SEEP AND GOAT HEALTH SEEP AND GOAT HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTROLAND DISEASE CONTROL

Part IPart I

Ethiopia sheep and goat productivity improvement programEthiopia sheep and goat productivity improvement program

1. Introduction 1. Introduction

Introduction Cont’d…Introduction Cont’d…

Disease problems are reflected with signs and symptoms of illness

Many diseases can show similar symptoms

One should not expect to find out the exact cause of disease as:

most require well-equipped laboratories and skilled personnel

Introduction Cont’d…Introduction Cont’d…

Disease:Disease: Disturbance in the function of the whole body of the host or any of its parts

2. Diseases and Disease 2. Diseases and Disease determinantsdeterminants

Classification of diseasesClassification of diseasesDiseases can be classified in

many ways:A. based on causes:

Infectious diseases: caused by living agents:

Parasitic diseases Bacterial diseases Viral diseases Fungal diseases

Non infectious diseases: Mechanical injuries, nutritional deficiencies, poisoning, genetic disorder…

B. Based on transmission

Contagious:Contagious: Infectious disease Transmitted by passage of infectious agent from animal to animal.

Non contagious: Non contagious: the agent can not be transmitted from animal to animal.

Definition: Any factor that can affect frequency of disease occurrence in a population

Types: IntrinsicIntrinsic - physical or physiological

characteristics of the host or agent

ExtrinsicExtrinsic- External to the host

Disease determinantsDisease determinants

The agent is the factor that causes the disease.

Living agents – such as viruses, bacteria, ricketsia protozoa, helminth, arthropods etc. Non living agents – such as heat, cold, water, nutrients toxic substances etc.

Diseases cannot occur in the absence of the agent (except for non-infectious diseases)

Intrinsic DeterminantsIntrinsic DeterminantsAgent as determinant (cont’d…)

• However, presence of an agent may not necessarily cause a disease. Depends on:Infectivity: The ability of a disease causing

agent to establish itself in a hostVirulence: A measure of the severity of a

disease caused by a specified agentPathogenicity : ability of an agent of known

virulence to produce disease in a range of hosts under a range of environmental conditions.

Hosts as disease determinantsHosts as disease determinants

The host The host is the animal or human that may is the animal or human that may contract a disease. contract a disease.

The main intrinsic determinants in the host The main intrinsic determinants in the host which can influence the frequency of which can influence the frequency of occurrence of infection/disease are:occurrence of infection/disease are: species; species; Breed / Breed / genetic makeup;genetic makeup;Sex;Sex;Age.Age.

Species:Species:Most disease agents are capable of infecting a range of animal species.

Severity of the disease may vary between species.

Certain host species may be refractory to infections with certain disease agents while others are more susceptible e.g..

Equine refractory to FMD virus which is serious in swine;Rinderpest - fatal in cattle, mild in sheep;Dogs do not develop heartwater.

Breed: Breed: Wide ranges of susceptibility to a particular disease often observed between different breeds e.g.

certain breeds of cattle, horse, sheep, and goats more tolerant to trypanosomiasis.

Sex: Sex: A disease may be associated with sexual attributes

Age: Age: Differences in susceptibility often seen among different age groups e.g.

Many bacterial /viral diseases more fatal in young animals compared to adults.

can be due to absence of acquired immunity or low immunological host response.

Young animals resistant to tick borne diseases

Vectors and intermediate hostsVectors and intermediate hosts

Intermediate hosts:Intermediate hosts: a host in which the agent undergoes asexual phase of its development e.g. Snails

Vector:Vector: An invertebrate animal that actively transmits an infectious agent from an infected host to a susceptible host

Vectors could transmit diseases Biologically or Mechanically

Mechanical vectorMechanical vector – is an arthropod that physically carries the agent to the host, here, the agent does not multiply and develop in the vector.

Biological vectors Biological vectors – are arthropods in which the infectious agent undergoes a necessary cycle of development in the vector. E.g Mosquitoes-malaria

Vectors & intermediate hosts Cont’d…Vectors & intermediate hosts Cont’d…

The environment includes:Surroundings: location, climate and husbandry; conditions either within the host or external to it, that cause or allow disease transmission to occur.

Effect of the environment :weaken the host and increase its susceptibility to disease;provide conditions that favor the survival of the agent.

Climate:Temperature:

can act as a stressor. Low temperatures

Hypothermia in the new born;reduces efficiency of digestion- infectious enteritis.

Solar radiation- affects survival of the agent through dessiccation.

Humidity: affects the stability of infectious agents; Impairment of clearing mechanism of respiratory organism leads to flare up of Respiratory diseases.

Wind: carries infectious agents ( e.g. FMD virus)

Husbandry:

Housing: Type of floor (Concrete, bedding materials etc.) & slope:

Drainage- development of infectious agents;affects the locomotory organs (feet). High densities increase the challenge of

microbial pathogens & transmission

Diet: Nutrient deficiency diseases;Affects resistance to diseases.

Direct

Indirect

Infected host Susceptible host

Vector

Mode of Disease Mode of Disease transmissiontransmission

Contact transmission:

HorizontalHorizontal (Between the same generation of hosts).

VerticalVertical (Between different generation of host, dam to off spring).

Vehicular transmissionAgent transferred through inanimate substances/ objects, fomites, Water, Feed stuffs, Bedding materials etc.

Route of entry Route of entry - site at which the agent enters the host 1. Oral route – occurs by ingestion of infectious agents through mechanical vector (fomites) like water and food stuffs . 2. Respiratory route –agent acquired via this route usually associated with organic materials like mucous, dust. e.g. TB, Pasteurollosis,

more likely to occur when: High population density;high humidity; and poor ventilation

ROUTES OF ENTRY INTO ROUTES OF ENTRY INTO SUSCEPTIBLE HOSTSUSCEPTIBLE HOST

3. Uro-genital tract: Sexually transmitted diseases e.g. Brucellosis

4. Percutaneous route (Skin, Cornea, Mucus membrane) - by direct contact with infected animals. e.g. Ectoparasites, Ringworms

Intact skin - effective barrier against majority of infectious agents. Tick bites - entrance of tick born disease causative agents. Bites of mammals- entrance of e.g. rabies

virus.

Preventative health careBiosecurity

QuarantineMovement control

Vaccination programParasite controlGood management

Good nutritionHoof careGood housing

Breeding resistant animals

Control Stamping out Disinfection and Chemotherapy Vector control

Quarantine: Isolation of animals that are either infected or suspected or of non infected animals that are at risk. Used to:

isolate animals imported from countries where exotic diseases are endemic. isolate new animals to the herd

Quarantine period depends on: the incubation period of the suspect agent Mostly 21 days21 days

EnclosureEnclosure - is the method in which the organism/ initiating factor is enclosed and prevented from getting out.

Quarantine line could be:

- Fences

- Natural barriers

Vaccination : - means of producing immunity to a disease by using vaccines

Immunity: The body’s ability to resist infection by the presence of circulating antibodies and white blood cells

Vaccine: a special preparation used to stimulate development of antibodies thus confer active immunity against a specific disease or a number of diseases

1. Physical disinfectionHeat is the most widely used disinfectant

Bunning of infected carcass, especially anthrax carcass:

burning of carcass best carried out at the spot, to avoid contamination of the ground while druggingIf the carcass is to be buried:

the site should be far from rivers and other water bodies;The pit should be about 3m deep;The area should be fenced and not used for other purpose for at least 6-months

2.2. Chemical disinfectionChemical disinfectionThe process of cleaning fomites and the surrounding using chemicals that kill bacteria and some viruses.Fomites include farm equipment, surgical instruments - these can be disinfected to prevent the transmission of infectious agents.Disinfectants used:

Quaternary-ammonium compounds - 0.1-0.5%Formaldehyde 1-5%

Disinfection Cont’d…

Chemotherapy:Chemotherapy: The destruction of agent/s in/on the animal body using drugs such as:

Antibacterial - against bacteriaAntifungal - against fungal diseasesAnthelmintics - for internal parasitesAcaricides - for external parasites

Balling guns : Used to give boluses, capsules, and tablets -

Place on top of tongue at the back of the mouth and plunger depressed

Dosing syringe: Used to administer small amounts of liquids or suspensions

Drencher :Give liquids or suspensionsA bottle can be used for this procedure

Failure of a drug to affect target micro-organisms.

Causes:Causes: frequent usage of a single drug,drug abuse (wrong dosage, handling…)

Purchase animals from reputable sources/dealers

Look at entire herd in addition to animals being purchased.

Go for physical examination.

Production /reproductive records, health certificates.

Quarantine new animals for sufficient time 14 – 21d

Control outside traffic, illegal cross-boarder trade

Control birds, rodents, stray animals & other vectors

Insect vectors can be killed with insecticides. habitat of the vectors can be destroyed,

e.g. remove snails, flies

Don’t mix your goats with other goats (or sheep).

Don’t loan goats/sheep.

Don’t loan equipment.

Limit access to your farm and animals.

Control dog, cat, rodent, fly, and bird populations

Basic assessment of Basic assessment of sheep/goat healthsheep/goat health

Normal◦ Hungry◦ Alert◦ Good body condition◦ Bright eyes with bright pink

eyelid color◦ Dry nose or slight clear (or

white) discharge from nose.◦ Head and ears up◦ Tail up (goat)◦ Smooth/Shiny hair coat◦ Clean hocks and

hindquarters◦ Formed stools◦ Freedom from scabs, sores,

abscesses, etc.◦ Normal gait◦ Stays with flock

Abnormal◦ Off-feed◦ Lethargic◦ Poor body condition◦ Runny, red, or swollen eyes.

Pale eyelids.◦ Colored discharge from nose

◦ Head and/or ears handing down

◦ Droopy tail (goats)◦ Rough hair coat◦ Scabs, abscesses, sores.◦ Soiled hindquarters◦ Runny or liquid feces; blood

or mucous in feces◦ Abnormal gait◦ Lies separate from flock

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…Observe suspected animals more

closely, first unrestrained then restrained

1.Unrestrained animals:◦Body condition: do animals look fat and

sleek or thin and rough?◦Hair coat: is it rough or smooth? Are

their indications of external parasites? ◦Movement and gait: does the animal

favor one leg? Is the animal moving more slowly than normal?

◦Lameness: is the animal using all 4 legs?

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…Unrestrained Cont’d…

◦Swelling: are there obvious swellings on the body, legs, neck or jaw? Do the hooves appear swollen?

◦Bloat: does the left side look distended or swollen? Does the animal kick at its belly?

◦Respiration: is it faster than normal? Does the animal breathe with difficulty?

◦Cough: Is the animal coughing? Does the cough appear to be dry or wet?

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…Unrestrained Cont’d…

◦Discharge: nasal, eye, vaginal – what is its color and consistency? Is it bloody?

◦Feces: are they pelleted or loose? Do they appear off-color?

◦Urination: is the animal urinating normally? Does the urine look cloudy or bloody? Is the amount of urine normal?

◦Eyesight: can the animal see normally? Do eyes appear red and runny? Are they white or cloudy?

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…II. Restrained animals Head:

◦ Do the eyes blink when a hand is moved slowly towards them? Is there any discharge from the eyes?

◦ Is the nose moist and cool? Is there a discharge? What type of discharge – runny, thick, clear, cloudy or colored?

◦ Are there sores on the nose? ◦ Are there ulcers around the lips, gums, tongue,

etc.? Is there normal salivation?◦ Check the mucous membranes of the eyes and

mouth. Roll down the lower eyelid – is it pale white or pinkish red? Look at the gums – are they pale or reddish in color?

◦ Are there swellings on the jaw or neck?

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…Checking the mucous Checking the mucous membrane of the eyemembrane of the eye

Swelling on the jaw Swelling on the jaw indicating Caseous indicating Caseous LymphadenitisLymphadenitis

““Bottle jaw” swelling Bottle jaw” swelling indicating internal indicating internal parasite infestationparasite infestation

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…Body:

◦Is the animal breathing normally – between 12 and 15 times per minute?

◦Is breathing difficult? ◦Is the animal coughing or sneezing?◦Are there places where wool / hair is

missing?◦Are there any sores or blisters on the

skin? Wet, sore patches of skin may allow disease agents to enter causing infection.

◦Are there any swellings under the skin? These may be lymph nodes or abscesses.

◦Is the coat normal and healthy?

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…

Legs and feet:◦Is the animal lame? Examine the foot

and legs for ulcers, wounds, swelling or pain.

◦Are one or more legs involved?◦Are the hooves unnaturally hot, have

an odor or are painful to the touch?◦Is there swelling or infection between

the hooves?◦Do the hooves need trimming?

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…

Udder:◦Is the udder swollen or warmer than

usual? ◦Does the animal refuse the udder being

touched or is it painful to the touch?◦Are there injuries on the teats, udder?◦Is the milk normal in color, quantity,

and consistency?

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…

Genitals:◦Is there any vaginal/vulva discharge?◦Are there any ulcers/scabs around the

vulva?◦Is there any injury or swelling on the

scrotum? ◦Is the sheath swollen or injured?◦Any discharge from the penis?

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…

Feces and urine:◦Does the animal pass urine and feces

normally?◦Does the animal look distressed when it

passes feces and urine? ◦Are feces watery and pass more

frequently than normal? ◦Is there blood or mucous in the feces? ◦Is the color of urine normal?

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…Body temperature:

◦Take the temperature of the animal with a thermometer. Holding the thermometer firmly, shake it to move

the line of mercury near the thermometer’s bulb. Smear a little Vaseline on the bulb end. Have someone hold the animal or tie it up. Lift the

animal’s tail and gently insert the thermometer about 5 cm into the rectum.

After 2 minutes, remove the thermometer, wipe it clean and read the temperature. The normal temperature of sheep and goats is between 38.5° and 40°C.

Finally, shake the thermometer again, wash in cold water and dry before storing it.

Measuring Measuring rectalrectal

temperaturetemperature

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…Pulse or heart rate:

◦The pulse or heart rate should be measured on a rested animal.

◦Place your fingertips between the animal’s ribs behind the elbow to feel the heartbeat.

◦Pulse can be detected on the inside of the rear leg roughly 1/3 of the way down or on the artery located below and slightly inside of the jaw two-thirds to the rear of the muzzle.

◦A normal range for adult animals is 70 to 90 beats per minute with kids and lambs faster.

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…

Measuring heart rate (left) and pulse (right).

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…Respiration:

◦Watch the rib cage and count how many times the animal breathes per minute. A normal range is from 12 to 20.

Rumen movement:◦If the rumen is not moving normally,

that animal will become sick.◦Place your fist in the hollow on the left

side of the animal behind the rib cage to feel the rumen move.

◦A healthy goat or sheep should have 1 to 2 rumen movements per minute.

Assessment Cont’d…Assessment Cont’d…

Checking rumen movement.

Temp.

(C)

Respiration

rate (/min.)

Pulse rate (/min.)

Rumination rate(/min.)

Goats 38.5-39.7 15 90 2

Sheep 38.3-40 19 74 1-2

Important points to be Important points to be included during disease included during disease

reportingreportingGeographical location (zone, wereda,

Kebele…etc)Species affected (Bovine, ovine,

caprine, poultry…etc)When it started (Date, month, year)Major clinical signs (Respiratory, GIT …

etc)Age, sex affectedCourse of the disease (acute or

chronic)Number of cases

An emergency reportAn emergency reportSend immediately to the woreda

officeAware the neighbouring PAsStop animal and animal products

movementTake appropriate samples and

submit to the Regional Laboratory Properly dispose dead animals

Important epidemiological Important epidemiological informationinformation

Population at risk;Population at risk;

Possible source of infection (new Possible source of infection (new contact animal, marketing…etc)contact animal, marketing…etc)

Major change in weather, feed, Major change in weather, feed, water…etcwater…etc

Measures taken (treatment, Measures taken (treatment, vaccination…etcvaccination…etc)

Major Bacterial diseasesMajor Bacterial diseases

Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia

(CCPP)(CCPP)Host: mainly goats. Sheep suspected to be sources of infectionTransmission: aerogenically through droplets (direct contact)

Clinical signs: Incubation Period: variable Can be as long as 2

monthsrespiratory signs (coughing, difficult breathing)Joint problems, mastitisFrothy nasal discharge

CCPP CCPP treatment and controltreatment and control

•Treatment with broad spectrum antibiotic is effective.

Tylosin and Oxytetracycline

•Ring vaccination (around outbreak sites)

•Restriction of animal movement

PasteurollosesPasteurolloses

Hosts affected: Cattle, Sheep and goat

Transmission: Contact

Occurrence: nationwide

Stress (Environmental and physiological ) are pre requisite for pathogenicity

Pasteurolloses - clinical signsPasteurolloses - clinical signsIncubation period 7-10 days

Some animals stop eating and look tired and weak;

high fever; often cough a lot and have distressed breathing that become worse through time; Breathing often rapid but weak; Some animals collapse and die in a few

hours; Other animals are sick for several days; Lose weight and become thin and weak.

Clinical signs Cont’d…Clinical signs Cont’d…

• Animals grind their teeth.• Usually have diarrhea. • They die after 5-6 days if they not treated• In dead animals:

both lungs have red/grey patches. The air ways have mucus.Animals that were sick for several days have yellow fluid in the chest.

Pasteurolloses - control strategiesPasteurolloses - control strategies

Avoid overcrowded conditions

Annual vaccinations

Drugs are available in any veterinary clinic and pharmacy:

sulphadimidin, streptomycin, Oxytetracycline

BrucellosisBrucellosis Species affected : sheep and goats

Ingestion of pasture contaminated by vaginal discharge and aborted fetus is the main route of transmission

Clinical sign• Abortion• Infertility in aborted animal

Brucellosis - Diagnosis & Brucellosis - Diagnosis & controlcontrol

• Diagnosis:serological examination

• Treatment: no satisfactory treatment

• Prevention & ControlProper disposal of aborted foetusDisinfection of contaminated siteIsolation of aborted animalTest and cull positive animals

Anthrax Anthrax Species Affected: all warm blooded animals

chickens are relatively resistant to the disease

Transmission usually by ingestion of contaminated feed

Outbreaks often associated with heavy rainfall, flood or drought

Anthrax - clinical signsAnthrax - clinical signs• Incubation period: 12-24 hrs.• Clinical signs:

Sudden death may be the only sign in ruminants, Staggering, trembling and difficult breathing may be seen in some animals, followed by rapid collapse, terminal convulsions and death. depression, disorientation, muscle tremors, abortion, congested mucous membranes ,and bloody discharges from the nose, mouth and anus

Anthrax - Clinical findingsAnthrax - Clinical findings

Anthrax - PrecautionsAnthrax - PrecautionsCarcass:

opening an infected carcass for necropsy should be avoided.

Anthrax spores can remain viable for decades in the soil or animal products such as dried or processed hides and wool.

Anthrax - Control strategiesAnthrax - Control strategies

Disease gives no time for treatment. However, penicillin is most effective for less severe forms

Burn or bury dead bodies in such a way that it is deep and far from watering and grazing sites.

Annual vaccination

Foot rot and foot scaldFoot rot and foot scaldFoot rot is caused by the

interaction of two anaerobic bacteria and is highly contagious.

Foot scald involves only one bacteria and is not contagious.

Primary symptom is lameness in one or more feet.

Foot rot infection is in hoof vs. foot scald which is between toes.

Foot rot has a characteristic foul odor.

Viral DiseasesViral Diseases

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)

Species affected: Goats more susceptible than sheepTransmission: close contact between healthy and sick animalsClinical signs:

clear discharge from the nose, sores in the mouth, intermittent diarrhea, fever (42oc) ,restlessness, Zebra marking of the inflamed intestinal mucus membrane

upon necropsy examination

PPR lesions PPR lesions

PPR - control strategiesPPR - control strategies

No treatment for PPR :Broadspectrum antibiotics to control secondary infection

Isolation of animals with signs of PPR

Annual vaccination of sheep/goat before start of rainy season

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)Animals get infection via direct

contactThe disease manifests itself in the

form of blisters in the mouth, mainly in the dental pad.

Strings of saliva, feverThe feet also develop sore and

animals become lameLoss of body conditionInfected animals often recover after

losing their condition, some die.

FMD - control strategiesFMD - control strategiesNo treatment for FMD. Broad

spectrum antibiotic administration helps to prevent secondary bacterial infection

Animal movement should be restricted to stop the spread

Contagious Ecthyma (Orf )Contagious Ecthyma (Orf )

Transmission: direct or indirect contact Disease characteristics: sore patches

around the mouth

Orf - disease characteristicsOrf - disease characteristics

Ewes and does with painful teats will not allow lambs or kids to suckle, and these lambs and kids may die of starvation.

Adult animals that are affected will not eat properly and may lose condition

NB: Humans can become infected while handling affected animals

Orf - control strategiesOrf - control strategies

There is no treatment for Orf. Antibiotic for secondary infection

Affected animals should be isolated.

Sheep and goat poxSheep and goat poxoccurs in both sheep and goats. most severe in very young animals. Some young sheep and goats die before

showing signs of the disease. The disease spreads by direct contact

between animals and contaminated materials.

Signs:◦Sheep and goats become sick 1-7 days

after infection.◦Most animals are weak and tired and

stop eating.

Sheep and goat poxSheep and goat poxInfected animals experience a high fever

for a short time. A watery discharge from the nose and eyes.Increased salivation.often have distressed breathing. Pregnant sheep and goats often abort.Small red patches on the skin usually

around the mouth, on the head, under the tail and between the legs. The patches become swellings under the skin. Then they become blisters that break and become open sores that soon develop scabs.

Sheep pox Sheep pox lesion observed lesion observed

under the tailunder the tail

Sheep pox lesion Sheep pox lesion observed on the skinobserved on the skin

Sheep and goat pox – Sheep and goat pox – Control strategies Control strategies

Treatment: There is no treatment for sheep and goat pox:

Topical antiseptic treatment of bad or deep sores. Give antibiotics to prevent secondary infection

Annual vaccination

Tick borne diseases – Heart Tick borne diseases – Heart waterwater Species affected: Ruminants Transmission : tick borne disease (Amblyoma

spp) Clinical signs

Incubation period 1 week-a monthYoung animals (up to 3 weeks) are resistant Imported breeds highly susceptibleclinical sign variable based on resistance of host

Per acute: Fever 42ºC,death after convulsion for about 36hrs

Acute form: High body temperature, loss of appetite

Heart water cont’d…Heart water cont’d…gradual development of nervous

sign( staggering circling..) dyspnea,Increased pulse and respiration rateMoist coughAbortion in pregnant animals

Treatment : Oxytetracycline 10% (5-10 mg /kg IV)Control : Systematic tick control

Respiratory symptomsRespiratory symptoms

InfectiousInfectious◦ Pneumonia

Symptoms to look for◦ Elevated body

temperature◦ Yellowish discharge◦ Heavy, labored

breathing◦ Chest congestion

Non-infectiousNon-infectious◦ Allergy◦ Dust◦ Poor ventilation◦ Nasal bots◦ Lung worms

A clear, bilateral, watery nasal discharge is relatively

common, especially in sheep, usually due to poor ventilation and/or

temperature fluctuations.

Diarrhea – ScoursDiarrhea – ScoursIIncreased frequency, fluidity, or volume of fecal ncreased frequency, fluidity, or volume of fecal

excretion.excretion.

Infectious◦ Bacterial

E. coli Salmonella

◦ Viral◦ Protozoa

Coccidia Cyrptosporidia Giardia

Non-infectious◦ Parasites◦ Nutritional◦ Management◦ Stress

Normal stool is hard round balls”, but feeding can Normal stool is hard round balls”, but feeding can alter consistency. alter consistency.

Role of Development Agents Role of Development Agents Development agents are expected to

do the following in their mandate areas:◦Give regular public awareness education

on the prevention and control of animal diseases

◦Coordinating the community on the prevention of animal diseases;

◦Reporting disease outbreaks;  ◦Keeping information on livestock

resources in the mandate area;  

Role of Development Agents Role of Development Agents Collect information on the disease

situation of small ruminants in the area from the nearest clinic and/or Regional Laboratory to support action;

Collect information on the recent disease control activity in small ruminants in the area.

Create awareness among farmers on management, disease prevention and control needs of improved genotypes

Role of Development Agents Role of Development Agents Prepare vaccination calendar in

consultation with the community and the nearest veterinary clinic and follow up its implementation;

Ensure that animals are regularly treated for internal and external parasites;

Ensure availability of assigned animal health personnel for close health follow up;

Ensure availability of essential drugs for the improved genotypes

Role of Development Agents Role of Development Agents Assist SDSPs to provide sustainable

external parasite control service to the community

Assist the farmer to plant improved forageFollow up the required data to be collectedSubmit monthly disease reporting format

to the woreda office of agricultureReport disease outbreak to the nearest

clinic, implement bio-security and collect information on the outbreak.