considered
synonymous with the principle of operant behavior (Skinner, 1953)
Performance-management contingencies are best viewed as rule-governed analogs of reinforcement & punishment contingencies Response-to-consequence delay is too great
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Self-Administered ConsequencesIncrease or Decrease desired behaviorProblem, we always give ourselves the
reinforcer, often do not administer the punisher
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Recommendations for Self-Administered ConsequencesSelect small, easy-to-deliver consequencesSet a meaningful but easy-to-meet criterion
for reinforcementEliminate “bootleg reinforcement”Put someone else in control of delivering
consequences (if necessary)Keep it simple
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Other Self-Management TacticsSelf-instructionHabit reversalSelf-directed systematic desensitizationMassed practice
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Self-InstructionSelf-generated verbal responses, covert or
overt, that function as response prompts for a desired behavior
Often used to guide a person through a behavior chain or sequence of tasks
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Habit ReversalTypically implemented as a multiple-
component treatment packageSelf-awareness
Response direction Identify events that precede & trigger the response
Use competing response trainingMotivation techniques
Self-administered consequences Social support systems Procedures for promoting generalization &
maintenance
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Self-Directed Systematic DesensitizationSubstituting one behavior (generally muscle
relaxation) for the unwanted behavior (fear/anxiety)WolpeDevelop Hierarchy of situations of least to most
fearful is developed Gradual exposure to each situation is then
accomplished First imagining each situation Then actual real life (in vivo) situation
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Massed PracticeForcing oneself to perform an undesired
behavior again and again Sometimes decreases the future frequency of
the target behavior
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Conducting an Effective Self-Management ProgramSpecify a goal & define the behavior to be
changedBegin self-monitoring the behaviorContrive contingencies that will compete
with natural contingenciesGo public with your commitment to change
your behaviorGet a self-management partnerContinually evaluate your self-management
program & redesign it as necessary
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ConclusionsSelf-Management technologies can be very
effective at changing behaviorCan be used with a wide variety of behaviorCan be done by individual or with othersMay need close monitoring to ensure
maximum success