How to digitize a topo-How to digitize a topo-sheet with the help of free sheet with the help of free MapWindow GIS SoftwareMapWindow GIS Software

Created ByCreated By MRINMOY MAJUMDER(BE,ME)MRINMOY MAJUMDER(BE,ME)

www.mrinmoy.majumder.infowww.solveinweb.net

How to digitize a topo-How to digitize a topo-sheet with the help of free sheet with the help of free MapWindow GIS SoftwareMapWindow GIS Software

Created ByCreated By MRINMOY MAJUMDER(BE,ME)MRINMOY MAJUMDER(BE,ME)

www.mrinmoy.majumder.infowww.solveinweb.net

This semi-graphical tutorial will help you learn the steps involved in the digitization of a toposheet by a free GIS software : MapWindow

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Terminology Related To Digitization

– GIS,Coverage,DEMGIS,Coverage,DEM– Shapefile & GridsShapefile & Grids – TINTIN– Vector & Raster– Coordinate SystemsCoordinate Systems– Other File FormatsOther File Formats

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GIS,Coverage,DEMGIS,Coverage,DEM

Coverage : In geographic information systems, a coverage is a mapping of one aspect of data in space. It represents a "domain" (the universe of extent) in terms of characteristics expressing a range of values. For example: a satellite image derived from remote sensing might record varying degrees of light pollution. Aerial photography, land cover data, and digital elevation models are all considered coverage data.

DEM : A digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital representation of ground surface topography or terrain. It is also widely known as a digital terrain model (DTM). A DEM can be represented as a raster (a grid of squares) or as a triangular irregular network. DEMs are commonly built using remote sensing techniques, however, they may also be built from land surveying

GIS : A geographic information system (GIS), also known as a geographical information system, is an information system for capturing, storing, analyzing, managing and presenting data which are spatially referenced (linked to location).

An ASTER DEM

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Shapefile & GridsShapefile & GridsShapefile : A "shapefile" commonly refers to a collection of files with ".shp", ".shx", ".dbf", and other extensions on a common prefix name (e.g., "lakes.*"). The actual shapefile relates specifically to files with the ".shp" extension, however this file alone is incomplete for distribution, as the other supporting files are required.

Shapefiles spatially describe geometries: points, polylines, and polygons. These, for example, could represent water wells, rivers, and lakes, respectively. Each item may also have attributes that describe the items, such as the name or temperature.

GRID : In cartography, any network of parallel and perpendicular lines superimposed on a map and used for reference is collectively called as grid. These grids are usually referred to by the map projection or coordinate system they represent, such as Universal Transverse Mercator grid.

A binary grid file along with binary data in a xyz file

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TINTINTIN : A triangulated irregular network (TIN) is a digital data structure used in a geographic information system (GIS) for the representation of a surface. A TIN is a vector based representation of the physical land surface or sea bottom, made up of irregularly distributed nodes and lines with three dimensional coordinates (x,y, and z) that are arranged in a network of nonoverlapping triangles. TINs are often derived from the elevation data of a rasterized digital elevation model (DEM).

An advantage of using a TIN over a DEM in mapping and analysis is that the points of a TIN are distributed variably based on an algorithm that determines which points are most necessary to an accurate representation of the terrain. Data input is therefore flexible and fewer points need to be stored than in a DEM with regularly distributed points. While a TIN may be less suited than a DEM raster for certain kinds of GIS applications, such as analysis of a surface's slope and aspect, TINs have the advantage of being able to portray terrain in three dimensions.

Three-dimensional visualizations are readily created by rendering of the triangular facets. In regions where there is little variation in surface height, the points may be widely spaced whereas in areas of more intense variation in height the point density is increased.

Vector & RasterVector & RasterRASTER : A raster data type is, in essence, any type of digital image. Anyone who is familiar with digital photography will recognize the pixel as the smallest individual unit of an image.

A combination of these pixels will create an image, distinct from the commonly used scalable vector graphics which are the basis of the vector model. While a digital image is concerned with the output as representation of reality, in a photograph or art transferred to computer, the raster data type will reflect an abstraction of reality.

Raster data type consists of rows and columns of cells, with each cell storing a single value. Raster data can be images (raster images) with each pixel (or cell) containing a color value. Additional values recorded for each cell may be a discrete value, such as land use, a continuous value, such as temperature, or a null value if no data is available.

VECTOR : In a GIS, geographical features are often expressed as vectors, by considering those features as

geometrical shapes.

A Raster Image

A Vector Image

Comparison

Vector Raster

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Coordinate SystemCoordinate SystemGEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE SYSTEM

A property ownership map and a soils map might show data at different scales. Map information in a GIS must be manipulated so that it registers, or fits, with information gathered from other maps. Before the digital data can be analyzed, they may have to undergo other manipulations—projection and coordinate conversions, for example—that integrate them into a GIS.

The earth can be represented by various models, each of which may provide a different set of coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, elevation) for any given point on the earth's surface. The simplest model is to assume the earth is a perfect sphere. As more measurements of the earth have accumulated, the models of the earth have become more sophisticated and more accurate. In fact, there are models that apply to different areas of the earth to provide increased accuracy (e.g., North American Datum, 1927 - NAD27 - works well in North America, but not in Europe).

Projection is a fundamental component of map making. A projection is a mathematical means of transferring information from a model of the Earth, which represents a three-dimensional curved surface, to a two-dimensional medium—paper or a computer screen. Different projections are used for different types of maps because each projection particularly suits certain uses. For example, a projection that accurately represents the shapes of the continents will distort their relative sizes.

Since much of the information in a GIS comes from existing maps, a GIS uses the processing power of the computer to transform digital information, gathered from sources with different projections and/or different coordinate systems, to a common projection and coordinate system. For images, this process is called rectification.

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PROJECTED COORDINATE SYSTEMA projected coordinate system is a flat, two-dimensional representation of the Earth. It is based on a sphere or spheroid geographic coordinate system, but it uses linear units of measure for coordinates, so that calculations of distance and 7 area are 7 easily done in terms of those same units.

The latitude and longitude coordinates are converted to x, y coordinates on the flat projection. The x coordinate is usually the eastward direction of a point, and the y coordinate is usually the northward direction of a point. The center line that runs east and west is referred to as the x axis, and the center line that runs north and south is referred to as the y axis.

The intersection of the x and y axes is the origin and usually has a coordinate of (0,0). The values above the x axis are positive, and the values below the x axis are negative. The lines parallel to the x axis are equidistant from each other. The values to the right of the y axis are positive, and the values to the left of the y axis are negative. The lines parallel to the y axis are equidistant.

Mathematical formulas are used to convert a three-dimensional geographic coordinate system to a two-dimensional flat projected coordinate system. The transformation is referred to as a map projection. Map projections usually are classified by the projection surface used, such as conic, cylindrical, and planar surfaces. Depending on the projection used, different spatial properties will appear distorted. Projections are designed to minimize the distortion of one or two of the data's characteristics, yet the distance, area, shape, direction, or a combination of these properties might not be accurate representations of the data that is being modeled. There are several types of projections available. While most map projections attempt to preserve some accuracy of the spatial properties, there are others that attempt to minimize overall distortion instead, such as the Robinson projection. The most common types of map projections include:

Coordinate SystemCoordinate System

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Coordinate System used in GISCoordinate System used in GIS

Geographic Coordinate System

Projected Coordinate System

Custom Projection

Continental,County,Solar etc. Groups

UTM,NAD etc. Groups

Names like Everest,European etc.

Names like EMPC,ETRS etc.

Coordinate SystemCoordinate System

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Other File FormatsOther File Formats.shp — shape format; the feature geometry itself .shx — shape index format; a positional index of the feature geometry to allow seeking forwards and backwards quickly .dbf — attribute format; columnar attributes for each shape, in dBase III format

In each of the .shp, .shx, and .dbf files, the shapes in each file correspond to each other in sequence. That is, the first record in the .shp file corresponds to the first record in the .shx and .dbf files, and so on.

KML : KML is a file format used to display geographic data in an Earth browser, such as Google Earth, Google Maps, and Google Maps for mobile. KML uses a tag-based structure with nested elements and attributes and is based on the XML standard.

GPS : The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the system available for civilian use. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS. GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use triangulation to calculate the user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the user's position and display it on the unit's electronic map.

Geodatabase : A geo-database represents geographic features and attributes that are stored inside a Relational Database Management System (RDMS).

There are two types of geodatabases - Personal and Enterprise. The personal geodatabase in fact is in the format of Microsoft ACCESS (.mdb); Enterprise geodatabases are hosted in server-based DBMS such as SQL Server, Oracle, or IBM DB2.

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Workflow of GISWorkflow of GIS Digitization

Insert the image to digitize

Activate the digitization tool

Digitized lines, polygons and points will be saved as ‘Shapefiles’

Data Representation

Digitize lines (for Rivers, Roads, telephone lines etc.),polygons (for ponds, lakes etc.)& points (cities, stations etc.) available in the map and enter the relevant information that you want to represent later

Insert the shape or grid file as a new layer

Data stored in the shapefile can be retrieved and represented as maps

Shape files can also be converted into Grid file or geo-database to represent contour or elevation or depth etc. topographic features

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Use of Shapefile,Grid,DEM,TIN,Geo-database Use of Shapefile,Grid,DEM,TIN,Geo-database in GISin GIS

DIGITIZATIONDIGITIZATION SHAPEFILESHAPEFILE (VECTOR)(VECTOR)

GRIDFILE

GEODATABASEGEODATABASEDIGITIZED MAPSDIGITIZED MAPS

MAP SERVER/INTERACTIVE MAPSMAP SERVER/INTERACTIVE MAPS

REMOTE REMOTE SENSED IMAGESSENSED IMAGES DEM

TIN

IMAGE PROCESSING

MAP/TOPOSHEETMAP/TOPOSHEET

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What is the use of GIS/IP Software like What is the use of GIS/IP Software like ArcINFO, IDRISI,ERDAS ?ArcINFO, IDRISI,ERDAS ?

GIS software : -

• Helps in digitization of maps/topo-sheets

• Helps to create interactive maps representing one or more information

• Helps to make DEM,TIN or Vector & Raster Images

IP = Image Processing

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Necessity of Using a Free GIS SoftwareNecessity of Using a Free GIS Software

• Price of ArcINFO is near about 9.5 lakhs

• Not possible for students to purchase personally

• Similar software are available for FREE.

• Some examples include MapWindow, DIVAGIS etc.

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Mapwindow : A Free GIS Software

– A Screenshot of the Main InterfaceA Screenshot of the Main Interface– A Screenshot of the Top MenuA Screenshot of the Top Menu– What is MapWindow GISWhat is MapWindow GIS– MapWindow Toolbars : Top MenuMapWindow Toolbars : Top Menu– MapWindow Default PlugInsMapWindow Default PlugIns– MapWindow Important IconsMapWindow Important Icons– Other IconsOther Icons– PlugIn : GIS ToolsPlugIn : GIS Tools– PlugIn : Shapefile EditorPlugIn : Shapefile Editor

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How to download MapWindow ?

Visit www.mapwindow.org and then clink PlugIn menu and download the latest binary made for Windows.

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A Screenshot of the Main InterfaceA Screenshot of the Main Interface

Top MenuTop Menu

Legend WindowLegend Window

Map OverviewMap Overview

Working WindowWorking Window

Graphical ToolbarsGraphical Toolbars

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A Screenshot of the Top Menu

Top MenuTop Menu

Top MenuTop Menu

Working Window

PluginsPluginsPlugin MenuPlugin Menu

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What is MapWindow GIS

1. It’s an application for testing GIS related plugins developed in VB/JS code

2. But it is also a great tool to perform various types of GIS related works like digitization, grid file creation, geo-referencing, KML file creation, changing coordinate systems etc. The workflow of the software is given below

Create a New Project

Insert a new layerCan be a new image or a new shapefile or grid file or geo-database

Insert Plugins from Plugins menu

Digitize or Represent Data with the help of those plugins

MapWindow Toolbars : Top MenuMapWindow Toolbars : Top MenuFile menu will enable you to :

1.Create New or Open an Earlier Project,2.Save the project,3.Change Settings,4.Connect to a database,5.Print the map

Edit menu will enable you to :

1.Copy or Export the opened map, its scale, geo-referenced map2.Preview the map with full extent or using the current view in the Preview panel

View menu will enable you to :

1.Add,Remove or Clear Layers.The difference between Remove and Clear Layers is on clicking Clear Layer all the layers will be removed but Remove Layer will only remove the selected layer.2.Set Map Scale or Show Floating Scale Bar.3.Zoom In or Out, Return to previous or next zoom,zoom to full or map extents.4.Bookmark a mapview in a specific zoom or show a bookmarked view.5.Show Legends or Preview the map

PlugIn menu will enable you to :

Add PlugIns.PlugIns are group of tools aimed at specific objectives.For example the ‘Converters’ plugin will convert CSV files into shapefiles.In mapwindow you can import any number of plugins from the mapwindow websites or use your own scripts.To add a plugin one has to copy and paste the dll files of a plugin into a subfolder within the mapwindow folder.

Some plugins will be included by default.

MapWindow Default PlugInsMapWindow Default PlugIns

Converters PlugIn

Converts a CSV file into a shapefile.

Watershed Delineation

Useful for hydrologist. Helps to delineate watershed from DEM files.

Shapefile Editor PlugIn

1.Show or Unshow Vertices2.Snap or Unsnap Vertices3.Snap to all layers4.Stay in Add mode while adding shape files.

GIS Tools PlugIn

Allows to edit or update vector (shapefiles),Raster (gridfile) and Image files1.Add Projections,2.Merge,Demerge shape files, clip shape files with polygons, buffer, Export shape files into a newer one etc.,3.Create grid images, reformat grids, merge grids, georeference grids or images, generate contour files, change no data files

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MapWindow Important IconsMapWindow Important Icons

Add New Project

Open Old Project

Save the Project

Print the Map

Add New Layers or Remove/Clear

All Layers

Pan(move) the map

Select a shape file within a layer.The layer must be active while selecting the shapefile

Measure Distance between

two points

Measure Area by drawing a

polygon

Zoom in or out or to full

extent

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Other IconsOther Icons

Identifier i.e. click on any shapefile after selecting this icon to know the

informations stored into that shape file

Attribute table

Measures the distance and area of the shape files under the selected layers.

Create a new type of shape file.Often called as Shape file container

Starts to create a shapefile

Click to Remove Selected Shape file Merge two or more

shapefiles of same type

Move Vertices

Add(+) or Remove(-) Vertices

PlugIn : Shapefile EditorPlugIn : Shapefile Editor• Vertex is a local extreme point of curvature and more

than one vertex is collectively known as vertices.

Vertex

Shapefile Editor will help you to show/hide Shapefile Editor will help you to show/hide vertices of the shapefile or you can enforce vertices of the shapefile or you can enforce your shapefile drawing to automatically catch your shapefile drawing to automatically catch the vertices of a previously drawn shapefile by the vertices of a previously drawn shapefile by the “Snap to Vertices” menu or to stay at an the “Snap to Vertices” menu or to stay at an Add Mode so that you are not required to click Add Mode so that you are not required to click “Add Shapefile” repetitively.“Add Shapefile” repetitively.

PlugIn : GIS ToolsPlugIn : GIS Tools• Map window has a GIS Tools Plugin from

where you can edit Vector/Raster/Image files.

Assign projections to any images or rectify the image into a world coordinate or if wish to reproject a already geo-referenced image you can also do that with this option

Assign projections to any shapefiles or merge them or create new shape file with some existing shapes etc. various operation related to shapefiles can be performed

This menu is for Raster files like grids. You can add a coordinate system, merge grids, create grid formats etc.

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Digitizing withDigitizing with MapwindowMapwindow– Setting the Coordinate SystemSetting the Coordinate System– Adding Image for DigitizationAdding Image for Digitization– Selecting Types of ShapefileSelecting Types of Shapefile– Attribute TableAttribute Table– Legend EditorLegend Editor– Merge,Move or Remove ShapesMerge,Move or Remove Shapes– MapWindow Important IconsMapWindow Important Icons– Other IconsOther Icons– Measuring DistanceMeasuring Distance– Measuring AreaMeasuring Area

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Adding Coordinate SystemAdding Coordinate SystemSETTING THE COORDINATE SYSTEMSETTING THE COORDINATE SYSTEM

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Adding Coordinate SystemAdding Coordinate SystemSETTING THE COORDINATE SYSTEMSETTING THE COORDINATE SYSTEM

File > Settings > Project Projection > Category/Group/Name

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Category > Geographic/Projected/Custom

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Show Mismatch Warnings ? > Yes (will show Mismatch warning)/No (not show mismatch warning

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Use Projection Info ? > Yes (project will use the projection for each file)/No (will not use the projection )

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Adding Image for DigitizationAdding Image for Digitization

Add the scanned image

Click and name the shape file, choose the type of shape file as polygon

Click and select the type of shape file you want to draw

ADDING IMAGE FOR DIGITIZATIONADDING IMAGE FOR DIGITIZATION11

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Create line shape file for rivers, roads, telephone line etc. Create a polygon shape file for

lakes, land use, big rivers etc.

Create point shape file for cities, stations, post office, village etc.

SELECTING TYPES OF SHAPEFILESELECTING TYPES OF SHAPEFILE

Selecting Types of ShapefileSelecting Types of Shapefile

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Point Shapefile will have different ids and different location reference (i.e. coordinates)

SELECTING TYPES OF SHAPEFILESELECTING TYPES OF SHAPEFILE

Selecting Types of ShapefileSelecting Types of Shapefile

Polygon shapefiles have same id for all of its points and the first and last point of a polygon will always have the same location reference (i.e. coordinates)

Line shapefiles have same id for all of its points and the first and last point of a line will always be different (i.e. coordinates)

You can identify this difference if you open the attribute table and look at MWShape id field

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Drawing Shape files

Half Drawn Shape file

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The new shape files will be shown in the layer manager panel

Various types of values can be added by right clicking and selecting Attribute Table. Any information stored in this table can be visualized or represented in the map.

VIEWING THE CREATED SHAPEFILES IN LAYER MANAGER

ADDING VALUES TO ATTRIBUTE TABLE

Attribute TableAttribute Table

The map legend will be look like the Layer manager and can be exported by Edit>Export >Legend whereas the entire map can be exported as a jpg/bmp image by Edit >Export > Map

Attribute TableAttribute Table

To Add New Fields i.e. columns to the table :

Edit > Add Field,

Select the type,Give a name and specify the field size and Click Add to add the field

You can also select a field and zoom to it by using View > Zoom to Selected Shapes You can use the “Selection” Menu to Query the table values or use the “Export Selected Shapes” menu to export the selected features(Remember : Shapefiles consist shapes which are also called features)

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Label SetupLabel Setup

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22 Field to Show in LabelField to Show in Label

Change the colour and Change the colour and alignment of the labelalignment of the label

Prepend or Append Prepend or Append to the Labelto the Label

Change the Font Scale of the label Change the Font Scale of the label And/or turn on/off Label Collision AvoidanceAnd/or turn on/off Label Collision Avoidance

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Create line shape file for rivers,roads,telephone line etc.

In Legend Editor window (select the shape file and click Properties) you can change the colour of the selected shape file; thickness of border of a polygon or thickness of a line shape file; transparency; vertex colour and size; line style; tool tip (when mouse is placed on the shape file the value of the file can be shown in the tool tip); legend picture (picture to be shown in the map legend) etc.

CHANGING THE COLOUR,STYLE AND DIMENSION OF CREATED SHAPE FILE WITH PROPERTY > LEGEND EDITOR

Legend EditorLegend Editor

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Merge ShapefilesMerge Shapefiles

Remove shapefilesRemove shapefiles

Move shapefilesMove shapefiles

MERGE OR REMOVE SHAPEFILESMERGE OR REMOVE SHAPEFILES

Merge,Move or Remove ShapefileMerge,Move or Remove Shapefile

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MEASURING DISTANCEMEASURING DISTANCE

Click to Activate the Measure Distance Tool

Click on the points to measure distance

See the result here (right click to stop measuring)

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MEASURING AREAMEASURING AREADraw a polygon to measure area

Click to Activate the Measure Area Tool

See the result here (right click to stop measuring)

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Digitize Toposheet withDigitize Toposheet with MapwindowMapwindow

– Step : 1 : Add the ToposheetStep : 1 : Add the Toposheet– Step : 2 : Create and Draw Shape filesStep : 2 : Create and Draw Shape files– Step : 3 : Representing Data with your Shape filesStep : 3 : Representing Data with your Shape files– Step : 4 : Label SetupStep : 4 : Label Setup

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ToposheetA Toposheet and part that will be digitizedA Toposheet and part that will be digitized

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Step : 1 Step : 1 Add the ToposheetAdd the Toposheet

1. The toposheet has to be scanned and added to MapWindow as a layer

2. It is a good practice to create polygon shape files first so that the land use can be clearly delineated.

3. A new polygon shapefile is created with the help of Create New Shapefile > Type > Polygon

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4. A descriptive name is given to the shapefile5. Generally, lakes, fields, wetlands etc. is digitized by polygon

shape file. This is done by clicking the borders of the land use. After the border is delineated double click to end the polygon. Right click on the shape file and open the Attribute table and put the necessary values.

6. Next step is to digitize the roads, rivers etc. This features can be represented by the line shapefile.

7. Create another new type of shapefile and go on clicking on the rivers first. Then create another same type of shapefile and digitize roads and so on. Right click on the mouse to finish creating the shape file.

Step : 2 Step : 2 Create and Draw ShapefilesCreate and Draw Shapefiles

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8. The last step is to locate the cities, villages, hospitals, temples etc. landmarks.

9. Create a new type of shape file and choose point as the type for the shape file. Now just click on the cities and other important landmarks, open the attribute table and give the appropriate names.

10. After the digitization step is concluded, representation of the data is the next work.

11. Open the layer property manager. Change the colours of the shapefiles and their borders according to your requirements. Also change the width and texture of the shapefiles if you wish.

Step : 3Step : 3Representing Data with your Shape filesRepresenting Data with your Shape files

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Step : 4Step : 4Label SetupLabel Setup

12. Now right click on the created shape files and open the “Label Setup”

13. Select the Label Fields you want to show on the map14. Choose the font colour and shadow.15. If you want to add a prefix or suffix use the Prepend and Append

Text fields.Click OK.The names of the places will be shown.16. Change name of the shapefiles or group same category shape

files so that you can export the Layer Manager as the legend.17. Click Edit > Export to export the map,legend,arrow and scale.18. End product is a digitized map of the inserted toposheet which is

given at the next page.

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A Digitized ToposheetA Digitized Toposheet

SUMMARYSUMMARY

EDIT PROPERTY/LEGEND EDITOR FOR COLOURING AND LABELING

ADD IMAGE FOR DIGITIZATION

EDIT OR/AND ADD FIELDS IN THE ATTRIBUTE TABLE

CREATE APPROPRIATE TYPE OF SHAPEFILE AND DIGITIZE THE LINE,POLY AND POINT FEATURES

STORE THE SHAPEFILE FOR USE IN OTHER PROJECTS

CONVERT THE SHAPEFILES INTO GRID OR OTHER FORMATS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF DATA REPRESENTATIONS

SET PROJECTION SYSTEM

How to digitize a topo-How to digitize a topo-sheet with the help of free sheet with the help of free MapWindow GIS SoftwareMapWindow GIS Software

Want to know the way you can digitize GPS Waypoints or image map or xyz files ?Want to know the way you can digitize GPS Waypoints or image map or xyz files ?Want to know more about digitizing with MapWindow ?Want to know more about digitizing with MapWindow ?

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