selection of alternative landfill site in thanjavur, … · the toposheets were then opened in...

SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVE LANDFILL SITE IN THANJAVUR, INDIA USING

GIS AND MULTICRITERION DECISION ANALYSIS

Jeyasheela Rakkini M J,

School of computing,

SASTRA Deemed to be University,

India

[email protected]

Chidipudi Meghana Reddy,



India

[email protected]

Thallam Sreenidhi,



India

[email protected]

Abstract

Solid waste management is considered as one of the most serious environmental problems in

developing countries. One of the major issues is location of dumping site in unsuitable areas.

Identification of a suitable landfill site is a complex task, many factors like distance from

residential areas, geology, soils, presence of water bodies, transport facilities have to be

considered in selecting a landfill site. In Thanjavur ,the solid waste collected is being transported

to Srinivasapuram disposal site. This city generates 120 tons municipal solid waste per day and

the present area is not sufficient to accommodate the future needs. This study investigated most

suitable site(s), as a waste disposal site(s) for Thanjavur Corporation. Multi-criteria analysis has

been done for solid waste disposal site selection in this study. Geographic Information System

(GIS) allows users to view, understand, question, interpret and visualize spatial and non-spatial

data in many ways that reveals relationships, patterns and trends in the form of maps, reports and

charts. The GIS can provide an opportunity to integrate field parameters and other relevant data

or other associated features, which will help in selection of suitable disposal sites.

KEYWORDS : GIS , Multicriterion Decision Analysis, Weighted Overlay

I. INTRODUCTION

In India the amount of MSW is expected to increase significantly in near future. In

general, MSW is disposed in low-lying, open and uncontrolled managed areas without taking

any precautions or operational controls . Hence urban solid waste management is considered as

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 16 2018, 2521-2534ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

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one of the most serious environmental problems confronting municipal authorities in developing

countries. Most of our cities and municipalities in third world countries like India is a major

concern of the government due to the health problems associated with improper disposal of

waste. The most common problems associated with improper management of solid waste include

diseases transmission, fire hazards, odour nuisance, atmospheric and water pollution, aesthetic

nuisance and economic losses. Thanjavur city located at the hub of Tamil Nadu state, India is

also facing similar MSW problem. To overcome this problem we find a suitable disposal site in

Thanjavur using GIS and Multicriterion Decision Analysis. The upsurge of urbanization and

industrialization has however resulted in rapid increase in waste generation, especially in the

urban areas, which can no longer be adequately managed by dumping in open spaces which are

now becoming less available. Several factors are considered in site selection for waste disposal.

Provision of such system appears to be a major problem due to the complication and the wide

nature of waste production. Due to the different parameters involved, deciding upon a suitable

location is also very complicated, costly and time consuming. This project deals with

determination of suitable site for the disposal of solid waste generated from Thanjavur

Corporation using GIS techniques. Geographic Information System (GIS) allows users to view,

understand, question, interpret and visualize spatial and non-spatial data in many ways that

reveals relationships, patterns and trends in the form of maps, reports and charts. Suitable

disposal site must follow environmental safety criteria and attributes that will enable the wastes

to be isolated so that there is no unacceptable risk to people or the environment. Criteria for site

selection include natural physical characteristics as well as socioeconomic, ecological and land-

use factors.

II STUDY AREA

Thanjavur, formerly Tanjore, is a city in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Thanjavur

is an important center of South Indian religion, art, and architecture. Thanjavur is administered

by a municipal corporation covering an area of 36.31 sq.kms (14.03 sq mi) and has a population

of 5,00,000. Thanjavur is located at 10.8°N 79.15°E. The tributaries of river Cauvery, namely,

the Grand Anaicut canal (Pudhaaru), Vadavaaru and Vennaaru rivers flow through the city. The

municipality of Tanjore was established on May 9, 1866 as a third grade municipality as per

Town Improvements Act 1865. Tanjore was upgraded to a second grade municipality in 1933

and first grade in 1943. Since 1983, Thanjavur has been a special grade municipality. The

present dump yard of Thanjavur is in Srinivasapuram which has been in use for last thirty years

and it is not sufficient to meet present and future needs. Hence it is time deserving to identify a

new site for disposal of solid waste in Thanjavur Corporation.

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

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Figure 1.Base map

III MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Data and Software Used :

First edition-2011 Survey of India (SOI) Toposheets (C44H1,C44H2)

IRS P6 LISS IV satellite image of Thanjavur Municipality with 5.2 resolution (2012 data)

ARCGIS for map creation and composition.

Methodology:

The role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in solid waste management is very

large as many aspects of its planning and operations are highly dependent on spatial data. GIS is

a tool that not only reduces time and cost of the site selection but also provides a digital data

bank for future monitoring program of the site. The toposheets were first scanned and then

incorporated into the software for further processing. The toposheets were then opened in ILWIS

software where each toposheet was geocorrected individually. The geocorrected toposheets were

then combined together for getting the image of entire study area by the process of mosaicking.

Land Use Land Cover map, Drainage map, Geology map, Geomorphology map, Road network


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map and soil map was created using the ArcGIS software by digitizing the satellite imagery and

the toposheets.

Approach and Discussion:

Existing System:

Currently, solid waste management has become a major problem in Thanjavur, INDIA

because only one open dumpsite exists to accommodate a large amount of waste generated daily.

According to the Municipal Corporation of Thanjavur, the open waste dump site which is about

20 acres in size has been in operation for more than 30 years. It is currently serving as the main

dumping site for the municipality and operating above its capacity due to lack of an alternative

landfill site. Waste collection in the municipality is mainly by either house-to- house or central

container collection system and the waste collected is finally disposed of at the open space

dumping site located at Srinivasapuram, earlier an outskirt but now almost in the proximity to the

hub of the city limit, covering an area of 20 acres and is being used for more than 30 years.

Dumping rate at present is nearly 120 tonnes per day. The residents in and around dump yard are

facing serious health problems including air, Noise and soil pollutions, also often get fired.

Hence it is essential to identify a new site to dispose the waste.

Thematic Maps Generated :

The thematic maps such as Land Use / Land Cover, soil, road network, and drainage,

Built up land maps were derived from the satellite image and toposheets procured using ArcGIS

software.

Land Use Land Cover Map :

The raster data was taken into ArcGIS environment and GIS layer on Land Use Land

Cover theme was prepared (Fig.1). The perusal of the map shows that the study area comprises 7

first order categories (Table 1). Amongst, the crop lands and water bodies and already built up

land are the zones which can’t be converted into a waste disposal site hence are designated under

low or more precise not suitable index category. Likewise the plantations under moderate

because at places where we are having energy plantations under indispensable conditions can be

used hence they were categorized under moderate suitable sites. On the other hand fallow land

(for more than Five years), land without scrub area and areas which are vacant can be effectively

used accordingly they were categorized under highly suitable areas.


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Figure 2.Land Use / Land Cover Map

Land Use /

Land

Cover

SUITABILITY INDEX

High Moderat

e

Low

Fallow Land Plantatio

ns Crop land

Open spaces/Vacant land Water bodies

Land without scrub Built up land

Table – 1 Suitability Index on Land Use / Land Cover

Road:

Transporting the waste is an essential part in disposing it and the road should be well

connected to the place but also should be a little distance from the place. To identify the required

,we create buffer zones. The major road was NH67 connecting Nagapattinam and ooty. Similarly

number of SH almost fringing in all the directions. The already existing yard is situated within

150m to the SH connecting the Trichy, owing to its proximity, causing severe inconvenience to


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the road users such as blowing of the waste from the yard, during the time of fire total

obstruction of visibility of the road, traffic along the road etc. Hence based on the experience it is

essential to have the dump yard away from the main roads. According to the specifications,

250m buffer has been suggested. After preparing the road network map using Proximity tool in

ArcGIS, multiple ring buffer zones were generated for a distance of 250m and 500m on either

sides of the road (Fig.3)and are clipped within the boundary of Thanjavur. Buffer has made only

for major roads and not for minor roads because their voluminous number and also will be used

as approached road for the proposed site. The zone within 250m are designated as low index,

while 250-500m away from the road as moderately suitable and all the areas away from 500m of

the present road were designated as high suitable areas for the proposed site (Table 3).

Figure 3.Road Buffer Map

Major Roads

(NH/SH)

(Buffer)

SUITABILITY INDEX

High Moderate Low

>500m 250-500m <250

m

Table – 2 Suitability Index on Road


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Soil

Survey of India map on 1:500,000 have been used to prepare soil map of the study area.

Using ArcGIS 10.5 software, through digitization, the data has been converted in GIS layer

(Fig.3). The perusal of the map shows mostly the area covered by Clay and in some places Sand.

During rainy season, the waste dumped may get into the ground along with water through the

voids in the rock, may be it collaborates with the other components inside the ground and it may

cause change in the soil or water properties. Hence it is necessary to consider the porosity.

Porosity means the percentage of void space in a rock or soil , Clay has high porosity and sand

when compared to Clay has less porosity. So, Clay is not suitable and Sand is designated as

suitable.

Soil

SUITABILITY INDEX

High Moderate Low

Sand Clay

Table – 3 Suitability Index on soils


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Figure 4.Soil map

Drainage:

Locating dump yard near the drainage may cause many problems. From toposheets,

surface water bodies like drainages, streams, canal and tanks were interpreted and converted into

a GIS layer. As separate buffers has to be given to major rivers and minor streams and canals, the

GIS layer was divided into two as major drainages comprising only rivers and minor drainages

having both streams and canals. As earlier, buffer maps are created separately for these two

layers. For rivers, buffer zone of 250m and 500m were generated and the zones away from 500m

were designated as highly suitable while those within 500m – 250m and <250m were categorized

as moderate and low suitable zones respectively. Similarly for minor drainages, multiple buffer

zones with >200m, 200-100m and <100m are generated and designated as High, Moderate and

Low suitable zones respectively(Table 4). Later these two buffer layers were integrated as a

single layer using union function in GIS (Fig.5).

Figure 5. Drainage Buffer Map

SUITABILITY INDEX

High Moderat low


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e

River

(Buffer)

>500

m

250-

500m

<250m

Stream /

Canal

(Buffer)

>

200m

100-

200m

<100m

Table – 4 Suitability Index on Drainage

Built up Land:

As population increases, the urban development increases. So it is also necessary to consider

the future development before locating the dump yard. The built up land includes residential,

recreational and industrial areas and were interpreted from toposheets. In considering the future

development, two buffer zones for 100m and 200m were generated and categorized as high it is

>200m, middle if between 100m and 200m and is low if <100m (Table 5).

SUITABILITY INDEX

High Moderate Low

Built Up land

(Buffer)

<

200m

100-200m <100

m

● Residential

● Recreational

● Industrial

Table – 5 Suitability Index on Built up Land


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Figure 6.Built Up Buffer Map

Assigning Weights :

The above generated maps are converted into raster format based on the feature. Based

on the suitability, the entire study area in all themes has either been assigned as High, moderate

and low suitable zones. As the suitable zone is the one satisfy almost all the parameters,

integration is essential hence the suitable index designated earlier has to be represented

numerically. Thus the Highly suitable zone is designated with a numerical value 10, moderate as

5 and low as 0. The same is shown in Table 6.

SUITABILITY INDEX

High Moderate Low

10 05 00

Table – 6 Weighted scores


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RESULT AND CONCLUSION :

The above assigned raster maps are overlayed using weighted overlay tool. In this tool

for each individual map the assigned weights are scaled from 1 to 9.The low category is assigned

as 1 and the moderate as 5 and high as 9.Each maps influency rate is selected 20% as each

criteria contributes equal weightage. All the maps are overlayed and the values obtained are in

the range of 1 to 7. So, there are again designated into three categories highly suitable whose

values are in range 6-7, moderately suitable are in range of 4-5 and not suitable in range of 1-3.

The final generated suitability map is shown in figure 6.

This integrated map clearly depicts sites for waste disposal as High, moderate and

least/Not suitable sites (Fig.6). Further prioritization on Highly suitable sites can be made on

factors like land ownership, transportation, accessibility and other considerations. Determination

of suitable sites for the disposal of urban solid waste is one of the major problems in developing

countries where the industrial development is adversely affecting the environment. The main

environmental issue which should be considered in disposal of hazardous solid waste is the

location of its land filling. This study used GIS integrated standard methodology for the

selection of sites, which are suitable for the disposal of solid wastes.

This methodology incorporates a large number of environmental and economic factors

which are essential to identify the sites which have no or minimum adverse impact on

environment. In fact, many other parameters are required for this study, but the most

important parameters has been taken into consideration. The study illustrates the importance of

GIS technology in the present days.GIS technology, as an information tool, has helped in the

acquisition of recent land use information studies aimed at solving environmental problems.

Information on different aspects for this study like land use, road, and slope etc., has been

derived using this technique. Further integrating this data using GIS has helped in the analysis of

the study, which would have otherwise been difficult to do manually using the conventional

method. The involvement of such factors or criteria requires adequate database of different

dimensions. So adequate attention is required for data management to ensure the perfection

of the decision based methodology. Though GIS based methodology is highly sophisticated or

developed or standard one but it is success depend on the proper and careful application of it.

Thus with the use of these technologies management of municipal waste will no longer be a

problem for city administrators.


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Figure 7. SUITABILITY INDEX MAP

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