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A

Project Report

On

“Unmanned computer controlled vehicle”

Submitted by

Mr. Yogesh D. Shinde[0900990174]

Under the guidance of

Prof. Keda S. Pawar

At

Department of Information Technology

K. BHAUSAHEB HIRAY POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

MALEGAON, NASIK

Affiliated to

MSBTE

2012-13

PC through operated wireless unmanned vehicle

K. BHAUSAHEB HIRAY POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

MALEGAON, NASIK

Department of Information Technology

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled “Unmanned Computer controlled vehicle”, submitted by Mr. Yogesh D. Shinde is a record of bonafide work carried out by him, in the fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Diploma in Information Technology at K. Bhausaheb Hiray Polytechnic College, Malegaon under the Msbte University. This work is done during year 2012 – 13, under our guidance.

Date: …………………

……………………….....

Prof. Keda S. Pawar

[Project Guide]

………………………. ………………………

Prof. Tushar P. Sharma Prof. Jadhav

[HOD, Information Technology] [Principal, KBHSS]


ACKNOWLEGEMENT

I am profoundly grateful to Prof. Keda S. Pawar for his expert guidance and continuous encouragement throughout to see that this project rights its targets since its commencement to its completion. I am also grateful to Prof. Tushar P. Sharma [HOD IT Dept.] and Prof. Rajendra J. Pawar [HOD ENTC Dept.] for his support and guidance that have helped me to expand my horizons of thought and expression. We would like to express my deepest appreciation towards Prof. Jadhav [Principal KBHSS], Information technology or ENTC departments and Prof. Keda S. Pawar whose invaluable guidance supported me in completion of this project. I am equally indebted to all Staff members of IT department of K. Bhausaheb Hiray Polytechnic College, Malegaon [Nasik]. This project work has been greatly assisted by the cooperation of an IT Lab Staff and Library Staff who provided kind support and facilities.

Mr. Yogesh D. Shinde

Date:

Place: Malegaon


Content

Topic Page.noAbstractList of FiguresList of Tables

1. Introduction1.1 Detailed Problem Definition1.2 Background1.3 Need Of The System1.4 Feasibility Of The System1.5 Scope &Organizational Report

2. Analysis2.1 Project Schedule2.2 System Requirement Specification2.3 Team Structure

3. Design3.1 Risk Assessment3.2 Circuit designing

4. Modeling4.1 ER diagram/DFDs

5. Methodology5.1 Research Methodology5.3 Programming Language5.4 Platform5.5 Components5.6 Tools5.7 Methods and Procedures

6. Result7. Testing

7.1 Formal Technical Reviews7.2 Test Plan7.3 Test CasesConclusionReferencesDocumentation


Abstract

Make a PC through Controlled Wireless robot having a Robotic Arm and also has a Camera to view a videos. This is a microcontroller based project where we will uses a Battery as well as TV tuner card, Receiver and Transmitter circuits. To operate this robot as a Remote controller we are uses a VB programming GUI has a multiple buttons to handle a robotic arm and a vehicle also. Our PC monitor is visualizing information about functions.

Here we are uses a Robotic Arm to pic and place any object. The robotic arm does not have a capacity to pic a heavier object but for small object the arm is properly works. The robotic arm requires a 5 volts DC current. Here we also use a DC motor to up and down the robotic arm.

Here we also use an Oscillators, Receiver, Transmitter, Transistor relays etc. Our vehicle has 4 tiers they are moved by using a 45 RPM motors. That motors will directly connected towards the Relays. Each motor will be highly instructed by a transistor relay, which has requires a 12 volt current.

Transistor relays are like the switch where we applied a condition on to it. Like right, left, stop etc. Here we also uses a PIC microcontroller, actually microcontroller has a chip which actually consist of a microcontroller codes. It has received a binary data from a receiver and then microcontroller encoder will convert this data into a digital code [10001], our microcontroller then compare these characters on to its programs, and gives a Reasonable output to us. The Range of this vehicle is up to a 10 to 30 feet’s.


List of figures

1. System Diagrams

1.1 DFD [Data flow diagram]

1.2 ER Diagrams

2. Block Diagrams

1.1 Microcontroller

1.2 RF Transmitter

1.3 RF Receiver

3. PIN Diagrams

1.1 Microcontroller

1.2 MAX 232 IC

4. PCB Circuit

1.1 Transmitter

1.2 Receiver


List of Tables

1. Test Cases

1.1 Unit test Cases

1.2 Integration Testing Test Cases

1.3 Regression Testing Test Cases

1.4 Performance Testing Test Cases

1.5 Project Schedule

1.6 System implementation


Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Detailed problem definition

Problem


First time developing any system it’s going to be so difficult for us. We cannot highly trained for developing this type of a projects, my first risk is that no anyone student in my college will interested to developed a hardware projects because it cannot run normally and cannot be successfully run. I will take first risk is that to developed a robo with multi advanced features will also include into it.

Managing robotic hardware’s

The hardware parts of robo are like a sensors, Arm, Motors, IC’s are cannot be available in market easily because of this there is more problems will be faced in the initial stage of a project development. Because of this the multiple days will be loss once the all hardware material available another problem will become faced that is project implementation. And the help of the ENTC departments HOD and student.

Choose Language

First I will chooses a language java because java is a platform independent and also portable but actual work will be started I optimized the java GUI development is too time consuming as well as for a single person it is too risk. At the last stage of a development I will changes the language and choose another language VB.

Hardware Execution

We know that in hardware project are too risky to be developed because basically they cannot be run. And because of this many students cannot choose hardware projects to be developed they will develops web based applications. Also hardware for the project is too costly but in hardware implementation I cannot face any serious problem only a one problem is encountered that is a transmission and receiving speed is too slow.

1.2 Background

Figure shows the whole background structure of a system.

PC through operated wireless unmanned vehicleReceived by the Receiver [signals will be decode here]

Transmitted Signals is in Digital form [signals are encoded]

PC use as a controller by press button signals sends.

VB GUI Programming Transmitter connected to PC Receiver is mounted on a

Also has PC tuner card. Through USB to serial connector.Robotic vehicle.

Steps

Transmitter

1. User will open the application, and then press any key. [give command to a vehicle]

2. Here we use a MAX 232 for interfacing between the PC and Microcontroller.

3. Our PIC microcontroller is actually an interface between Pc keypad and RF Transmitter. [reads command from PC keypad]

4. Here Crystal will provide an extra clock pulse to the circuit.

5. Encoder is use to encode the microcontroller output & provide to a RF Transmitter.

6. Then RF Transmitter transmits encoded signals over the receiver.


RF Transmitter Receiver

PIC Microcontroller

Microcontroller Compare its programming to a Received code [0001 = up]

Hardware

Vehicle Operation performs

MAX232

Used for interfacing between PC and microcontroller

PIC Microcontroller

Interface between Keypad and RF transmitter

Receiver

1. Here the RF Receiving antenna will receive the signals.

2. The Decoder will decode these received signals, and recovered it into its original form. It Generates the 4 output and sends to PIC Microcontroller IC.

3. Here PIC microcontroller is an interface between the receiver and decoder unit with relay unit.

4. Here also Crystal will provide an external clock pulses to the circuit.

5. Relays is like s switching cases, following relays are used here:

a. Relay 1 & 2 Controlled supply of motor 1[m1]

b. Relay 3 & 4 Controlled supply of motor 2 [m2]

c. Relay 5 & 6 Controlled supply of motor 3[m3]

d. Relay 7 & 8 Controlled supply of motor 4 [m4]

6. Signals will be received and PIC Microcontroller IC will compare decoded signals to a relays programming on to it, & then Hardware performing operation.

1.3 Need of the System

“Robot is the machine that minimizes the human effort as well they worked properly and its processing power is too high”.


Why Human needs this type of projects (robots):

1. Speed The robot has a speed of its work is too high, more than peoples. we will developed any vehicle in two to three days but the robot will developed this in a just the hours.

2. Ability to Learn The robot has a capability to learn more than the human’s, they cannot has a large storage memory to store data steel they are learn more than humans.

3. Ability to think Ability to thing means he has an ability to make decisions in critical situations. Sometimes those decisions will be wrong also.

4. Capability to work The human has a certain limit to work. But the cannot has an limitation’s of tis work.

5. Creativity The person makes a robot and the robot has an capability to make itself. He also made certain changes in modern technologies.

6. Proper work The working of a robot there is less chances of mistakes. The humans also make a mistake but the range of robotic mistakes is less.

The project is a programmable vehicle we also called him a “robo”, the actual purpose of the human to develops a robo is to minimizes the human effort in working as well as work will be done properly in a reasonable deadlines. Actually we programmed this robo by using a many languages java, c, .net etc. but because of shortest time period design a GUI in this language is too difficult. But in a VB this becomes completed in some days only.

Practical needs of this project in different fields and different areas:


1. In a Natural Disasters We know that there are many peoples will be dying because of the natural disasters, not in disasters but after the disasters also. So our robo will gives us total information about peoples who are pushed down in building materials.

2. Hospital [medical] operations In today’s 20th century where all operations will be done using a sensors and PC through operated robotic arms. Because of this where the operation failure chances will be minimizes. And the patient life will be saved.

3. Mechanical industries In Mechanical industries the modern technological robotic arms becomes used. To work instead of a human worker. Because work will be done properly, without any loss of money and damages, time also saves. Because of this project development speed becomes improved.

4. Future wars Changing nature of a world where wars also an intelligence wars here unmanned fighter planes as well as vehicles and machine guns used. So that is also a changing nature of world wars.

Robotics is the changing nature of the world. We need today’s new hi-tech features technologies. In US, DARPA is the 1st company who develop future weapons.

1.4 Feasibility of the System


The feasibility of this project will be analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with the very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During this analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is ensured that the project is not burden to the company. For the feasibility study, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential.

Three keys considerations involve in the feasibility analysis are

1. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY2. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY3. SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

2.1.1 Economical Feasibility

This study will be taken place to check out the economic impact of the system will have on the organization. The amount of fund that company can pour the research and development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be defined. Means the developed system is developed within a budget and this will do because of the good planning. Only the customized project will be purchased.

2.1.2 Technical Feasibility

This study will be taken place to check out the technical feasibility.That is a technical requirement of the system. Any system will not be developed as per the high demands on the available technical resources. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or a null changes are required for implementing this system.

2.1.3 Technical Feasibility

This study will be taken place to check the level of an acceptance of the system by the user. This includes the process of training of user to use the system efficiently. We


know that the user interact with the system they 1st cannot well-known about the system, means how to handle the system. The user can regularly handle this system it will slovely known about the system and user friendly with the system.

1.5 Scope&Organization of the Report

Scope

This is the hardware based project and working in the very small range but the future of the project is too brief this type project becoming used in many sectors. Because we all known about that robots are more accurately working than the human and I think changing nature of the world is only for the robots.

This type of projects becomes used in the many sectors and they are properly working there because they cannot need any type of payment it is a charge and used technic we are well-known about this.

We modify our project; we are mounting the bomb detector circuit into our robo because of this the robot will be a bomb detector robot also we are mounted a weapons on to it and programmed it for the future wars also we are uses it as a fully space survivor robot and it will used in the space missions.

Our project scope will be in following sectors are as,

1. Natural disasters.2. Medical sectors.3. Space mission.4. Future wars.5. Home appliances.6. Office.7. Industries.8. In Army, Navy and Air force also.

Example:

1. Hospital [medical] operations In today’s 20th century where all operations will be done using a sensors and PC through operated robotic arms. Because of this where the operation failure chances will be minimizes. And the patient life will be saved.


2. Industries In Mechanical industries the modern technological robotic arms becomes used. To work instead of a human worker. Because work will be done properly, without any loss of money and damages, time also saves. Because of this project development speed becomes improved.

Like This where this type of robotic vehicles becomes used in future equipment’s.

Organization of the Report

In chapter 1 we discuss the basic flow of the project, need of the system, feature of

the system & future prospect of the system. In chapter 2 we discuss the project plan

requirement analysis & team structure. In chapter 3 we discuss the Software

Requirement Specification. In chapter4 we discuss the UML diagram. In chapter 5 we

discuss software used hardware speciation, Programming language used, Platform,

Components, tools, Methods &procedure. In chapter 6 we discuss the result. In

chapter 7 we discuss the Formal Technical reviews, Test plan, Test cases & Test

results.

Conclusion

Hence we studied Project Definition, Background, and Need of the System, Feasibility

of the system, Future prospects & Organization of the report. In next chapter we will

study project plan, requirement analysis & team structure.


Chapter 2

System Analysis

2.1 Project Schedule

This project is required over 5 to 6 months for completion of an every

feature mentioned in the system. The schedule, the schedule and the objectives,

target for the projects decided on the short time basis for this project is

illustrated in the following table.


Sr. No. Time period Work to be Completed

1 July 2012 Literature Survey

2 August 2012 Data Gathering , Requirement analysis (Resource

allocation)

3 September 2012 Hardware Implementation

4 October 2012 Designing and Interface of hardware

5 January & February

2013

Coding and Implementation

6 March 2013 Testing and Debugging

2.2 System Requirement Specification

The section gives the information regarding software and hardware requirements for the system which we have built. This section also gives the operating environment needed for execution of this hardware and software. The purpose of this project in to minimizes the working effort of the human, this type


of project now used in the army as well as other areas also like bank, space, school etc.

Actual flow of a System

Following are the certain requirements will be used in the project development.

1. Software requirement.2. Hardware requirements.3. Specific System requirement.

Software Requirement Analysis

1. Microsoft Visual Basic Studio.2. Proton IDE Compiler.3. PCB Generator.

Hardware Requirements


USER VB GUI in PC

Transmitter

Transmitter

1. MAX 2322. Encoder3. PIC

Microcontroller4. RF Transmitter

(antenna)

Receiver

Receiver

1. RF Receiver2. Decoder3. PIC

Microcontroller4. Crystal

Vehicle

1. Camera2. IC’s like Microcontroller, Max 232.3. Motors.4. Battery.5. Robotic Arm.6. Gear motor.7. PC Tuner Card.

Specific Hardware System Requirements

1. No any specific requirement of a system to run this project. This is an hardware based project as well as software based also.

2. The PC has a serial port but the laptop does not havea serial port so there we require a USB to serial cable. For interfacing the transmitter to a laptop.

2.3 Team Structure

Our project team comprises of 1 guide & 3 project partners.

Internal Guide:

Mr. Keda S. Pawar.

IPR subject Teacher:

Mr. Keda S. Pawar.

Project partners

Mr.Yogesh D. Shinde (11IF)


Special supporters

1. Computer Lab Staff.

2. Teaching staff.

3. Comp. & ENTC Department.

4. Library staff.

Conclusion

Hence I studied project plan, requirement analysis & team structure. Without

support of all of those it is impossible to develop a project.

Also because of system analysis we are well-known about the hardware, software

requirements as well we are know the maximum time required to complete this

project properly.


Chapter 3

System Design

3.1Risk Assessment Risk occur in our project development is a thread for our because this will effects on our project quality. To face the risk we cannot capable or ready they are the bugs they are invented anywhere in the system. To assure risk means our actual project development is in the initial stage. And forecast and identify their risk that may cause our system in future. Because of this our system cannot affect by errors in the future. Following table wills represents the risk occurs into project development and they will cause our actual system.


Risks Observations Risk assessment activities

Development

Delay

Code drops from development

going through constant slippage.

1. To avoid development delay we have

already preplan project work.

2. We have already preplanned

implementation of project.

Show stopper

defects

The test cycle gets

suspended/resume often.

1. Having clear exit criteria for

development before a product can be

accepted for testing.

Insufficient time

for testing

Time spent on testing is a small

fraction of the overall product life

cycle.

1. We had performed unit testing for each

module.

2. We also performed white box testing.

Over

cautiousness in

testing

Insignificant defects getting

reported.

Testing team becoming bottle

neck for release.

1. Main module such as console and

graphical are tested.

Hardware

unavailability

The hardware’s cannot available

in market, because of this there is

delays occur in development.

1. Order the hardware from other

city.

2. And they rapidly implemented.

Interface between

Hardware and

software.

The working of a transmission

and receiving is too slow.

1. Used additional hardware

components which have higher

frequencies.

3.2Circuit Design

MICROCONTROLLER

The PIC Microcontroller accepts the inputs from the control circuitry, processes it and varies the speed by changing the time delay of the pulses of the stepper motor.

CORE FEATURES:

High performance RISC CPU


Only 35 single word instructions to learn all single cycle instructions except for program Branches which are two cycleoperating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input

DC - 200 ns instruction cycle Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM) Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources) Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes Power-on Reset (POR) Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) Processor read/write access to program memory Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V Low-power consumption:

POWER SUPPLY

As we all know, any invention of latest technology cannot be activated withoutThe source of power. So in this fast moving world we inevitably need a proper powerSource which will be apt for a particular requirement. All the electronic componentsstarting from diode to Intel IC’s only work with a DC supply ranging from 5v to 12v. We are utilizing for the same, the cheapest and commonly available energy source of 230v, 50Hz power and stepping down, rectifying, filtering and regulating the voltage. This will be dealt briefly in the forth-coming sections.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:


FILTERING UNIT:

Filter circuits which are usually capacitors acting as a surge arrester always followThe rectifier unit. This capacitor is also called as a decoupling capacitor or a bypassing capacitor, is used not only to ‘short’ the ripple with frequency of 120Hz to ground but also to leave the frequency of the DC to appear at the output. A load resistor R1 is Connected so that a reference to the ground is maintained. C1R1 is for bypassing ripples. C2R2 is used as a low pass filter, i.e. it passes only low frequency signals and bypasses high frequency signals. The load resistor should be 1% to 2.5% of the load.

ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS

Relays are electromagnetic switches, which provide contact between twoMechanical elements. Relays have a coil which works on 12V dc power supply andProvides DPDT action as an output. In general relays provide potential free contactsWhich can be used for universal function like DC, AC voltage switching and to control bigger electrical switch gears. The electromechanical relays are based on the comparison between operating torque/force and restraining torque/force. The VA burden of such relays is high.


The characteristics of these relays have some limitations. Each relay can performOnly one protective function. Such relays are used for simple and less costly protection purposes. For important and costly equipment installation static relays are preferred.

Protective relaying is necessary for almost every electrical plant and no part of the power system is left unprotected. The choice of protection depends upon several aspects such as

Type and rating of the protected equipment.Its importance.Location and cost.

There are several electrical equipment and machines of various ratings. EachNeeds certain adequate protection. The protective relaying senses the abnormal conditions in a part of the power system and isolates that part from the healthy part of system.

The relays used in this project are compact, self-contained devices which respond to abnormal conditions (relays can distinguish normal and abnormal conditions).

It is like our switch cases each case has consist of a separate condition. Relays used here are

1. 4 Motors has 4 relays.2. Up and down purpose Robotic arm requires a two relays.3. Pic and Place purpose Robotic arm requires a two relays.

Hence we are uses a total 6 relays in my project.

ConclusionIn analysis phase we are observe the system very clearly means bugs occur into it and so all. So designing of a system means to make or viewed a system in an effective sequential manner because of this we and other peoples well-known about the system requirements and the specification.


In next chapter we are seen modeling phase in the development.

Chapter 4

Modeling


4.1 System Diagrams

DFD


ER Diagram


Block Diagrams

1. PIC Microcontroller

Microcontroller Structure


Processor Core SRAM EEPROM Flash Counter/Timer Module

Digital I/OModule

Serial Interface

Module

AnalogModule

ControllerInterrupt

2. Block Diagram of a PIC Microcontroller

Microcontroller Block Diagram


3. Original block circuitry structure of a PIC Microcontroller chip

Z80 board layout for 32 I/O pins and Flash, EEPROM, SRAM.


4. RF Transmitter

Block Diagram of a RF Transmitter are shown in following figure

PC MAX 232

PIC Microcontroller


IC

IC

Encoder RF Transmitter

Power Supply

Crystal

5. RF Receiver

Block Diagram of a RFReceiver are shown in following figure

RF Receiver

Decoder


IC

Power supply

Relay 1

Relay 4

Relay 2

Relay 3

M11sa1

M21sa1

Relay 5

Relay 8

Relay 7

Relay 6

M41sa1

M31sa1

PIC Microcontroller

Pin Diagrams

1. Microcontroller PIN Diagram

Pin Diagram of PIC Microcontroller


Crystal

2. MAX 232 IC

MAX 232 IC


PCB Structure

1. Transmitter


2. Transmitter


Chapter 5

Methodology


5. Research Methodology

5.1 Introduction

The system is the Microcontroller based wireless PC through robo or vehicle. Actually that vehicle has a robotic arm as well as camera also mounted on it.First user will interact with the VB simple generator having simple GUI for handling or controlled the vehicle, there is many buttons will get provided that buttons are Right, Left, up, down etc. and for robotic arm there is also some buttons will be provided.

The camera also mounted on the vehicle, we cannot has uses a special programming for a camera, our camera will sends data because of the PC Tuner card that actually attached to a laptop. The view of a camera will be represented on our desktop.

The vehicle is a wireless robot so to build it wireless we are uses a RF transmitter in the transmitter we are uses following components Here we use a MAX 232 for interfacing between the PC and Microcontroller. Our PIC microcontroller is actually an interface between Pc keypad and RF Transmitter. [Reads command from PC keypad]Here Crystal will provide an extra clock pulse to the circuit. Encoder is use to encode the microcontroller output & provide to a RF Transmitter. Then RF Transmitter transmits encoded signals over the receiver.

RF Receiver, In the Receiver we are uses following components here the RF receiving antenna will receive the signals. The Decoder will decode these received signals, and recovered it into its original form. It Generates the 4 output and sends to PIC Microcontroller IC. Here PIC microcontroller is an interface between the receiver and decoder unit with relay unit. Here also Crystal will provide an external clock pulses to the circuit. Signals will be received and PIC Microcontroller IC will compare decoded signals to a relays programming on to it, & then Hardware performing operation. And user will get the validate output.


5.2 Preliminary Study

We are discussing our project in following introduction where actual project hardware implementation becomes started in hardware implementation phase where the some constraints will be occurs. In this project PIC Microcontroller becomes used the microcontroller actual working is as per there programming, here we will differently programmed the two microcontroller one is interface between Keypad and the RF Transmitter. And another will program for to read output generated by the decoder, it compare the output to its programming, and performing an operation as per the command.

Here also another important IC is used named as a MAX 232 this is the IC will uses for the purpose of to provide interface between computer and the microcontroller.

5.3 Programming Languages

Microcontroller Introduction

Even at a time when Intel presented the first microprocessor with the 4004 there was already a demand for microcontrollers: The contemporary TMS1802 from Texas Instruments, designed for usage in calculators, was by the end of 1971 advertised for applications in cash registers, watches and measuring instruments. The TMS 1000, which was introduced in 1974, already included RAM, ROM, and I/O on-chip and can be seen as one of the first microcontrollers, even though it was called a microcomputer.

The first controllers to gain really widespread use were the Intel 8048, which was integrated into PC keyboards, and its successor, the Intel 8051, as well as the 68HCxx series of microcontrollers from Motorola.

Today, microcontroller production counts are in the billions per year, and the controllers are integrated into many appliances we have grown used to, like

• Household appliances (microwave, washing machine, coffee machine,)


• Telecommunication (mobile phones)

• Automotive industry (fuel injection, ABS . . .)

• Aerospace industry

• Industrial automation

Microcontroller Components

Processor Core: The CPU of the controller. It contains the arithmetic logic unit, the control unit,and the registers (stack pointer, program counter, accumulator register, register file,).

Memory: The memory is sometimes split into program memory and data memory. In larger controllers, a DMA controller handles data transfers between peripheral components and the memory.

Interrupt Controller:Interrupts are useful for interrupting the normal program flow in case of (important) external or internal events. In conjunction with sleep modes, they help to conserve power.

Timer/Counter:Most controllers have at least one and more likely 2-3 Timer/Counters, which can be used to timestamp events, measure intervals, or count events. Many controllers also contain PWM (pulse width modulation) outputs, which can be used to drive motors or for safe breaking (antilock brake system, ABS). Furthermore the PWM output can, in conjunction with an external filter, be used to realize a cheap digital/analog converter.

Digital I/O:Parallel digital I/O ports are one of the main features of microcontrollers. The number of I/O pins varies from 3-4 to over 90, depending on the controller family and the controller type.

Analog I/O: Apart from a few small controllers, most microcontrollers have integrated analog/digital converters, which differ in the number of channels (2-16) and their resolution (8-12 bits). The analog module also generally features an analog comparator. In some cases, the microcontroller includes digital/analog converters.

Interfaces:Controllers generally have at least one serial interface which can be used to download the program and for communication with the development PC in general. Since serial interfaces can also be used to communicate with external peripheral devices, most controllers offer several and varied interfaces like SPI and SCI. Many


microcontrollers also contain integrated bus controllers for the most common (field) busses.

IIC and CAN controllers lead the field here. Larger microcontrollers may also contain PCI,USB or Ethernet interfaces.

Watchdog Timer: Since safety-critical systems form a major application area of microcontrollers, itis important to guard against errors in the program and/or the hardware. The watchdog timer is used to reset the controller in case of software “crashes”.

Debugging Unit:Some controllers are equipped with additional hardware to allow remote debugging of the chip from the PC. So there is no need to download special debugging software, which has the distinct advantage that erroneous application code cannot overwrite the debugger.

Microcontroller Programming

We will programmed microcontroller in a C also, it has an it’s dedicated programming language the microcontroller is too power full but as well its programming size and human effort requirement is too less.

Example: We are create a website we are uses a HTML coding to make this using WEB EDITOR and another person will also developed the site in HTML it chooses the Dream viewer for development of its site.

So obviously the person uses a dream viewer who’s coding is less and effective, less time requirement, less human effort also.

Sample program for received the characters for a variable

HserIn5000, Loop, [GPS_CHAR] //received a byte serially

Print At1, 1, GPS_CHAR,”” //Display Received byte

Gsub CHK

Return


CORE FEATURES:

High performance RISC CPU Only 35 single word instructions to learn all single cycle

instructions except for program Branches which are two cycleoperating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input

DC - 200 ns instruction cycle Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM) Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources) Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes Power-on Reset (POR) Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) Processor read/write access to program memory Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V Low-power consumption:

Visual Basic Programming

Here Visual basic programming is used for the purpose of the GUI. Here visual basic programming is used as a controller of the vehicle. We also uses a another languages like a java for the purpose of to provide a better GUI to the user. But we are know that java is an bulky language also. Means its programming for a simple GUI is too large and it actually takes more time than the VB. So here we are make our GUI by using a VB.

In visual basic we are design a user friendly GUI, in a short time period. Here we design controller as right button, left, up, down etc.as well as for a robotic arm we are uses a another gui as a controller like Up, down, Pic, and Place etc.

Features

1. Easy to design GUI.2. Requires a less time than java.3. Interface is easy.4. Coding size is too small.


5. User friendly GUI.6. Simple to understand.

Conclusion

We are seen the literature survey of and our project where we discussing about the some related issues of and our project. Like the words that are core for us and we are research on them purpose of a better understanding. So here the core object is our hardware also.

Here we also seen that which type of languages becomes used here to developed the system. And why we chooses this language purpose. Features of that system.


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