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Hindawi Publishing CorporationThe Scientific World JournalVolume 2013 Article ID 626854 12 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013626854

Research ArticleSeismic Microzonation of Breginjski Kot (NW Slovenia) Basedon Detailed Engineering Geological Mapping

Jure Kokošin1 and Andrej Gosar23

1 Sweco Norge AS Dronningensgate 5254 8509 Narvik Norway2 Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering University of Ljubljana Askerceva 12 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia3 Slovenian Environment Agency Seismology and Geology Office Dunajska 47 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia

Correspondence should be addressed to Andrej Gosar andrejgosargovsi

Received 23 October 2013 Accepted 13 November 2013

Academic Editors K Nemeth and L Tosi

Copyright copy 2013 J Kokosin and A Gosar This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Breginjski kot is among the most endangered seismic zones in Slovenia with the seismic hazard assessed to intensity IX MSK andthe design ground acceleration of 0250 g both for 500-year return period The most destructive was the 1976 Friuli Mw = 64earthquake which had maximum intensity VIII-IX Since the previous microzonation of the area was based solely on the basicgeological map and did not include supplementary field research we have performed a new soil classification of the area Firsta detailed engineering geological mapping in scale 1 5000 was conducted Mapped units were described in detail and some ofthem interpreted anew Stiff sites are composed of hard to medium-hard rocks which were subjected to erosion mainly evoked byglacial and postglacial age At that time a prominent topography was formed and different types of sediments were deposited invalleys by mass flows A distinction between sediments and weathered rocks their exact position and thickness are of significantimportance for microzonation On the basis of geological mapping a soil classification was carried out according to the Medvedevmethod (intensity increments) and the Eurocode 8 standard (soil factors) and two microzonation maps were preparedThe bulk ofthe studied area is covered by soft sediments and nine out of ten settlements are situated on themThemicrozonation clearly pointsout the dependence of damage distribution in the case of 1976 Friuli earthquake to local site effects

1 Introduction

The Breginjski kot (NW Slovenia Figure 1) is located closeto a seismically very active area of Friuli in NE Italy butalso the Julian Alps in Slovenia have recently experiencedan increase of seismic activity In this area in fact theseismic hazard in Slovenia is the highest Most of numeroussettlements in the area are built on soft sediments whichcan significantly enhance the ground shaking The wholearea was highly damaged during the Friuli 1976 Mw =64 earthquake and its aftershock sequence For a realisticassessment of site effects and earthquake hazard a thoroughseismic microzonation is therefore essential On the otherhand the existing microzonation of Breginjski kot [1] wasbased solely on the basic geological map of Slovenia in

scale 1 100000 without supplementary field investigationsor subsurface information thus making it fairly inaccurateTherefore we have decided to perform a new microzonationstudy based on a detailed engineering geological mappingin scale 1 5000 Such a map would enable soil classificationaccording to two different approaches without using expen-sive geotechnical drilling or geophysical investigations Theseismic microzonation according to Eurocode 8 was basedon a new European seismic standard [2] which has beenapplied in Slovenia from 2008 This standard defines theseismic hazard by the peak ground acceleration whereas thesite effects are expressed by the soil factor The product ofboth values is used in the design of earthquake resistant build-ings The seismic microzonation according to the Medvedevmethod [3] denotes seismic hazard by increments of seismic

2 The Scientific World Journal

13∘20

9984000998400998400E 13

∘30

9984000998400998400E 13

∘40

9984000998400998400E13

∘10

9984000998400998400E

46∘20

9984000998400998400N

46∘10

9984000998400998400N

Magnitude Mw

0 5 10

(km)

Italy-Friuli

NW Slovenia

Breginjski kot

50ndash5253-5455-5657-5859-6061-6263-64

951976

6519761272004

124199816919761591976

1591976

119197611919761151976

Figure 1 Seismicity (Mw ge 50) in Friuli and NW Slovenia with location of Breginjski kot study area

intensity Although the seismic intensity in Slovenia is notused for building design anymore it is still important forseismological analyses and for the civil protection purposes

2 Seismological Characteristics

The Breginjski kot is located in one of the three areas withthe highest seismic hazard in Slovenia This is mainly dueto the proximity of the seismically very active area of Friulilocated 10ndash30 km to the west in NE Italy In this area the Mw= 64 Friuli earthquake occurred in May 1976 The seismicsequence that followed (Table 1 Figure 1) consisted of sixevents of Mw between 50 and 60 during the same year andone event of Mw = 53 that occurred in September 1977 [4 5]The intensity of the main shock in Breginj was VIII EMS-98 but the cumulative intensity which includes also damagefrom aftershocks reached IX EMS-98The highest intensity inSlovenia from themain shockwas VIII-IX in Robidisce [6] Acomplete review of 1976 earthquake intensities in Breginjskikot settlements is summarized in Table 2

For the NW Slovenia relatively weak rates of seismicitywere observed before April 1998 when aMw= 56 earthquakeoccurred in Krn Mountains only 7 km NW from Kobarid[9 10] It was followed by a Mw = 52 event in July 2004in the same epicentral area (Figure 1) Both earthquakesoccurred on theNW-SE trending near-vertical dextral strike-slipRavne fault [11] in the depth range 76ndash11 kmThe intensityof the 1998 earthquake in Kobarid (located at eastern margin

of the Breginjski kot) was VI-VII EMS-98 [7] and of the 2004event VI EMS-98 [8]

NW Slovenia and Friuli region are located at thekinematic transition between E-W striking thrust faults ofthe Alpine system (Friuli earthquakes) and NW-SE strik-ing strike-slip faults of the Dinarides system (Krn Moun-tains earthquakes) (Figure 1) The strongest earthquake everrecorded in the Alps-Dinarides junction area was the 1511western Slovenia earthquake (Mw = 68) the exact locationand mechanism of this event are still debated [12 13] dueto early occurrence and thus very little or no historicaldocuments

According to the old seismic hazard map of Sloveniafor a 500-year return period showing expected intensitieson the MSK scale [14] Breginjski kot is estimated to haveIX MSK intensity According to the new seismic hazardmap for a 475-year return period [15] a design groundacceleration value for a rock site in Breginjski kot is 0250 gThe importantmethodological difference between bothmapsis that intensities are assessed for a ldquomediumrdquo soil typewhereas design ground acceleration is assessed for a ldquorockrdquosite according to Eurocode 8

Accelerographs were installed in Kobarid after the mainFriuli shock in 1976 and after the Krn Mountains earthquakein 1998 The strongest ground motion in the Friuli seismicsequence was recorded for the September 15 1976 aftershock(Mw = 60 distance = 37 km) as 0138 g peak ground accel-eration [16] For the July 12 2004 Krn Mountain earthquake

The Scientific World Journal 3

Table 1 Data for earthquakes with Mw ge 50 in the vicinity of Breginski kot (after [4 7 8])

Date Time (UTC) Lat (∘N) Lon (∘N) Depth (km) Mw Region06051976 2000 46275 13246 65 64 Friuli09051976 0053 46214 13326 85 51 Friuli11051976 2244 46260 13041 60 50 Friuli11091976 1631 46275 13224 65 52 Friuli11091976 1635 46256 13233 43 56 Friuli15091976 0315 46284 13173 50 59 Friuli15091976 0921 46300 13145 70 60 Friuli16091977 2348 46268 13016 80 53 Friuli12041998 1055 46309 13632 76 56 Krn Mts12072004 1304 46310 13620 110 52 Krn Mts

Table 2 Intensities of 1976 earthquake in different settlements ofBreginjski kot

Settlement Intensity EMS-98Borjana VIKred VIRobic VIPotoki VI+ (MSK-78)Logje VI-VIIStaro Selo VIISedlo VII-VIIIBreginj VIIIPodbela VIIIRobidisce VIII-IX

(Mw = 52 distance = 7 km) a peak ground acceleration of0152 g was recorded [17]

The previously existing microzonation of Breginjski kot[1] was based solely on the basic geological map in scale1 100000 without supplementary field research or subsur-face geological and geophysical information thus making itfairly inaccurate It was prepared to be used together with theold seismic hazardmap showing intensities on theMSK scaleThis microzonation showed that the maximum expectedintensity due to the effects of soft sediments can be increasedby up to one intensity degree

3 Engineering Geological Mapping

A detailed engineering geological map of Breginjski kotin scale 1 5000 was prepared by outcrop observing andgeological boundaries trackingmethod Since seismic micro-zonation was the final goal the main focus of the field surveywas to characterise local geological conditions in vicinity ofsettlements and other substantial infrastructure like roadspower lines water collectors and so forth Consequentlysome less relevant lithological boundaries were summarisedfrom the manuscript geological map in scale 1 25000which was the basis for published basic geological map inscale 1 100000 [18] Based on the mapping accomplishedrocks and sediments were classified by their characteristics

determined in the field Properties such as structure dipstrength and weathered material thickness were defined forrocks whereas granulation roundness and thickness weredescribed for unconsolidated sedimentsMapped lithologicalunits were compared with the Bovec basin located 15 kmto the NE in the Soca valley for which intensity incrementmicrozonation was performed after the 1998 earthquake [19]Lithologies described below (Figures 2 and 3) are arrangedby age order and are presented on a detailed engineeringgeological map (Figure 4) of Breginjski kot Their names andage classification mainly coincide with lithologies describedin the explanatory text of the basic geological map of Slovenia[20]

Dachstein limestone (Figure 2(a)) from Late Triassic isthe oldest formation in the studied area It forms Mt StolMt Matajur and Der Hill west of Robic Rock has a lightgrey colour and a crystalline texture Dachstein limestoneis characterized by Lofer development which consists ofthree parts Cyclothem of B member contains stromatoliteswhereas cyclothem of C member contains well-preservedMegalodontidae shells Cyclothem of A member consists ofbasal breccias but was not observed in the field Weatheredmaterial thickness was estimated to be less than 05m

The Coral limestone of Early Cretaceous is situated in asmall part of the examined area near Robidisce Coral lime-stone is fine grained massive and grey in colour Outcropsare rare because they are overlain by significant thicknessof weathered material Hence it was distinguished fromlimestone breccias by numerous karst sinkholes which deter-mine its morphology (Figure 3(a)) Moreover the weatheredmaterial thickness can be altered promptly as a consequenceof a karst relief On the slopes less than 1m of weatheredmaterial is expected whereas more than 5m of weatheredmaterial is estimated for the flatland

Limestone breccia interbedded with shalestone(Figure 2(b)) from Upper Cretaceous represents mainlythe area from Napoleon Bridge west of Podbela to Robidisce(Figure 3(b)) Limestone breccias are of light grey or greycolour Breccia is clast supported and composed of angularto subangular clasts which range from 2mm to 1m insize Breccia formation is mostly bedded rarely massive Ifbedded its thickness ranges from 10 cm to several metersin size moreover brownish green shalestones are often


(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Figure 2 Typical lithologies according to the engineering-geological mapping (a)Megalodontidae shell in Dachstein limestone in Robic (b)limestone breccia interbedded with shalestone near Robidisce (c) folds in flyschoid formation near Borjana (d) heterogeneous compositionof diamicton in Sedlo (e) lacustrine chalk SW of Podbela and (f) proluvium in Podbela

interbedded Formation generally dips to the north Onthe slopes less than 1m of weathered material is expectedwhereas from 2m to 3m of weathered material is estimatedfor the flatland

Flyschoid formation (Figure 2(c)) is the next formationof Upper Cretaceous and is situated mainly west of Breginj-Sedlo-Podbela line while plenty outcrops are exposed inerosion windows of Mt Stol and Mt Matajur especially inravines with high-energy creeks The Flyschoid formationis divided into series of rocks shalestone sandstone andbreccia which are stratified and in sequence one after theother Shalestone is dark grey and appears with thickness ofbeds ranging from 1 cm to 5 cm Sandstone which mostlyconsists of carbonate minerals is grey with thickness of bedsranging from 5 cm to few ten centimetres Breccia is greyto dark grey and consists of carbonate clasts ranging from05 cm up to few meters Coarse grained breccia is clastsupported Thickness of breccia beds ranges from 1m to few

ten meters Flyschoid formation dips generally towards thenorth moreover thin bedded series in particular are oftenfound folded Thickness of weathered material varies from05m to 1m on the slopes and from 2m to 3m on the flatland

Diverse Quaternary sediments in Breginjski kot are theresult of postglacial era when water erosion and othertransformational processes formed specific relief Sedimentdeposits are mostly abundant on the slopes of Mt Stol wheremost settlements are located

Diamicton (Figure 2(d)) is an unlithified sediment whichorigins from glacial till mixed with other Quaternary sedi-ments and transported by mass flow It is deposited on theslope ofMt Stol (Figure 3(c)) confined byPotoki to the east alarge area of flyschoid formation to the west andNadiza Riverto the south In addition some erosion patches can be foundbetween Sedlo and Logje According to the estimation onthe field diamicton is composed of more or less subroundedgrains which are very poorly sorted 70 of grains represent


(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 3 (a) Karst sinkhole in coral limestone represents a depositional place for significant amount of weathered material Robidisce in thebackground (b) Limestone breccia in Nadiza valley south of Logje is typically bedded (c) Diamicton near Breginj in the background MtStol built of Dachstein limestone (d) Alluvial fan sediments form gentle slopes above Kred polje which is composed of fine grained alluvialsediments which promote to alluvial sediments near Nadiza River channel

fine gravel sand and silt fractions which ratio can varysignificantly on studied locations The remaining 30 ismainly gravel which ranges from 1 cm to 5 cm in size andboulders which ranges from 20 cm to several meters in sizeFragments consist of carbonate in general Besides there aremany clastic fragments and diamictite ones which are ratherscarce Glacial striations on fragments were not observedDiamicton thickness varies significantly for instance alongthe Nadiza River only a fewmeters can be reached in vicinityof flyschoid formation erosion windows it can vary between5m and 10m whereas away from ravines it can reach morethan 20mThe thickness depends on paleorelief and selectivesedimentation processes therefore a large amount ofmaterialhas been deposited there For instance in Cerkovnik creekflyschoid formation is not exposed despite more than 20mdeep eroded ravine According to ravine morphology thebiggest thickness is expected in the vicinity of Breginj

Diamictit has the same origin as diamicton but it islithified It is not presented on the engineering-geologicalmap because it is scattered around the Diamicton area insmall patches of about 10m2 in size It consists of around70 of gravel and boulder sized clasts which are matrixsupportedThe latter is composed of silt sand and fine gravelsized grains Subrounded clasts are poorly sorted those in the

range from 05 cm to 5 cm prevail Glacial striations on clastsare rarely preserved

Lacustrine chalk (Figure 2(e)) is deposited in patchesalong broader zone of Nadiza River and in the largestportion besides Legrada creekThis sediment is characterisedby laminated silt grey in colour with a blue tinge whichhas moisture and can be slightly molded According toCasagrandersquos Soil Classification System (ASTM) [21] it wasdefined as ML inorganic silt and very fine sands with lowplasticity Besides laminated silt there can be less than 5 ofrounded pebbles found mainly ranging from 1 cm to 5 cmand rarely to 10 cm Lacustrine chalk is covered by diamictonmain evidence can be found near to Hurja farm

Older alluvial sediments can generally be found betweenKred and Podbela up to 320m above sea level as erosionpatches around 40m2 in size and are consequently not thickerthan 5m They include conglomerate but sands and gravelare more rare First is clast supported conglomerate whichis good sorted The clasts which range from 02 to 5 cm insize are well rounded and consist mainly of carbonate andflyschoid fragments

Alluvial sediments are located along former and actualsteam channels of Nadiza River and Bela creek and in alluvialterraces of Kred polje (Figure 3(d)) and Podbela area The


Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

Hurja

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Potoki

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

Cerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

Engineering geological map of Breginjski kot

0 1000 2000500

(m)

Italy

Slope tallusAlluvial fan sedimentsFine grained alluvial sedimentsAlluvial sedimentsOlder alluvial sedimentsLacustrine chalk

DiamictonFlyschoid formationLimestone breccia interbedded with shalestoneThe coral limestoneDachstein limestoneT3

3+2

4K2

3

4K2

3

QQ

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

K14+5

N

W

S

E

Figure 4 Engineering geological map of Breginjski kot

volume ratio of sand and pebbles is 60 40 Fragmentswhich consist of carbonate and flyschoid formations arewell-rounded and moderately sorted Thickness of alluviumdeposits is estimated to be more than 10m

Fine grained alluvial sediments are deposited in Kredpolje (Figure 3(d)) and Kobarisko blato which represent asedimentary basin between Mt Stol and Mt Matajur Theflat relief induces rare outcrops whereas some exposureswere seen in old melioration trenches Some 4m pits whichwere excavated in the frame of geological investigations forplanned wastewater treatment plant were also examined Aparticular sediment found in trenches and pits is charac-terised by silt of bluish grey colour According to ASTM itis defined as ML inorganic silt with low plasticity On thefoothills of Mt Stol the formation is overlain by alluvial fansediments

Alluvial fan sediments (proluvium) (Figure 2(f)) aredeposited by torrential creeks on the foothills ofMt Stol fromwest of Staro Selo to Potoki (Figure 3(d)) In Podbela alluvialfan sediments are found as well The formation consists offlyschoid and carbonate fragments whereas the ratio dependson geological setting of hinterlands Proluvium is poorlysorted since it consists of fragments generally ranging up to10 cm of which up to 40 is fine sand and silt Boulders

ranging up to 60 cm can also be observed In additionfragments are medium rounded Thickness of formation isestimated on less than 20m

Slope talus (gravel) is deposited below steep slopes of MtStol and Mt Matajur The lower boundary of the slope taluson the slope of Mt Stol is increasing in elevation from east towest whereas on the slope of Mt Matajur it is decreasing inthe same direction Gravel consists of limestone and dolomitefragments of Late Triassic They were distinguished by thereaction with dilute HCl Besides gravel sized fragments alsosignificant amount of cobbles and some boulders can befound Additionally patches of lithified slope tallus (gravelbreccia) which have the same origin as unlithified can beobserved but they are not presented in the map due to theirnegligible size and dispersion

The described lithologies are presented on the detailedengineering geological map (Figure 4) which is the basis forthe seismic microzonation of the studied area

4 Intensity Increments Seismic Microzonation

According to the old seismic hazard map of Slovenia for a500-year return period [14] Breginjski kot is estimated tohave IX MSK intensity It is well-known that variations in


IX1

IX1

IX1

IX1

IX2

IX2

IX2IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2 IX2

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

0 1000 2000500

(m)

Italy

N

W

S

E

Potoki

Seismic microzonation of Breginjski kotaccording to Medvedev

(I) Category(II) Category(III) Category

Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

HurjaCerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

IX2

Figure 5 Intensity increments seismic microzonation of Breginjski kot according to the Medvedev method

Table 3 Soil categories for seismic microzonation according to Medvedev method (after [3])

Soil category Soil type Intensity increment according to seismic areaVII VIII IX

I hard rocks VI VII VIIIII medium-hard rocks lithified Quaternary sediments alluvial sediments VII VIII IXIII unlithified Quaternary sediments VIII IX X

local site characteristics have influence on observed earth-quake intensity Medvedev [3] proposed a classification thatimproves estimation on intensity considering engineeringgeological conditions According to this classification the soilis divided into three categoriesThe 2nd category correspondsto the medium stiff ground which agrees with the givenintensity on the seismological map [14] whereas for the1st category an intensity decrease and for the 3rd categoryan intensity increase is expected According to this schemeBreginjski kot is subdivided into three categories (Table 3)and presented in themap (Figure 5) In addition engineeringgeological conditions topography and soil saturation aregiven descriptively in the text below according to Medvedev[3] and Mayer-Rosa and Jimenez [22]

Category I represented by Dachstein limestone and corallimestone which are in general seismically insensitive Butdue to limestone karstification some intensity increments

may be expected also for these rocks In addition terrainsubsidence is expected because of cave collapses Severeearthquakes may also trigger rockfalls and rock slides whichcan endanger settlements or road facilities

Category II is characterised by flyschoid formationslimestone breccia interbedded with shalestone older alluvialsediments and alluvial sediments Besides them diamictitand slope tallus (gravel breccia) are also within this categorybut are not presented on the map because of negligiblesize and dispersion Intensity increments may be significantdue to the high- degree saturation of soil along NadizaRiver or Bela creek and limestone breccia karstificationSevere earthquakes may also trigger rockfalls and rock slideswhich can endanger settlements or road facilities Areaswith increased thickness of weathered material are proneto landside occurrences Many caves abysses and sinkholesare observed in the Robidisce plateau (Figure 3(a)) where


Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

Hurja

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Potoki

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

Cerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

Italy

N

W

S

E

PGA boundary according to new seismichazard map (Lapajne et al 2001) westernpart 0250g and eastern part 0225 g

Design ground acceleration onsolid rock (ground type A) (g)

Ground typeSoil factor S

0250 0225

Design ground acceleration (g)

A10

0250 0225

C115

0285 0260

D125

0340 0305

E17

0425 0383

0 1000 2000500

(m)

Seismic microzonation of Breginjski kotaccording to Eurocode 8

Figure 6 Eurocode 8 seismic microzonation of Breginjski kot

the thickness of weathered material in general exceeds 5mand can even reach 20m in sinkholes A local increment ofintensity can be therefore expected

Category III is represented by lacustrine chalk finegrained alluvial sediments alluvial fan sediments (prolu-vium) diamicton and slope tallus (gravel) Intensity incre-ments might be larger at contacts between different sedi-ments especially in Podbela Krejsko polje and Kobariskoblato which are located on the foothills of Mt Stol Moreoverprominent topography changes like in Sedlowhich is situatedin crest vicinity can cause an additional intensity increment

Since significant diversities in geological conditions andtopography are observed in the studied area which mightcause an increase of intensity fivemain reasons for site effectsin different settlements of Breginjski kot are given in Table 4Soft sediments should be considered as a complex set of depo-sitional events of distinctive origin hence different sedimentlayers exist divided by a certain number of sediment contactsGenerally the larger the number of contacts is the larger theintensity increment is In addition prominent topography

with steep slopes sharp relief changes and abundant karstfeatures are also reasons for an intensity increase

Since 2008 seismic intensity is not used in Slovenia forbuilding design anymore but it is still important for seismo-logical analysis and for civil protection Broader applicabilityof the method is also in comparison with similar studiesThe new seismic microzonation according to Medvedevmethod improves the older seismic microzonation [1] inmany aspects (a) mapping was performed on a larger scale(b) lithologies descriptions are more precise and new inter-pretations are made and (c) map is digitalized Moreover theBovec basin seismicmicrozonation [19] can also be comparedto Breginjski kot due to geographic proximity and similargeological structures though many different geotechnicaland geophysical data were also acquired in the Bovec basinas well as a study based on the microtremor method [23]

5 Eurocode 8 Seismic Microzonation

The new seismic hazard map of Slovenia defines the seismichazardwith the peak ground acceleration Furthermore local


Table 4 Main reasons for significant site effects in settlements of Breginjski kot

Settlement Main reasons for site effects

Prevailing lithologyNo of

sedimentcontacts

Thickness to the basement rock Topography Karstfeatures

Borjana Diamicton 1 5ndash10 or more Steep-moderate slopes noKred Proluvium 2 lt10m Flat noRobic Gravel and limestone 2 lt5m Flat noPotoki Proluvium and flyschoid f 1 0ndash10m or more moderate slopes noLogje Flyschoid f 0lowast lt2m slight slopes-flat noStaro Selo Proluvium 3 gt20m slight slopes-flat noSedlo Diamicton 1 10ndash20m or more slight slopes sharp relief change noBreginj Diamicton 1 gt20m slight slopes-flat noPodbela Proluvium 2 gt20m flat noRobidisce Limestone and limestone breccia 0lowast gt5m flat yeslowastThe thickness of weathered material is estimated in text

Table 5 Final design ground acceleration values for each soil type in Breginjski kot

Soil type 119878 TNCR

DGAA [g]0250 0225

DGAF [g]A 10 475 years 0250 0225C 115 0285 0260D 135 100 0340 0305E 170 0425 0383A 10 1000 years 0315 0280C 115 0360 0325D 135 125 0420 0380E 170 0531 0478

ground conditions account for the additional influence onthe seismic ground motion In Europe ground types withdifferent soil factors are usually determined according tothe seismic standard Eurocode 8 [2] and National Annex[24] According to the seismic hazard map for a 475-yearreturn period [15] Breginjski kot is characterized in its largerwestern part by a design ground acceleration value for arock site of 0250 g and in the smaller easternmost part by0225 g Ground types are classified on the basis of theirgeomechanical properties and weathered material thicknessThus four different ground types namely A C D and E wereassessed for the studied area (Figure 6)

Class A represents the least vulnerable ground type Itis characterised by limestone limestone breccia interbed-ded with shalestone and flyschoid formation and less thanfive meters of weathered material According to the map(Figure 6) the concentration of class A is the largest inthe westernmost part though small patches are presentthroughout the area Logje is the only settlement which islocated entirely on class A ground Only small parts of RobicPotoki and Borjana are lying on class A ground

Class C is characterized by alluvial sediments several tensof meters thick The area which corresponds to the class C is

situated alongNadiza River or Bela creekwhere no settlementis located

Class D is characterized by diamicton alluvial fan sed-iments and slope tallus (gravel) This is the largest area inthe map which is mainly located on the slopes of Mt Stoland Mt Matajur In addition it can be found in two patchesbetween Sedlo and Robidisce Due to its wide extent mostsettlements belong to this class for example Staro Selo KredRobic Potoki Borjana Podbela Sedlo and Breginj

Class E has the highest soil factor according to Eurocode8 It comprises soil type C or D with a thickness varying from5m to 20m underlain by a rock of type A In addition finegrained alluvial and lacustrine sediments belong to the lattertype as a result of their poor geomechanical properties andheterogeneity The area of class E includes Kobarisko blatoKrejsko polje Robidisce plateau and some smaller patchesalong Nadiza valley Robidisce is the only settlement whichcorresponds to the class E

In addition to the upper classification some additionalrisks persist for each class such as terrain subsidence inareas covered by limestone due to karst caves collapse andpossibility for rockfalls Final design acceleration values


Table 6 Intensities of 1976 earthquake in different settlements of Breginjski kot and soil classification after Medvedev and Eurocode 8 fromboth seismic microzonation maps

Settlement Intensity EMS-98 Soil classificationAfter Medvedev After Eurocode 8

Borjana VI III II D AKred VI III DRobic VI III I D APotoki VI+ (MSK-78) III II D ALogje VI-VII II AStaro Selo VII III DSedlo VII-VIII III DBreginj VIII III DPodbela VIII III DRobidisce VIII-IX II E

for each ground type are computed in accordance to thefollowing expression

DGAF = DGAA times 119878 times 119879NCR (1)

where final design ground acceleration (DGAF) correspondsto design ground acceleration on type A ground spectralacceleration multiplied by the soil factor (119878) and the factorfor the reference return period (119879NCR) Topographic factor isneglected in this study but it should be taken into accountfor important structures according to Eurocode 8 [25] Finaldesign ground acceleration values are shown in Table 5According to the National Annex [24] the soil factor forground type E is 17 whereas in the original Eurocode 8standard [2] it is 14 for all other ground types the soil factorsare the same

6 Discussion of Results

According to the engineering geological map of Breginjskikot twelve different lithologies are presented and describedin detail Several of them are interpreted anew compared toprevious studies (eg [18])

Since typical glacial sediments are missing due to massflows alternative termdiamicton for pseudoglacial sedimentsis suggested Diamictit is also presented but only locally andin small patches A recent study has shown that similar typesof soft sediments or rocks are also identified in nearby Bovecbasin [26] Furthermore gravel breccia was also observedin small patches similar to diamictit Neither of them arepresented in the engineering geological map but are onlypresented descriptively because of their small size and sparseoccurrence

Fine grained alluvial sediments in Krejsko polje andKobarisko blato were deposited after Nadiza River hadchanged the current direction from the relatively wideKobarisko blato valley into the recent Nadiza valley whichis very narrow with steep and rocky slopes [20] Hencerelatively large area was covered by swamplands and oxbow

lakes where fine grainedmaterial was deposited and accumu-lated throughout Quaternary although intense meliorationin modern ages results in controlled river channel and thusin decreased sedimentation

Because of detailedmapping lithologies are definedmoreaccurately and restricted in comparisonwith previous studies[20] Therefore their position and geometry can be betterunderstood thus contributing to the adequate estimationof the number of sediment contacts their thicknessesand abundance of karst phenomena which may result inadditional site effects (Table 4) Moreover thicknesses ofweathered material were estimated for each rock formationbecause this also has influence on seismic effects

A significantly large thickness of weathered material islocated in the Robidisce plateau due to extreme weatheringof shalestone which outcrops at the edge of the plateau TheRobidisce plateau is characterized by limestone breccia andcoral limestone which includes karst features like sinkholeswhere the thickness of weathered material generally exceeds5mMoreover the thickness of weatheredmaterial varies sig-nificantly since in some areas bedrock outcrops are observedKarst phenomena like caves and abysses can also contributeto an increase of seismic ground motion According tothe geological mapping limestone breccia interbedded withshalestone is less subjected to karst feature occurrences orsuch features are scarce In the settlements of Breginjski kotsmall thickness ofweatheredmaterial was observed especiallyin Logje where outcrops of rock formation are abundantOn the other hand the outcrops in Borjana Potoki andRobic were limited thus soft sediments are more abundantTheir cumulative thickness of less than 5m is expectedHowever it should be noted that geological characteristicsof sediments and their thickness are estimated from theengineering geological mapping whereas for a more detailedanalysis systematic geotechnical drilling and geophysicalinvestigations should be performed

The damage to buildings in settlements of Breginjskidue to the 1976 Friuli earthquake was unevenly distributedalthough their distance from the epicentre does not vary


significantly For comparison the soil classification is deter-mined for each settlement of Breginjski kot according to bothseismicmicrozonations A comparison between intensities ofthe 1976 earthquake and soil classifications is given in Table 6

Soil classification according to Medvedev method doesnot show a clear correlation of ground type to observedintensities The main reason for this is that Medvedev soilclassification does not take into account the thickness of softsediments or weathered material In addition it does notconsider sufficiently engineering geological conditions whichare annotated descriptively only On the contrary Eurocode8 soil classification clearly shows a correlation between theground type and observed intensitiesThis standard classifiesground types more precisely also since it considers thethickness of soft sediments and weathered material A betterevaluation of local soil effect is therefore achieved Based onthe 1976 earthquake intensities the settlements of Breginjskikot can be divided into two categoriesThefirst group consistsof settlements which show relatively low site effects likeBorjana Kred Robic Potoki and Logje They are locatedeither on ground type A or on the weathered material lessthan 5m thick The indicators of small weathered materialthickness are frequent erosion windows The second groupconsists of settlements which show relatively high site effectslike Staro Selo Sedlo Breginj Podbela and Robidisce Theyare located on soft sediments with considerable thicknessAdditional causes of significant site effects in each particularsettlement are described in Table 4

7 Conclusions

This study represents a contribution to the evaluation ofthe seismic hazard in Breginjski kot which is among themost endangered seismic areas in Slovenia Two new seismicmicrozonations were prepared because the previous seismicmicrozonation was based solely on the basic geologicalmap and did not include supplementary field research thusmaking it fairly inaccurate In this study detailed engineer-ing geological mapping of Breginjski kot in scale 1 5000was conducted The results of mapping showed a diversecomposition of sediments and rocks Mapped units weredescribed in detail and some of them are interpreted anewDescriptions of mapped units also include the estimatedthickness of soft sediments and weathered material Theresults can be enhanced and validated by drilling and geo-physical investigations which is recommended especially inthe settlements that were badly damaged during the 1976Friuli earthquake In addition a microtremor method studywould be appropriate to apply in the flatlands of Krejsko poljeand Kobarisko blato to determine soil resonance frequencies

On the basis of engineering geological mapping seismicmicrozonation was prepared according to the Medvedevmethod and the Eurocode 8 standard According to the firstclassification the soil in Breginjski kot was divided into threecategories and according to the latter classified into cate-gories A C D and E Two maps of seismic microzonationbased on both soil classifications were made in the GISplatform and are therefore ready to use in urban planning

Seismic microzonation according to Eurocode 8 is moreappropriate for the application because it is in accordancewith the modern seismic hazard standards and because itbetter correlates thickness of soft sediments or weatheredmaterial with site amplification Moreover ground types areclassified more precisely and thus the correlation with thegeological map is better The new seismic microzonationreveals the correlation of site effects and observed intensitiesSites located on softer ground experienced a higher degreeof damage during the Friuli 1976 earthquake Although themicrozonation based on seismic intensities is not used inearthquake engineering anymore it is still important forcivil protection purposes and in seismological analysis Thenew map improves the old microzonation and enables acomparison of geologically similar areas of Breginjski kot andthe Bovec Basin

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

The study was realized with the support of the research pro-gram P1-0011 financed by Slovenian Research Agency

References

[1] R Vidrih M Godec and J Lapajne Earthquake Risk in Slove-nia Seismological Survey of Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenia 1991

[2] CEN Eurocode 8mdashDesign of Structures for Earthquake Resis-tance Part 1 General Rules Seismic Actions and Rules for Build-ings European Standard EN 1998-1 2004 (E) Stage 64 Euro-pean Committee for Standardization Brussels Belgium 2004

[3] S V Medvedev Engineering Seismology Građevinske knjigeBelgrade Serbia 1965

[4] B Perniola G Bressan and S Pondrelli ldquoChanges in failurestress and stress transfer during the 1976ndash77 Friuli earthquakesequencerdquo Geophysical Journal International vol 156 no 2 pp297ndash306 2004

[5] G B Carulli and D Slejko ldquoThe 1976 Friuli (NE Italy) earth-quakerdquo Giornale di Geologia Applicata vol 1 pp 147ndash156 2005

[6] V Ribaric ldquoEarthquakes in Friuli in 1976 and the short historyof seismicity at the margin of Eastern Alpsrdquo Potresni Zbornikpp 17ndash80 1980

[7] P Zupancic I Cecic A Gosar L Placer M Poljak and MZivcic ldquoThe earthquake of 12 April 1998 in the Krn Mountains(Upper Soca valley Slovenia) and its seismotectonic character-isticsrdquo Geologija vol 44 pp 169ndash192 2001

[8] I Cecic M Zivcic T Jesenko and J Kolar ldquoEarthquakes inSlovenia in 2004rdquo Potresi V Letu 2004 pp 16ndash40 2006

[9] J Bajc A Aoudia A Sarao and P Suhadolc ldquoThe 1998 Bovec-Krn mountain (Slovenia) earthquake sequencerdquo GeophysicalResearch Letters vol 28 no 9 pp 1839ndash1842 2001

[10] A Gosar ldquoSite effects and soil-structure resonance study inthe Kobarid basin (NW Slovenia) using microtremorsrdquoNaturalHazards and Earth System Sciences vol 10 no 4 pp 761ndash7722010


[11] V Kastelic M Vrabec D Cunningham and A Gosar ldquoNeo-Alpine structural evolution and present-day tectonic activity ofthe eastern Southern Alps the case of the Ravne Fault NWSloveniardquo Journal of Structural Geology vol 30 no 8 pp 963ndash975 2008

[12] F Fitzko P Suhadolc A Aoudia and G F Panza ldquoConstraintson the location and mechanism of the 1511 Western-Sloveniaearthquake fromactive tectonics andmodeling ofmacroseismicdatardquo Tectonophysics vol 404 no 1-2 pp 77ndash90 2005

[13] R Camassi CH Caracciolo V Castelli andD Slejko ldquoThe 1511Eastern Alps earthquakes a critical update and comparison ofexisting macroseismic datasetsrdquo Journal of Seismology vol 15no 2 pp 191ndash213 2011

[14] V Ribaric Seismological Map of Slovenia for 500 Years ReturnPeriod Seismological survey of Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenia1987

[15] J Lapajne B Sket-Motnikar and P Zupancic ldquoDesign groundacceleration map of Sloveniardquo Potresi V Letu 1999 pp 40ndash492001

[16] N Ambraseys P Smit R Sigbjornsson P Suhadolc andB Margaris ldquoInternet-Site for European Strong-MotionDatardquo2002 httpwwwisesdhiisESD Localframesethtm

[17] B Sket-Motnikar and T Prosen ldquoAccelerations in Posocje onJuly 12 2004rdquo Potresi V Letu 2004 pp 105ndash113 2006

[18] S Buser Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia 1 100 000mdashSheetTolmin and Videm Geological Survey of Slovenia LjubljanaSlovenia 1986

[19] M Ribicic R Vidrih and M Godec ldquoSeismogeological andgeotechnical conditions of buildings in Upper Soca TerritorySloveniardquo Geologija vol 43 no 1 pp 115ndash143 2000

[20] S Buser Basic Geological Map of Yugoslavia 1 100 000mdashSheet Tolmin and Videm Explanatory Text Geological Survey ofSlovenia Ljubljana Slovenia 1986

[21] A Casagrande ldquoClassification and identification of soilsrdquoTransactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers vol 113pp 901ndash930 1948

[22] D Mayer-Rosa and M J Jimenez Seismic Zoning State-of-the-Art and Recommendations for Switzerland Federal Officefor Water and Geology Swiss National Hydrogeological andGeological Survey Berne Switzerland 2000

[23] A Gosar ldquoMicrotremor HVSR study for assessing site effects inthe Bovec basin (NW Slovenia) related to 1998Mw56 and 2004Mw52 earthquakesrdquo Engineering Geology vol 91 no 2ndash4 pp178ndash193 2007

[24] SIST Slovenian Standard SIST EN 1998-1 Eurocode 8 Designof Structures for Earthquake ResistancemdashPart 1 General RulesSeismic Actions and Rules for BuildingsmdashNational Annex Slove-nian Institute for Standardization Ljubljana Slovenian 2004

[25] CEN Eurocode 8mdashDesign of Structures For Earthquake Resis-tance Part 5 Foundations Retaining Structures and Geotechni-cal Aspects European Standard EN 1998-5 2004 (E) Stage 64European Committee for Standardization Brussels Belgium2004

[26] M Bavec ldquoNew temporal and genetic determinations of somelate Quaternary sediments in the Bovec basin and its surround-ings (NWSlovenia)rdquoGeologija vol 45 no 2 pp 291ndash298 2002


13∘20

9984000998400998400E 13

∘30

9984000998400998400E 13

∘40

9984000998400998400E13

∘10

9984000998400998400E

46∘20

9984000998400998400N

46∘10

9984000998400998400N

Magnitude Mw

0 5 10

(km)

Italy-Friuli

NW Slovenia

Breginjski kot

50ndash5253-5455-5657-5859-6061-6263-64

951976

6519761272004

124199816919761591976

1591976

119197611919761151976

Figure 1 Seismicity (Mw ge 50) in Friuli and NW Slovenia with location of Breginjski kot study area

intensity Although the seismic intensity in Slovenia is notused for building design anymore it is still important forseismological analyses and for the civil protection purposes

2 Seismological Characteristics

The Breginjski kot is located in one of the three areas withthe highest seismic hazard in Slovenia This is mainly dueto the proximity of the seismically very active area of Friulilocated 10ndash30 km to the west in NE Italy In this area the Mw= 64 Friuli earthquake occurred in May 1976 The seismicsequence that followed (Table 1 Figure 1) consisted of sixevents of Mw between 50 and 60 during the same year andone event of Mw = 53 that occurred in September 1977 [4 5]The intensity of the main shock in Breginj was VIII EMS-98 but the cumulative intensity which includes also damagefrom aftershocks reached IX EMS-98The highest intensity inSlovenia from themain shockwas VIII-IX in Robidisce [6] Acomplete review of 1976 earthquake intensities in Breginjskikot settlements is summarized in Table 2

For the NW Slovenia relatively weak rates of seismicitywere observed before April 1998 when aMw= 56 earthquakeoccurred in Krn Mountains only 7 km NW from Kobarid[9 10] It was followed by a Mw = 52 event in July 2004in the same epicentral area (Figure 1) Both earthquakesoccurred on theNW-SE trending near-vertical dextral strike-slipRavne fault [11] in the depth range 76ndash11 kmThe intensityof the 1998 earthquake in Kobarid (located at eastern margin

of the Breginjski kot) was VI-VII EMS-98 [7] and of the 2004event VI EMS-98 [8]

NW Slovenia and Friuli region are located at thekinematic transition between E-W striking thrust faults ofthe Alpine system (Friuli earthquakes) and NW-SE strik-ing strike-slip faults of the Dinarides system (Krn Moun-tains earthquakes) (Figure 1) The strongest earthquake everrecorded in the Alps-Dinarides junction area was the 1511western Slovenia earthquake (Mw = 68) the exact locationand mechanism of this event are still debated [12 13] dueto early occurrence and thus very little or no historicaldocuments

According to the old seismic hazard map of Sloveniafor a 500-year return period showing expected intensitieson the MSK scale [14] Breginjski kot is estimated to haveIX MSK intensity According to the new seismic hazardmap for a 475-year return period [15] a design groundacceleration value for a rock site in Breginjski kot is 0250 gThe importantmethodological difference between bothmapsis that intensities are assessed for a ldquomediumrdquo soil typewhereas design ground acceleration is assessed for a ldquorockrdquosite according to Eurocode 8

Accelerographs were installed in Kobarid after the mainFriuli shock in 1976 and after the Krn Mountains earthquakein 1998 The strongest ground motion in the Friuli seismicsequence was recorded for the September 15 1976 aftershock(Mw = 60 distance = 37 km) as 0138 g peak ground accel-eration [16] For the July 12 2004 Krn Mountain earthquake















(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)








(a) (b)

(c) (d)









Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

Hurja

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Potoki

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

Cerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za


0 1000 2000500

(m)

Italy



3+2

4K2

3

4K2

3

QQ

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

K14+5

N

W

S

E











IX1

IX1

IX1

IX1

IX2

IX2

IX2IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2 IX2

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

0 1000 2000500

(m)

Italy

N

W

S

E

Potoki



Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

HurjaCerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

IX2










Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

Hurja

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Potoki

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

Cerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

Italy

N

W

S

E




0250 0225


A10

0250 0225

C115

0285 0260

D125

0340 0305

E17

0425 0383

0 1000 2000500

(m)














sedimentcontacts





DGAA [g]0250 0225



























7 Conclusions






Acknowledgment


References










































(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)








(a) (b)

(c) (d)









Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

Hurja

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Potoki

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

Cerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za


0 1000 2000500

(m)

Italy



3+2

4K2

3

4K2

3

QQ

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

K14+5

N

W

S

E











IX1

IX1

IX1

IX1

IX2

IX2

IX2IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2 IX2

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

0 1000 2000500

(m)

Italy

N

W

S

E

Potoki



Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

HurjaCerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

IX2










Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

Hurja

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Potoki

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

Cerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

Italy

N

W

S

E




0250 0225


A10

0250 0225

C115

0285 0260

D125

0340 0305

E17

0425 0383

0 1000 2000500

(m)














sedimentcontacts





DGAA [g]0250 0225



























7 Conclusions






Acknowledgment


References





























(a) (b)

(c) (d)









Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

Hurja

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Potoki

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

Cerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za


0 1000 2000500

(m)

Italy



3+2

4K2

3

4K2

3

QQ

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

K14+5

N

W

S

E











IX1

IX1

IX1

IX1

IX2

IX2

IX2IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2 IX2

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

0 1000 2000500

(m)

Italy

N

W

S

E

Potoki



Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

HurjaCerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

IX2










Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

Hurja

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Potoki

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

Cerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

Italy

N

W

S

E




0250 0225


A10

0250 0225

C115

0285 0260

D125

0340 0305

E17

0425 0383

0 1000 2000500

(m)














sedimentcontacts





DGAA [g]0250 0225



























7 Conclusions






Acknowledgment


References





























Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

Hurja

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Potoki

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

Cerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za


0 1000 2000500

(m)

Italy



3+2

4K2

3

4K2

3

QQ

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

K14+5

N

W

S

E











IX1

IX1

IX1

IX1

IX2

IX2

IX2IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2 IX2

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

0 1000 2000500

(m)

Italy

N

W

S

E

Potoki



Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

HurjaCerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

IX2










Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

Hurja

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Potoki

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

Cerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

Italy

N

W

S

E




0250 0225


A10

0250 0225

C115

0285 0260

D125

0340 0305

E17

0425 0383

0 1000 2000500

(m)














sedimentcontacts





DGAA [g]0250 0225



























7 Conclusions






Acknowledgment


References





























IX1

IX1

IX1

IX1

IX2

IX2

IX2IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2

IX2 IX2

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

IX3

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

0 1000 2000500

(m)

Italy

N

W

S

E

Potoki



Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

HurjaCerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

IX2










Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

Hurja

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Potoki

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

Cerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

Italy

N

W

S

E




0250 0225


A10

0250 0225

C115

0285 0260

D125

0340 0305

E17

0425 0383

0 1000 2000500

(m)














sedimentcontacts





DGAA [g]0250 0225



























7 Conclusions






Acknowledgment


References





























Mt Stol

Hl Der

MtMatajur

Krejskopolje

Kobari skoblato

Hurja

Logje

Robidi s ce

Podbela

Sedlo

Breginj

StanovisceBorjana

Potoki

Kred

Robi c

Staro selo

Cerkovnik

Legrada

Bela

Bela

Bela

Nadi zaNad

i za

Nadi

za

Nadi za

Italy

N

W

S

E




0250 0225


A10

0250 0225

C115

0285 0260

D125

0340 0305

E17

0425 0383

0 1000 2000500

(m)














sedimentcontacts





DGAA [g]0250 0225



























7 Conclusions






Acknowledgment


References
































sedimentcontacts





DGAA [g]0250 0225



























7 Conclusions






Acknowledgment


References














































7 Conclusions






Acknowledgment


References




























seismic microzonation of breginjski kot (nw slovenia ...€¦ · 2 thescientificworldjournal...

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